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This  BOOK  may  be  kept  out  TWO  WEI 
ONLY,  and  is  subject  to  a  fine  of  F 
CKNTS  a  day  thereafter.  It  is  due  on  the 
indicated  below; 


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FLORA  OF  BERMUDA 


FRONTISPIECE 


f«^u<t.Eafcr 


BERMUDIANA 


FLOEA   OF  BEEMUDA 


(ILLUSTRATED) 


BY 


NATHANIEL  LORD  BRITTON,  Ph.D.,Sc.D.,  LL.D. 

DIRECTOR-IN-CHIEF    OF    THE    NEW    YORK    BOTANICAL    GARDEN; 
PROFESSOR    IN    COLUMBIA    UNIVERSITY 


"Oh!  could  you  view  the  scenery  dear, 
That  now  beneath  my  window  lies, 
You'd  think,  that  Nature  lavish'd  here 
Her  purest  wave,  her  softest  skies." 

T.  Moore 


NEW   YORK 

CHARLES   SCRIBNER'S   SONS 

1918 


Copyright,  1918 
By  Nathaniel  Lord  Britton 


Published  February  28,  191 J 


PRESS  OF 

THE  NEW  ERA  PRINTING  COMPANY 

LANCASTER,  PA. 


CONTENTS 

PAGES 

Introduction v-xi 

Flora  of  Bermuda 1-540 

Bibliography 541-546 

Botanical  Collections 546-549 

Glossary 550-561 

Index 562-585 


SYMBOLS  USED 

**  is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  feet. 
'  is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  inches. 

"  is  used  after  figures  to  indicate  lines,  or  twelfths  of  an  inch. 
'  over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  short  English  sound  of  the 
vowel. 

"^   over  syllables  indicates  the  accent,  and  the  long,  broad,  open  or  close 
English  sound  of  the  vowel. 

In  the  Metric  System. 

The  metre  =  39.37  inches,  or  3  feet  3.37  inches. 
The  decimetre  =  3.94  inches. 
The  centimetres  I  of  an  inch,  or  4f  lines. 
The  millimetre  =  23  of  an  inch,  or  i  a  line. 
21    millimeters  =  1  line. 


■very  nearly. 


66138 


INTRODUCTION 

The  islands  forming  Bermuda,  or  the  Bermudas,  are  an  isolated  g-roup 
in  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  in  north  latitude  32°  14"  to  32°  23"  (Castle  Island 
is  32°  20"),  and  in  west  longitude  64°  38"  to  64°  52"  (Castle  Island  is 
almost  exactly  64°  40").  The  nearest  land  is  Cape  Hatteras  on  the  coast 
of  North  Carolina,  distant  about  568  nautical  miles;  the  distance  to  Halifax 
is  about  736  nautical  miles,  to  Sandy  Hook  666  nautical  miles,  to  Charleston 
about  700  nautical  miles,  and  to  Abaco,  the  nearest  West  Indian  island  of 
the  Bahama  archipelago,  about  700  miles  to  the  southwest,  to  St.  Thomas 
about  800  miles  to  the  southeast. 

The  land  area  of  Bermuda  is  a  little  over  nineteen  square  land  miles,  or 
approximately  one-fourth  the  size  of  Staten  Island,  New  York,  or  about 
one-seventh  the  size  of  the  Isle  of  Wight.  There  is  a  main  island  con- 
taining perhaps  three-quarters  of  the  entire  area,  five  islands  each  half  a 
square  mile  in  area  or  more,  some  sixty  little  islands  or  cays,  and  many 
more  rocks  or  ledges  projecting  above  the  water.  The  islands  are  all  close 
together.  The  Bermuda  banks  or  shoals,  stretching  northward  and  west- 
ward from  the  islands,  are  of  much  greater  area  than  the  present  land. 

The  general  outline  of  the  archipelago  is  irregularly  oblong,  more  accu- 
rately fishhook-shaped,  its  longer  axis  lying  northeast  and  southwest,  with 
a  length  of  about  fifteen  land  miles  and  a  width  near  the  middle  (across 
Pembroke  and  Paget)  of  about  three  land  miles,  but  across  the  tip  of  the 
fishhook  from  Ireland  Island  to  the  south  shores  of  Warwick  the  distance 
is  about  five  land  miles;  the  average  width  is  somewhat  less  than  one  and 
a  half  land  miles. 

The  rocks  of  Bermuda  are  wholly  aeolian  limestone,  of  recent  geologic 
age,  and  the  soil  has  been  entirely  derived  from  the  weathering  and  disin- 
tegration of  this  limestone.  The  topography  is  hilly,  with  local  broad  val- 
leys occupied  by  fresh  water  or  brackish  marshes,  salt  water  bays  and 
lagoons.     The  highest  points  above  the  sea  are  about  250  feet  elevation. 

Like  many  other  portions  of  the  earth,  Bermuda  has  been  subject 
to  alternate  uplifts  and  depressions;  the  last  vertical  movement  has  appar- 
ently been  one  of  depression ;  the  land  area  was  therefore  probably  greater 
formerly  than  it  is  now;  -possibly  the  area  now  occupied  by  the  banks  to 
the  north  and  west  of  the  islands  was  land  during  some  previous  geologic 
period.  These  islands  and  banks  are  the  top  of  an  isolated  mountain 
system  or  plateau,  separated  from  all  others  by  the  abysses  of  the  ocean, 
and  there  is  no  evidence  which  justifies  any  assumption  that  it  was  ever 
connected  with  other  regions  by  land. 


VI  INTRODUCTION 

The  limestone  cap  is  formed  of  the  debris  of  various  lime  secreting 
animals  and  plants,  segregated  during  periods  of  submersion,  comminuted 
and  eroded  by  wind  and  wave  action  during  periods  of  emergence.  In 
the  course  of  a  deep  well  boring,  made  a  few  years  ago  in  the  parish  of 
Southampton,  at  a  point  about  200  feet  above  sea  level,  this  limestone  cap 
was  penetrated  and  found  to  rest  upon  rocks  of  volcanic  origin.  '"''  Of  the 
1400  feet  penetrated  by  the  boring,  the  first  360  feet  are  in  the  limestones 
of  the  usual  character  known  in  Bermuda.  Below  them  for  200  feet,  soft 
yellowish  to  brown,  often  clay-like  rocks  are  met,  whose  nature  indicates 
that  they  are  more  or  less  decomposed  volcanic  tuffs.  Below  them  blackish 
to  gray  compact  volcanic  rocks  are  found,  of  andesitic  and  basaltic  appear- 
ance. The  study  of  the  section  made  from  a  chip  indicates  that  this  is  a 
lava,  and,  though  considerably  altered,  an  augite-andesite.  This  rock  con- 
tinues without  essential  change  in  character  for  the  further  800  feet  pene- 
trated."* It  was  a  great  disappointment  to  the  promoters  of  this  inter- 
esting boring  that  no  supply  of  water  was  obtained. 

The  limestone  contains  locally  numerous  caves  and  caverns,  formed  by 
the  slow  leaching  of  the  more  soluble  portions  by  the  infiltration  of  rain 
water.  Some  of  these  caves  are  of  large  extent  and  of  great  interest  and 
beauty.  The  surface  erosion  of  the  limestone  has  been  very  irregular, 
forming  many  picturesque  cliffs.  The  most  rugged  region  is  the  neck  of 
land  separating  Castle  Harbor  from  Harrington  Sound,  and  here  the  larger 
caves  occur.  Many  of  the  native  plants  are  now  restricted  to  this  region, 
presumably  because  it  has  been  less  modified  by  man  than  other  parts  of 
Bermuda,  and  also  because  the  numerous  pockets  of  soil  in  dense  shade  pro- 
vide a  suitable  home  for  many  of  the  rarer  species.  Governor  Lefroy 
thought  this  (Walsingham  tract)  geologically  older  than  the  rest  of  the 
land  area,  "  the  last  surviving  contemporary  of  former  Bermudas  that  have 
disappeared,  whose  surface  rocks  form  the  reefs  that  fill  Castle  Harbor 
and  both  the  sounds."t 

The  soil  is  calcareous  throughout  its  extent,  sandy  over  parts  of  the 
island,  especially  along  the  south  coasts.  The  numerous  swales  among  the 
hills  contain  a  rich,,  red,  slightly  clayey  soil,  resulting  from  the  leaching  of 
the  hillsides  and  the  deposit  in  the  swales  of  the  less  soluble  portions  of 
the  rock;  the  soil  of  fresh-water  marshes  is  black  or  brown,  covered  by 
humus,  and  is  either  sandy  or  slightly  clayey.  There  are,  locally,  salt 
marshes  and  mangrove  swamps,  and,  especially  along  the  coasts,  some 
stretches  of  white  sand-beaches. 

Climatic  conditions  are  favorable  to  the  growth  of  subtropical  and 
warm   temperate   vegetation.     Frost   is  nearly  but   not   quite  impossible; 

*  L.  V.  Pirsson  and  T.  Wavland  Vaughan,  Amer.  Jour.  Sci.  36:  70,  71. 
1913. 

t  Bull.  r.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  25:  40. 


INTRODUCTION  vii 

there  are  a  few  authenticated  records;  hail  has  also  been  experienced  at 
long  intervals. 

The  native  plants  of  Bermuda  have  originated  from  seeds  or  other 
parts  brought  from  the  American  mainland  or  the  West  Indies  by  the  nat- 
ural agencies  of  wind,  ocean  currents  and  birds.  About  80  per  cent,  of 
the  native  land  plants  inhabit  the  West  Indies  or  southern  Florida  or  both. 
About  8.7  per  cent,  of  the  total  native  flora  is  endemic,  there  being  61 
species  in  Bermuda  or  its  waters  not  known  to  grow  naturally  anyrx-here 
else  in  the  world.  These  plants  are  of  the  greatest  interest  to  naturalists, 
as  they  presumably  developed  in  Bermuda  from  related  plants  formerly 
existing  but  now  mostly  extinct  here ;  some  of  them  may  yet  be  found  else- 
where as  botanical  exploration  proceeds.  These  true  Bermudians  are  as 
follows : 

Eleoeharis  bermudiana  Britton  (p.  52) 

Carex  bermudiana  Hemsley  (p.  55) 

Sabal  Blackburnianum  Glazebrook  (p.  56) 

Sisyrinchium  Bermudiana  Linnaeus  (p.  84) 

Peperomia  septentrionalis  S.  Brown  (p.  94) 

Phaseolus  lignosus  Britton  (p.  183) 

Elaeodendron  Laneanum  A.  H.  Moore  (p.  223) 

Ascyrum  macrosepalum  S.  Brown  (p.  245) 

Chiococca  bermudiana  S.  Brown  (p.  362) 

Erigeron  Darrellianus  Hemsley  (p.  393) 

Juniperus  bermudiana  Linnaeus  (p.  410) 

Adiantum  bellum  T.  Moore  (p.  420) 

Diplazium  Laffanianum  (Baker)  Christensen  (p.  423) 

Dryopteris  bermudiana  (Baker)  Gilbert  (p.  426) 

Dryopteris  speluncae  (Linnaeus)  Underwood  (p.  426) 

Campylopus  bermudianus  R.  S.  Williams  (p.  433) 

Trichostomum  bermudianum  Mitten  (p.  438) 

Thelidium  Farlowi  Riddle  (p.  471) 

Thelidium  bermudanum  (Tuckerman)  Riddle  (p.  472) 

Anthracothecium  tetraspermum  Riddle  (p.  472) 

Opegrapha  ophites  Tuckerman  (p.  473) 

Gyalecta  Farlowi  Tuckerman  (p.  475) 

Bilimbia  Brittoniana  Riddle  (p.  475) 

Psorotichia  bermudana  Riddle  (p.  476) 

Collema  bermudanum  Tuckerman  (p.  476) 

Collema  thamnodes  Tuckerman  (p.  476) 

Lecanora  bermudensis  Nylander  (p.  477) 

Ascophanus  bermudensis  Seaver  (p.  485) 

Calonectria  granulosa  Seaver  (p.  485) 

Calonectria  Umbelliferarum  Seaver  (p.  485) 


viii  INTRODUCTION 

Neetria  Lantanae  Seaver  (p.  485) 

Hirneola  coffeicolor  Berkeley  (p.  488) 

Marasmius  bermudensis  Berkeley  (p.  488) 

Marasmius  praedeeurrens  MuitIII   (p.  488) 

Marasmius  Sabali  Berkeley  (p.  488) 

Pleurotopsis  niduliformis  Murrill  (p.  488) 

Tyromyees  graminicola  Murrill  (p.  488) 

Agarieus  alphitopborus  Berkeley  (p.  488) 

Agaricus  belietus  Berkeley  (p.  488) 

Boodlea  struveoides  M.  A.  Howe  (p.  496) 

Cladophora  Howei  Collins  (p.  497) 

Cliaetomorpha  minima  Collins  &  Hervey  (p.  498) 

Triehogloea  Herveyi  Setebell  (p.  511) 

Nitophyllum  Wilkinsoniae  Collins  &  Hervey  (p.  517) 

Chondria  curvilineata  Collins  &  HerA^ey  (p.  519) 

Chondria  polyrhiza  Collins  &  Hervey  (p.  520) 

Lophosiphonia  Saecorhiza  Collins  &  Hervey  (p.  521) 

Dasya  Collinsiana  M.  A.  Howe  (p.  524) 

Dasya  spinuligera  Collins  &  Hervey  (p.  525) 

Ptilothamnion    bipinnatum     (Collins    &    Hervey)     M.    A.    Howe 
(p.  525) 

Spermatbamnion  maeromeres  Collins  &  Hervey  (p.  526) 

Callitbamnion  Herveyi  M.  A,  Howe  (p.  528) 

Seirospora  purpurea  M.  A.  Howe  (p.  529) 

Ceramium  leptozonum  M.  A.  Howe  (p.  531) 

Halymenia  bermudensis  Collins  &  Howe  (p.  533) 

Halymenia  pseudofloresia  Collins  &  Howe  (p.  533) 

Halymenia  eebinopbysa  Collins  &  Howe  (p.  533) 

Dudresnaya  crassa  M.  A.  Howe  (p.  534) 

Dudresnaya  bermudensis  Setcliell  (p.  535) 

Nemastoma  gelatinosum  M.  A.  Howe  (p.  536) 

Melobesia  bermudensis  Foslie  (p.  538) 
Tbe  number  of  native  species  known,  tbose  tbat  have  reached  Bermuda 
independently  of  human  activities,  at  least  here  so  regarded,  and  have  per- 
petuated themselves,  including  the  foregoing  list  of  endemics,  is  as  follows : 

Species 

Flowering   plants    146 

Ferns  and  fern  allies   19 

Mosses   and  hepatics    ■.  .  .  .  51 

Lichens    80 

Algae    238 

Fungi at  least  175 

Total    709 


INTRODUCTION  ix 

As  regards  the  fungi,  still  incompletely  known,  it  is  impossible  to 
determine,  in  the  cases  of  many  species,  whether  they  are  natives  or  intro- 
duced, but  a  large  proportion  of  those  known  appear  to  be  indigenous. 
Some,  which  are  parasitic  on  cultivated  plants,  have  probably  been  in- 
troduced. 

Some  native  species  have  almost  certainly  been  exterminated,  certain 
of  the  older  records  indicating  that  this  is  the  case.  On  the  other  hand, 
a  few  species  appear  to  have  reached  Bermuda  recently  through  natural 
agencies. 

The  number  of  introduced  and  completely  or  partially  naturalized 
species,  those  which  have  reached  Bermuda  through  human  activities,  at 
least  here  so  regarded,  and  have  perpetuated  themselves,  is  about  303.  In 
some  cases,  it  is  now  impossible  to  determine  whether  some  plants  have 
reached  Bermuda  naturally  or  otherwise,  and  in  these  cases  the  refer- 
ence to  one  or  the  other  group  has  been  made  by  considerations  of  occur- 
rence, taken  together  with  Lefroy's  opinions  of  forty-five  years  ago.  Some 
of  the  naturalized  species  are  so  abundant  and  appear  so  much  like  native 
plants  in  their  habitats  that  if  it  were  not  for  definite  records  proving 
their  introduction  by  man  they  would  be  taken  for  native  plants. 

The  number  of  species  of  cultivated  plants  which  either  grow  now  in 
Bermuda  or  are  recorded  as  having  grown  here,  described  or  mentioned  in 
the  following  pages,  is  864.  Additions  to  these  are  made  from  time  to 
time,  principally  by  flower-lovers,  and  doubtless  many  have  been  grown 
of  which  no  record  has  been  kept;  some  probably  exist  which  it  has  not 
been  my  privilege  to  observe,  and,  doubtless,  many  grown  in  previous  years 
have  disappeared. 

In  this  book  will  be  found  descriptions  and  illustrations  of  all  the 
kinds  of  native  and  more  or  less  completely  naturalized,  introduced  plants 
of  the  phyla  Spermatophyta  (seed-bearing  plants),  Pteridophyta  (ferns 
and  fern  allies),  and  Bryophyta  (mosses  and  hepatics)  known  to  inhabit 
Bermuda,  being  519  species  in  all.  Accounts,  not  illustrated,  are  given  of 
the  lichens,  fungi  and  algae. 

A  bibliography,  a  glossary,  and  an  account  of  botanical  collections 
made  in  Bermuda  are  appended. 

Botanical  Classification  accomplishes  the  grouping  of  plants  inlo  cate- 
gories based  on  degrees  of  similarity.  All  individual  plants  which  resemble 
each  other  closely  constitute  a  species;  thus,  all  the  Bermuda  palmetto  trees 
form  the  species  Sahal  Blackhurnianwm ;  many  species  are  composed  of 
groups  of  individuals  resembling  each  other  still  more  closely  and  often 
differing  very  little  from  each  other,  and  these  are  termed  races;  thus,  all 
cabbage  plants  form  the  species  Brassica  oleracea,  but  there  are  many  kinds 
(races)  of  cabbage.  Coherent  series  of  species  constitute  genera,  thus  the 
genus  Sabal  is  composed  of  about  a  dozen  different  kinds  of  palmettoes. 


X  •  •  INTRODUCTION 

Genera  are  gronped  into  Families,  the  Palm  Family,  for  example,  com- 
prising the  palmettoes  and  all  other  true  palms.  Families  are  grouped 
into  Orders,  the  Order  Palmales  consisting  of  the  Palm  Family  and  the 
Panama-hat  Plant  Family.  Orders  are  grouped  into  Classes,  and  Classes 
into  Phj^la. 

Botanical  Nomenclature  provides  names  for  the  various  categories  of 
plants.  Latin  is  the  language  accepted  for  international  use,  but  most 
common  or  conspicuous  plants  are  locally  known  by  names  in  the  language 
of  the  countr}^  often  a  translation  of  the  botanical  name. 

Species  names  are  binomial;  thus  the  Bermuda  Palmetto  is  Sahal 
Blackburnianum ;  if  races  or  varieties  are  named  a  trinomial  is  used,  thus 
the  Variegated  India  Rubber  Fig  is  Ficus  elastica  variegata',  in  this  work 
no  attempt  is  made  to  describe  races  or  varieties.  Genus  names  are  uni- 
nomial,  Sdbal  applying  to  all  true  palmettoes.  Family  names  are  formed 
by  adding  the  letters  aceae  to  the  root  of  the  name  of  a  genus,  thus  Brassi- 
caceae,  the  Mustard  Familj^,  from  Brassica,  the  genus  of  the  mustards. 
Ordinal  names  are  formed  by  adding  the  letters  ales  to  the  root  of  a 
generic  name.  Names  of  classes  are  various  in  formation.  Names  of 
phyla  take  the  termination  pliyta. 

Priority  of  publication  in  time  or  place,  commencing  with  the  ^'  Spe- 
cies Plantarum  "  of  Linnaeus  published  in  1753,  is  the  general  principle 
maintained  in  the  application  of  Latin  botanical  names.  In  the  case  of 
species  names,  the  first  one  published  for  a  plant  is  used,  even  if  it  was 
regarded  by  the  original  author  as  belonging  to  a  genus  other  than  the  one 
in  which  it  is  now  included ;  thus,  the  Sea  Grape,  named  by  Linnaeus  Poly- 
gonum Uvifera,  when  placed  in  the  genus  Coccolohis,  became  Coccolohis 
Uvifera;  Buckwheat,  termed  by  Linnaeus  Polygonum  Fagopyrum,  Avhen 
included  in  the  genus  Fagopyrum,  becomes  Fagopyrum  Fagopyrum.  It 
is  also  maintained  that  a  name  published  for  a  species  or  a  genus  is  not 
subsequently  applicable  to  any  other  species  or  genus. 

Names  of  authors  (often  abbreviated)  following  genus  or  species 
names  are  those  of  the  botanists  who  first  described  the  plants  concerned; 
if  the  plant  was  first  included  in  a  different  category  from  that  now  ac- 
cepted, the  name  of  the  first  author  is  enclosed  in  parentheses;  thus,  the 
Sea  Grape,  originally  named  Polygonum  Uvifera  by  Linnaeus,  was  sub- 
sequently transferred  to  the  genus  Coccolohis  by  Jacquin;  this  is  indicated 
by  writing  the  name  Coccolohis  Uvifera  (L.)  Jacq.  In  the  citations  of 
certain  genus  names,  brackets  are  used  to  indicate  that  the  name  was  taken 
up  by  Linnaeus  from  authors  preceding  him;  thus  Cassia  [Tourn.]  L. 
indicates  that  Linnaeus  adopted  the  name  from  his  predecessor  Tournefort. 

The  synonyms  cited  in  this  book  are  mainly  names  used  by  previous 
authors  on  the  Bermuda  flora,  in  case  these  are  different  from  the  names 


INTRODUCTION  xi 

here  accepted.  Specific  names  used  by  previous  authors  in  other  genera 
are  also  cited  in  many  cases. 

Botanical  Terminology  provides  concise  expression  for  the  description 
of  plants  and  of  their  parts.  A  glossary  of  terms  will  be  found  on  pages 
551-561. 

I  gratefully  acknowledge  aid  and  cooperation  during  the  investigation 
which  has  made  this  volume  possible,  from  Mr.  Stewardson  Brown,  Curator 
of  Botany  in  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  who  did 
much  of  the  field  work  and  who  has  read  the  proofs;  from  Dr.  John  K. 
Small,  Head  Curator  of  the  Museums,  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  who 
has  aided  in  the  determination  of  specimens,  read  the  proofs,  and  whose 
"  Flora  of  the  Southeastern  United  States "  has  been  much  used  for 
generic  and  specific  descriptions;  from  Mrs.  N.  L.  Britton,  who  assisted  in 
much  of  the  field  work  and  has  contributed  the  chapter  on  Mosses;  from 
Professor  Alexander  W.  Evans,  of  Yale  University,  who  has  contributed 
the  chapter  on  the  Hepaticae;  from  Professor  Lincoln  W.  Riddle,  of  Wel- 
lesley  College,  for  his  contribution  of  the  chapter  on  Lichens;  from  Dr. 
Fred  J.  Seaver,  Curator,  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  for  the  chapter  on 
Fungi ;  from  Dr.  Marshall  A.  Howe,  Curator,  New  York  Botanical  Garden, 
for  the  chapter  on  Algae ;  from  Dr.  John  H.  Barnhart,  Bibliographer,  New 
York  Botanical  Garden;  from  Miss  Delia  W.  Marble  and  Mrs.  Nellie  F. 
Flynn,  for  collections  of  specimens;  from  Dr.  B.  L.  Robinson,  of  Harvard 
University,  for  collections  made  by  Mr.  F.  S.  Collins;  from  members  of 
the  staff  of  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kew;  from  Mr.  E.  J.  Wortley,  Director 
of  Agriculture  of  Bemiuda,  for  information,  specimens  and  help  of  all 
kinds  during  the  field  work  and  subsequently;  also  from  his  predecessor, 
Mr.  T.  J.  Harris;  from  Mr.  R.  R.  Swainson,  in  charge  of  the  public  garden 
at  St.  George's,  and  from  the  Honorable  S.  S.  Spurling  and  Colonel  W.  R. 
Winter,  for  aid,  information  and  advice. 

The  many  beautiful  private  Bermuda  gardens  were  hospitably  thrown 
open  to  us,  and  our  appreciation  of  these  favors  is  cordially  tendered  to 
His  Excellency  General  Sir  George  M.  Bullock,  Governor  of  Bermuda,  for 
facilities  for  study  at  Mt.  Langton;  to  Rev.  Edward  J.  Lough,  of  Paget 
Rectory;  to  Mrs.  W.  T.  James,  of  Bellevue;  to  Dr.  Theodore  Outerbridge, 
of  Sunny  Lands ;  to  Mr.  J.  Scott  Pearman,  of  Mount  Hope ;  to  Dr.  T.  H. 
Outerbridge,  of  Somerville ;  to  the  Misses  Wood,  of  Wood  Haven ;  to  Mrs. 
F.  Hodgson  Burnett,  of  Clifton  Heights;  to  Miss  Emily  Trimingham,  of 
Montrose;  to  Major  T.  M.  Dill,  of  Pembroke  Hall;  to  the  Misses  Frith,  of 
Rose  Cottage;  to  the  Messrs.  Hollis,  of  Radnor;  to  Mr.  F.  G.  Gosling,  of 
Castle  Point;  to  Mr.  F.  B.  Spurling,  of  Echo  Heights;  to  Mr.  Cecil  H. 
Neave,  of  the  Chapman  Estate,  St.  George's;  to  the  managers  of  estates  at 
Orange  Valley,  Rosebank,  Caledonia  Park,  and  Spanish  Point,  and  to 
many  others  who  have  helped  the  investigation. 


FLORA  OF  BERMUDA 


All  plants  may  be  grouped  in  four  main  categories,  known  as 
Phyla  or  Subkingdoms,  as  follows: 

Phylum  1.  Spermatophyta,  those  which  bear  seeds,  a  seed 
being  different  from  all  other  vegetable  structures  by  containing  an 
embryonic  plantlet.  All  spermatophytes  bear  flowers  of  one  kind  or 
another,  and  this  phylum  is  also  called  Anthophyta,  or  flowering 
plants  and,  to  distinguish  it  from  the  three  other  phyla  collectively, 
Phanerogamia.  Phyla  2,  3  and  4  taken  together  are  called  Crypto- 
gamia ;  all  these  are  seedless. 

Phylum  2.  Pteridophyta,  comprises  ferns  and  fern  allies;  all 
are  flowerless  and  have  two  separate  and  distinct  alternating  genera- 
tions, the  one  represented  by  the  fully  developed  plant  having  root, 
stem  and  leaves,  with  vascular  tissue  and  bearing  spores,  a  spore 
being  a  single  vegetable  cell  capable  of  growing  into  a  new  plant; 
the  other,  called  the  prothallium  stage,  is  small,  inconspicuous, 
grows  from  the  spores,  has  no  vascular  tissue,  is  not  differentiated 
into  root,  stem  and  leaves,  and  bears  the  sexual  organs;  from  the 
female  organ  of  the  prothallium  (archegonium)  the  fully  developed 
spore-bearing  plant  again  arises ;  the  male  organ,  borne  either  on  the 
same  prothallium  or  on  a  different  one,  is  called  an  antheridium. 

Phylum  3.  Bryophyta,  consists  of  mosses  and  their  allies;  all 
are  small  flowerless  plants  with  alternating  sexual  and  non-sexual 
(spore-bearing)  generations,  but  the  spore-bearing  generation  never 
becomes  separated  and  independent;  the  sexual  generation  is  com- 
monly the  more  conspicuous  and  is,  in  most  cases,  differentiated  into 
stem  and  leaves,  while  the  spore-bearing  generation  is  never  thus 
differentiated;  their  spores  are  borne  in  conceptacles  termed  cap- 
sules, and  from  the  spores  the  plant  again  develops.  Bryophytes 
consist  almost  wholly  of  cellular  or  non-vascular  tissue. 

Phylum  4.     Thallophyta,  includes  the  algae,  fungi  and  lichens ; 
all  are  flowerless  and  their  methods  of  reproducing  and  propagation 
are  varied.     They  contain  no  vascular  tissue  (except  a  few  large 
2  1 


2  SPERMATOPHYTA. 

algae)  and  the  plant  body  is  not  differentiated  into  stem  and  leaves. 
Many  of  them  are  of  microscopic  size. 

Phylum  1.     SPERMATOPHYTA. 

Seed-bearing  Plants. 
Plants  producing  seeds  which  contain  an  embryo  formed  of  one  or 
more  rudimentary  leaves  (cotyledons),  a  stem  (hypocotyl,  radicle), 
and  a  terminal  bud  (plumule),  or  these  parts  sometimes  undifferen- 
tiated before  germination.  Microspores  (pollen-grains)  are  borne 
in  microsporanges  (anther-sacs)  on  the  apex  or  side  of  a  modified 
leaf  (filament).  The  macrosporanges  (ovules)  are  borne  on  the  face 
of  a  flat  or  inrolled  much  modified  leaf  (carpel)  and  contain  one 
macrospore  (embryo-sac)  ;  this  develops  the  minute  female  prothal- 
lium,  an  archegone  of  which  is  fertilized  by  means  of  a  tube  (pollen- 
tube),  a  portion  of  the  male  prothallium  sprouting  from  the  pollen- 
grain. 

There  are  two  classes  whicli  differ  from  each  other  as  follows: 

Ovules  and  seeds  contained  In  a  closed  cavity  (ovary)  ;  stigmas  1  or  more. 

Class  1.  Angiospekmae. 
Ovules  and  seeds  borne  on  the  face  of  a  scale  ;  stigmas  none.  Class  2.  Gymnospermae. 

Class  I.     ANGIOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  enclosed  in  a  cavity  (the  ovary) 
formed  by  the  infolding  and  uniting  of  the  margins  of  a  modified 
rudimentary  leaf  (carpel),  or  of  several  such  leaves  joined  together, 
in  which  the  seeds  are  ripened.  The  pollen-grains  (microspores)  on 
alighting  upon  the  summit  of  the  carpel  (stigma)  germinate,  send- 
ing out  a  pollen-tube  which  penetrates  its  tissues  and  reaching  an 
ovule  enters  the  orifice  of  the  latter  (micropyle),  and  its  tip  coming 
in  contact  with  a  germ-cell  in  the  embryo-sac,  fertilization  is  effected. 
In  a  few  cases  the  pollen-tube  enters  the  ovule  at  the  chalaza,  not  at 
the  micropyle. 

Cotyledon  mostly   one  ;   stem   endogenous.  Sub-class  1.  Monocotyledones. 

Cotyledons    mostly   two;    stem    (with    rare    excep- 
tions)   exogenous.  Sub-class  2.  Dicotyledokes. 

Sub-class  1.     MONOCOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  with  a  single  cotyledon  and  the  first  leaves  of  the 
germinating  plantlet  alternate.  Stem  composed  of  a  ground-mass 
of  soft  tissue  (parenchyma)  in  which  bundles  of  wood-cells  are 
irregularly  imbedded;  no  distinction  into  wood,  pith  and  bark. 
Leaves  usually  parallel-veined,  mostly  alternate  and  entire,  com- 
monly sheathing  the  stem  at  the  base  and  often  with  no  distinction 
of  blade  and  petiole.     Flowers  often  3-merous  or  6-merous. 


TYPHACEAE. 


chaffy  scales  or  want- 
Order     1.  Pandanai,es. 


t  Carpels  1  or  more,  distinct  (united,  at  least  partially,  in  Vallisneriaceae  and 
others  of  the  Naiadales,  which  are  aquatic  herbs,  in  Hydrocharitales  and  in  some 
palms)  ;  parts  of  the  usually  imperfect  flowers  mostly  unequal  in  number. 

Inflorescence  various,  not  a  true  spadix. 
Leaves  neither  compound  nor  flabellate. 

Flowers  not  in  the  axils  of  dry  chaffy  scales. 

Endosperm  mealy  or  fleshy  ;  perianth  of  bristles  or 
ing ;   flowers  monoecious,  spicate   or  capl 
tate. 
Endosperm  none,  or  very  little. 
Perianth   rudimentary,   or  none. 
Perianth  present. 
Flowers  in   the  axils   of  dry  chaffy  scales,  ar 
ranged  in  spikes  or  spikelets. 
Leaves  pinnately   or   palmately   compound,   or  fla 
bellate 
Trees  or  shrubs  ;  perianth  of  2  series  of  3  parts 
Herbs  ;  perianth  none,  or  rudimentary. 
Inflorescence  a  fleshy  spadix,  with  or  without  a  spathe 
or  plants  minute,  floating  free,  the  flowers  few  or 
solitary  on  the  margin  or  back  of  the  thallus. 
tt  Carpels    united   into   a   compound   ovary 
flowers  mostly  in  3's  or  6's. 
Seeds  with  endosperm. 

Flowers  regular,  or  nearly  so  (corolla  Irregular  In 
Commelina). 
Endosperm  mealy ;  ovary  mostly  superior. 
Endosperm  fleshy  or  horny. 
Flowers  very  irregular  ;  ovary  Inferior. 
Seeds  without  endosperm,  very  numerous  and  minute 
ovary  inferior  ;  flowers  very  irregular. 


Order 
Order 

2.  Naiadales. 

3.  Hydrocharitales. 

Order 

L- 

4.    POALES. 

!.    Order 
Order 

5.  Arecales. 

6.  Cyclanthales. 

r 

Order 
parts    of 

7.  Arales. 

the   usually    complete 

Q 

Order 
Order 
Order 

8.  Xyridales. 

9.  Liliales. 

10.    SCITAMINALES. 

Order 

11.  Orciiidales. 

Order  I.     PANDANALES. 

The  native  Bermuda  species  is  an  aquatic  or  marsh  plant,  with  narrow 
elongated  leaves  and  very  small,  imperfect  and  incomplete  flowers  in  spikes. 
The  order  takes  its  name  from  the  Old  World  tropical  genus  Pandanus,  the 
so-called  Screw-pine,  species  of  which  are  commonly  cultivated  in  gardens. 

Monoecious  marsh  or  aquatic  herbs,  the  perianth  of  bristles  ;  leaves  unarmed. 

Fam.  1.  Typhaceae. 
Dioecious   trees   or   shrubs ;    perianth   none ;    leaves    usually 

spinulose-margined.  Fam.  2.  Pandanaceab. 

Family  1.     TYPHACEAE  J.   St.  Hil. 

Cat-tail  Family. 

Marsh  or  aquatic  plants  with  creeping  rootstocks,  fibrous  roots  and 
glabrous  erect,  terete  stems.  Leaves  linear,  flat,  ensifonn,  striate,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base.  Flowers  monoecious,  densely  crowded  in  terminal  spikes, 
which  are  subtended  by  spathaceous,  usually  fugacious  bracts,  and  divided 
at  intervals  by  smaller  bracts,  which  are  caducous,  the  staminate  spikes 
uppermost.  Perianth  of  bristles.  Stamens  2-7,  the  filaments  connate. 
Ovary  1,  stipitate,  1-2-celled.  Ovultes  anatropous.  Styles  as  many  as  the 
cells  of  the  ovary.  Mingled  among  the  stamens  and  pistils  are  bristly 
hairs,  and  among  the  pistillate  flowers  many  sterile  flowers  with  clavate 
tips.     Fruit  nut-like.     Endosperm  copious.     Only  the  following  genus : 


1.     TYPHA   [Tourn.]    L. 

Characters  of  the  family,     [Name  ancient.]     About  10  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:    Tyyha  latifolia  L. 


TYPHACEAE. 


1.  Typha  angustifdlia  L.  Nar- 
row-leaved Cat-tail.  Shag.  {Fig. 
1.)  Stems  slender,  4°-10°  high.  Leaves 
2"-6"  wide;  spikes  light  brown,  the 
staminate  and  pistillate  portions  usu- 
ally distant,  the  two  together  some- 
times 2°  long,  the  pistillate,  when  ma- 
ture, 4"-8"  in  diameter,  and  provided 
with  bractlets ;  stigmas  linear  or  linear- 
oblong;  pollen-grains  simple;  fruit  not 
furrowed,  not  bursting  in  water ;  outer 
coat  of  the  seed  not  separable.  [T. 
doming ensis  (Pers.)   Kunth.] 

Common  in  marshes,  often  forming 
large  patches.  Native.  Widely  distrib- 
uted in  tropical  and  temperate  regions 
of  both  the  New  World  and  the  Old. 
Its  very  light  seeds  are  freely  distributed 
by  the  wind,  and  the  plant  may  readily 
have  reached  Bermuda  by  winds,  either 
from  the  West  Indies,  or  from  the  Ameri- 
can mainland.  Its  leaves  are  used  for 
bedding  domestic  animals.  Flowers  in 
spring,  the  furry  spikes  maturing  in 
autumn  and  the  minute  fruits  then  blown  about  bv  the  wind. 


Family  2.     PANDANACEAE   Endl. 

ScREw-pixE  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  usually  with  erect  trunks,  repeatedly  branching  and 
emitting  aerial  roots  at  least  below,  the  spirally  arranged  narrow  leaves 
clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches  and  usually  spinulose-margined,  the 
small,  sessile,  dioecious  flowers  in  large,  dense,  terminal  or  axillary  clusters. 
Perianth  none.  Staminate  flowers  wdth  many  stamens,  the  anthers  oblong, 
erect,  and  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  single,  1-celled 
ovary,  containing  a  single  anatropous  ovule  in  Pandanus,  the  stigma  sessile. 
Fruit  a  syncarp,  the  seeds  very  small.  There  are  nearly  100  species, 
natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics,  grouped  in  2  genera. 

Pandanus  utilis  Bory,  Screw-pine,  Madagascan,  probably  the  largest 
of  the  genus,  is  commonly  planted  for  ornament  and  interest  and  some  very 
fine  specimens  may  be  seen.  It  may  reach  a  height  of  50°-60°,  but  Bermuda 
examples  have  reached  only  about  half  that  height.  It  has  pale  green  rigid 
leaves  3°  long  or  less,  their  margins  very  spiny;  its  globose  pendulous  beads 
of  fruit  are  6'-8'  thick.     [P.  odoratissimus  of  H.  B.  Small  and  of  Jones.] 

Pandanus  Veitchii  Lem.,  Veitch's  Screw-pine,  Polynesian,  also  planted 
for  ornament,  is  smaller,  branches  rather  freely  from  near  the  ground,  and 
has  thinner  shiny  leaves,  dark  green  with  marginal  white  bands,  also  spiny. 

Pandanus  muricatus  Thouars,  Madagascan,  recorded  by  Jones,  is  not  now 
known  to  be  represented  in  Bermuda. 


Order  2.     NAIADALES. 

Aquatic  or  marsh  herbs,  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  perfect,  monoe- 
cious or  dioecious.  Perianth  present,  or  wanting  Parts  of  the  flower 
mostly  unequal  in  number.  Carpels  1  or  more,  distinct  and  separate  or 
united;  endosperm  none,  or  very  little. 


ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 


Carpels   distinct   and   separate. 
Carpels   united,   or   only   1. 

Flowers  borne  on  a  1-sided  spike. 

Flowers  axillary. 


Fam.    1.    ZANNICHELLIACEAE. 


Fam.  2.  Zosteraceae. 
Fam.  3.  Cymodoceaceae. 


Family  1.     ZANNICHELLIACEAE  Dumort. 

PoNDWEED  Family. 

Perennial  plants,  the  foliage  mostly  submerged.  Leaves  very  narrow 
or  filiform.  Flowers  monoecious  or  perfect,  small,  and  inconspicuous. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-4,  with  extrorse  anthers.  Carpels  1-seeded. 
Fruit  drupe-like.  Endosperm  none.  Four  genera  and  sixty  or  more 
species,  mostly  inhabiting  fresh  water,  but  the  only  Bermuda  representa- 
tive lives  in  brackish  pools 

1.     RUPPIA  L. 

Slender,  widely  branched  aquatics  with  capillary  stems,  slender  alternate 
1-nerved  leaves  tapering  to  an  acuminate  apex,  and  with  membranous  sheaths. 
Flow^ers  on  a  capillary  peduncle,  naked,  consisting  of  2  sessile  anthers,  each 
wath  2  large  separate  sacs  attached  by  their  backs,  having  between  them  sev- 
eral pistillate  flowers  in  2  sets  on  opposite  sides  of  the  rachis,  the  whole  cluster 
at  first  enclosed  in  the  sheathing  base  of  the  leaf.  Stigmas  sessile,  peltate. 
Fruit  small  obliquely-pointed  drupelets,  several  in  each  cluster  and  stipitate. 
[Name  in  honor  of  Heinrich  Bernhard  Eupp,  a  German  botanist.]  In  the 
development  of  the  plants  the  staminate  flowers  drop  off  and  the  peduncle 
elongates,  bearing  the  pistillate  flowers  in  2  clusters  at  the  end,  but  after 
fertilization  it  coils  up  and  the  fruit  is  drawn  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 
Three  or  four  species,  widely 
distributed  in  salt  and  brack- 
ish water,  the  following  typ- 
ical. 

1.  Ruppia  maritima  L. 
Maritime  Euppia.  (Fig.  2.) 
Stems  usually  whitish,  often 
3°  long,  the  internodes  ir- 
regular, naked.  Leaves  1- 
3^'  long,  f"  or  less  wdcle; 
sheaths  with  a  short  free  tip ; 
peduncles  in  fruit  sometimes 
1°  long;  stipes  4-6  in  a 
cluster,  Y-l¥  long;  fruits 
with  a  dark  hard  shell,  ovoid, 
about  1"  long,  often  oblique 
or  gibbous  at  the  base,  point- 
ed with  the  long  style,  but 
varying  much  in  shape. 
[B.  maritima  longipes  Hag- 
strom.] 

Brackish  pools.  Native. 
Nearly  cosmopolitan  in  brack- 
ish water.  It  probably  reached 
Bermuda  by  ocean  currents.  It 
is  commonly  known  as  Ditch- 
grass. 


ZOSTERACEAE. 


Family  2.     ZOSTERACEAE   Dumort. 

Eel-grass  Family. 

Perennial  marine  herbs,  with  long  rootstocks  and  branching  stems. 
Leaves  alternate  linear,  sheathing.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne 
on  a  1-sided  spadix  enclosed  in  a  spathe.  Staminate  flowers  of  a  sessile 
1-celled  anther.  Pistillate  flowers  of  2  united  carpels,  a  distinct  style  and 
2  filiform  stigTtias.  Two  genera  and  seven  or  eight  species,  inhabiting 
the  ocean. 

1.     ZOSTERA  L. 

Marine  plants  with  slender  rootstocks  and  compressed  stems.  Leaves  2- 
ranked,  the  sheaths  with  infiexed  margins.  Spadix  linear.  Flowers  monoecious, 
arranged  alternately  in  2  rows  on  the  spadix.  Staminate  flower  atached  to  the 
spadix  near  its  apex,  the  anther  opening  irregularly  on  the  ventral  side ;  poflen 
thread-like.  Pistillate  flower  fixed  on  its  back  near  the  middle ;  ovary  1 ;  style 
elongated;  mature  carpels  fiask-shaped,  membranous,  rupturing  irregularly, 
beaked  by  the  persistent  style;  seeds  ribbed;  embryo  ellipsoid.  [Greek,  refer- 
ring to  the  ribbon-like  leaves.]  About  6  species  of  marine  distribution,  the  fol- 
lowing typical. 

1.  Zostera  marina  L.  Eel- 
grass.  Grass-wrack.  (Fig.  3.) 
Leaves  ribbon-like,  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  l°-6°  long,  about  3"  wide, 
with  3-7  principal  nerves.  Spa- 
dix l'-4'  long;  flowers  crowded, 
usually  from  10-20  of  each  kind 
on  the  spadix;  ovary  somewhat 
vermiform;  at  anthesis  the  stig- 
mas are  thrust  through  the  open- 
ing of  the  spathe  and  drop  off 
before  the  anthers  of  the  same 
spadix  open;  the  anthers  at  an- 
thesis work  themselves  out  of  the 
spathe  and  discharge  the  glutin- 
ous stringy  pollen  into  the  water ; 
seeds  cylindric,  strongly  about  20- 
ribbed,  about  1*"  long,  truncate 
at  both  ends,  the  ribs  showing 
very  clearly  on  the  pericarp. 

In  the  ocean,  washed  ashore. 
Native.  Of  very  wide  marine  dis- 
tribution from  GreenLand  to  Florida,  from  Alaska  to  California  and  on  the  coasts 
of  the  Old  World. 


Family  3.     CYMODOCEACEAE  Kerner. 

Manatee-grass  Family. 

Submerged  marine  perennial  herbs  with  long  rootstocks.  Leaves 
narrow,  sheathing.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  or  eymose. 
Staminate  flowers  of  two  long-pedicelled  anthers,  the  anthers  2-celled, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers  of  1  or  2  carpels,  the  1  or  2 
stigmas  filiform.  Fruit  nut-like,  1-seeded.  Two  known  genera,  the  fol- 
lowing, and  Halodiile. 


CYMODOCEACEAE. 


1.     CYMODOCEA   Konig. 
Leaves  terete  in  our  species,  acute.     Flowers  dioecious.     Pistillate  flowers 
of  2  carpels;  stigmas  2,     Seed  pendulous.     [Named  for  Cymodoce,  one  of  the 
Nereids.]     Type  species:  Cymodocea  aequorea  Konig. 


1.  Cymodocea  manatorum  Aschers.  Mana- 
tee-grass. (Fig.  4.)  Eootstock  branched, 
rooting  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  li'-13'  long, 
terete  or  nearly  so,  about  1"  thick,  their  bases 
enclosed  by  membranous  stipular  sheaths  i'-2' 
long. 

The  sketch  of  the  inflorescence  In  the  illustra- 
tion is  from  a  drawing  liindly  sent  me  by  Prof.  C. 
H.  Ostenfeld,  of  Copenhagen.  Abundant  in  shal- 
low bays  and  coves,  in  water  from  2°  to  6°  in 
depth,  Castle  Harbor.  Shallow  salt  water,  from 
Florida  and  the  Bahamas  to  Jamaica,  Martinique 
and  Curagao.  Transported  to  Bermuda  by  ocean 
currents.  Flowers  in  spring  or  summer.  The 
leaves  break  from  the  plant  and  are  washed  up  in 
large  quantities  on  the  shores.     Native. 


Order  3.     HYDROCHARITALES. 

Floating  or  more  or  less  emersed  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks  or 
stolons.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  arising  from  spathes.  Perianth 
of  2  dissimilar  series  of  parts  or  the  corolla  wanting.  Stamens  3-12. 
Carpels  3-15,  united.  Ovary  inferior,  with  several  parietal  placentae  or 
several-celled.     Endosperm  none. 


Family  1.     HYDRO CHARIT ACE AE  Aschers. 
Frog's-bit  Family. 

Aquatic  or  mud-inhabiting  herbs,  the  leaves  clustered.  Perianth  regu- 
lar, superior.  Filaments  distinct  or  partially  united.  Ovaiy  usually  6-9-- 
celled.  Styles  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary.  Ovules  numerous. 
Fruit  usually  indehiscent. 

1.  THALASSIA  Banks. 
Marine  herbs,  with  elongated  rootstocks.  Leaves  several  at  a  joint,  sheath- 
ing at  the  base,  linear,  elongated.  Scape  arising  from  the  cluster  of  leaves. 
Flowers  dioecious,  solitary  in  narrow  spathes  of  two  bracts,  the?e  united  into 
a  tube  at  the  base.  Staminate  flowers  long-pedicelled  perianth  of  3  petaloid 
sepals;  stamens  6;  filaments  very  short:  anthers  opening  laterally.  Pistillate 
flower  nearly  sessile  in  the  spathe,  caducous:   ovary  6-9-celled,  beaked.     Fruit 


8 


HYDEOCHARITACEAE. 


stalked,  rugose  or  nearly  echinate,  opening  by  many  valves.  Seeds  numerous. 
[Greek,  referring  to  its  growth  in  the  ocean.]  Two  known  species,  the  follow- 
ing typical. 


1.  Thalassia    testudinum    Konig   &    Sims. 

Turtle  Grass.  (Fig.  5.)  Submersed,  glabrous, 
Rootstocks  creeping,  elongated;  stems  short, 
arising  from  the  nodes  of  the  rootstock;  leaves 
2-5,  sheathing  the  stem;  blades  linear,  strap- 
like, 6'-l°  long,  obtuse,  withering-persistent; 
scapes  solitary,  central;  fruit  globose  or  oval, 
echinate-pubescent,  pointed. 

Common  in  shallow  salt  water.  Native. 
Coasts  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Doubtless 
transported  to  Bermuda  by  floating. 

The  leaves  are  similar  to  .those  of  Zostera, 
for  which  the  plant  is  often  mistaken ;  Zostera 
apparently  inhabits  deeper  water  ;  we  did  not  ob- 
serve it  rooted,  but  it  doubtless  occurs  in  place  on 
the  Bermuda  banks,  for  quantities  were  seen  on 
the  north  shores  after  a  storm. 


Order  4.     POALES. 

Grasses  and  sedges.  Monocotyledonous  plants,  mostly  herbaceous, 
with  leafy  or  leafless,  usually  simple,  stems  (culms),  the  leaves  usually  nar- 
row and  elongated,  entire  or  minutely  serrulate.  Flowers  mostly  perfect, 
small,  incomplete,  in  the  axils  of  dry,  chaffy  scales  (glumes)  arranged  in 
spikes  or  spikelets. 


Fruit  a  caryopsis  (grain)  ;  culm  mostly  hollow. 
Fruit  an  achene  ;  culm  solid. 


Fam. 
Fam. 


1.  POACEAE. 

2.  Cyperaceae. 


Family  1.     POACEAE  R.  Br. 

Grass  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  of  various  habit,  rarely  shrubs  or  trees. 
Culms  (stems)  generally  hollow,  but  occasionally  solid,  the  nodes  closed. 
Leaves  sheathing,  the  sheaths  usually  open  to  the  base  on  the  side  oppo- 
site the  blade;  a  scarious  or  cartilaginous  ring,  naked  or  haiiy,  rarely 
wanting,  called  the  ligule,  is  borne  at  the  orifice  of  the  sheath.  Inflo- 
rescence spicate,  racemose  or  paniculate,  consisting  of  spikelets  composed 
of  two  to  many,  2-ranked  imbricated  bracts,  called  scales  (glumes),  the 
two  lowest  in  the  complete  spikelet  always  empty,  one  or  both  of  these 
sometimes  wanting.  One  or  more  of  the  upper  scales,  except  sometimes 
the  terminal  ones,  contains  in  the  axil  a  flower,  which  is  usually  enclosed 
by  a  bract-like  awnless  organ  called  the  palet,  placed  opposite  the  scale 
and  with  its  back  toward  the  axis  (rachilla)  of  the  spikelet,  generally  2- 
keeled;  sometimes  the  palet  is  present  without  the  flower,  and  vice  versa. 
Flowers  perfect  or  staminate,  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious,  subtended 
by  1-3  minute  hyaline  scales  called  the  lodicules.     Stamens  1-6,  usually  3. 


POACEAE. 


9 


Anthers  2-ceI  ed,  versatile.  Ovaiy  1-eelled,  1-ovuled.  Styles  1-3,  eom- 
monly  2  and  lateral.  Stigmas  hair^  or  plumose.  Fruit  a  Led-like  TaTn 
(earyopsis)  Endosperm  starchy.  About  3500  species  widely  distributed 
throughout  the  world,  growing  in  water  and  on  ill  kinds  of  soil  T  ose 
yielding  food-grams  are  called  cereals.  The  species  are  more  numerous  in 
tropical  countries  while  the  number  of  individuals  is  murgrea"  tern 
perate  regions,  often  forming  extended  areas  of  turf 


B. 


Inflorescence  of  clustered  racemes         ^^"^^^^'''ng  tne  otliers.     (Andropogoneae.) 
Inflorescence  paniculate,   decompound  o    iJ^^^'<^Poyon. 

ceae":)^ ^  ^'^^^^^''  ^^^"^  ^^^  °^^^'^'  ^^  wanting.      (Pam- 
^*  ^*^l^ll^^i^  ^""^  sunken  in  the  rachis  of  a  spike. 

intoluSe        ''''^  subtended  by  bristles  or  by  an 
t  Outer  scales  of  the  spikelets  awnless. 
bpikeJets  obtuse,  in  spike-like  racemes 
Spikelets     acute,     in     spike-like     racemes,     or 
panicled.  ' 

Second  scale  not  saccate 
-  Second  scale  saccate  at  base,   large,  manv- 
nerved.  '  "^'^"J' 

Spikelets   long-silky;   fruiting  scale   lan- 
ceolate. 
Spikelets    short-pubescent    or    glabrous  • 
4.4.  ^  X  fruiting  scale  elliptic. 

TT  Outer  scales  of  the  spikelets  awned 
Third  scale  with  the  longest  awn. 
**  o   •,    I  "5^  ^^.^^^  w*t^  <^^e  shortest  awn. 

i^voP  r"      °*^^^  ^^  "^  °^  ^""^^  bristles  or  by  an 
Spikelets   subtended    by    persistent    bristles. 

''Suous';i?h'^'t'"  ^  '"^^^^'  ^^^^^  ^^^^'--• 

2.   Spikelets  sunken  in  the  thick  rachis  of  a  flat  spike 
Spikelets  articu  ated  above  the  empty  scales  or  between  the 
flowering  scales,    1-many-flowered  ueiweeu  me 

^"   ^'i^-ll^^  panicled  or  racemed,  or  if  spicate,  not  In  depres- 
sions of  the  rachis  of  the  spike. 
1.   Spikelets  not  in  2-rowed  secund  spikes 
*  Spikelets  1-flowered. 

t  Empty  scales  4.      (Phalarideae.) 
tt  Empty  scales  2.      (Agrostideae.) 

Empty    scales    of    the    spikelet    persistent,    the 
flowering  scales  deciduous. 
Empty   scales   awned. 
Empty  scales  awnless, 
**  c   ..Spikelets  wholly  deciduous  at  maturity 
**  Spikelets  2-many-flowered. 

Flowering  scales  shorter  than  the  empty  ones    the 

awn  dorsal,  usually  bent.      (Avexeae  ) 
Flowering   scales    mostly    longer    than    the    empty 
ones,  the  awn,  if  present,  straight,  terminal 
(Festuceae.) 
Flowering  scales  long-hairy  ;  very  tall  grass  1 7 

Flowering  scales  not  long-hairy  flow  grasses 
Flowering  scales   1-3-nerved. 

Panicle-branches    distichous.  18 

Panicle-branches    spirally    arranged.  if)' 

Flowering  scales  5-many-nerved. 

Flowering  scales  cordate.  20    Briza 

Flowering  scales  not  cordate. 

Stigmas   borne   at   or   near   the  apex 
of  the  ovary. 
Flowering    scales    keeled    on    the 
^  back.  21.  Poa. 

Flowering  scales   rounded  on   the 
back,    at    least    below. 
Inflorescence  a  short-branched 

panicle.  22.  Sclcropoa. 

Inflorescence      a      simple      or 

branched  spike.  23.  Desmazeria. 


2.  Holcus. 


3.  Paspalum. 

4.  Panicum. 

5.  Valota. 

6.  Syntherisma. 

7.  Echinochloa. 

8.  Oplismenus. 

9.  Chaetochloa. 

10.  Cenchrus. 

11.  Stenotaphrum. 


12.   Phalaris. 


Phleum. 

Sporobolus. 

Polypogon. 


16.  Avena. 


Arundo. 

Kochlcria. 
Era(jrostis. 


10 


POACEAE. 


Stigmas  borne  below  the  apex  of  the 
ovary. 
2.  Spikelets  in  2-rowed  secund  spikes.      (Chlorideae.) 
Spikelets    wholly   deciduous. 

At  least  the  empty  scales  of  the  spikelets  persistent. 
Spikelets  with  only  one  perfect  flower. 
No  scales  above  the  flowering  one. 
One  or  two  empty  scales  above  the  flowering 
one. 
Spikelets  with  2  or  3  perfect  flowers. 

Spikes  whorled,  or  close  together  ;  spikelets  im- 
bricated. 
Spikes  distant ;   spikelets   alternate. 
Spikelets  in  2-rowed  spikes,  in  depressions  of  the  rachis. 

(HORDEAE.) 

Spikelets   solitary   at  the  nodes  of  the  rachis. 
Spikelets  2-6  at  each  node  of  the  rachis. 

Spikelets  1-flowered. 

Spikelets  2-several-flowered. 


24.  Bromus. 

25.  Spartina. 

26.  Capriola. 

27.  Eustachys. 


28.  Eleusine. 

29.  Leptochloa. 


30.  Lolium. 


31.  Hordeum. 

32.  Elymus. 


1.     ANDROPOGON  L. 

Perennial  grasses  witli  usually  long  narrow  leaves,  and  terminal  and 
axillary  racemes.  Spikelets  in  pairs  at  eacli  node  of  the  jointed  hairy  rachis, 
one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  other  with  a  pedicel  and  either  staminate,  empty  or 
reduced  to  a  single  scale.  Perfect  spikelet  consisting  of  4  scales,  the  outer  2 
coriaceous,  the  second  keeled  and  acute,  the  two  inner  hyaline,  the  fourth  more 
or  less  awned  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  1-3. 
Grain  free.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  bearded  rachis.]  About  150  species, 
widely  distributed  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Andro- 
pogon  hirtum  L. 

1.  Andropogon  virginicus  L. 
Virginia  Beard-grass.  (Fig.  6.) 
Culms  tufted,  l5°-3°  tall,  many  times 
longer  than  the  basal  leaves ;  sheaths, 
at  least  the  lower  ones,  more  or  less 
tuberculate-hirsute  on  the  margins; 
leaves  16'  long  or  less,  more  or  less 
hirsute  on  the  upper  surface  near 
the  base;  spathes  l'-2'  long,  broad; 
racemes  generally  in  pairs  about  1' 
long;  sessile  spikelets  li"-2"  long, 
the  awn  5"-8"  long;  pedicellate 
spikelet  wanting  or  rarely  present  as 
a  minute  scale. 

Paget  Marsh,  abundant  in  1905 
and  1913.  Native.  Eastern  United 
States.  Flowers  in  late  summer  and 
autumn.  The  light,  hairy  inflorescence 
may  readily  have  been  transported  by 
hurricane   winds. 

Andropogon  Schoenanthus  L.,  Lemon  Grass,  a  grass  with  fragrant  leaves, 
is  cultivated,  and  is  reported  as  at  times  spontaneous  after  cultivation;  it  is 
native  of  Old  World  tropics. 

2.     HOLCUS  L. 

Tall  grasses,  with  usually  broad  flat  leaf -blades  and  large  terminal  panicles, 
their  primary  branches  verticillate.     Spikelets  of  4  scales,  in  pairs,  or  in  3's 


POACEAE. 


11 


at  the  end  of  the  branches,  one  sessile  and  perfect,  the  rest  pedicellate  and 
staminate,  dorsally  compressed,  pubescent  or  glabrous.  Sessile  spikelets  with 
the  outer  2  scales  indurated,  the  third  and  fourth  hyaline,  the  latter  awned  or 
awnless.  Pedicellate  spikelets  with  the  outer  2  scales  firm-membranous,  or 
rarely  reduced  to  1  or  2  scales  and  sterile.  Lodicules  ciliate.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  taken  from  Pliny.]  About  10 
species  of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Holcus  Sorghum  L. 


1.  Holcus  halepSnsis  L.  John- 
son Grass.  (Fig.  '<'•)  Smooth  and 
glabrous.  Culms  up  to  6°  tall,  from 
rootstock ;  leaf-blades  2° 
less,  -I '-11'  wide;  panicle 
long,  oblong  to  oval,  its 
ascending,  the  longer  ones 
up  to  6'  long;  sessile  spikelet  about 
2"  long,  ovate,  the  outer  scales 
densely  appressed-pubescent  with  silky 


a     long 
long    or 
often    2° 
branches 


hairs  and  indurated  at  maturity,  the 
first  scale  3 -toothed  at  the  apex,  the 
readily  deciduous  awn  of  the  fourth 
scale  about  V  long,  geniculate,  spiral 
below,  the  column  much  exserted; 
pedicellate  spikelet  about  3"  long, 
lanceolate,  the  2  outer  scales  sparingly 
pubescent.    [Sorghum  halepense  Pers.] 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation,  and 
occasional  in  waste  grounds.  Native  of 
soutiiern  Europe  and  Asia.  Introduced 
by  cultivation  into  the  United  States 
and  West   Indies.     Flowers   In  summer. 


Holcus  Sorghum  L,,  Guinea  Corn,  is  occasionally  grown  for  fodder, 
and  has  been  observed  in  waste  grounds.  It  is  a  tall  grass,  sometimes  12°  high, 
with  leaves  l'-2'  wide  and  large,  often  dense  panicles,  its  grain  a  valuable  food. 
[Sorghum  saccharatum  Moench;  S.  vulgare  Pers,] 

3.  PASPALUM  L. 
Perennial  grasses,  various  in  habit,  with  generally  flat  leaves  and  1-flowered 
spikelets,  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  in  2  rows  on  1-sided  spike-like  racemes,  which 
are  single,  in  pairs  or  panicled.  Spikelets  oblong  to  orbicular,  flat  on  the  outer 
surface,  convex  on  the  inner.  Scales  3,  the  outer  ones  membranous,  the  inner 
one  indurated  and  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3,  Styles 
separate.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  ovoid  or  oblong,  free.  [An  ancient  Greek 
name  for  some  grass,  used  by  Hippocrates.]  About  160  species,  of  wide  dis- 
tribution in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  most  abundant  in  America.  Type 
species:  Panicum  dissectum  L. 


Racemes  several  or  solitary. 
Spikelets  glabrous. 
Spikelets  pubescent. 

Spikelets  about  1"  long,  finely  pubescent. 
Leaves,  ^"-3"  wide,  giaorous. 
Leaves  3"-6"  wide,  ciliate. 
Spikelets  nearly  2"   long,   long-hairy. 


1.  P.  ciliatifolium. 


P.  cacspitosium. 
P.  Chapmaui. 
P.  dilatatum. 


12 


POACEAE. 


Racemes  a  pair  at  the  top  of  the  culm. 

Spikelets  flat  on  both  sides,  long-ciliate.  5.  P.  conjugatum. 

Spikelets  plano-convex,  not  ciliate. 

Spikelets  ovate,  the  convex  side  appressed-pubescent.  6.  P.  distichum 

Spikelets  ovate-lanceolate,  glabrous.  7.  P,  vaginatum. 


1.  Paspalum   ciliatifdlium 

Michx.      CiLIATE-LEAVED  PASPALUM. 

(Fig.  8.)  Culms  tufted,  erect,  1°- 
21°  tall,  smooth  and  glabrous; 
leaf-sheaths  ciliate  on  the  over- 
lapping margin,  otherwise  gla- 
brous; blades  2'-10'  long,  3"-8" 
wide,  smooth  and  glabrous  on  both 
surfaces,  the  margins  conspicu- 
ously ciliate  with  long  hairs; 
racemes  single,  or  sometimes  in 
2 's,  2'-4i'  long;  spikelets  in  pairs, 
about  1"  long,  glabrous,  oval  to 
broadly  obovate,  the  2  outer  scales 
3-nerved  or  the  second  one  rarely 
2-nerved  by  the  suppression  of  the 
midnerve,  both  glabrous.  [^Pasya- 
lum  setaceum  of  Reade  and  Lef  roy.] 

Common  on  dry  hillsides.  Na- 
tive. Southeastern  United  States. 
The  seeds  were  probably  transported 
to  Bermuda  by  birds.  Flowers  in 
summer   and   autumn. 


The    Bermuda    plant    is    referred    by    Hitchcock    and    Chase    to    Paspalum    pro- 
pinquum  Nash,  not  here  regarded  as  a  distinct  species. 


2.  Paspalum  caespitosum  Fluegge. 
Slender  Paspalum.  (Fig.  9.)  Tufted; 
culms  slender,  l''-2°  high.  Leaves  glabrous, 
narrowly  linear,  flat,  2'-8'  long,  W-W 
wide,  erect  or  nearly  so,  with  glabrous 
sheaths;  racemes  2-6,  erect,  i'-2'  long,  the 
rachis  very  narrow;  spikelets  in  pairs,  a 
little  less  than  1"  long  and  nearly  i"  wide, 
elliptic,  the  first  scale  wanting,  the  second 
and  third  sparingly  papillose-pubescent  with 
appressed  hairs,  3-nerved,  the  fruiting  scale 
yellowish-white. 

Rocky  cliffs  and  on  Hall's  Island,  Harring- 
ton Sound,  and  on  hillsides,  west  side  of  Castle 
Harbor,  1912.  Native.  Florida  and  West  Indies. 
This  may  be  the  grass  recorded  by  Reade,  Le- 
froy  and  Hemsley  as  Paspalum  filiforme  Sw., 
no  Bermuda  specimen  of  which  could  be  found 
in  the  Kew  Herbarium.  Flowers  in  summer 
and  autumn. 


POACEAE. 


13 


3.  Paspalum  Chapmani  Nash.  Chap- 
man's  Paspalum.  (Fig.  10.)  Tufted; 
culms  glabrous,  slender,  li°-3°  tall. 
Leaves  8'  long  or  less,  21" -1"  wide,  ciliate, 
the  sheaths  of  the  lower  ones  pubescent, 
those  of  the  upper  glabrous,  or  pubescent 
on  the  margins;  racemes  3'— 5'  long,  usually 
two  on  the  main  stem  and  one  on  the 
branches;  spikelets  in  pairs,  oval,  about  V 
long,  on  short  pubescent  stalks;  first  scale 
wanting;  second  and  third  scales  densely 
pubescent  with  gland-tipped  hairs;  fruit- 
ing scale  yellowish-white. 

Hillsides  between  Harrington  Sound  and 
Castle  Harbor.  Native.  West  Indies  and 
soutlieastern  United  States.  Both  this  and 
the  preceding  species  are  apparently  indigenous 
grasses ;  they  are  locally  abundant  in  the 
areas  indicated.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn. 


4.  Paspalum  dilatatum  Poir.  Broad-scaled 
Paspalum.  (Fig.  11.)  Perennial  by  rootstocks, 
2°-5°  long,  the  culms  and  leaves  glabrous.  Leaves 
flat,  4-12'  long,  6"  wide  or  less;  spike-like  racemes 
3-8,  li'-3'  long;  spikelets  crowded,  in  2  rows,  but 
appearing  as  if  in  4  rows,  about  li"  long,  and  1" 
wide,  ovate-orbicular,  acute,  the  first  scale  want- 
ing, the  second  scale  ciliate  with  long  soft  hairs, 
the  third  scale  ciliolate,  the  fruiting  scale  orbicular. 

Marsh,  Shelly  Bay,  1913;  in  the  lawn,  Agricul- 
ural  Station,  Paget,  June,  1914.  Introduced,  Native 
of  continental  America.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn.  I  suppose,  from  its  manner  of  occurrence 
that  this  is  an  introduced  grass,  and  it  may  have 
been  introduced  recently.  It  has  not  previously  been 
recorded  from  Bermuda  and  can  scarcely  have  been 
mistaken  for  another  species. 

None  of  the  Paspalum  species  occurring  in  Bermuda  are  of  any  considerable 
value  as  forage  grasses. 


14 


POACEAE. 


5.  Paspalum  conjugatum  Berg. 
Two-spiked  Paspalum.  (Fig.  12.) 
Smooth,  and  glabrous.  Culms  compressed, 
3°  high  or  less,  finally  decumbent  at  the 
base  and  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes; 
leaves  2-5'  long,  2"-6"  wide:  racemes 
in  pairs,  slender,  often  curved,  spread- 
ing or  ascending,  li'-6'  long,  the  rachis 
straight,  or  flexuous  toward  the  apes: 
spikelets  crowded,  much  compressed  dor- 
sally,  singly  disposed,  about  ^"  long, 
apiculate,  the  2  outer  scales  2-nerved, 
the  nerves  marginal,  the  first  scale  ciliate 
on  the  margins  with  very  long  lax  hairs, 
the  third  scale  smooth,  white. 

Lawns,  fields  and  cultivated  soil.  Nat- 
uralized. Native  of  the  southern  United 
States,  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental 
America.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
1  regard  this  grass  as  a  naturalized  rather 
than  a  native  species,  on  account  of  its 
manner  of  occurrence  in  Bermuda.  It  may 
be  said,  however,  that  in  Porto  Rico,  and 
elsewhere  in  the  West  Indies,  where  there 
can  be  no  doubt  that  it  is  indigenous. 
It  occurs  in  cultivated  places  as  well  as  In 
wild  situations. 


6.  Paspalum  distichum  L.  Joint- 
grass.  (Fig.  13.)  Culms  2°-4°  tall, 
from  a  long  stout  rootstock;  leaf -sheaths 
compressed,  keeled,  usually  crowded  and 
overlapping,  especially  at  the  base  and 
on  the  innovations,  glabrous,  or  more  or 
less  hairy  on  the  margins;  blades  com- 
monly less  than  4'  long,  li"-3"  wide, 
generally  glabrous;  racemes  terminal,  in 
pairs,  ascending,  f'-2'  long;  spikelets 
singly  disposed,  ovate,  l"-li"  long,  acute, 
the  2  outer  scales  firm,  5-nerved,  rarely 
7-nerved,  the  first  scale  glabrous,  the 
second  appressed-pubescent,  the  third 
apiculate,  pubescent  at  the  apex. 

Frequent  in  marshes  and  waste  grounds. 
Native.  Southern  United  States,  West  In- 
dies and  tropical  continental  America.  Its 
seeds  probably  transported  by  birds.  Flow- 
ers  In   summer   and   autumn. 


POACEAE. 


15 


7.  Paspalum     vaginatum     Sw. 

Sheathed  Paspalum.  (Fig.  14.)  Culms 
8'-2°  tall,  from  a  long  stout  rootstock; 
leaf-sheaths  compressed,  keeled,  usually 
crowded  and  overlapping,  at  least  at  the 
base  and  on  the  innovations,  glabrous; 
blades  folded,  or  involute  when  dry,  6' 
long  or  less,  l"-2"  wide,  glabrous,  or 
sparingly  hairy;  racemes  terminal,  usu- 
ally a  pair,  rarely  more  or  but  a  single 
one,  erect  or  ascending,  2'-3'  long:  spike- 
lets  singly  disposed,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  l5"-2"  long,  the  2  outer  scales  gla- 
brous, thin,  the  first  scale  4-nerved,  the 
lateral  nerves  approximate  at  the  margin, 
the  midnerve  suppressed,  the  second  scale 
5-nerved,  the  lateral  nerves  rather  near 
together,  the  third  scale  glabrous  at  the 
apex  or  with  2  or  3  hairs. 

Frequent  in  brackish  marshes.  Native. 
Southern  United  States  and  West  Indies. 
Its  seeds  probably  transported  by  birds. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


Paspalum  filiforme  Sw.,  a  West  Indian  grass  recorded  as  Bermudian  by 
Jones,  Eeade  and  by  Lefroy,  as  wire-grass,  and  admitted  by  Hemsley,  has  not 
been  found  by  recent  collectors.     (See  P.  caespitosum.) 

4.     PAOTCUM  L. 

Annuals  or  perennials,  various  in  habit,  with  open  or  contracted  panicles 
or  1-sided  spike-like  racemes.  Spikelets  1-2-flowered,  when  2-flowered  the 
lower  one  staminate  only.  Scales  4,  the  3  lower  membranous,  empty,  or  the 
third  with  a  staminate  flower,  varying  in  the  same  species;  the  inner  or  fourth 
scale  chartaceous,  shining,  enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect 
flower.  Awns  none.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain 
free,  enclosed  in  the  hardened  fruiting  scale  and  palet.  [Old  Latin  name  for 
some  grass,  probably  the  cultivated  Sorghum,  referring  to  its  panicle,  taken 
from  Pliny.]  About  500  species,  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type 
species:  Panicum  miliaceum  L. 


Spikelets  In  pairs  in  one-sided  spike-like  racemes. 
Glabrous. 

Pubescent,  at  least  at  the  nodes. 
Spikelets  panicled. 

Fourth  scale  of  the  spikelet  smooth. 
Annual  grasses. 

Leaf-sheaths  pubescent. 
Leaf-sheaths  glabrous. 
Tall   perennial   grass. 
Fourth  scale  transversely  rugose  ;  tall  grass. 


1.  P.  germinatum. 

2.  P.  barbinode. 


3.  P.  capiUarc. 

4.  P.  dichoiomiflorum. 

5.  P.  virgatum. 

6.  P.  ma-rimum. 


16 


POACEAE. 


1.  Panicum  geminatum  Forsk.  Water 
Grass.  (Fig.  15.)  Aquatic.  Culms  2°-4° 
long,  usually  clothed  with  sheaths  below;  leaves 
glabrous,  10'  long  or  less,  3"-5"  wide;  racemes 
10-20,  one-sided,  the  rachis  broadly  winged, 
appressed,  f'-li'  long;  spikelets  about  li" 
long,  ovate,  acute,  glabrous,  singly  disposed  in 
2  rows,  the  first  scale  broader  than  long  and 
clasping  the  spikelet  at  its  base,  truncate  at 
the  apex,  the  fourth  scale  transversely  wrinkled. 
[P.  paspaloides  Pers.] 

Bermuda,  collected  only  by  Moseley.  Native. 
In  shallow  water,  southern  United  States  ;  tropical 
regions  of  the  New  World  and  the  Old,  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn.  Seeds  presumably  trans- 
ported by  birds. 


2.  Panicum  barbinode  Trin.  Para 
Grass.  (Fig.  16.)  Sterile  calms  3°-6°  long, 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  the  fertile  ones  erect, 
2°-3°  tall  or  more,  the  nodes  densely  barbed; 
leaf-sheaths  often  overlapping,  papillose- 
hirsute;  blades  4'-12'  long,  glabrous  or 
pubescent,  3"-8"  wide;  panicle  6'-8'  long, 
its  branches  spreading  or  ascending;  spike- 
lets  about  IV'  long,  glabrous. 

Abundant  In  marshes.  Naturalized  from 
tropical  America.  Naturalized  also  in  the 
southern  United  States.  A  very  valuable  fod- 
der-grass, often  erroneously  called  Panicum 
molle,  as  by  Jones. 


3.  Panicum  capillare  L.  Witch 
Grass.  Quaking  Grass.  (Fig.  17.) 
Culms  l°-2°  tall,  simple,  or  branched 
near  the  base,  stout;  leaf -sheaths  usu- 
ally purplish,  papillose-hirsute;  blades 
3"-8"  wide,  pubescent;  primary  pan- 
icle 8'-l°  long,  the  larger  branches 
6'-9'  long,  the  lateral  panicles  smaller ; 
spikelets  very  numerous,  about  V 
long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  glabrous. 

Waste  grounds  and  cultivated  soil. 
Naturalized.  Eastern  temperate  North 
America.  Its  light  panicles  are  widely 
transported  by  winds.  Flowers  in  sum- 
mer and  autumn.  Regarded  as  native 
by  Lefroy,  but  its  habitat  makes  this 
improbable.       [P.    hrevifolium    of   Rein.] 


POACEAE. 


17 


4.  Panicium  dichotomiflorum 

Michx.  Cane  Grass.  (Fig.  18.) 
Culms  at  first  erect,  l°-2°  tall,  simple, 
later  decumbent  and  longer,  branched 
at  all  the  upper  nodes.  Leaf-sheaths 
loose,  glabrous,  somewhat  flattened; 
blades  6-2°  long,  long-acuminate; 
panicle  pyramidal;  spikelets  I'^-li" 
long,  lanceolate,  acute,  glabrous.  [P.  . 
proliferum  of  Eeade  and  of  Mills-  I 
paugh.]  'I 

Roadsides  and  wet  soil.  Natural- 
ized. Eastern  United  States.  Flowers 
in  summer  and  autumn.  Branches  of 
its    panicles    are    transported   by    winds. 


5.  Panicum  virgatum  L.  Switch 
Grass.  (Fig.  19.)  Culms  erect  from  a 
stout  rootstock,  3°-6°  tall;  leaf -blades 
elongated,  1°  long  or  more,  3"-6"  wide, 
flat,  glabrous  or  pubescent:  panicle  i°- 
1^°  long,  its  branches  widely  spreading 
or  sometimes  nearly  erect ;  spikelets 
ovate,  acuminate,  about  2"  long,  glabrous. 

Coastal  rocks  and  borders  of  marshes. 
Native.  Eastern  North  America  and  Cuba. 
Seeds  transported  by  birds  or  by  the  wind. 
Flowers  in  summer  or  autumn.  The  Ber- 
muda plant  is  referred  by  Hitchcock  to  P. 
virgatum  cuhetise  Griseb. 


6.  Panicum  maximum  Jaeq.  Guinea  Grass. 
(Fig.  20.)  Culm  2°-6°  tall  or  more,  leafy;  leaf- 
sheaths  overlapping,  glabrous,  or  tuberculate- 
pubescent;  blades  elongated,  V-IV  wide,  glabrous; 
panicle  l°-2°  long,  its  branches  erect  or  nearly 
so,  very  long;  spikelets  glabrous,  li"-2"  long,  the 
fourth  scale  transversely  rugose. 

Waste  grounds  and  cultivated  soil.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  tropical  America.  Naturalized  also  in  the 
southern   United   States.     A  valuable  fodder  grass. 

Panicum  palmifolium  Poir.,  Palm-leaved 
Panicum,  a  tall  grass  with  strongly,  plicately 
nerved  leaves  often  1°  long  and  1'  wide,  more  or 
less  pubescent  with  long  hairs,  the  spikelets  in  a 
narrow  panicle,  is  sometimes  planted  for  ornament. 
It  is  native  of  Tropical  America  and  naturalized 
in  Jamaica. 

3 


18 


POACEAE. 


5.  VALOTA  Adans. 
Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  large  terminal  pubescent 
panicles.  Spikelets  lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate;  scales  4,  the  3  outer  ones 
membranous,  empty,  the  first  minute  or  rudimentary,  the  second  silky-pilose 
and  ciliate,  the  fourth  one  shorter,  glabrous,  shining,  chartaceous.  [Perhaps 
in  honor  of  P.  Vallot.]  Several  species  of  warm  temperate  and  tropical 
America,  the  following  typical.  The  genus  has  formerly  been  included  in 
Panicum  by  authors,  but  present  knowledge  of  grasses  justifies  its  separation, 
returning  to  the  view  of  Adanson. 


1.  Valota  insularis  (L.)  Chase.  Silky 
Grass.  (Fig.  21.)  Culms  erect,  slender, 
3°-5°  high,  clustered.  Leaves  1°  long  or 
less,  5"-10"  wide,  acuminate,  glabrous,  or 
their  sheaths  pubescent;  panicle  narrow, 
often  1°  long,  little,  if  any  more  than  1' 
thick;  spikelets  2"-3"  long,  acuminate; 
second  and  third  scale  3-nerved,  long-hairy; 
fruiting  scale  chestnut-brown.  [Ahdropo- 
gon  insulare  L. ;  Trichachne  insularis  Nees.J 

Wooded  bluff.  Abbot's  Cliff,  Harrington 
Sound.  1912.  Native.  Florida  and  West  In- 
dies. Perhaps  of  recent  introduction.  Flowers 
nearly  throughout  the  year.  This  conspicu- 
ous grass  has  not  hitherto  been  recorded 
from  Bermuda,  although  seen  in  large  quanti- 
ties at  the  locality  noted. 

Sacciolepis  striata  (L.)  Nash  of  the 
southeastern  United  States  and  Cuba,  an 
aquatic  perennial  grass  up  to  6°  high  with 
spikelets  in  a  narrow  panicle,  was  described 
by  iSprengel  in  1825  as  from  Bermuda 
under  the  name  Panicum  aquaticum  Bosc, 
but  nothing  further  has  been  known  about 
it  here  since  that  time. 


6.  SYNTHERISMA  Walt. 
Annual  grasses,  with  flat  leaf-blades  and  an  inflorescence  of  spike-like 
racemes  which  are  disposed  in  whorls,  or  scattered  and  approximate,  at  the 
summit.  Spikelets  narrow,  acute,  in  2  's  or  3  's  on  one  side  of  the  flat  and 
winged  or  triangular  rachis,  one  of  the  spikelets  generally  longer-pedicelled 
than  the  others.  Scales  3  or  4,  the  3  outer  membranous,  the  first  small  or  want- 
ing, the  fourth  chartaceous,  glabrous  and  shining,  at  length  indurated,  enclos- 
ing a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  crop-making,  referring  to  its  abundance.] 
About  25  species,  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Synther- 
isma  praecox  Wald.      [Digitaria  Scop.,  not  Heist.] 


First  scale  minute  ;  fruiting  scale  greenish  or  yellowish. 

Rachis  nearly  i"  wide  ;  spikelets  Ih"  long. 

Rachis  i"  wide;  spikelets  about  1"  long. 
First  scale  wanting ;   fruiting  scale  deep  brown. 


1.  8.  sanguinalis. 

2.  8.  difjitata. 

3.  8.  longifiora. 


POACEAE. 


19 


1.  Syntherisma  sanguinsllis 
(L.)  Dulac.  Common  Crab- 
grass.  (Fig.  22.)  Culms  2i° 
long  or  less,  finally  branched, 
prostrate  at  the  base  and  root- 
ing at  the  lower  nodes.  Lower 
leaf-sheaths  densely  papillose- 
hirsute;  blades  2"-5"  wide, 
erect  or  ascending,  glabrous  or 
more  or  less  pubescent:  racemes 
2-9,  l'-5'  long,  erect  or  ascend- 
ing, alternate,  in  pairs  or 
whorls;  spikelets  about  1*" 
long,  lanceolate,  very  acute,  in 
pairs;  first  scale  small,  gla- 
brous, the  second  and  third  ap- 
pressed-pubescent  with  long 
hairs,  the  second  one  3-nerved, 
the  third  slightly  exceeding  the 
flowering  scale,  7-nerved,  the 
pubescence  usually  becoming 
widely  spreading,  the  fourth 
one  lanceolate,  very  acute,  yel- 
lowish-white at  maturity.  [Pan- 
icum  lineare  of  Lefroy;  Pani- 
cum  sanguinale  L. ;  Digitaria 
marginata  Link ;  Syntherisma 
marginatum  Nash.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  often  a  pernicious  weed.  Naturalized. 
Southern  United  States  ;  Bahamas  ;  tropical  South  America.  The  characters  relied 
upon  by  authors  to  separate  S.  marginatum  from  S.  sanguinale  do  not  appear  to  be 
specific. 


2.  Syntherisma  d  i  g  i  t  a  t  a  (Sw. ) 
Hitchc.  Narrow  Crab-grass.  (Fig.  23.) 
Culms  lh°-2>°  long,  branched,  tufted,  at 
length  decumbent  below  and  rooting  at 
the  lower  nodes.  Leaves  more  or  less 
densely  hirsute,  l'-5'  long,  l"-3i"  wide; 
racemes  several,  IV-^Y  long,  whorled  or 
alternate  or  approximate  in  pairs,  widely 
spreading;  rachis  very  narrow,  spikelets  in 
pairs,  about  1"  long,  lanceolate,  acuminate; 
first  scale  minute,  glabrous;  second  scale 
3-nerved,  appressed-pubescent ;  third  scale 
7-nerved,  also  appressed-pubescent ;  fruit- 
ing scale  nearly  1"  long,  shorter  than 
the  third,  elliptic,  greenish  when  mature. 
\Milium  digitatum  Sw.;  Digitaria  sctigcra 
Roth;  Panicum  Jiorizontale  Meyer.] 

Bermuda  (according  tc  Lefroy,  and  North 
American  Flora  17:  154).  Florida;  West  In- 
dies ;  tropical  continental  America. 


20 


POACEAE. 


3.  Syntherisma  longiflora  (Eetz.) 
Skeels.  Slender  Crab-grass.  (Fig.  24.) 
Culms  slender,  1A°  long  or  less,  erect  or 
reclining,  glabrous.  Leaves  linear,  long- 
acuminate,  glabrous,  6'-12'  long,  2"-3" 
wide;  racemes  in  a  terminal  whorl  of  3-5, 
or  rarely  fewer,  sometimes  1  or  2  addi- 
tional ones  below,  4'  long  or  less;  rachis 
winged;  pedicels  hispidulous;  spikelets  in 
2  's  or  3  's,  about  f "  long,  white,  elliptic, 
acute;  first  scale  wanting;  second  and 
third  scales  about  equal,  3-5-nerved,  ap- 
pressed-pubescent ;  fruiting  scale  brown, 
acute.  [Paspalum  longiflorum  Eetz.;  Digi- 
taria  longiflora  Pers.] 

Abundant  on  hillsides  about  Hamilton. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Jamaica,  Trinidad  and 
tropical  continental  America.  Flowers  In 
summer  and  autumn. 

7.  ECHINOCHLOA  Beauv. 
Usually  tall  grasses,  commonly  an- 
nuals, with  broad  leaves  and  a  terminal 
inflorescence  consisting  of  one-sided,  ra- 
cemes, racemosely  or  paniculately  arranged.  Spikelets  1-flowered,  singly  dis- 
posed, or  in  smaller  racemes  or  clusters  on  the  ultimate  divisions  of  the  in- 
florescence. Scales  4,  the  outer  3  membranous,  hispid  on  the  nerves,  the  third 
and  usually  also  the  second  scale  awned,  or  sometimes  merely  awn-pointed,  the 
awn  often  very  long ;  fourth  scale  indurated,  shining,  frequently  pointed,  enclos- 
ing a  palet  of  similar  texture  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct. 
Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  stout  hispid  hairs 
of  the  spikelets.]  Species  about  12,  mostly  in  warm  and  tropical  countries. 
Type  species :  Panicum  Crus-galli  L. 

Spikelets  3  mm.  long,  the  second  and  third  scales  awned.  1.  E.  Crus-galli. 

Spikelets  2  mm.  long  ;  second  and  third  scales  merely  awn-pointed.     2.  E.  colonum. 

1.  Echinochloa  Crus-galli  (L.) 
Beauv.  Barnyard-grass.  Cockspur- 
GRASS.  (Fig.  25.)  €ulms  l°-4°  tall, 
often  branching  at  base.  Sheaths 
smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves  6-2° 
long,  glabrous:  panicle  composed  of 
5-15  sessile  branches;  spikelets  ovate, 
green  or  purple,  densely  crowded  in 
2-4  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis; 
second  and  third  scales  about  11" 
long,  scabrous  or  hispid,  the  third 
scale  more  or  less  awned,  empty,  the 
fourth  ovate,   abruptly  pointed. 

Waste  grounds,  Pembroke  Marsh, 
1905,  apparently  recently  introduced  as 
it  is  not  recorded  by  the  older  authors  ; 
abundant  in  Devonshire  Marsh.  1914. 
In  cultivated  and  waste  places,  through- 
out North  America  except  the  extreme 
north.  Widely  distributed  as  a  weed 
in  all  cultivated  regions.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn.      [Panicum  Crus-galli  L.] 


POACEAE. 


21 


2.  Echinochloa  colonum  (L.)  Link. 
Jungle  Rice.  (Fig.  26.)  Culms  tufted  smooth 
and  glabrous,  6-2°  tall,  often  decumbent  and 
rooting  at  the  lower  nodes.  Sheaths  compressed, 
usually  crowded;  leaves  flat,  l'-8'  long;  inflo- 
rescence composed  of  3-18, 1-sided  more  or  less 
spreading,  dense  racemes,  disposed  along  a  3- 
angled  rachis;  spikelets  single,  in  pairs,  or  in 
3  's  in  2  rows  on  one  side  of  the  hispidulous, 
triangular  rachis,  obovate,  pointed,  the  first 
scale  about  one  half  as  long  as*  the  spikelet, 
3-nerved,  the  second  and  third  scales  a  little 
more  than  1"  long,  awnless,  5-nerved,  hispid 
on  the  nerves,  the  fourth  scale  cuspidate. 
[Panicum  colonum  L.] 

Frequent  in  waste  grounds.  Naturalized. 
Southeastern  United  States ;  tropical  regions  of 
both  the  New  World  and  the  Old.  Flowers  from 
spring  until  autumn. 

8.  OPLISMENUS  Beauv. 
Perennial  grasses,  often  decumbent  and  branched  at  the  base,  with  broad 
flat  leaf -blades  and  inflorescence  composed  of  spikes,  bearing  on  the  lower  side 
scattered  clusters  of  a  few  spikelets.  Spikelets  1-flowered.  Scales  4,  the  3 
outer  membranous,  the  first  and  second  empty,  awned,  the  first  equalling  or 
somewhat  shorter  than  the  spikelet,  the  third  scale  usually  awned,  empty,  or 
enclosing  a  small  palet,  the  fourth  one  shorter  than  the  others,  obtuse,  awnless. 
chartaceous,  finally  indurated,  enclosing  a  shorter  palet  of  similar  texture  and 
a  perfect  flower.     Stamens  3.     Styles  distinct  to  the  base.     Stigmas  plumose. 

[Greek,  armed,  presumably  referring 
to  the  awns.]  About  4  species,  natives 
of  warm  regions.  Type  species:  Oplis- 
menus  africanus  Beauv. 

1.  Oplismenus  hirteUus  (L.)  R. 
&S.  Wood  Grass.  (Fig.  27.)  Culms 
prostrate  or  nearly  so,  rooting  at  the 
nodes,  very  slender,  2°  long  or  less. 
Leaves  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, Y-2Y  long,  Y  wide  or  less, 
their  sheaths  often  pubescent ;  panicle 
3^'  long  or  less,  its  filiform  short 
branches  erect  or  spreading;  spike- 
lets H"  long,  the  awns  up  to  4"  long. 
[Pamcum  hirteUiim  L. ;  P.  Oplismenus 
of  Lefroy ;  Oplismenus  ^(ndulntifolius 
of  Moore;  O.  setarrus  R.  &  S.] 

Frequent  on  shaded  hillsides  and  in 
wooded  marshes.  Native.  Southern 
United  States  and  tropical  America. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  Its 
seeds  transported  by  birds. 

Oplismenus  Burmannii  Pal.,  Variegated  Oplismenus,  Asiatic,  commonly 
planted  for  ornament  in  garden  borders,  has  lanceolate  leaves  l'-2'  long,  striped 
with  white  and  pink. 


22 


POACEAE. 


9.  CHAETOCHLOA  Scribn.  (Setaria  Beauv.  1812.  Not  Ach.  1798.) 
Mostly  annual  grasses  with  erect  culms  and  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence 
in  spike-like  clusters.  Spikelets  1 -flowered,  or  rarely  with  a  second  staminate 
flower,  the  basal  bristles  single  or  in  clusters  below  the  articulation  of  the 
rachilla,  and  therefore  persistent.  Scales  of  the  spikelet  4,  the  three  outer 
membranous,  the  third  often  subtending  a  palet  and  rarely  a  staminate  flower ; 
the  inner  or  fourth  scale  chartaceous,  subtending  a  palet  of  similar  texture  and 
a  perfect  flower.  Stamens. 3.  Styles  distinct,  elongated.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  enclosed  in  the  scales.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  bristles  of  the 
inflorescence.]  Species  about  35  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type 
species :  Setaria  longiseta  Beauv. 


Annuals. 

Bristles  downwardly  barbed. 

Bristles  upwardly  barbed. 
Perennial ;  bristles  upwardly  barbed. 


1.  C.  verticillata. 

2.  C.  viridis. 

3.  C  geniculata. 

1.  Chaetochloa  verticillata  (L.) 
Scribn.  Fox-tail  Grass.  (Fig.  28.) 
Culms  erect  or  decumbent,  l°-3°  tall. 
Sheaths  glabrous;  leaves  2'-8'  long,  sca- 
brous above;  spikes  2'-3'  long,  green  or 
purple,  6"-8"  thick;  spikelets  about  1" 
long,  equalled  or  exceeded  by  the  down- 
wardly barbed  bristles;  bristles  1-3 
at  the  base  of  each  spikelet,  not  involu- 
crate;  first  scale  less  than  one  half  as 
long  as  the  spikelet,  1-nerved;  second 
and  third  scales  5-7-nerved,  equalling 
the  oval  fourth  one.  [Setaria  verticil- 
lata Beauv.] 

Common  as  a  weed  in  waste  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
the  Old  World.  Naturalized  in  the  southern 
United  States  and  in  tropical  America. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year. 


2.  Chaetochloa  viridis  (L.)  Scribn. 
Green  Fox-tail  Grass.  (Fig.  29.)  An- 
nual, culms  l°-3°  tall.  Sheaths  glabrous; 
leaves  3-10'  long,  2' -6"  wide;  spikes  1- 
4'  long;  spikelets  about  1'  long,  elliptic, 
much  shorter  than  the  green,  or  some- 
times yellowish,  bristles;  first  scale  less 
than  one  half  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  1-3- 
nerved;  second  and  third  scales  5-nerved; 
fourth  scale  equalling  or  slightly  exceed- 
ing the  second.     [Setaria  viridis  Beauv.  [ 

Common  as  a  weed  in  waste  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in  North 
America.     Flowers  from  spring  until  autumn. 

Chaetochloa  magna  (Griseb.) 
Scribn.,  a  very  large  West  Indian  species, 
was,  apparently,  collected  in  Bermuda 
by  Munro  in  1864,  but  is  not  known  to 
grow  here  now. 


rOACEAE. 


23 


3.  Chaetochloa  geniculata  (Lam.) 
Millsp.  &  Chase.  Perennial  Fox-tail 
Grass.  (Fig.  30.)  Perennial,  by 
rootstocks;  culms  tufted,  l°-2i°  tall, 
slender,  compressed,  rough  below  the 
raceme:  leaf -sheaths  glabrous,  com- 
pressed; blades  4'-12'  long,  11"-^" 
wide,  the  upper  surface  often  with  a 
few  long  hairs  at  the  base:  racemes 
dense,  spike-like,  l'-2'  long,  nearly  5" 
in  diameter,  exclusive  of  the  bristles, 
the  rachis  pubescent:  bristles  3"-5" 
long:  spikelets  ovoid,  acute,  the  flow- 
ering scale  acute,  striate,  finely  trans- 
versely rugose.  [Panicum  genicula- 
turn  Lam. ;  Setaria  glauca  of  Eeade, 
Lefroy  and  Hemsley.] 

Common  as  a  weed  in  waste  and 
cultivated  grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  the  eastern  United  States  and  tropical 
America.  Flowers  nearly  througliout,  the 
year. 

10.     CENCHBUS   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with 
flat,  convolute  or  complanate  leaf- 
blades  and  terminal  spikes.  Spikelets  2-6,  in  an  ovoid  or  globose  involucre, 
consisting  of  two  thick  hard  valves  which  are  exteriorly  armed  with  stout  spines 
and  sometimes  also  with  basal  bristles  which  are  thickened  at  the  base,  the  in- 
volucres articulated  to  the  rachis  and  readily  deciduous,  carrying  the  persistent 
spikelets  with  them.  Scales  4,  awnless,  the  first  and  second  empty,  the  first  small 
or  minute,  the  third  equalling  or  longer  than  the  second,  enclosing  a  palet 
and  also  sometimes  a  staminate  flower,  the   fourth  scale   chartaceous,  firmer, 

enclosing  a  palet  of  similar  texture 
and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  often  connate  at  the  very  base. 
Stigmas  plumose.  [Ancient Greek  name 
for  some  grass.]  About  '20  species  in 
temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type 
species:    Cenchriis  echinaius  L. 

1.  Cenchrus  tribuloides  L.  Bur- 
grass.  (Fig.  31.)  Stems  at  first 
erect,  later  prostrate  and  forming 
mats,  8'-2°  long,  branching:  leaf- 
sheaths  compressed;  blades  '2Y--^' 
long,  2"-4"  wide,  smooth  or  rough, 
usually  flat:  spikes  l'-2i'  long:  in- 
volucres 6-20,  l*"-2^"  broad,  enclos- 
ing 2  spikelets,  pubescent,  the  spines 
l*"-2"  long:  spikelets  3"-3^"  long, 
usually  not  exserted  beyond  the  in- 
volucre. 

In  sandy  soil,  especially  on  dimes 
and  beaches.  Native.  Eastern  T'nited 
States.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Its  burs  perhaps  brought  to  Bermuda 
by  ocean  currents.  Flowers  from  spring 
to  autumn. 


24 


POACEAE. 


2.  Cenchrus  echinatus  L.  Southern  Bur- 
grass.  (Fig.  32.)  Culms  finally  prostrate  and 
rooting  at  the  nodes,  branched;  leaf -sheaths 
loose;  blades  4'-16'  long,  2i"-8"  wide,  smooth 
or  rough,  flat:  spikes  1^-5'  long,  finally  more 
or  less  exserted;  involucres  20-50,  densely 
crowded,  containing  4—6  spikelets,  glabrous, 
green  to  purplish,  pubescent,  villous  at  the 
base,  the  spines  l^"-2"  long,  the  bristles  at  the 
base  numerous,  slender,  distinctly  barbed  for 
their  whole  length;  spikelets  3"-3i"  long,  ex- 
serted  from  the  involucre. 

Common  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste 
grounds.  Native.  Southeastern  United  States  and 
tropical  America.  Its  burs  perhaps  brougiit  to 
Bermuda  by  attachment  to  migratory  birds.  Flow- 
ers from  spring  to  autumn. 


11.     STENOTAPHRUM  Trin. 

Perennial  creeping  branched  grasses,  with  rather  stout  flattened  culms 
and  short  linear  leaves.  Spikelets  spicate  or  panicled,  acute,  mostly  '2-flowered, 
imbedded  in  depressions  on  one  side  of  the  flattened  rachis;  scales  4;  first 
scale  small  or  minute,  second  about  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  third  similar  to  the 
second,  subtending  a  staminate  flower,  fourth  rigid,  enclosing  a  perfect  flower. 
Stigmas  plumose.  [Greek,  a  narrow  depression.]  A  few  species  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  distribution,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Stenotaphrum  secunditum  (Walt.)  Kuntze. 
Crab-grass.  (Fig.  33.)  Widely  creeping,  some- 
times 15°  long,  glabrous,  rooting  at  the  lower  nodes. 
Leaf-sheaths  keeled,  flattened,  the  blades  linear, 
lY-6'  long,  2"-5"  wide,  blunt  and  rounded  at  the 
apex;  spikelets  about  3"  long.  [Iscliaemum  secun- 
datum  Walt.;  S.  americanum  Schrank;  S.  dimid- 
iatum  of  A.  H.  Moore;  S.  glahrum  Trin.] 

In  nearly  all  dry  or  moist  situations.  Native. 
Southeastern  United  States  and  tropical  America. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year.  Its  seeds  per- 
haps transported  to  Bermuda  by  migratory  birds. 
One  of  the  best  grasses  for  forming  lawns  in  warm 
and  tropical  climates. 

Zizania  aquatica  L.,  the  Wild  Eice  of  north- 
eastern North  America,  is  recorded  by  Eeade  as 
once  found  by  him  in  marshes  north  of  Hamilton, 
but  it  has  not  been  seen  in  Bermuda  by  recent 
collectors  and  probably  would  not  long  exist. 


Library 


POACEAE. 


25 


12.     PHAIiARIS   L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves,  the  inflorescence  spike-like, 
capitate  or  a  narrow  panicle.  Spikelets  crowded,  l-flowered.  Scales  5,  the  first 
and  second  about  equal  in  length,  strongly  compressed  laterally,  usually  wing- 
keeled;  third  and  fourth  scales  much  smaller  or  reduced  to  mere  rudiments; 
fifth  scale  subtending  a  palet  similar  to  itself  and  a  perfect  flower.  Stamens  3. 
Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  free,  smooth,  enclosed  in  the 
indurated  scales.  [Greek,  alluding  to  the  shining  grain.]  About  10  species, 
mostly  natives  of  southern  Europe.     Type  species:  Phalaris  arundinacea  L. 


1.  Phalaris  canari^nsis  L.  Ca- 
nary-grass. (Fig.  34.)  Culms  1°- 
3°  tall.  Leaves  2'-12'  long,  2"-6" 
wide,  strongly  scabrous;  spikes  i'- 
11'  long,  ovoid;  spikelets  3"-4"  long; 
outer  scales  whitish  with  green 
nerves;  third  and  fourth  scales  about 
half  the  length  of  the  fifth,  broadly 
lanceolate,  thin-membranous^  spar- 
ingly hairy;  fifth  scale  about  two- 
thirds  as  long  as  the  spikelet,  pu- 
bescent with  appressed  hairs. 

Occasional  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Introduced,  presumably  by 
seed  for  caged  birds.  Native  of  Europe. 
Flowers  in  spring.  Introduced  into  the 
United    States. 


13.     PHIiEUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflorescence. 
Spikelets  l-flowered.  Scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  membranous,  compressed, 
keeled,  the  apex  obliquely  truncate,  the  midnerve  produced  into  an  awn ;  the 
third  scale  much  shorter,  broader,  hyaline,  truncate,  denticulate  at  the  summit; 
palet  narrow,  hyaline.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  somewhat  elongated.  Stig- 
mas plumose.  Grain  ovoid,  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Name 
Greek,  taken  from  Pliny;  originaly  applied  to  some  very  different  plant.] 
About  10  species,  inhabiting  the  temperate  zones  of  both  hemispheres,  the  fol- 
lowing typical.     The  English  name  Cat-tail  Grass  is  applied  to  all  the  species. 


26 


POACEAE. 


1.  Phleum  pratense  L.  Timothy. 
Herd-grass.  (Fig.  35.)  Glabrous  and 
smooth  or  very  nearly  so  throughout.  Culms 
l°-4°  tall,  erect,  simple;  sheaths  usually 
exceeding  the  internodes,  sometimes  shorter, 
the  upper  one  long  and  not  inflated,  or 
very  slightly  so;  leaves  3'-9'  long,  2"-3" 
wide,  smooth  or  scabrous;  spike  usually 
elongated,  cylindric,  IJ'-T'  in  length,  2V'- 
4"  in  diameter;  outer  scales  of  the  spikelet, 
exclusive  of  the  awn,  l"-2^"  long,  ciliate  on 
the  keel,  the  awn  less  than  half  their  length. 

Occasional  in  fields  and  waste  grounds. 
Introduced  as  hay,  from  the  United  States, 
but  not  naturalized,  tlie  climate  being  too 
warm.      Native  of  the  north   temperate  zone. 

Alopecunis  prat6nsis  L.,  Meadow  Fox- 
tail Grass,  is  recorded  by  Eeade  as  occa- 
sionally met  with,  and  also  mentioned  by 
Jones  and  by  Lefroy.  It  resembles  Tim- 
othy, but  the  spikelet s  readily  fall  away 
from  the  spike  at  maturity. 


1.  8.  virginicus. 

2.  8.  Berteroani 


14.  SPOROBOLUS  E.  Br. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  grasses,  with  flat  or  convolute  leaves  and  open 

or  contracted  panicles.     Spikelets  generally  small,  1-flowered,  occasionally  2-3- 

flowered.    Scales  in  the  1-flowered  spikelets  3,  membranous;  the  2  outer  empty, 

the  first  somewhat  shorter;  the  third  scale  equalling  or  longer  than  the  empty 

ones;    palet    2-nerved.     Stamens    2-3.     Styles    very    short,    distinct.     Stigmas 

plumose.     Grain  free,   and   often   early   deciduous.     [Greek,   referring   to   the 

deciduous  grain.]     About  100  species,  in  tropical  and  temperate  regions,  very 

numerous  in  America.     Type  species:  Agrostis  indica  L. 

Rootstocks  elongated  ;  leaves  short,  spreading. 
Rootstocks  short ;  leaves  long,  erect. 

1.  Sporobolus  virginicus  (L.)  Kunth. 
Seashore  Rush-grass.  (Fig.  36.)  Culms 
6'-2°  tall,  erect  or  sometimes  decumbent, 
from  a  stout  rootstock.  Sheaths  numer- 
ous, short,  overlapping  and  crowded  at 
the  lower  part  of  the  culm,  smooth,  gla- 
brous or  sometimes  pilose  on  the  margins 
and  at  the  throat;  leaves  1-8'  long,  2" 
wide  or  less  at  the  base,  distichous,  acu- 
minate; Involute  on  the  margins  and  at 
the  apex,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above 
or  sometimes  sparingly  hairy;  panicle 
l'-3'  long,  2'''-5"  thick,  dense  and  spike- 
like, usually  exserted;  spikelets  l"-li" 
long,  the  outer  scales  about  equal,  acute, 
smooth  and  glabrous;  third  scale  acute, 
slightly  shorter  than  the  second.  [Agros- 
tis virginica  L.;  S.  Uttoralis  Kunth.] 

Common  on  beaches  and  in  salt  marshes. 
Native.  Southeastern  United  States  and 
tropical  America.  Probably  transported  to 
Bermuda  by  floating.  Flowers  in  summer 
and  autumn.      (8.  purgans  of  Rein?) 


POACEAE. 


27 


2.  Sporobolus    Bertero§,nus 

(Trin.)  Hitchc.&  Chase.  Bull  Grass. 
(Fig.  37.)  Slender,  wiry,  3°  tall  or 
less.  Leaves  smooth,  nearly  erect,  1"- 
3"  wide,  long-attenuate,  the  lower  ones 
6'-10'  long,  the  upper  shorter ;  panicle 
narow,  often  1°  long;  spikelets  about 
1^"  long,  crowded  on  the  short  ap- 
pressed  branches  of  the  panicle;  sec- 
ond scale  ovate-oblong,  about  one 
half  as  long  as  the  spikelet.  [Vilfa 
Berteroana  Trin.;  S.  angustus  Buck- 
ley.] 

Common  In  dry  situations.  Native. 
Southern  United  States  and  Bahamas. 
Flowers  In  summer  and  autumn.  Its 
seeds  transported  to  Bermuda  by  birds  or 
by  winds.  Recorded  as  8.  indicus  R.  Br. 
by  Jones,  Reade,  Lefroy,  Hemsley,  Mllls- 
paugh  and  Moore,  and(?)  as  8.  elongatus 
R.  Br.,  by  Lefroy. 

15.     POLYPOGON  Desf. 

Mostly  annual  grasses,  with  decumbent  or  rarely  erect  culms,  flat  leaves 
and  spike-like  panicles.  Spikelets  1-flowered;  scales  3;  the  2  outer  empty,  each 
extended  into  an  awn;  third  scale  smaller,  generally  hyaline,  short-awned  from 
below  the  apex,  subtending  a  palet  and  perfect  flower;  palet  shorter  than  the 
scale.  Stamens  1-3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free, 
enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  many  long  awns 
which  resemble  a  beard.]  About  10  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate 
and  warm  regions,  rare  in  the  tropics,  P.  Tnonspeliensis  typical. 

Empty  scales  with  awns  2-5  times 
their  length  ;  panicle  silky,  shin- 
ing;  annual.     1.  P.  monspelicnsL^. 

Empty  scales  with  awns  of  about 
their  length  ;  panicle  dull ;  peren- 
nial. 2.   P.  littoralis. 

1.  Polypogon  monspeli6nsis 

(L.)  Desf.  Beard-grass.  (Fig. 
38.)  Culms  2°  tall  or  less,  erect 
from  a  usually  decumbent  base, 
plant  annual.  Leaves  lA'-6'  long, 
\V'-2"  wide,  scabrous,  especially 
above;  panicle  l'-4'  in  length, 
dense  and  spike-like,  the  branches 
ascending;  spikelets  crowded; 
outer  empty  scales  about  1"  long, 
obtuse,  slightly  bifid,  scabrous, 
bearing  a  more  or  less  bent  awn 
2"-3"'  long;  third  scale  much 
shorter,  erose-truncate,  hyaline, 
bearing  a  delicate  awn,  inserted 
below  the  apex. 

In  waste  places  occasional.  Nat- 
uralized from  Europe.  Naturalized 
In  both  eastern  and  western  North 
America.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn. 


28 


POACEAE. 


2.  PoljTpogon  littoralis  Smith.  Short- 
AWNED  OR  Perennial  Beard-grass.  (Fig. 
39.)  Tufted,  perennial,  erect,  6'-2^°  tall. 
Leaves  6'  long  or  less,  2"-4"  wide;  panicle 
li'-6'  long,  moderately  dense,  dull,  with 
ascending  branches  4"-10"  long;  outer 
empty  scales  about  Ij"  long,  scabrous, 
bearing  an  awn  of  about  the  same  length; 
flowering  scales  awnless,  much  shorter  than 
the  empty  ones. 

Roadsides,  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Abundant.  Introduced  from  Europe.  Natural- 
ized in  the  southern  and  western  United  States. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


16.  AVENA  L. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses  with  panicled,  large  spikelets.  Spikelets  2- 
several-flowered,  the  lower  flowers  perfect,  the  upper  often  imperfect  or  stami- 
nate;  scales  4-many,  the  2  lower  ones  empty,  sometimes  unequal,  membranous, 
persistent,  the  flowering  ones  rounded  on  the  back,  acute,  usually  bearing  a 
dorsal  awn  and  often  2-toothed  at  the  apex,  deciduous;  palet  narrow  2-toothed. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct;  stigmas  plumose.  Grain  oblong,  deeply 
furrowed.  [Old  Latin  name  for  the  Oat.]  About  30  species,  widely  distributed 
in  temperate  regions.     Type  species:  Avena  sativa  L. 


"Flowering  scales  more  or  less  hispid,  the  awn  distinctly  spiral. 
Flowering  scales  glabrous,  awnless  or  with  a  nearly  straight  awn. 

1.  Avena  f&tua  L.  Wild  Oat. 
(Fig.  40.)  Culms  l°-4°  tall,  erect, 
simple,  stout,  smooth  and  glabrous. 
Sheaths  smooth,  or  scabrous  at  the  sum- 
mit, sometimes  sparingly  hirsute,  the 
lower  often  overlapping;  leaves  3'-8' 
long,  l"-4"  wide;  panicle  open,  4'-12' 
in  length,  the  branches  ascending;  spike- 
lets 2-4-flowered,  drooping;  outer  scales 
f'-l'  in  length,  smooth,  enclosing  the 
flowering  scales;  flowering  scales  6"-9" 
long,  with  a  ring  of  stiff  brown  hairs  at 
the  base,  pubescent  with  long  rigid 
brown  hairs,  bearing  a  long  bent  and 
twisted  awn. 

Collected  by  F.  S.  Collins  at  Flatt's, 
1914.  Introduced.  Native  of  the  Old 
World.  Widely  naturalized  in  the  western 
United  States. 


1.  A.  fatua. 

2.  A.  sativa. 


POACEAE. 


29 


2.  Avena     sativa     L.       Oats. 

(Fig.  41.)  Annual,  glabrous;  culms 
erect,  li°-i3°  tall.  Sheaths  smooth; 
leaf-blades  1°  long  or  less,  4"-6" 
wide;  panicle  4'-9'  long,  its  branches 
ascending;  spikelets  erect,  spread- 
ing or  drooping,  the  outer,  empty 
scales  about  10"  long,  the  flowering 
scales  glabrous,  awnless,  or  with  a 
filiform  straight  awn  sometimes  a 
little  twisted  at  the  base. 

Occasional  on  roadsides  and  in 
waste  grounds,  not  persisting.  Prob- 
ably always  from  grain  imported  for 
fodder.  Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
Widely  cultivated  in  temperate  regions. 

17.     ARUNDO  L. 

Tall  perennial  grasses,  with  thick 
stout  somewhat  woody  culms,  broad 
flat  leaves  and  dense  panicles.  Spike- 
lets  2-many-flowered,  the  rachilla- 
internodes  glabrous.  Scales  4-many; 
broader,  3-nerved,  hairy  on  the  back 

plumose.      [Name   said  to  be  derived   from  the  Celtic   for  water.] 
species,  natives  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 


empty   scales   narrow;    flowering  scales 
Stamens   3.     Styles   distinct;    stigmas 

About  6 


1.  Arundo  Donax  L.  Cow-cane.  (Fig. 
42.)  Culms  stout,  erect,  9°-25°  tall. 
Leaves  often  2°  long  or  more  and  2'-3' 
wide;  panicle  Vj°-3°  long,  oblong;  spikelets 
numerous,   crowded. 

Persistent  after  planting,  and  occasional 
in  marshes  and  waste  grounds.  Introduced. 
Native  of  the  Mediterranean  region.  Flowers 
in  summer  and  autumn.  Very  conspicuous  by 
its  large  size  and  large  inflorescence.  The 
variegated-leaved  race  is  commonly  planted 
for  ornament. 

18.     KOELERIA  Pers. 

Annual  or  perennial  tufted  grasses, 
with  narrow  flat  or  involute  leaf-blades 
and  usually  dense  spike-like  cylindrie 
panicles.  Spikelets  numerous,  crowded, 
2-5-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the 
upper  ones  staminate.  Scales  4-7,  mem- 
branous, the  2  lower  empty,  narrow,  unequal,  the  flowering  scales  similar 
to  the  second,  sometimes  mueronate  or  short-awned  at  or  just  below  the  apex, 
the   upper    scales    gradually    smaller,   the    upper    1    or    2    often    empty;    palet 


30 


POACEAE. 


hyaline,  2-keeled,  2-toothed.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short.  Stigmas  plumose. 
[In  honor  of  Georg  Ludwig  Koeler,  German  botanist.]  Some  15  species  widely 
distributed.     Type  species:  Poa  niiida  Lam. 

1.  Koeleria  phleoides  (Vill.)  Pers.  Timothy 
KoELERiA.  (Fig.  43.)  Annual;  culms  slender,  gla- 
brous, 3'-18'  high.  Leaves  narrowly  linear,  acumi- 
nate, 2'-5'  long,  l"-li"  wide,  more  or  less  pilose; 
spike-like  panicle  narrowly  cylindric,  l'-3'  long,  3"-5" 
thick;  spikelets  very  numerous,  4-5-flowered,  long- 
villous,  the  flowering  scales  short-awned.  [Festuca 
phleoides  Vill.] 


In     fields     and     waste     grounds. 
Europe.     Flowers  in  spring. 


Naturalized    from 


19.  ERAGROSTIS  Beauv. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  rarely  dioecious, 
from  a  few  inches  to  several  feet  in  height,  the  spike- 
lets  in  contracted  or  open  panicles.  Spikelets  2- 
many-flowered,  more  or  less  flattened.  Two  lower 
scales  empty,  unequal,  shorter  than  the  flowering  ones, 
keeled,  1-nerved,  or  the  second  3-nerved;  flowering 
scales  membranous,  keeled,  3-nerved;  palets  shorter 
than  the  scales,  prominently  2-nerved  or  2-keeled,  usually  persisting  on  the 
rachilla  after  the  fruiting  scale  has  fallen.  Stamens  2  or  3.  Styles  distinct, 
short.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Greek  etymology  doubtful,  perhaps  signifying  a  low  grass,  or  Love-grass,  an 
occasional  English  name.]  A  genus  of  about  120  species,  widely  distributed 
throughout  all  warm  and  temperate  countries.  Type  species:  Briza  Era- 
grostis  L. 

Palets  glabrous  ;  panicle  open. 

1.  E.  megastachya. 
Palets   long-ciliate ;   panicle   dense. 

2.  E.  ciliaris. 

1.  Eragrostis  megastachya  (Koel.) 
Link.  Strong-scented  Eragrostis. 
(Fig.  44.)  Annual;  culms  6-2°  tall, 
erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base,  usually 
branched.  Sheaths  sparingly  pilose  at 
the  throat ;  leaves  2'-7'  long,  l'''-3"  wide, 
flat,  smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above; 
panicle  2-6'  in  length,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  l'-2'  long; 
spikelets  8-3o-flowered,  3"-8"  long, 
about  lY'  wide,  very  flat;  empty  scales 
acute,  the  first  slightly  shorter  than  the 
second ;  flowering  scales  obtuse,  about  1" 
long,  the  lateral  nerves  prominent.  [Poa 
magastachya  Koel.;  E.  major  Host.] 

A  weed  in  cultivated  ground,  Warwick  Pond,  1905  ;  roadside,  Paget, 
troduced.      Native    of    Europe.      Widely    naturalized    in    temperate    North 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


1913.     In- 
America. 


POACEAE. 


31 


2.  Eragrostis  ciliaris  (L.)  Link.  Fringed 
Eragrostis.  (Fig.  45.)  Annual;  culms  densely 
tufted,  slender,  erect  or  ascending,  1°  high 
or  less;  leaf-sheaths  with  a  tuft  of  hairs  at 
the  top  and  usually  ciliate,  the  blades  flat, 
I'-S^'  long,  V'~2Y'  wide;  panicle  narrow,  dense, 
l'-4'  long,  its  branches  appressed;  spikelets 
small,  6-16-flowered;  palet-nerves  long-ciliate. 
\Foa  ciliaris  L.] 

Dry  sandy  or  rocky  soil.  Naturalized. 
Southern  United  States,  West  Indies  and  tropical 
continental  America.  Abundant  in  flower  on  top 
of  Wreck  Hill,  Sandy's,  Sept.,  1912. 

20.     BRIZA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or 
convolute  leaves  and  open  or  rarely  contracted 
panicles.  Spikelets  flattened,  tumid,  many- 
flowered,  nodding,  the  flowers  perfect.  Scales 
thin-membranous,  strongly  concave,  the  2  lower 
empty,  3-5-nerved,  somewhat  unequal ;  flowering  scales  imbricated,  broader  than 
the  empty  ones,  5-many-nerved ;  uppermost  scales  often  empty;  palets  much 
shorter  than  the  scales,  hyaline,  2-keeled  or  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  dis- 
tinct. Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  usually  free,  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet. 
[Greek  name  for  some  grain,  perhaps  rye.]  About  12  species,  natives  of  the 
Old  World  and  temperate  S.  Am.     Type  species:  Brisa  minor  L. 

1.  Briza  maxima  L.  Quaking-grass. 
(Fig.  46.)  Annual,  tufted;  culms  glabrous, 
slender,  2|°  high  or  less.  Leaves  narrowly 
linear,  2-5'  long,  l"-2"  wide,  acuminate; 
ligule  acute,  elongated;  spikelets  few,  large, 
5"-8"  long,  4"-6"  wide,  ovate,  9-15-flowered, 
nodding  on  filiform  peduncles,  shining;  flow- 
ering scales  loosely  pubescent,  about  as  long 
as  the  glabrous  empty  lower  ones. 

Frequent  on  banks,  in  fields  and  in  lawns. 
Introduced  from  Europe  for  cultivation  as  an 
ornamental  grass  in  gardens.  Flowers  in  spring 
and  summer.  Naturalized  in  Jamaica,  and  Intro- 
duced into  the  United   States. 


21.     POA  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or 
convolute    leaves    and     contracted     or    open 
panicles.     Spikelets  2-6-flowered,  compressed, 
the    rachilla    usually    glabrous;    flowers   per- 
fect,   or    rarely    dioecious.      Scales    membranous,    keeled ;    the    2    lower    empty, 


32 


POACEAE. 


1-3-nerved.;  the  flowering  scales  longer  than  the  empty  ones,  generally  with 
a  tuft  of  cobwebby  hairs  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the  marginal  nerves  usually 
pubescent,  often  also  the  dorsal  one;  palets  a  little  shorter  than  the  scales, 
2-nerved  or  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose. 
Grain  free,  or  sometimes  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Name  Greek,  for  grass  or 
herbage.]  A  genus  of  about  150  species,  widely  distributed  in  all  temperate 
and  cold  regions.  The  English  name  Meadow-grass  is  often  applied  to  most  of 
the  species.    Type  species:  Poa  pratensis  L. 

Annual  with  fibrous  roots.  1.  P.  annua. 

Perennial  by  running  rootstocks. 

Empty    scales    elliptic-oblong ;    flowering    scales    ovate-lanceolate 

in    side-view.  2.  P.  pratensis. 

Empty  scales  lanceolate;   flowering  scales  linear  in  side-view.       3.  P.  nemoralis. 

1.  Poa  annua  L.  Annual  Mead- 
ow-grass. Low^  Spear-grass.  (Fig. 
47.)  Culms  2-10'  tall,  from  an  an- 
nual root,  erect  or  decumbent  at  the 
base,  somewhat  flattened,  smooth. 
Sheaths  loose,  usually  overlapping; 
leaves  J'-4'  long,  wide,  smooth;  pan- 
icle i'-4'  in  length,  open,  branches 
spreading,  naked  at  the  base;  spike- 
lets  3-5-flowered,  li"-2i"  long;  lower 
scales  smooth,  the  first  narrow,  acute, 
1-nerved,  about  two  thirds  as  long 
as  the  broad  and  obtuse  3-nerved 
second  one ;  flowering  scales  distinctly 
5-nerved,  the  nerves  pilose  below. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
places.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Na- 
tive also  of  Asia.  Widely  naturalized 
in  temperate  North  America.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn. 

2.  Poa  pratensis  L.  Kentucky 
Blue-grass.  June-grass.  (Fig.  48.) 
Culms  l°-3i°  tall,  from  long  running 
rootstocks;  leaves  smooth  or  rough, 
those  of  the  culm  2'-6'  in  length,  the 
basal  much  longer;  panicle  2*'-8'  long, 
usually  pyramidal,  the  branches 
spreading  or  ascending,  sometimes 
flexuous,  divided  and  spikelet-bearing 
above  the  middle;  spikelets  3-5-flow- 
ered, 2"-2i"  long,  exceeding  their 
pedicels ;  scales  acute ;  flowering  scales 
webbed  at  the  base,  5-nerved,  the 
marginal  nerves  and  mid-nerve  silky- 
pubescent  below,  the  intermediate 
ones  naked. 

ClifEs,  south  shores  near  Tucker's 
Town,  abundant  in  1909 ;  lawn  Abbes- 
ford,  1914.  Introduced,  probably  in 
hay.  Native  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.     Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


POACEAE. 


33 


3.  Poa  nemoralis  L.  Wood  Poa.  (Fig. 
49.)  Culms  .l°-4°  tall,  from  rootstocks; 
leaves  smooth  or  rough,  those  of  the  stem 
usually  3'  or  more  long;  panicle  3'-10'  long, 
the  usually  lax  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, often  flexuous,  up  to  3'  long,  dividing 
and  spikelet-bearing  above  the  middle; 
spikelets  2-3-flowered,  li"-2"  long,  exceed- 
ing their  pedicels;  scales  acute,  the  empty 
basal  ones  lanceolate,  equal  or  the  first  a 
little  shorter;  flowering  scales  linear  in 
side-view,  webbed  at  the  base,  5 -nerved,  the 
intermediate  nerves  rather  obscure,  the  mid- 
nerve  and  lateral  nerves  pubescent  below  the 
middle,  but  not  so  copiously  as  in  Poa  pra- 
tensis. 

Collected  by  F,  S.  Collins  at  Flatt's,  1913. 
Introduced.  Native  of  Europe.  Introduced  as 
a  waif  in  the  eastern  United  States.  Flowers 
in   summer. 


22.     SCLEROPOA  Griseb. 

Low,  annual,  tufted,  glabrous  grasses,  with  narrow,  flat  leaf-blades,  and 
several-many-flowered  compressed  spikelets  in  narrow  panicles,  the  panicle- 
branches  short  and  stiff.  Spikelets  with  2  empty  lower  scales,  the  flowering 
scales  5-nerved,  rounded  on  the  back.  Stigmas  borne  near  the  apex  of  the 
ovary.  Grain  linear-oblong,  obtuse.  [Greek,  hard  Poa.]  Two  species  of  the 
Mediterranean  region,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Scleropoa  rigida  (L.)  Griseb. 
Hard  Grass.  (Fig.  50.)  Some- 
what glaucous;  culms  several, 
erect  or  ascending,  3-18'  high. 
Leaves  narrowly  linear,  2'-4'  long, 
about  IV'  wide,  acuminate,  the 
short  ligule  lacerate;  panicle  V- 
3^'  long,  its  branches  4"-8"  long, 
spreading  or  ascending;  spikelets 
2"-3"  long,  5-11 -flowered.  [Poa 
rigida  L. ;  Sclerochloa  rigida 
Beauv.;  Festuca  rigida  Kunth.] 

In  waste  grounds,  and  on  walls 
and  hillsides.  Naturalized  from 
southern  Europe.  Flowers  from 
spring  to  autumn.  Introduced  into 
the  southern  United  States. 


34 


POACEAE. 


23.  DESMAZERIA  Dumort. 
Low,  tufted  grasses,  with  short  narrow  leaves,  and  several-many-flowered, 
compressed  spikelets,  sessile  and  2-ranked  in  narrow  spikes,  the  rachis  angled 
and  flexuous.  Scales  nearly  equal,  or  the  lower  a  little  larger  than  the  others, 
all  convex  or  obtusely  keeled.  Grain  channeled  on  the  inner  face.  [Named 
for  M.  Desmazieres.]  A  few  species  of  Europe  and  Africa.  Type  species: 
Foa  sicula  Jacq. 


1.  Desmazeria  loliacea  (Huds.)  Ny- 
man.  Darnel  Desmazeria.  (Eig,  51.) 
Annual,  glabrous;  culms  rather  stiff,  as- 
cending or  spreading,  2'-5'  long.  Leaves 
i'-2'  long,  about  1"  wide;  spike  l'-2'  long: 
spikelets  alternate,  in  2  rows,  oblong,  2"- 
3"  long,  7-11-flowered;  flowering  scales 
about  1"  long,  obtuse,  finely  nerved.  [Poa 
loliacea  Huds.;  Catapodium  loliaceum'Lm'k.] 

Waste  ground  Spanish  Point,  1905.  In- 
troduced. Native  of  southern  Europe.  Flow- 
ers in  summer  and  autumn. 


24.     BROMUS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  usually  closed  leaf-sheaths,  flat  blades 
and  contracted  or  open  panicles,  the  branches  often  nodding.  Spikelets  usually 
large,  often  drooping,  few-many-flowered,  the  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper 
ones  imperfect.  Scales  few-many,  membranous,  the  2  lower  empty,  persistent, 
narrow,  unequal,  acute  or  the  second  sometimes  short-awned;  flowering  scales 
longer  and  often  broader,  rounded  on  the  back,  at  least  below,  usually  awned, 
rarely  awnless,  the  awn  dorsal  and  inserted  just  below  the  2-toothed  apex;  palet 
shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3,  rarely  fewer.  Ovary  crowned  by 
a  villous  appendage,  at  the  base  of  which  arise  the  very  short  but  distinct 
styles.  [Greek  name  for  a  kind  of  oat.]  About  60  species,  vridely  dis- 
tributed.    Type  species:  Bromus  secalinus  L. 


POACEAE. 


35 


1.  Bromus  unioloides  (Willd.) 
H.B.K.  Southern  Chess.  (Fig. 
52.)  Annual.  Culms  l^°-3*°  tall: 
leaf-sheaths  commonly  pubescent, 
or  sometimes  glabrous;  blades 
rough,  sometimes  sparingly  pubes- 
cent, 2"-3"  wide;  panicle  usually 
long  and  narrow,  6'-20'  long: 
spikelets  8"-17"  long,  7-11-flow- 
ered,  the  flowering  scales  thick, 
firm,  6"-8"  long,  each  commonly 
with  a  short  stout  awn.  [Poa 
unioloides  Willd.] 

Locally  plentiful  in  fields  and 
on  hillsides.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
warm-temperate  America.  Flowers 
in  spring  and  summer. 

25.     SPARTINA  Schreb. 

Perennial  glabrous  grasses, 
with  long  horizontal  rootstocks, 
flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  an  in- 
florescence of  one-sided  spreading 
or  erect  alternate  spikes.  Spike- 
lets  1-flowered,  narrow,  deciduous, 
borne  in  two  rows  on  the  rachis, 
articulated  with  the  very  short  pedicels  below  the  scales.  Scales  3;  the 
two  outer  empty,  keeled,  very  unequal;  the  third  subtending  a  perfect 
flower,  keeled,  equalling  or  shorter  than  the  second;  palet  often  longer 
than  its  scale,  2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  filiform,  elongated.  Stigmas  fili- 
form, papillose  or  shortly  plumose.  Grain  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  cord- 
like leaves  of  some  species.]  About  7  species,  widely  distributed  in  saline  soil, 
a  few  in  fresh-water  marshes.     Type  species:  Spcrtina  Schreheri  Gmel. 

1.  Spartina  patens  (Ait.)  Muhl. 
Salt  Grass.  (Fig.  53.)  Culms  r-4° 
tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at  base,  smooth. 
Leaves  6'-25°  long,  l"-2"  broad,  invo- 
lute, attenuate  into  a  long  tip,  smooth 
and  glabrous  beneath;  spikes  2-10,  l'-2' 
long,  usually  ascending,  more  or  less 
peduncled,  the  rachis  slightly  scabrous; 
spikelets  3"-4"  long;  outer  scales  acute, 
scabrous-hispid  on  the  keel,  the  first 
usually  rather  less  than  one  half  as  long 
as  the  second;  third  scale  scabrous  on  the 
upper  part,  emarginate  or  2-toothe(l  at 
the  apex,  longer  than  the  first  and  ex- 
ceeded by  the  palet.  {Da^'tifUs  patens 
Ait.;  Spartina  juncea  Willd.] 

Rocky  and  sandy  coasts.  South  Shores 
and  along  Castle  Harbor,  very  abundant  on 
liushy  Island,  and  about  Ely's  Harbor. 
Native.  Coast  of  eastern  North  America. 
I'robably  transported  to  Bermuda  by  float- 
ing. Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
Erroneously  recorded  by  Reade  and  by 
Moore  as  S.  cynosuroides. 


36 


POACEAE. 


26.     CAPRIOLA  Adans. 

Perennial  grasses  with  short  flat  leaves  and  spieate  inflorescence,  the  spikes 
digitate.  Spikelets  l-flowered,  seeund.  Scales  3,  the  2  lower  empty,  keeled; 
flowering  scale  broader,  membranous,  compressed;  palet  a  little  shorter  than 
the  scale,  hyaline,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  short,  plu- 
mose. Grain  free.  [Name  medieval  Latin  for  the  wild  goat,  that  feeds  on  this 
grass  in  waste  rocky  places.]  Four  known  species,  of  which  three  are  Austra- 
lian, the  following  typical  one  widely  distributed. 

1.  Capriola  Dactylon  (L.) 
Kuntze.  Bermuda-grass.  Scutch- 
grass.  Dog  's-tooth  Grass.  Run- 
ning Grass.  Hell-grass.  Devil 
Grass.  (Fig.  54.)  Culms  4-12' 
tall,  erect,  from  long  creeping  and 
branching  stolons,  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. Sheaths  glabrous  or  some- 
what hairy,  crowded  at  the  bases 
of  the  culms  and  along  the  stolons; 
leaves  l'-3'  long,  l"-2i"  wide,  flat, 
smooth  beneath,  scabrous  above ; 
spikes  4-5,  Y-2'  in  length,  digi- 
tate; rachis  flat;  spikelets  l"long; 
outer  scales  his-pid  on  the  keel,  nar- 
row, the  first  shorter  than  the  sec- 
ond, about  two  thirds  as  long  as 
the  broad  and  strongly  compressed 
third  one.  [Paniciim  Dactylon  L. ; 
Cynodon  Dactylon  Pers.] 

Common  in  all  dry  places,  a  per- 
nicious weed  in  gardens,  but  desir- 
able for  forming  lawns.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Naturalized  in  the  eastern 
United  States.  Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year.  The  name  Bermuda-grass,  by 
which  this  grass  is  most  widely  known  is  unfortunate,  as  it  is  not  a  native  of 
Bermuda. 


27.     EUSTACHYS  Desv. 

Perennial  grasses,  with  flat  or  folded  usually  obtuse  leaf-blades  and 
spieate  inflorescence,  the  spikes  single,  in  pairs,  or  3-many  and  digitate. 
Spikelets  usually  l-flowered,  rarely  2-flowered,  sessile,  crowded  in  2  rows. 
Scales  4,  rarely  5,  the  2  lower  empty,  persistent,  unequal,  keeled,  the  first 
generally  acute,  the  second  oblong,  .truncate  or  2-lobed  at  the  apex,  short- 
awned,  the  others  awnless,  mucronate,  or  short-awned,  firmer  than  the  empty 
scales,  the  third  scale  enclosing  a  perfect  flower  and  a  palet,  the  fourth  scale 
empty,  or  rarely  enclosing  a  staminate  flower.  [Greek,  beautiful  spikes.] 
About  8  species,  native  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical.  The  genus 
is  united  with  Chloris  by  some  authors. 


POACEAE. 


37 


1.  Eustachys  petra^a  (Sw.)  Desv. 
West  Indian  Grass.  (Fig.  55.)  Culms 
l°-3°  tall:  leaf -blades  1°  long  or  less, 
3"-5'''  wide,  smooth:  spikes  3-11,  usually 
4-6,  erect,  lV-4:'  long:  spikelets  about  1" 
long:  scales  4,  the  second,  exclusive  of  the 
awn,  about  5"  long,  2-toothed  at  the 
apex,  the  teeth  triangular,  acute  or  ob- 
tusish,  the  awn  about  i"  long;  third  scale 
about  1"  long,  in  side  view  elliptic  and 
about  i"  wide,  the  awn  short  or  wanting; 
fourth  scale  in  side  view  obovate-elliptic, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  awnless.  [Chloris 
petraea  Sw.] 

Common  in  dry  soil,  a  weed  in  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  the  south- 
eastern United  States,  West  Indies  and  trop- 
ical continental  America.  Flowers  from 
spring  until  autumn. 

28.  ELEUSINE  Gaertn. 
Tufted  annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  spicate  inflores- 
cence, the  spikes  digitate  or  close  together  at  the  summit  of  the  culm.  Spike- 
lets  several-flowered,  sessile,  closely  imbricated  in  two  rows  on  one  side  of  the 
rachis,  which  is  not  extended  beyond  them;  flowers  perfect  or  the  upper 
staminate.  Scales  compressed,  keeled;  the  2  lower  empty;  the  others  subtend- 
ing flowers,  or  the  upper  empty.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plu- 
mose. Grain  loosely  enclosed  in  the  scale  and  palet.  [From  the  Greek  name 
of  the  town  where  Ceres  was  worshipped.]  Species  6,  natives  of  the  Old 
World.     Type  species:  Cynosurus  coracanus  L. 

1.  EJeusine  Indica  (L.)  Gaertn. 
Wire-grass.  Crab-grass.  Yard-grass. 
(Fig.  56.)  Culms  6-2°  tall,  tufted, 
erect,  or  decumbent  at  the  base.  Sheaths 
loose,  overlapping  and  often  short  and 
crowded  at  the  base  of  the  culm,  gla- 
brous or  sometimes  sparingly  villous; 
leaves  3'-12'  long,  l"-3"  wide,  smooth 
or  scabrous;  spikes  2-10,  l'-3'  long, 
whorled  or  approximate  at  the  summit 
of  the  culm  or  one  or  two  sometimes 
distant;  spikelets  3-6-flowered,  lA"-2" 
long;  scales  acute,  minutely  scabrous  on 
the  keel,  the  first  1-nerved,  the  second 
3-7-nerved,  the  others  3-5-nerved.  [Cy- 
nosurus indicus  L.] 

Common  in  fields,  dooryards  and  waste 
places.  Abundant  over  North  America  ex- 
cept the  extreme  north.  Naturalized  from 
the  warmer  regions  of  the  Old  World. 
Flowers    nearly    throughout    the    year. 


38 


POACEAE. 


29.     LEPTOCHLOA  Beauv. 

Usually  tall  annual  grasses,  with  fiat  leaves  and  numerous  spikes  forming 
a  simple  panicle.  Spikelets  usually  2-many-flowered,  flattened,  alternating  in 
two  rows  on  one  side  of  the  rachis.  -Scales  4  to  many;  the  2  lower  empty, 
keeled,  shorter  than  the  spikelet;  the  flowering  scales  keeled,  3-nerved.  Palet 
2-nerved.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  free,  en- 
closed in  the  scale  and  palet.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  slender  spikes.] 
About  12  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  regions  of  both  hemispheres.  Type 
species:   Cynosurus  virgatus  L. 


1.  Leptochloa  filiformis  (Lam.) 
Beauv.  Northern  Leptochloa.  (Fig. 
57.)  Culms  l°-4°  tall,  finally  branch- 
ing. Sheaths,  at  least  the  lower  ones, 
commonly  more  or  less  hirsute;  leaves 
2Y~10'  long,  5"  or  less  wide,  rough; 
inflorescence  6'-2°  long;  spikes  gen- 
erally elongated,  ascending,  2'-6'  long; 
spikelets  about  IV  long;  scales  usually 
5,  the  outer  empty  2  acute,  equal,  or 
the  first  somewhat  shorter  than  the 
second,  the  first  scale  usually  a  little 
shorter  than  the  first  flowering  scale. 
[Eleusine  mucronata  Michx.;  Festuca 
filiformis  Lam.] 

Waste  or  cultivated  grounds.  Ap- 
parently uncommon.  Introduced.  Native 
of  the  southeastern  United  States  and 
tropical  America.     Flowers  in  autumn. 


30.     LOLIUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with  flat  leaves  and  terminal  spikes.  Spike- 
lets several-flowered,  solitary,  sessile  and  alternate  in  the  notches  of  the  usually 
continuous  rachis,  compressed,  the  edge  of  the  spikelet  (backs  of  the  scales) 
turned  toward  the  rachis.  Scales  rigid;  lower  scale  empty  in  the  lateral  spike- 
lets, and  the  2  lower  empty  in  the  terminal;  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the 
back,  5-7-nerved;  palets  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  distinct,  very  short. 
Stigmas  2,  plumose.  Grain  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Latin  name  for  Darnel.] 
About  6  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World.     Type  species:  Lolium  perenne  L. 


POACEAE. 


39 


1.  Lolium     multifldrum     Lam. 

AwNED  Eay-grass.  Awned  Darnel. 
(Fig.  58.)  Culms  tufted,  2°-3i°  tall. 
Sheaths  smooth  and  glabrous;  leaves 
4'-8'  long,  lV'-4"  wide;  spikes  often 
1°  long;  spikelets  20-30,  7"-10"  long, 
the  flowering  scales  bearing  an  awn 
equalling  or  a  little  shorter  than  them- 
selves. 

Roadsides,  Abbotsford,  Mount  Hope 
and  south  side  of  Harrington  Sound,  1914. 
Introduced.  Native  of  Europe.  Flowers 
in  spring  and  summer.  Appears  as  of 
recent  introduction.  Naturalized  in  the 
United  States. 

31.  HORDEUM  [Tourn.]  L. 
Annual  or  perennial  grasses,  with 
flat  leaves  and  terminal  cylindric  spikes. 
Spikelets  1-flowered,  usually  in  3  's  at 
each  joint  of  the  rachis,  the  lateral  gen- 
erally short-stalked  and  imperfect; 
rachilla  produced  beyond  the  flower,  the  lower  empty  scales  often  reduced  to 
awns  and  forming  an  apparent  involucre  around  the  spikelets.  Empty  scales 
rigid;  flowering  scales  rounded  on  the  back,  5-nerved  at  the  apex,  awned;  palet 
scarcely  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled.  Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  dis- 
tinct. Grain  usually  adherent  to  the  scale,  hairy  at  the  summit.  [Latin  name 
for  barley.]  About  '20  species,  widely  distributed  in  both  hemispheres.  Type 
species:  Hordeum  vulgare  L. 

1.  Hordeum  pusillum  Nutt. 
Little  Barley.  (Fig.  59.)  Culms 
4-16'  tall,  erect,  or  decumbent  at 
the  base;  leaves  V-3'  long,  V'-l" 
wide,  erect,  smooth  beneath,  rough 
above ;  spike  1-3'  in  length ;  spike- 
lets usually  in  3 's,  the  central  one 
containing  a  palet  and  perfect 
flower,  the  lateral  imperfect ;  scales 
awned,  the  empty  ones  scabrous, 
thope  of  the  central  spikelet  and 
the  lower  ones  of  the  lateral  spike- 
lets dilated  above  the  base;  flower- 
ing scales  smooth,  that  of  the  cen- 
tral spikelet  3"-4"  long,  short- 
awned,  the  corresponding  scale  in 
the  lateral  spikelets  smaller  and 
very  short-stalked. 

Waste  grounds,  St.  David's  Is- 
land, abundant  in  1009.  Introduced. 
Native  of  western  North  America, 
and  naturalized  along  the  Atlantic 
coast.     Flowers  in  spring. 


40 


POACEAE. 


Hordeum  sativum  Juss.,  Barley,  presumably  Asiatic  in  origin,  is  occa- 
sionally grown;  a  large  patch  was  seen  at  Rose  Cottage  in  1914. 

32.     ELYMUS  L. 

Tall  grasses,  with  usually  flat  leaves  and  dense  terminal  s.pikes.  Spikelets 
2-several-flowered,  sessile,  usually  in  pairs,  occasionally  in  3 's  or  more,  in 
alternate  notches  of  the  continuous  or  jointed  rachis,  the  empty  scales  forming 
an  apparent  involucre  to  the  cluster.  Two  lower  scales  empty,  narrow,  acute, 
sometimes  awned,  entire;  flowering  scales  shorter,  rounded  on  the  back,  5- 
nerved,  usually  bearing  an  awn.  Palet  a  little  shorter  than  the  scale,  2-keeled. 
Stamens  3.  Styles  very  short,  distinct.  Stigmas  plumose.  Grain  sparsely 
hairy  at  the  summit,  adherent  to  the  palet.  [Greek,  to  roll  up,  referring  to  the 
involute  palet.]  About  40  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions.  Type  species: 
Elymus  avenarius  L. 


1.  Elymus  virginicus  L.  Terrell- 
grass.  Virginia  Wild  Rye.  (Fig.  60.) 
Culms  l*'-3°  tall;  sheaths  sometimes 
pubescent,  the  uppermost  often  inflated 
and  enclosing  the  peduncle  and  the  base 
of  the  spike;  leaves  5-11'  long,  2"-8" 
wide,  rough;  spike  2'-7'  in  length,  dense, 
stout,  upright;  spikelets  divergent  from 
the  rachis,  2-3-flowered;  empty  scales 
thick  and  rigid,  lanceolate,  ^'-1'  long, 
including  the  short  awn,  5-7-nerved; 
flowering  scales  3"-4"  long,  glabrous, 
bearing  a  rough  awn  2"-9"  in  length,  or 
rarely  awnless. 

Found  by  A.  H.  Moore  on  Ireland 
Island  in  1905.  Introduced  from  eastern 
North  America. 


Arundinaria  tecta  (Walt.)  Muhl.,  the  Small  Cane  of  the  southeastern 
United  States,  is  mentioned  by  Lefroy  as  native  in  Bermuda,  and  doubtfully 
recorded  by  Jones,  but  it  has  not  been  observed  here  by  subsequent  collectors, 
and  was  probably  mistaken  for  some  other  grass.     [Arundo  tecta  Walt.] 

Saccharum  officinanim  L.,  Sugar  Cane,  a  tall,  broad-leaved  species  with 
conspicuously  jointed  culms,  which  are  used  as  sticks  for  chewing,  is  frequently 
grown  in  the  marshes.  In  the  early  years  of  the  colony  its  cultivation  was  much 
more  extensive,  and  Lefroy  notes  that  in  1675  it  was  thought  necessary  to  pass 
a  law  to  prevent  the  destruction  of  cedars  for  sugar-boiling. 

Zea  Mays  L.,  Indian  Corn,  Maise,  extensively  grown  in  several  races, 
is  one  of  the  most  important  food-plants  both  for  green  corn,  and  for  fodder. 


POACEAE.  41 

and  is  the  only  valuable  cereal  crop  of  the  colony.    Verrill  records  that  it  was 
introduced  in  1610. 

Zea  japonica  Van  Houtte,  recorded  by  Jones,  is  a  low  race  of  the  preced- 
ing, with  small  ears  of  corn,  its  leaves  white-striped,  said  to  have  originated  in 
Japan. 

Triticum  vulgare  L.,  Wheat,  was  formerly  grown  but  with  indifferent 
success,  and  its  cultivation  ceased  many  years  ago. 

Bambos  vulgaris  Schrad.,  Chinese  Bamboo,  a  giant  of  the  Grass  Family, 
its  jointed  culms  reaching  forty  feet  or  more  in  height,  is  planted  for  ornament 
and  thrives  luxuriantly. 

Bambos  glaucescens  Merrill,  Low  Pole  Bamboo,  East  Indian,  seen  at 
Paget  Rectory  in  1914,  is  a  small  species,  with  upright  branches,  und  lanceo- 
late leaves  only  about  1'  long.  I  am  indebted  to  the  Kew  botanists  for  the 
determination  of  this  plant. 

Another  species  of  Barnbos,  with  slender  culms  about  15°  high,  and 
leaves  about  8'  long  by  i'  wide,  has  been  planted  at  the  Agricultural  Station, 
and  several  other  kinds  of  Bamboos  have  been  planted  experimentally. 

Cortaderia  argentea  (Nees)  Stapf,  Pampas  Gr.vss,  a  large  South  Ameri- 
can species,  is  grown  for  ornament  on  lawns,  and  is  a  highly  decorative  plant, 
the  culms  up  to  6°  high,  the  numerous,  elongated  leaves  linear,  the  large 
plume-like  panicles  white  and  shining.     [Gynerium  argenteum  Nees.] 

Pennisetum  macrostachyum  (Brongn.)  Trin.,  Purple  Pennisetum,  of 
the  Molucca  Islands,  grown  for  ornament,  is  a  grass  6°-8°  high,  with  purple 
leaves  1°  long  or  more,  about  1'  wide,  the  narrow  purple  spikes  8'-12'  long, 
the  flowers  subtended  by  tufts  of  long,  roughened  bristles. 

Pennisetum  Ruppellil  Steud.,  Ruppell's  Pennisetum,  Abyssinian,  also 
grown  for  ornament,  is  similar  to  the  preceding  with  a  purple  spike  up  to  12' 
long,  but  its  involute  leaves  are  only  l"-2"  wide  and  the  bristles  are  plumose. 
It  has  also  been  observed  on  a  roadside  near  Salt  Kettle. 


Family  2.     CYPERACEAE  J.   St.  Hilaire. 

Sedge  Family. 

Grass-like  or  rush-like  herbs.  Stems  (culms)  slender,  solid  (rarely 
hollow),  triangular,  quadrangular,  terete  or  flattened.  Roots  fibrous 
(many  species  perennial  by  long-  rootstocks).  Leaves  narrow,  with  closed 
sheaths.  Flowers  perfect  or  imperfect,  arranged  in  spikelets,  one  (rarely 
2)  in  the  axil  of  each  scale  (ghime,  bract),  the  spikelets  solitarj^  or  clus- 
tered, l-many-flowered.  Scales  2-ranked  or  spirally  imbricated,  persistent 
or  deciduous.  Perianth  hypogynous,  composed  of  bristles,  or  interior 
scales,  rarely  calyx-like,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  1-3,  rarely  more. 
Filaments  slender  or  filiform.    Anthers  2-celled.     Ovary  1-celled,     Ovule  1, 


42 


CYPERACEAE. 


anatropous,  erect.  Style  2-3-cleft  or  rarely  simple  or  minutely  2-toothed. 
Fruit  a  lenticular,  plano-convex,  or  trigonous  achene.  Endosperm  mealy. 
Embrj'o  minute. 

About  65  genera  and  3000  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribu- 
tion. The  achenes  of  many  species  are  transported  by  birds,  and  most  of 
the  native  sedges  have  probably  reached  Bermuda  by  them  or  by  winds. 


Achene  not  enclosed  in  a  perigjTiium. 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  2-ranked. 

Spikelets  with  several  or  many  perfect  flowers. 
Spikelets  with  but  one  perfect  flower. 
Scales  of  the  spikelets  spirally  imbricated. 

Spikelets  with  several  or  many  perfect  flowers. 
Style  wholly  deciduous. 
Perianth-bristles  4-6. 
Perianth-bristles  none. 
Base  of  the  style  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene. 
Spikelets  capitate,  involucrate  ;   culm  leafy. 
Spikelet  only  1,  naked;  leaves  mere  basal  sheaths. 
Spikelets  only  1-4-flowered,  some  of  the  flowers  imperfect. 
Style,  or  its  base,  persistent  as  a  tubercle  on  the  achene. 
Style  wholly  deciduous. 
Achene  enclosed  in  a  perigynium. 


C II  perns. 
KylUnga. 


Scirpvs. 
FimhristyUs. 

Dichromena. 
Eleocharis. 

Rynchospora. 

llarisciis. 

Carex. 


1.     CYPERUS    [Tourn.]    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  in  our  species  simple,  triangular,  leafy 
near  the  base,  and  with  1  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to 
the  simple  or  compound,  umbellate  or  capitate  inflorescence.  Eays  of  the  umbel 
sheathed  at  the  base,  usually  very  unequal,  one  or  more  of  the  heads  or  spikes 
commonly  sessile.  Spikelets  flat  or  subterete,  the  scales  readily  falling  away 
from  the  rachis  as  they  mature,  or  persistent  and  the  spikelets  falling  away 
from  the  axis  of  the  head  or  spike  with  most  of  the  scales  attached.  Scales 
concave,  conduplicate  or  keeled,  2-ranked,  all  flower-bearing  or  the  lower  ones 
empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  de- 
ciduous from  the  summit  of  the  achene.  [Ancient  Greek  name  for  these 
sedges.]  About  600  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  temperate 
regions.     Type  species:  Cyperus  esculentus  L. 


Style  2-cleft ;  achene  lenticular ;   annuals. 
Scales  obtuse  ;  achene  ovate-orbicular. 
Scales  acute ;  achene  oblong. 
Style  3-cieft ;  achene  trigonous. 

Spikelets  falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  spike,  the  lower 
pair  of  scales  persistent. 
Annual ;  spikelets  nearly  terete. 
Perennials  ;  spikelets  flattened. 

Spikelets  i"  wide,  greenish  brown. 
Spikelets  l"-li"  wide,  chestnut  brown. 
Scales   falling  away   from   the  persistent  rachis   of  the   flat- 
tened spikelets. 
Basal  leaves  elongated  ;  spikelets  spicate. 

Spikelets  purple  brown  :   achene  linear-oblong. 
Spikelets  straw  color  ;  achene  obovoid. 
Basal  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  ;  spikelets  digitate. 


1.  C.  flavescens. 

2.  C.  paniculatus. 


3.  C.  speciosiis. 

4.  C.  glohtdosus. 

5.  C.  hrtmncus. 


C.  rotund  us. 
C.  esculentus. 
C.  alternifoUus. 


CYPERACEAE. 


43 


1.  Cypems  flavescens  L.  Yellow 
Cyperus.  (Fig.  61.)  Annual;  culms 
very  slender,  tufted,  leafy  below,  3'- 
12'  tall,  mostly  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  1"-1^"  wide,  smooth,  the  longer 
usually  exceeding  the  inflorescence; 
clusters  terminal  and  sessile,  or  on  1-4 
short  rays;  spikelets  in  3's-6's,  linear, 
subacute,  yellow,  many-flowered,  flat, 
4"-9"  long,  l^"-2"  broad;  scales  ovate, 
obtuse,  1-nerved,  appressed,  twice  as 
long  as  the  orbicular-obovate  black 
obtuse  lenticular  shining  achene;  sta- 
mens 3;  style  deeply  2 -cleft;  superficial 
cells  of  the  achene  oblong. 

Grassy  places,  Pembroke  Marsh,  1905. 
Serpentine,  March,  1912.  Native.  Eastern 
United  States  ;  Cuba  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  Mexico  ; 
Europe.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
This  pretty  sedge  was  seen  in  abundance 
at  the  localities  mentioned ;  while  not 
recorded  by  the  earlier  authors  I  think  it 
a  native  species :  its  minute  fruits  may 
have  reached  Bermuda  by  the  agency  of 
birds  in  recent  times. 


2.  Cyperus     paniculHtus 

Rottb.  Gates'  Cyperus.  (Fig. 
62.)  Annual,  bright  green. 
Leaves  ^"-2"  wide;  culms  slen- 
der, tufted,  4'-16'  tall,  often 
surpassing  the  leaves;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  3-5,  surpassing  the 
umbel,  the  longer  ones  up  to  8' 
long;  umbel  with  3-8  rays,  or 
rarely  nearly  capitate ;  spikelets 
few,  linear  or  linear-lanceolate, 
3"-7"  long,  acute;  scales  light 
chestnut-brown,  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acute,  shining,  striate,  de- 
ciduous at  maturity;  achenes  ob- 
long, grayish,  abruptly  apicu- 
late,  fully  half  as  long  as  the 
scale.  [Cyperus  Gatesii  Torr. ; 
C.  Nuttallii  of  Reade.] 

Frequent  in  salt  and  brackish 
marshes.  Southeastern  T'nited 
States,  West  Indies  and  continen- 
tal tropical  America.  Flowers  in 
summer  and  autumn.     Native. 


44 


CYPERACEAE. 


3.  Cyperus  speciosus  Vahl. 

MicHAux's  Cyperus.  (Fig. 
63.)  Annual;  culms  usually 
tufted,  4'-20'  tall,  reddish  to- 
ward the  base.  Leaves  rough- 
margined,  lV'-2i"  wide,  the 
midvein  prominent;  leaves  of 
the  involucre  much  exceeding 
the  umbel;  umbel  3-7-rayed, 
the  primary  rays  1'— 6'  long; 
involucels  narrow ;  spikelets 
subterete,  very  narrowly  linear, 
4"-12"  long,  less  than  1"  thick, 
10-30-flowered,  falling  away 
from  the  axis  at  maturity; 
scales  dull  brown,  thin,  ap- 
pressed,  ovate,  obtuse,  faintly 
3-5-nerved  on  the  back ;  rachis- 
wings  broad,  clasping  the 
achene,  persistent;  stamens  3; 
style  3-cleft,  slightly  exserted; 
achene  pale,  3-angled,  about 
one  half  as  long  as  the  scale. 
[C.  MicJiauxianus  Schultes;  C. 
flexuosus  of  Reade,  Lefroy 
and  H.  B.  Small;  C.  odoratus 
of  Hemsley.] 

Borders  of  marshes.  Eastern  and  southern  United  States.  Cuba(?)  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn.  Closely  related  to  Cyperus  ferax  L.  C.  Richard,  of  the 
southern  United  States  and  tropical  America.      Native. 


4.  Cyperus  globulosus  Aublet.  Bald- 
win's Cyperus.  (Fig.  64.)  Perennial 
by  tuber-like  corms;  culms  slender, 
smooth,  erect  or  reclining,  mostly  longer 
than  the  leaves.  Leaves  pale  green.  IV'- 
2"  wide,  those  of  the  involucre  5-10,  the 
longer  usually  much  exceeding  the  umbel ; 
umbel  6-13-rayed;  the  rays  filiform, 
their  sheaths  short,  mucronate ;  spikelets 
many,  2"-12"  long,  i"  wude,  linear,  flat, 
capitate  in  globose  heads;  scales  thin, 
pale  green,  appressed,  ovate-lanceolate, 
acute,  9-13-nerved,  with  narrow  scarious 
margins;  joints  of  the  rachis  broadly 
winged;  stamens  3;  style  3-cleft;  achene 
oblong-obovoid,  obtuse,  one  half  as  long 
as  the  scale,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick. 
[Cyperus  ligularis  of  Reade;  C.  Bald- 
winii  Torr.] 

Sandy  fields,  hillsides  and  borders  of  marshes.  Native.  Southeastern  United 
States,  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn. 


CYPEKACEAE. 


45 


5.  Cyperus  brunneus  Sw.  Coast 
Cyperus.  (Fig.  65.)  Perennial,  pale 
green.  Leaves  overtopped  by  the  stout 
culm,  l"-4"  wide,  smooth,  sometimes 
involute;  culms  erect,  usually  solitary, 
l°-2i°  tall,  3-angled,  smooth;  bracts  of 
the  involucre  4-5,  all  of  them  or  the 
longer  ones  surpassing  the  umbel, 
spreading;  umbel  compound,  capitate, 
or  some  of  the  rays  becoming  V-2' 
long;  spikelets  linear  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 5"-8"  long,  V'-ll"  wide,  chestnut- 
colored,  densely  crowded;  scales  oval  or 
ovate-oval,  often  apiculate,  ribbed; 
achenes  3-angled,  elliptic-obovoid,  dark- 
brown,   granular. 


Coastal  sands,  Paget,  1905.  Native.  Coasts  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 
Probably  transported  to  Bermuda  by  floating.  Flowers*  in  summer  and  autumn. 
This  sedge  is  not  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  any  previous  author ;  it  may  have 
reached  Bermuda  recently.     It  was  not  abundant  when  collected  by  us  in  19u5. 


6.  Cjrperus  rotundus  L.  Nut- 
grass.  (Fig.  66.)  Perennial  by  scaly 
tuber-bearing  rootstocks ;  culm  rather 
stout,  4'-2°  high,  usually  longer  than 
the  leaves.  Leaves  lV'-3"  wide,  those 
of  the  involucre  3-5;  umbel  3-8- 
rayed,  the  longer  rays  2'-4i'  long; 
spikelets  linear,  clustered,  few  in  each 
cluster,  acute,  4"-10"  long,  1"-1^" 
wide;  scales  dark  purple-brown  or 
with  green  margins  and  centre,  ovate, 
acute,  appressed  when  mature,  about 
3-nerved  on  the  keel ;  stamens  3 ;  style 
3-clef  t,  its  branches  exserted ;  achene 
3-angled,  about  one  half  as  long  as 
the  scale.     [C.  hydra  Michx.] 


Common  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  and  waste  grounds.  Native.  Southeastern 
United  States,  West  Indies,  tropical  continental  America  :  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions  of  the  Old  World.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  The  plant  is  freely 
propagated  by  its  tubers  which  are  readily  detached  in  plowing  or  spading  and 
this  makes  it  a  difficult  weed  to  eradicate. 


46 


CYPEKACEAE. 


7.  Cypenis  esculentus  L.  Yellow 
Nut-grass.  (Fig.  67.)  Perennial  by 
scaly  tuber-bearing  rootstocks;  culm 
usually  stout,  l°-3°  tall,  shorter  than  the 
leaves  or  longer.  Leaves  light  green,  2"- 
4"  wide,  the  midvein  prominent;  those 
of  the  involucre  3-6,  the  longer  much 
exceeding  the  inflorescence ;  umbel  4-10- 
rayed,  often  compound;  spikelets  numer- 
ous in  loose  spikes,  straw-color  or  yellow- 
ish-brown, flat,  spreading,  i'-l'  long, 
about  ly  wide,  many-flowered;  scales 
ovate-oblong,  subacute,  3-5-nerved ;  rachis 
narrowly  winged ;  stamens  3 ;  style  3- 
cleft;  achene  obovoid,  obtuse,  3-angled. 

Occasional  in  cultivated  grounds.  Na- 
tive. United  States,  West  Indies,  tropical 
continental  America,  tropical  and  temperate 
regions  of  the  Old  World.  Flowers  in  sum- 
mer and  autumn. 


8.  Cyperus  altemifolius  L.  Umbrella 
Sedge.  (Fig.  68.)  Perennial  by  short  root- 
stocks,  glabrous;  culms  stout,  clustered,  3°- 
4^°  high,  smooth  and  3-angled.  Basal  leaves 
reduced  to  lanceolate  sheaths;  leaves  of  the 
involucre  12-20,  spreading,  10'  long  or  less, 
2'''-5"  wide,  longer  than  the  inflorescence; 
umbel  decompound,  often  8'  broad;  rays 
numerous,  nearly  filiform;  heads  very 
numerous;  spikelets  few,  digitate,  linear, 
many-flowered,  blunt,  4' -5"  long,  about  1" 
wide;  scales  greenish-yellow,  lanceolate, 
acute,  appressed;  achene  oblong,  a  little 
shorter  than  the  scale. 

Occasional  in  marshes  and  along  roads. 
Introduced  by  cultivation  as  an  ornamental 
sedge,  and  escaped.  Native  of  Africa.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn.  Naturalized  in  the 
West    Indies. 

Cyperus  Papyrus  L.,  Papyrus,  Egyptian,  successfully  grown  for  six  years 
in  a  tub  at  Orange  Valley,  and  observed  there  in  1914,  is  a  very  large  sedge, 
with  3-sided  culms,  7°-9°  high,  the  numerous,  nearly  filiform  leaves  of  the 
involucels  8'-12'  long. 

2.     KYLLINGA  Eottb. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges,  with  slender  triangular  culms,  leafy  below,  and 
with  2  or  more  leaves  at  the  summit  forming  an  involucre  to  the  strictly  sessile, 
simple  or  compound,  dense  head  of  spikelets.  Spikelets  numerous,  compressed, 
falling  away  from  the  axis  of  the  head  at  maturity,  consisting  of  only  3  or  4 
scales,  the  1  or  2  lower  ones  small  and  empty,  the  middle  one  fertile,  the  upper 
empty  or  staminate.  Joints  of  the  rachis  wingless  or  narrowly  winged. 
Scales  2-ranked,  keeled.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  decid- 
uous from  the  summit  of  the  achene.  Achene  lenticular  or  3-angled.  [In 
honor  of  Peter  Kylling,  a  Danish  botanist  of  the  seventeenth  century.]  About 
45  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  KylUnga 
monocepTiala  Eottb. 


CYPERACEAE. 


47 


1.  Kyllinga  brevifolia  L.  Short- 
leaved  Kyllinga.  (Fig.  69.)  Perennial 
by  slender  rootstocks,  pale  green.  Leaves 
mostly  shorter  than  the  culm,  V'-li"  wide, 
smooth;  culms  very  slender  or  filiform,  4'- 
15'  tall,  smooth;  bracts  of  the  involucre  3, 
one  erect,  the  others  spreading;  spike  soli- 
tary, globose  or  ovoid,  2V'-^"  long,  green- 
ish, with  many  spikelets;  spikelets  oblong- 
ovoid,  1"-!^"  long,  acuminate;  scales  vari- 
ous, the  2  outer  minute,  the  third  and  fourth 
ovate,  with  recurved  tips  and  serrulate- 
eiliate  keels;  achenes  lenticular,  orbicular- 
obovate,  about  V'  long.  [K.  monocephala 
of  Reade,  Lefroy,  H.  B.  Small  and  Hemsley.] 

Common  along  the  borders  of  marshes. 
Native.  Southeastern  United  States,  West 
Indies,  tropical  America  ;  Old  World  tropics. 

3.     SCIRPUS  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  very  small  to  very 

large  sedges,  with  leafy  culms  or  the  leaves 

reduced   to   basal   sheaths.     Spikelets  terete 

or    somewhat    flattened,    solitary,    capitate, 

spieate    or    umbellate,    subtended   by    a    1- 

several-leaved  involucre  or  the  involucre  wanting  in  some  species.  Scales 
spirally  imbricated  all  around,  usually  all  fertile,  the  1-3  lov^'er  sometimes 
empty.  Flowers  perfect.  Perianth  of  1-6,  slender  or  rigid,  short  or  elongated, 
barbed,  pubescent  or  smooth  bristles,  or  none  in  some  species.  Stamens  2  or  3. 
Style  2-3-cleft,  not  swollen  at  the  base,  wholly  deciduous  from  the  achene,  or 
its  base  persistent  as  a  subulate  tip.  Achene  triangular,  lenticular  or  plano- 
convex. [Latin,  Bulrush,  said  to  be  from  sirs,  Celtic  for  rushes.]  About  150 
species  of  wide   geographic   distribution.      Type   species:    Scirpus   lacustris  L. 

Spikelets     few,     appearing    as     if     lateral ; 
culm  ,3-angled. 
Involucral    leaf   short,   stout. 

1.  8.  Olneyi. 
Involucral   leaf  long,  slender. 

2.  -S.  amrrironus. 
Spikelets    several    or   numerous,    umbellate ; 

culm    terete.  3.  /S.  valid  us. 

1.  Scirpus  Olneyi  A.  Gray.  Olnet  's 
Bulrush.  (Fig.  70.)  Perennial  by 
rootstocks;  culms  stout,  sharply  3 -angled 
with  concave  sides,  l^°-6°  tall.  Leaves 
1-3,  l'-5'  long,  or  sheaths  sometimes 
leafless;  spikelets  capitate  in  dense 
clusters  of  5-12,  oblong  or  ovoid-oblong, 
obtuse,  2^"-4"  long,  the  involucral  leaf 
short,  stout,  erect,  V-IV  long;  scales 
oval  or  orbicular,  dark  brown  with  a 
green  midvein,  emarginate  or  muoronu- 
late,  glabrous;  bristles  usually  6,  slightly 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene, 
downwardly  barbed ;  stamens  2-3 ;  style 
2-eleft;  achene  obovate,  plano-convex, 
brown,  mucronate. 

In   Warwick    Marsh,    1905;   marsh   near  Whale   Bay,    1014.      Native.      Atlantic. 
Gulf  and  Pacific  coasts  of  the  United  States  ;  Cuba.     Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


48 


CYPERACEAE. 


2.  Scirpus  americanus  Pers. 
Three-square.  Chair-maker's 
Rush.  (Fig.  71.)  Perennial  by 
long  rootstocks;  culms  sharply  tri- 
angular, erect,  stiff,  l°-3*°  tall. 
Leaves  1-3,  narrowly  linear,  keeled, 
shorter  than  the  culm ;  spikelets  ob- 
long-ovoid, acute,  4"-6"  long,  capi- 
tate in  clusters  of  1-7,  appearing 
as  if  lateral;  involucral  leaf  slender, 
l'-4'  long;  scales  broadly  ovate, 
brown,  often  emarginate  or  sharply 
2-cleft  at  the  apex,  the  midvein  ex- 
tended into  a  subulate  awn  some- 
times 1"  long,  the  margins  scarious; 
bristles  2-6,  downwardly  barbed, 
shorter  than  or  equalling  the  achene; 
stamens  3;  achene  obovate,  plano- 
convex, smooth,  dark  brown,  mucro- 
nate. 

Marsh     near     Whale     Bay,     1914. 

Native.       Continental     North    America. 

Flowers  in  summer. 
3.  Scirpus  validus  Vahl.  Ameri- 
can Great  Bulrush.  Mat-rush.  .  (Fig. 
72.)  Perennial  by  rootstocks;  culm 
stout,  terete,  smooth,  erect,  3°-9°  tall, 
sometimes  f  in  diameter,  sheathed  be- 
low. Involucral  leaf  solitary,  erect, 
shorter  than  the  umbel ;  umbel  com- 
pound, appearing  lateral,  its  primary 
rays  V-4:'  long;  bracts  linear-lanceolate; 
spikelets  becoming  oblong-cylindric,  ses- 
sile or  some  of  them  peduncled,  in  capi- 
tate clusters  of  1-5,  2i"-8"  long,  l*"-2" 
in  diameter;  scales  ovate  or  oblong,  with 
a  strong  midvein  which  is  sometimes  ex- 
current;  bristles  4-6,  downwardly  barbed, 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  achene; 
stamens  3 ;  style  2-cleft ;  achene  plano- 
convex, obovate,  gray,  abruptly  mucro- 
nate,  dull.  [S.  lacustris  of  Reade,  Le- 
froy,  Hemsley,  Harshberger  and  H.  B. 
Small.] 

Frequent  in  marshes.  Native.  Con- 
tinental temperate  and  tropical  America ; 
West   Indies. 

4.  FIMBRISTYUS  Vahl. 
Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  leafy  below.  Spikelets  umbellate  or 
capitate,  terete,  several-  to  many-flowered,  subtended  by  a  1-many-leaved  in- 
volucre, their  scales  spirally  imbricated  all  around,  mostly  deciduous,  all  fertile. 
Perianth  none.  Stamens  1-3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  pubescent  or  glabrous,  its  base 
much  enlarged,  falling  away  from  the  summit  of  the  achene  at  maturity. 
Achene  lenticular,  biconvex,  or  3-angled,  reticulated,  cancellate,  or  longitudi- 
nally ribbed  or  striate  in  our  species.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to  the  fringed  style 
of  some  species.]  Some  125  species,  widely  distributed  in  temperate  and 
tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Fimhristylis  acuminata  Vahl. 


CYPEKACEAE. 


49 


1.  Fimbristylis  castlbnea 

(Michx.)  Vahl.  Marsh  Fimbri- 
STYLis.  (Fig.  73.)  Perennial  by 
a  thick  base;  culms  slender,  3- 
angled,  2^°  high  or  less,  usually 
exceeding  the  leaves.  Leaves  in- 
volute, less  than  1"  wide;  leaves  of 
the  involucre  2-4,  short;  umbel 
simple  or  compound,  the  rays  ^'-2' 
long;  central  spikelets  sessile; 
spikelets  oblong,  3"-6"  long, 
about  I5"  in  diameter;  scales  thin, 
brown  with  a  lighter  midvein, 
broadly  oblong  or  nearly  orbicular, 
obtuse  or  mucronate ;  stamens  2-3 ; 
style  2-cleft;  achene  obovate  or  ob- 
long, biconvex,  pale  brown.  [Scir- 
pus  castaneus  Michx.;  Fimhristylis 
spadicea  of  Moore,  and  referred  to 
that  species  by  C.  B.  Clarke.] 

Frequent  in  marshes.  Native. 
Eastern  United  States,  Bahamas  and 
Cuba.     Summer  and  autumn. 

6.     DICHROMENA  Michx. 

Leafy-stemmed  sedges,  peren- 
nial by  rootstocks,  the  spikelets  in 
a  terminal  head  involucrate  by  the  upper  leaves.  Spikelets  compressed,  several- 
many-flowered.  Scales  spirally  imbricated,  several  with  imperfect  flowers,  or 
empty.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  3.  Style  2-cleft.  Achene  lenticular,  trans- 
versely rugose,  crowned  with  the  broad  base  of  the  style  (tubercle).  [Greek, 
alluding  to  the  two-colored  Involucral  leaves.]  About  20  species,  of  America, 
the  following  typical. 

1.  Dichromena      colord,ta 

(L.)  A.  S.  Hitchcock.  White- 
headed  Rush.  Narrow-leaved 
Dichromena.  (Fig.  74.)  Gla- 
brous; culm  slender,  erect,  rather 
sharply  triangular,  l°-2^°  tall. 
Leaves  distant,  narrowly  linear, 
about  1'"  wide,  much  shorter 
than  the  culm,  those  of  the  in- 
volucre 4-6,  reflexed  when  ma- 
ture, yellowish  white  at  the  base; 
head  globose,  o"-10"  in  diam- 
eter; spikelets  narrowly  oblong, 
acute;  scales  membranous,  lan- 
ceolate, nearly  white,  l-ne'-vod, 
subacute  at  the  apex;  achene  ob- 
ovate, brown,  nearly  truncate  at 
the  summit,  compressed,  covered 
by  the  tubercle.  [Schoe7iu3 
coloratiis  L. ;  D.  leucocephahi 
Michx.;  Hhynchospora  stellata 
of  Rein,  Reade,  H.  B.  Small  and 
Lefroy;  i?.  pitra  of  Rein,  Lefroy 
and  Ilemsley.] 


50 


CYPERACEAE. 


Common  in  marshes.     Native.      Southeastern     United     States    and     West  In- 
dies.    Flowers  from  spring     to    autumn. 


6.     ELEOCHARIS  R.  Br. 

Annual  or  perennial  sedges.  Culms  simple,  triangular,  quadrangular, 
terete,  flattened  or  grooved,  the  leaves  reduced  to  sheaths  or  the  lowest  very 
rarely  blade-bearing.  Spikelets  solitary,  terminal,  erect,  several-many-flowered, 
not  subtended  by  an  involucre.  Scales  concave,  spirally  imbricated  all  around. 
Perianths  of  1-12  bristles,  usually  retrorsely  barbed,  wanting  in  some  species. 
Stamens  2-3.  Style  2-cleft  and  achene  lenticular  or  biconvex,  or  3-cleft  and 
achene  3 -angled,  but  sometimes  with  very  obtuse  angles  and  appearing  turgid. 
Base  of  the  style  persistent  on  the  summit  of  the  achene,  forming  a  terminal 
tubercle.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  growth  of  most  of  the  species  in  marshy 
ground.]  About  140  species,  widely  distributed.  Type  species:  Scirpus  pains- 
tris  L. 


Spikelet  little  thicker  than  the  stout  culm  ;   scales  coriaceous. 
Culm  nodose-septate. 
Culm  continuous. 
Spikelet   much    thicker   than   the   slender    culm ;   scales   not   cor 
aceous. 
Style   2-cIeft :   achene   lenticular ;   annuals. 
Upper   sheath   truncate,   1-toothed. 
Sheath   membranous,   hyaline. 
Style  3-cleft ;  achene  trigonous  ;  perennials. 
Achene  smooth. 
Achene  finely   reticulated. 


E.  interstincta. 
E.  cellulosa. 


E.  capitata. 
E.  praticola. 


5.  E.  hermudiana. 

6.  E.  rostellata. 


1.  Eleocharis  interstincta 
(Vahl)  R.  &  S.  Knotted  Spike- 
rush.  (Fig.  75.)  Perennial  by 
stout  rootstocks;  culms  terete, 
hollow,  nodose,  papillose,  3°  tall 
or  less,  the  sterile  ones  sharp- 
pointed.  Sheaths  membranous, 
the  lower  sometimes  bearing 
short  blades;  spikelet  terete, 
cylindric,  many-flowered,  sub- 
acute, I'-lf  long,  2"  in  diam- 
eter, not  thicker  than  the  culm; 
scales  ovate,  orbicular  or  obo- 
vate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute, 
narrowly  scarious-margined, 
faintly  many-nerved,  persistent; 
bristles  about  6,  rigid,  retrorsely 
barbed,  as  long  as  the  body  of 
the  achene  or  shorter;  stamens 
3;  style  3-cleft,  exserted;  achene 
obovoid,  brown,  shining,  with 
minute  transverse  ridges,  con- 
vex on  one  side,  very  obtusely 
angled  on  the  other,  2  or  3  times  as  long  as  the  conic  acute  black  broad-based 
tubercle.  [Scirpus  interstinctus  Vahl;  E.  equisteoides  Torr. ;  Scirpus  plan- 
tagineus  of  Lefroy  and  of  Hemsley;  apparently  mistaken  for  Equisetum 
palustre  by  Lefroy  and  by  H.  B.  Small.] 

Frequent  in  marshes.      Native.      Eastern  United   States  ;   West  Indies  ;   tropical 
continental  America.     Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


CYPERACEAE. 


51 


2.  Eleocharis  cellulosa  Torr.  Hound- 
stemmed  Spike-rush.  (Fig.  76.)  Perennial 
by  horizontal  rootstocks.  Culms  invested  by 
discolored  sheaths  at  the  base,  terete  above, 
l°-2i°  tall,  continuous;  spikelet  cylindric,  V- 
IV  long,  li"-2^"  thick;  scales  broadly  obovate, 
with  white  hyaline  margins,  appressed,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  minutely  nerved;  perianth-bristles 
6,  slightly  unequal,  nearly  smooth;  style  3- 
clef t ;  achenes  broadly  obovoid,  copiously  pitted, 
about  as  long  as  the  bristles;  tubercle  deltoid, 
about  i  as  broad  as  the  widest  part  of  the 
achene.  [E.  palustris  of  Reade  and  of  H.  B. 
Small.] 

Occasional  in  marshes.  Native.  Southeastern 
United  States  and  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  sum- 
mer and  autumn. 


3.  Eleocharis  capitata    (L.)   R.  Br. 

Capitate  Spike-rush.  (Fig.  77.)  An- 
nual ;  roots  fibrous ;  culms  densely  tufted, 
nearly  terete,  almost  filiform,  2-12'  tall. 
Upper  sheath  1-toothed;  spikelet  ovoid, 
obtuse,  much  thicker  than  the  culm,  1*"- 
3"  long,  I'-li"  thick,  many-flowered; 
scales  broadly  ovate,  obtuse,  firm,  pale 
or  dark  brown  with  a  greenish  midvein, 
narrowly  scarious-margined,  persistent ; 
style  2-cleft;  bristles  5-8,  slender,  down- 
wardly hispid,  as  long  as  the  achene; 
achene  obovate,  jet  black,  smooth,  shin- 
ing, nearly  i"  long;  tubercle  depressed, 
apiculate,  constricted  at  the  base,  very 
much  shorter  than  the  achene.  [Scirpus 
capitatus  L.;  E.  melanocarpus  of  Reade; 
Scirpus  melanocarpus  of  H.  B.  Small 
and  Lefroy.] 


Common  in  marshes.  Native.  Southeastern 
United  States,  West  Indies,  tropical  continental 
America  and  Old  World  tropics.  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year. 

4.  Eleocharis  praticola  Britton.  Meadow 
Spike-rush.  (Fig.  78.)  Annual,  small.  Culms 
slender,  tufted,  3'  tall  or  less.  Upper  sheath 
hyaline,  membranous;  spikelet  ovoid  or  oblong- 
ovoid,  about  1"  long;  scales  brown,  lanceolate 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  lax  in  age;  perianth- 
bristles  5-7,  retrorsely  barbed,  shorter  than 
the  achene;  style  2-cleft;  achene  obovoid, 
about  i"  long,  dark  brown,  shining,  the 
tubercle  very  small. 

Pembroke  and  Warwick  Marshes.  Native. 
Southeastern  United  States.  Flowers  in  spring 
and  presumably  later  in  the  year. 


52 


CYPEEACEAE. 


5.  Eleocharis  bermudiana  Britton.  Bermuda 
Spike-rush.  (Fig.  79.)  Perennial  by  very  slen- 
der rootstocks;  culms  slender,  erect,  i°-li°  high, 
tufted.  Basal  sheath  oblique,  1-toothed;  spikelet 
short-OToid  to  oblong,  obtuse,  much  thicker  than 
the  culm,  2"-3V'  long,  l2"-2"  thick,  many-flow- 
ered; scales  ovate,  whitish,  obtuse,  persistent; 
style  3-cleft;  bristles  3  or  4,  downwardly  barbed, 
as  long  as  the  achene  and  tubercle  '^r  somewhat 
longer;  achene  oblong-obovate,  3-angled,  brown, 
shining,  i"  long,  smooth,  short-beaked  under  the 
short-conic,  acute  tubercle. 

Occasional  along  borders  of  marshes.  Endemic. 
Nearest  related  to  E.  alhida  Torr.  of  the  eastern 
United  States.  Referred  by  Hemsley  to  E.  melanocarpa 
Torr.  and  by  Clarke  to  E.  Berlandieri  (Britton)  Clarke. 
First  named  as  a  distinct  species  in  Journal  N.  Y. 
Botanical   Garden,   13  :   191. 


6.  Eleocharis     rostellata      Torr. 

Beaked  Spike-rush.  (Fig.  80.)  Per- 
ennial; culms  slender,  wiry,  the  fer- 
tile ones  erect  or  ascending,  the  sterile 
reclining  or  recurving  and  rooting  at 
the  tip,  often  5°-6°  long.  Upper 
sheath  truncate;  spikelet  oblong,  10- 
20-flowered,  3"-6"  long;  scales  ovate, 
green  with  a  darker  midrib;  bristles 
4—8,  retrorsely  barbed,  longer  than 
the  achene  and  tubercle;  style  3- 
clef  t ;     achene     3-angled,     reticulated. 

Abundant  in  marsh  east  of  Cam- 
den, 1912.  Native.  United  States  and 
Cuba. 


7.  RYNCHOSPORA  Yahl. 
Leafy  sedges,  mostly  perennial  by  rootstocks,  with  erect  3-angled  or  terete 
culms,  narrow  flat  or  involute  leaves,  and  ovoid  oblong  or  fusiform,  variously 
clustered  spikelets.  Scales  thin,  1-nerved,  imbricated  all  around,  usually  mucro- 
nate  by  the  excurrent  midvein,  the  lower  empty.  Upper  flowers  imperfect,  the 
lower  perfect.  Perianth  of  1-20  (mostly  6)  upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed 
or  scabrous  bristles,  or  wanting  in  some  species.  Stamens  commonly  3. 
Style  2-cleft,  2-toothed  or  rarely  entire.  Achene  lenticular  or  swollen,  not  3- 
angled,  smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled,  capped  by  the  persistent  base  of  the 
style  (tubercle),  or  in  some  species  by  the  whole  style.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
beak-like  tubercle.]  About  200  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most 
abundant  in  warm  regions.     Type  species:  Bynchospora  aurea  Yahl. 


CYPERACEAE. 


53 


Achenes  smooth,  not  stalked. 
Achene  wrinkled,  stalked. 


1.  R.  distana. 

2.  R.  Htipitatu. 


1.  Rynchospora  distans  (Miehx.)  Vahl.  Dis- 
tant-clustered Beaked-rush.  (Fig.  81.)  Peren- 
nial, pale  green.  Culms  tufted,  slender,  l°-2i°  tall; 
leaves  filiform  or  nearly  so  by  the  involute  margins; 
spikelets  ovoid,  about  11"  long,  several  together  in 
terminal  and  axillary  clusters;  perianth-bristles 
mostly  6,  usually  upwardly  barbed,  about  as  long 
as  the  achene;  achenes  oval  or  oblong-oval,  nearly 
1"  long,  excluding  the  broad  conic  smooth  tubercle. 
\^Schoenus  distans  Michx. ;  ByncJiospora  dommucensis 
A.  H.  Moore;  E.  fusca  of  Lefroy.] 

Frequent  in  marshes.  Native.  Southeastern  United 
States  and  West  Indies.     Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


2.  Rynchospora  stipitata  Chapm.  Stipi- 
TATE  Beaked-rush.  (Fig.  82.)  Perennial, 
bright  green.  Culms  tufted,  2^-3*°  tall,  arch- 
ing above,  3-angled;  leaves  elongated,  '2"-5" 
wide,  smooth;  spikelets  about  4"  long,  nar- 
rowly ovoid,  numerous,  in  4-5  compound  axil- 
lary corymbs;  ijerianth-bristles  6-8,  upwardly 
barbed;  achenes  lenticular,  1-3  in  a  spikelet, 
orbicular-obovoid,  stalked,  the  body  about  I" 
long,  finely  trans^^ersely  wrinkled,  less  than  A 
as  long  as  the  bristles;  tubercle  conic,  setose. 
{Rynchospora  florida  of  Lefroy.] 

Frequent  along  marshes.  Native.  Florida. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn,  its  inflorescence 
much  infested  by  a  black  smut. 


8.     MARISCUS    [Hall.]    Zinn. 

Perennial  leafy  sedges,  the  spikelets  oblong  or  fusiform,  few-flowered,  vari- 
ously clustered.  Scales  imbricated  all  around,  the  lower  empty,  the  middle  ones 
mostly  subtending  imperfect  flowers,  the  upper  usually  fertile.  Perianth  none. 
Stamens  2  or  sometimes  3.  Style  2-3-cleft,  deciduous  from  the  summit  of  the 
achene,  its  branches  sometimes  2-3-parted.  Achene  ovoid  to  globose,  smooth  or 
longitudinally  striate.  Tubercle  none.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  branched  in- 
florescence of  some  species.]  About  30  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  tem- 
perate regions.     Type  species:  Schoenus  Marismis  L. 


64 


CYPEEACEAE. 


1.  Mariscus  jamai- 
censis  (Crantz)  Britton. 
Saw-grass.  Prickly 
Sedge.  (Fig.  83.)  Culm 
stout,  3°-9°  high,  ob- 
tusely 3-angled.  Leaves 
very  long,  glabrous,  3"- 
10"  wide,  the  margins 
spinulose-serrulate ;  um- 
bels several  or  numerous, 
decompound,  forming  a 
large  panicle ;  spikelets 
mostly  2-5  together  at 
the  ends  of  the  raylets, 
narrowly  ovoid,  acute, 
2"-2l"  long;  uppermost 
scale  subtending  a  per- 
fect flower;  stamens  2; 
achene  ovoid,  abruptly 
sharp-pointed,  wrinkled, 
narrowed  to  the  base,  1" 
long.  [Cladium  jamai- 
cense  Crantz;  C.  occi- 
dentale  Schrad. ;  C.  Ma- 
riscus of  Hemsley  and  of 
H.  B.  Small.] 

Common  in  marshes.  Native.  Southern  United  States,  West  Indies  and  tropical 
continental  America.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  This  is  the  largest  sedge 
of  the  Bermuda  flora  and  the  only  one  with  serrate-margined  leaves.  It  covers 
large  areas  in  some  of  the  marshes,  forming  dense  masses  of  vegetation. 


9.     CAREX  L. 

Grass-like  sedges,  perennial  by  rootstocks.  Culms  mostly  3-angled.  Leaves 
3-ranked,  the  upper  elongated  or  very  short  (bracts)  and  subtending  the  spikes 
of  flowers,  or  wanting.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious,  solitary  in  the  axils  of 
bracts  (scales).  Spikes  either  wholly  pistillate,  wholly  staminate,  or  bearing 
both  staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  (androgynous).  Perianth  none.  Stami- 
nate flowers  of  3  stamens,  the  filaments  filiform.  Pistillate  flowers  of  a  single 
pistil  with  a  style  and  2  or  3  stigmas,  borne  on  a  very  short  axis  in  the  axil  of 
a  sac-like  bractlet  or  second  bract  called  the  perigynium  (utricle),  which  com- 
pletely encloses  the  achene.  Achene  3-angled,  lenticular  or  plano-convex.  A 
vast  genus,  of  more  than  1000  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  the 
temperate  zones.     Type  species:  Carex  p^ilicaris  L. 


Spikes  sessile  with  few  staminate  flowers  at  their  bases  ;  styles  2.       1.   C.  albolutescens. 
Lower    spikes    filiform-stalked,    pistillate,    the    upper    staminate ; 

styles    3.  2.   C.  bermudiana. 


CYPERACEAE. 


55 


1.  Carex  albolutescens  Schwein. 
Greenish- WHITE  Sedge.  (Fig.  84.)  Culms 
l°-2°  tall,  stout.  Leaves  l"-2"  wide, 
shorter  than  the  culm;  bracts  filiform  or 
wanting;  spikes  3-8,  oblong,  usually 
narrowed  at  both  ends,  silvery  green 
when  young,  becoming  brownish,  4"-6" 
long,  clustered;  perigynia  broadly  ovate, 
not  twice  as  long  as  wide,  broadly  winged, 
strongly  nerved  on  both  faces,  about  2" 
long,  the  roughish  be'ak  about  one  third 
as  long  as  the  body;  scales  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  achene  nearly  or  quite  sessile. 

Marshes  and  grassy  fields.  Native. 
Eastern  United   States.     Flowers  in  spring. 


2.  Carex    bermudiana    Hemsley. 

Bermuda  Sedge.  (Fig.  85.)  Eoot- 
stock  stout,  short ;  culms  rather  stout, 
smooth,  sharply  3-angled,  nearly  erect, 
li°-2i°  tall.  Leaves  glabrous,  rough- 
ish-margined,  about  2"  wide,  the 
lower  often  as  long  as  the  culm; 
spikes  5-8,  linear,  l'-2'  long,  densely 
many-flowered,  the  upper  1-4  stami- 
nate,  at  least  at  the  summit,  the 
lower  2-4  mostly  all  pistillate,  the 
lowest  filiform-stalked,  the  others  ses- 
sile or  nearly  so;  scales  ovate,  green- 
ish-white, aristate,  glabrous,  longer 
than  the  perigynia  or  the  upper  about 
equalling  them;  perigynia  glabrous, 
oblong,  strongly  ri])bed,  the  short 
beak  2-cleft;  styles  3;  achene  short- 
stalked. 

Wooded  marshy  situations  and 
shaded  rocky  places.  Very  rare,  and 
presumably  on  the  verge  of  extinction. 
Endemic.  Flowers  in  spring. 
First  collected  by  J  Dickinson  about  ICno,  the  specimen  preserved  in  the 
Sloane  Herbarium  at  the  British  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  not  again 
collected  by  botanists  until  found  by  us  in  the  autumn  of  1005.  Its  nearest  relative 
is  Carex  Waltcriana  Bailey  of  the  southeastern  United  States,  and  the  species  mny 
have  sprung  from  seeds  of  that  species  transported  to  Bermuda  by  winds  or  liirds. 
Its  affinity  with  Carex  praealtn  Boott.  of  St.  Helena,  suggested  by  Henislev,  is  much 
more  remote;  it  was  illustrated  by  Mr.  Hemsley  in  ".Journal  of  Botany  "  21  :  p/.  2.^9, 
fig.  2,  and  his  original  description  and  discussion  of  the  plant  may  be  found  on  p.  260 
of  the  same  volume. 

Order  5.     ARECALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  erect  or  horizontal  stems  (caudices),  growing  by 
a  single  terminal  bud.  Leaves  at  the  end  of  the  stem,  the  petioles  with 
imbricated  bases:  blades  plaited  in  the  bud,  fan-shaped  or  pinnate. 
Flowers  perfect  or  polygamous,  in  more  or  less  compound  axillary  pan- 
icles.    Perianth  in  2  series  of  parts,   persistent.     Calyx  of  3  united   or 


56 


AEECACEAE. 


nearly  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  of  3  partially  united  or  distinct  petals. 
Stamens  mostly  6,  sometimes  9-12 ;  filaments  dilated  at  the  base  and  par- 
tially united;  anthers  introrse.  Gynoecium  of  3  more  or  less  united  or 
distinct  carpels.  Ovules  solitary  in  each  carpel,  erect,  orthotropous  or 
anatropous.  Fruit  usually  a  drupe,  sometimes  a  berry.  Seeds  often 
hollow.     Endosperm  horny  or  cartilaginous,  rarely  channelled. 

Family  1.     ARECACEAE  Reichenb. 
Palm  Fa:\iily. 
Characters  of  the  order.     About  1200  species  of  palms  are  known; 
they  are  grouped  in  about  150  genera. 

1.  SABAIi  Adans. 
Unarmed  palms.  Leaves  ample,  fan-shaped,  many-cleft,  the  segments  2- 
cleft,  filamentose;  ligule  partially  united  to  the  rachis;  petioles  concave  above, 
sharp-edged.  Spadix  decompound.  Flowers  perfect,  sessile.  Perianth  white 
or  green,  glabrous.  Calyx  cup-shaped.  Sepals  3,  unequal.  Petals  3,  nearly 
distinct,  imbricated.  Stamens  6;  filaments  subulate  or  lanceolate,  their  dilated 
bases  united  and  adnate  to  the  corolla.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  3-angled;  stigma 
truncate.  Drupe  usually  developed  from  1  carpel,  with  a  membranous  epicarp 
and  a  fleshy  pericarp.  Seed  solitary,  spheroidal,  erect  with  a  dark  brown,  shin- 
ing testa.  Endosperm  horny.  [Name  not  explained.]  About  20  species, 
natives  of  warm-tem.perate  and  tr\Dpical  America.  Type  species:  S.  glabra 
(Mill.)  Sarg.  j^  g^^^j      Blackburnianum      Glaze- 

brook.  Bermuda  Palmetto.  (Fig.  86.) 
Trunk  cylindric,  up  to  35°  high,  averag- 
ing 10'  in  diameter,  often  variously  con- 
stricted, that  of  young  trees  invested  by 
the  overlapping  petiole-bases,  but  old 
trees  mostly  naked  up  to  the  crown  of 
leaves.  Young  leaves  scurfy  on  the  veins 
beneath;  old  leaves  bright  green  on  both 
sides,  averaging  about  6°  broad,  but 
those  of  young  trees  often  9°  broad, 
cleft  at  base  and  apex  §  to  i  and  at  the 
middle  i  to  §  toward  the  midrib  which 
is  convex  and  marginally  2-winged  below 
and  sharply  1-ridged  above;  leaf -seg- 
ments l'-2'  broad,  2-cleft  toward  the 
apex;  there  is  usually  a  fibril  at  each 
primary  and  secondary  cleft  of  the 
leaves;  ligule  narrowly  triangular,  2-4' 
long,  acute,  with  winged  margins; 
petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or  some- 
what longer,  convex  beneath,  channeled 
above,  much  broader,  and  finally  splitting 
at  the  base,  fibrous-reticulate,  margined 
below;  inflorescence  branched,  longer  than  the  petiole;  flowers  white;  drupe 
black,  obovoid,  i'-f  long.  [Saial  Palmetto  of  Eein,  Jones,  Lefroy  and  H.  B. 
Small;  S.  umbracidifera  of  Reade  and  of  H.  B.  Small;  S.  Adansonii  of  Lefroy, 
of  H.  B.  Small  and  of  A.  H.  Moore;  Chamaerops  Palmetto  of  Michaux;  C. 
glabra  of  Jones;  Inodes  Blackbumiana  Cook;   Saljal  Mocini  Eiccobono.] 


AEECACEAE.  57 

Common  in  all  but  saline  situations.  Endemic.  Flowers  in  summer,  the  fruit 
ripe  in  autumn.  The  plants  differ  greatly  in  size,  depending  on  soil  and  situation,  but 
there  is  only  one  species  of  I'almetto  wild  in  Bermuda,  records  of  two  or  more  species 
notwithstanding.  After  the  Cedar  it  is  the  most  conspicuous  native  tree.  This  palm 
was  first  named  as  distinct  from  all  others,  in  182!),  by  Glazebrook,  in  the  London 
Gardeners'  Magazine  5  :  54,  and  there  illustrated  ;  the  specific  name  is  in  honor  of  a 
Mr.  Blackburn,  in  whose  collection,  in  England,  it  was  then  known,  but  all  record 
of  its  origin  had  been  lost,  other  than  that  it  came  into  the  possession  of  his  grand- 
father in  1787.  It  is  now  frequent  in  greenhouses  in  Europe,  and  occasional  in 
\Yest  Indian  gardens.  Its  closest  relative  is  probably  iiobal  I'altnetto  (Walt.) 
Lodd.,  of  Florida,  the  Bahamas  and  Cuba,  from  the  seeds  of  which,  brought  to 
Bermuda  by  floating,  it  may  have  sprung  through  isolation.  Baskets  of  many 
kinds,  hats,  dish-mats,  napkin-rings,  fans  and  other  small  articles  are  made  from 
the  bleached  leaves  ;  the  leaves  are  also  torn  into  strips  and  extensivelv  utilized  for 
stringing  fish.  Where  growing  protected  from  the  wind,  the  trees  hold  their  old 
withering  leaves  for  some  time,  but  ordinarily  the  leaves  fall  soon  after  maturing. 

An  intoxicating  beverage  called  "  Bibey "  was  formerly  distilled  from  its 
fruit  (H.  B.  Small). 

It  has  often  been  illustrated,  as  on  plates  6,  7,  8  and  9  of  the  Botany  of  the 
Challenger  Expedition ;  Garden  and  Forest  4 :  f.  53 :  Annual  Report,  Missouri 
Botanical  Garden  15  :  pi.  21  ;  .Journal  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  13  :  pi. 
107.  Constrictions  in  the  trunk  of  this  palm  are  described  by  llarshberger  in  I'ro- 
ceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  57  :  701-704,  1905. 

Cocos  nucifera  L.,  Coconut,  tropical  American,  has  been  locally  planted 
and  grows  to  maturity.  This  palm  succeeds  best  in  loose  sandy  soil  where  its 
roots  have  perfect  drainage.  Its  fruit,  as  produced  in  Bermuda,  is  mostly 
small,  and  not  of  good  quality. 

Phoenix  dactylifera  L.,  Date  Palm,  African,  has  been  locally  planted  for 
ornament  and  interest  and  grows  well;  a  number  of  large  trees  may  be  seen. 
b}it  the  climate  is  neither  dry  nor  hot  enough  to  enable  it  to  perfect  very  good 
fruit.     Fine  old  plants  were  seen  at  the  Public  Garden,  St.  Georges. 

Phoenix  rupicola  T.  Anders.,  a  low,  bright  green  species,  is  grown  in 
gardens;  it  is  native  of  India. 

Roystonea  regia  (H.B.K.)  Cook,  Eoyal  Palm,  Cuban  and  Floridian,  com- 
monly planted  for  shade  and  ornament,  and  of  rapid  growth,  has  pinnate 
leaves  often  9°  long  or  longer,  their  narrov^'  segments  spreading  in  more  than 
one  plane,  long  drooping  panicles  of  white  flowers,  and  subglobose,  slightly 
fleshy  fruits  about  4"  long.      [Oreodoxa  regia  H.B.K. ] 

Roystonea  oleracea  (Jacq.)  Cook,  Cabbage  Palm,  Jamaican,  is  similar  to 
the  preceding  species  but  taller,  sometimes  90°  high,  the  leaf-segments  spread- 
ing nearly  in  one  plane,  the  oblong  slightly  curved  fruit  nearly  V  long. 
[Oreodoxa  oleracea  (Jacq.)  Mart.] 

Livistona  chinensis  R.  Br.,  Bourbox  Pal:m,  a  fan-leaved  species  with  spiny 
leaf-stalks  and  very  large  leaves  is  commonly  grown  in  gardens,  forming  a 
trunk  up  to  12°  high  or  more.     [L.  mauritiana  Wall.] 

Acrocomia  aculeata  (Jacq.)  Cook,  Grugru  Palm,  West  Indian,  may  be 
seen  in  several  fine  specimens  on  lawns;  it  has  pinnate  spiny  leaves  and  a  cylin- 
dric  stout  densely  spiny  trunk  up  to  20°  high.  It  has  been  erroneously 
recorded  as  an  Astrocaryum. 

Chrysalidocarpus  lutescens  H.  Wendl.,  Golden-fruited  Palm,  native  of 
Madagascar,  a  species  usually  forming  clustered  trunks,  slender  and  becoming 
15°  or  20°  high,  with  light  green,  long,  pinnate  leaves  and  small  yellow  fruit,  is 
occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

Rhapis  flabelliformis  L'ller.,  of  Western  Asia,  occasionally  planted  for 
ornament,  is  a  very  slender  palm,  9°  high  or  less,  forming  thickets;  its  slendcr- 
petioled  palmate  leaves  are  about  1°  broad,  cleft  nearly  to  the  end  of  the 
petiole  into  3-10  linear  segments  i'-lV  wide,  which  are  incised  at  the  apex  and 
with  spinulose  margins;  its  flowers  are  in  panicled  spikes  under  the  leaves. 

Caryota  ureus  L.,  Toddy  Palm,  Wine  Palm,  Asiatic,  seen  at  the  Agri- 
cultural Station  in  1913,  but  not  vigorous,  becomes  40°  or  50°  high  under 
favorable  conditions;  it  is  unarmed,  with  pinnately  divided  leaves  up  to  10° 
or  12°  long,  the  segments  obliquely  wedge-shai>ed  and  toothed ;  when  mature,  it 


58  AKECACEAE. 

develops  large  drooping  flower-clusters  at  the  upper  axils  and  progressively 
downward  nearly  to  the  base. 

Areca  Catechu  L.,  Betel  Nut,  Asiatic,  occasionally  planted,  is  an  un- 
armed palm  with  a  slender  trunk,  becoming  40°  high  or  higher,  its  pinnate 
leaves  4°-6°  long,  with  many,  narrowly  lanceolate,  plicate  segments;  its  in- 
florescence is  much-branched,  drooping,  with  small  white  flowers,  its  ovoid, 
smooth,  orange  or  scarlet  fruit  about  2'  long,  used  in  large  quantities  in  trop- 
ical Asia  for  chewing.     The  Agricultural  Station  had  seedlings  in  1914. 

Coccothrinax  argentea  (Lodd.)  Sarg.,  Silver  Thatch  Palm,  Floridian 
and  West  Indian,  a  fan-leaved  palm  up  to  20°  high,  the  slender-petioled  leaves 
silvery  beneath,  the  petiole-bases  fibrous-netted,  the  panicled,  small,  globose, 
fruits  black,  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

Pinanga  Kuhlii  Blume,  Kuhl's  Pinanga,  Malayan,  was  taken  to  Mt. 
Langton  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1913.  Seedling  plants 
were  also  seen  at  the  Agricultural  Station.  It  is  a  pinnate-leaved  palm,  with 
long  leaf-sheaths  and  acuminate,  falcate  segments,  the  upper  ones  cuneate  at 
the  base  and  incised  at  the  apex;  the  fruits  are  small  and  ellipsoid. 

Chamaerops  humilis  L.,  Dwarf  Palm,  of  southern  Europe,  a  low,  fan- 
leaved  species  with  slender  spiny  petioles,  linear  leaf-segments,  the  dark  green, 
orbicular  leaves  about  1°  broad,  the  flowers  in  short,  dense  panicles,  is  occa- 
sionally planted  for  ornament. 

Howea  Belmoreana  (F.  Muell.)  Becc,  Curly  Palm,  from  Lord  Howe's 
Island  in  the  Pacific  Ocean,  is  occasionally  planted,  and  often  eroneously  called 
Kentia.  It  becomes  at  least  20°  tall,  with  great  pinnate  leaves  8°-12°  long, 
their  narrow  long-acuminate  segments  2°-3°  long,  about  7'  wide;  the  flowers 
are  borne  on  greatly  elongated,  solitary  or  few  spadices,  the  fruit  partly 
enclosed  in  notches.      [Kentia  Belmoreana  F.  Muell.] 

Rhopadostylis  Baueri  H.  Wendl.,  Bauer's  Khopadostylis,  native  of 
Norfolk  Island,  is  a  pinnate-leaved  palm,  becoming  10°  high  or  more,  the 
leaves  6°-10°  long,  the  tips  of  their  numerous,  narrow  segments  at  first  con- 
nected by  a  very  slender  marginal  band  which  disappears  as  the  leaves  become 
older;  it  has  white  flowers  and  small,  scarlet,  short-ellipsoid  fruits.  A  fine 
specimen,  apparently  this  species,  was  seen  at  Norwood  in  1914. 

Neowashingtonia  filifera  (Linden)  Sudw.,  Weeping  Palm,  of  Lower 
California,  taken  to  Mt.  Langton  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1913, 
has  fan-shaped  leaves  2°-4°  broad  on  slender,  unarmed  petioles,  the  numerous 
linear  segments  with  marginal  filaments;  the  inflorescence  of  this  palm  is 
paniculately  branched,  with  small  white  flowers.  [Washingtonia  filifera 
Linden.] 

Dictyosperma  album  (Bory)  Wendl.  &  Drude,  White  Dictyosperma, 
of  the  Mascarene  Islands,  seen  at  Bellevue  in  1914,  is  a  pinnate-leaved  palm, 
with  short-petioled,  stiff  leaves  6°  long  or  more,  short  panicles  of  small,  white 
flowers,  the  narrowly  ovoid  pointed  fruits  nearly  V  long.  I  am  indebted  to 
Mr.  O.  F.  Cook,  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture,  for  the  identi- 
fication of  this  species.     [Areca  alha  Bory.] 

Dictyosperma  rubrum  Wendl.  &  Drude,  East  Indian,  was  represented  by 
seedlings  at   the  Agricultural  Station  in   1914. 

Ptychosperma  elegans  (R.  Br.)  Blume,  Elegant  Ptychosperma,  Austra- 
lian, is  a  pinnate-leaved  palm,  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  with  longer 
panicles.  One  of  the  palms  in  the  collection  seen  at  Bellevue  in  1914,  is  prob- 
ably referable  to  this  species.     [Seaforthia  elegans  R.  Br.] 

Martinezia  caryotaefolia  H.B.K.,  Martinezia,  South  American,  recorded 
by  Jones  in  1873,  is  a  tall  slender  palm,  wuth  a  spiny  trunk,  the  pinnate  leaves 
3°-6°  long  also  spiny,  their  segments  wedge-shaped,  clustered. 

Seedling  palms,  under  the  following  names,  were  seen  at  the  Agricultural 
Station  in  1914 : 


AEECACEAE.  59 

Pritchardia  pacifica  Seem.  &  Wendl.,  Samoan ;  this  species  is  recorded  by 
Jones  as  grown  in  Bermuda  in  1873. 

Pritchardia  Thurstoni  Muell.  &  Drude,  Fijian, 
Oncosperma   fasciculatum  Thwaites,  CeyloneJ^e. 
Licuala  grandis  (Bull)  Wendl.,  of  New  Britain. 
Martinezia  coroUina  Mart,  of  Martinique. 
Livistona  Hoogendorfii  Andre,  Javan. 
Dypsis  madagascariensis  Nicholson,  Madagascan. 

Order  6.    CYCLANTHALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  some  species  woody  vines,  with  petioled  flabellate 
leaves  and  monoecious  flowers  in  axillary,  peduncled,  fleshy,  spadix-like 
spikes,  the  perianth  wanting  or  rudimentary.  Staminate  flowers  with 
many  stamens,  the  anthers  linear  to  oval.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  with 
4  staminodes;  ovary  1-celled,  truncate  or  4-lobed;  stigmas  1  or  4;  ovules 
many.    Fruit  a  fleshy  syncarp.     The  order  is  composed  of  a  single  family. 

Family  1.     CYCLANTHACEAE. 

Cyclanthus  Family. 
Six  genera  and  about  40  species,  natives  of  tropical  America. 

Carludovica  palmata  R.  &  P.,  Panama-hat  Plant,  Peruvian,  grown  for 
ornament,  has  long-petioled  dark-green  leaves  '2°-3°  broad,  cleft  into  linear, 
acuminate  spreading  and  drooping  segments.  From  the  petioles  the  fibre  is 
obtained  for  weaving  hats  of  fine  quality,  and  in  1903  the  Botanical  Station 
had  some  7000  plants  for  distribution  raised  from  seed,  but  the  industry  was 
not  established. 

Order  7.    ARALES. 

Monoeotyledonous  herbs,  mostly  fleshy.     Inflorescence  in  the  Araceae 

a  fleshy  spadix,  subtended  by  a  spathe,  or  naked.     The  Lemnaceae  are 

minute  floating  thalloid  plants,  with  few  or  solitary  flowers  on  the  margin 

or  back  of  the  thallus. 

Large  terrestrial   plants,  the  inflorescence  a  spadix.  Fam.   1.  Arace.4E. 

Minute  floating  thalloid  plants  with  few  or  solitarj'  flowers.        Fam.  2.   Lemnaceae. 

Family  1.     ARACEAE  Neck. 

Arum  Family. 

Herbs  mostly  with  basal  long-petioled  leaves,  and  spathaceous  inflo- 
rescence, the  spathe  enclosing  or  subtending  a  spadix.  Rootstock  tuberous 
or  a  corm.  Spadix  densely  flowered,  the  staminate  flowers  above,  the 
pistillate  below,  or  the  plants  wholly  dioecious,  or  wdth  perfect  flowers  in 
some  species.  Perianth  wanting,  or  of  4-6  scale-like  segments.  Stamens 
2-10.  Filaments  veiy  short;  anthers  2-celled,  commonly  with  a  thick 
truncate  connective,  the  sacs  opening,  by  dorsal  pores  or  slits.  Ovary  1- 
several-celled ;  ovules  1-several  in  each  cavity;  style  short  or  wanting; 
stigma  terminal,  mostly  minute  and  sessile.  Fruit  a  berr>^  or  utricle.  Seeds 
various.  Endosperm  copious,  sparse  or  none.  About  105  genera  and  at 
least  1000  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 


60 


AEACEAE. 


1.  ZANTEDESCHIA  Spreng. 
Succulent  glabrous  herbs  with  thick  rootstocks  and  sagittate  or  hastate 
long-petioled  leaves,  showy  white  or  yellow  spathes,  the  monoecious  flowers  on  a 
stout  spadix;  staminate  flowers  uppermost,  with  2  or  3  stamens;  pistillate 
flowers  with  3  spatulate  staminodes,  an  ovoid  ovary,  a  very  short  style  and  a 
discoid  stigma.  Berries  1-5-celled,  2-lQ-seeded.  [Dedicated  to  Francesco 
Zandeschi.l     About  6  South  African  species,  the  follo^^ng  typical. 

1.  Zantedeschia  aethiopica 

(L.)  Spreng.  Calla  Lilt. 
(Fig.  87.)  Leaves  sagittate, 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  acute, 
bright  green,  2°  high  or  more, 
apiculate;  peduncle  stout,  as 
long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter; 
spathe  bright  white,  5'-7'  long, 
yellowish  within  below,  narrow- 
tipped;  pistillate  part  of  the 
spadix  about  one  fourth  as  long 
as  the  yellow  staminate  por- 
tion; berries  yellow.  [Calla 
aethiopica  L. ;  Eichardia  afri- 
cana  Kunth.] 

Quite  abundantly  naturalized 
in  fresh-water  marshes.  Escaped 
from  cultivation.  Native  of 
Africa.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn. 

Anthurium  Veitchii  Mas- 
ters, Yeitch  's  Tail-flower, 
Colombian,  seen  at  Paget  Rec- 
tory in  1914,  has  large,  lance- 
olate, recurving,  petioled  leaves  often  5°  long,  arising  in  tufts  from  thick  root- 
stocks,  their  veins  impressed;  the  thick  yellowish  spadix  is  about  8'  long,  the 
green  spathe  about  1°  long. 

Dieffenbachia  segnine  (Jacq.)  Schott,  Dumb  Cane,  West  Indian,  recorded 
by  Lefroy  as  grown  at  Mt.  Langton,  has  erect  stems  3°-5°  high,  the  ovate, 
petioled  leaves  8-15'  long,  clustered  toward  the  top;  the  narrow  spathes  are 
5'-7'  long.     [Arum  seguine  Jacq.] 

Arisaema  triphyllum  (L.)  Blume,  Jack-in-the-Pulpit,  North  American, 
was  recently  planted  in  a  garden  near  Bailey's  Bay,  but  did  not  become 
established.  It  has  acrid  corms,  and  long-petioled,  3-foliolate  leaves.  [Arum 
triphyllum  L.] 

Caladium  "bicolor  (Ait.)  Vent.,  Caladium,  South  American,  grown  for 
ornament,  is  stemless,  with  long-petioled,  ovate,  peltate,  sagittate,  pointed,  often 
variegated  leaves.     [Arum  hicolor  Ait.] 

Xanthosoma  sagittaefoiimn  (L.)  Schott,  Yautia,  Malanga,  of  tropical 
America,  sometimes  grown  for  its  edible  tubers,  is  stemless  or  nearly  so,  with 
long-petioled,  sagittate  leaves  l°-3°  long.      [Arum  sagittae folium  L.] 

Xanthosoma  violaceum  Schott.,  Violet  Xanthosoma,  West  Indian,  has 
ovate,  sagittate  leaves  with  violet  petioles  about  twice  as  long  as  the  blades,  its 
spathe  pale  violet;  it  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

Colocasia  esculenta  (L.)  Schott,  Eddoe-Coco,  Elephant 's_  Ears,  a  low 
stemless  species  with  large  long-petioled  cordate  leaves,  is  cultivated  for  its 
edible  tubers.     It  is  native  of  the  East  Indies.     [Arum  esculentum  L.] 


ARACEAE. 


61 


Monstera  deliciosa  Liebm.,  a  vine  with  large  ovate  perforated  leaves  is 
grown  on  walls  for  ornament  and  for  its  eylindric  edible  fruit.  { Philodendron 
lacerum  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Phnodendrcn  giganteum  Sehott,  West  Indian,  a  very  large-leaved,  half- 
cdimbing  species,  existed  in  the  Victoria  Park,  Hamilton,  1912. 

A  species  of  Philodendron,  climbing  to  a  height  of  8°,  with  cordate,  ovate, 
short-acuminate,  yellow-mottled  leaves  about  1°  long,  was  seen  at  Oranee 
Valley  in   1914.  ^ 

Several  other  species  of  this  family  are  grown  in  gardens  as  ornamentals*. 

Family  2.     LEMNACEAE  Diimort. 

Duckweed  Family. 

Minute  perennial  floating  aquatic  plants,  without  leaves  or  with  only 
very  rudimentary  ones.  The  plant-body  consists  of  a  disk-shaped,  elon- 
gated or  irregular  thallus,  which  is  loosely  cellular,  densely  chlorophyl- 
lous  and  sometimes  bears  one  or  more  roots.  The  vegetative  growth  is  by 
lateral  branching,  the  branches  being  but  slightly  connected  by  slender 
stalks  and  soon  separating.  The  inflorescence  consists  of  one  or  more 
naked  monoecious  flowers  borne  on  a  slight  lateral  prominence  on  the  edge 
or  upper  surface  of  the  plant.  Each  flower  commonly  consists  of  but  a 
single  stamen  or  a  single  flask-shaped  pistil.  The  anther  is  provided  with 
two  to  four  pollen-sacs,  containing  spherical  minutely  barbellate  grains. 
The  pistil  is  narrowed  to  the  funnel-shaped  scar-like  stigmatic  apex,  and 
produces  1-6  erect  or  inverted  ovules.  The  fruit  is  a  1-6-seeded  utricle. 
The  family  comprises  the  smallest  of  the  flowering  plants  and  contains  4 
genera  and  about  30  species  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  LEMNA  L. 
Thallus  disk-shaped,  usually  provided  with  a  central  nerve  and  with  or 
without  two  or  four  lateral  nerves.  Each  thallus  produces  a  single  root,  which 
is  devoid  of  vascular  tissue  and  is  commonly  provided  Avith  a  thin  blunt  or 
pointed  rootcap.  The  ovary  contains  from  one  to  six  ovules.  Fruit  ovoid, 
more  or  less  ribbed.  Endosperm  in  one  or  three  layers.  [Greek,  in  allusion  to 
the  growth  of  these  small  plants  in  swamps.]  About  8  species,  in  temperate 
and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:   Lemna  trisiilca  L. 

1.  Lemna  cyclostasa  (Ell.)  Chev.  Val- 
DiviA  Duckweed.  (Fig.  88.)  Thallus  oblong- 
elliptic,  l"-2i"  long,  thin,  subfalcate  and 
shortly  stalked  at  the  base,  provided  with 
numerous  stomata,  except  on  the  borders,  nerve- 
less ;  rootcap  blunt ;  spathe  renif orm ;  fruit 
ovoid-oblong,  unsymmetrical ;  seed  prominently 
12-29-ribbed.  [L.  minor  cyclostasa  Ell.;  L. 
valdiviana  Phil. ;  L.  minor  of  Rein,  Reade,  Le- 
froy,  Moore  and  Harshberger.] 

Common  in  ditches  and  marshes,  often  cover- 
ing the  surface  of  water.  Native.  United  States, 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.  Its 
minute  flowers  are  seldom  observed.  Probably 
transported  to  Bermuda  on  the  feet  or  feathers  of 
birds. 


62  LEMNACEAE. 

Lemna  trisulca  L.,  of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  is 
recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Eein  and  copied  by  Hemsley,  but  it  has  not  been 
found  by  recent  collectors,  and  probably  could  not  withstand  the  warm  climate. 
The  plant  described  under  that  name  by  H.  B.  Small  is  Salvinia  Olfersiana. 

Order  8.     XYRIDALES. 

Monocotyledonous  herbs,  mostly  with  narrow  leaves.  Flowers  usually 
complete,  their  parts  mostly  in  3's  or  6's.  Corolla  re^ilar  or  nearly  so 
(except  in  Commelina).  Ovary  compound,  superior.  Endosperm  of  the 
seed  mealy. 

Plants  not  epiphytic  ;  leaves  not  scurfy. 

Perianth  of  2  series  of  parts,  the  outer  (sepals)  green,  the  inner  (petals)  colored. 

Fam.    1.    COMMELINACEAE. 

Perianth   G-parted.  Fam.  2.  Pontederiaceae. 

Plants  epiphytic  ;  leaves  scurfy.  Fam.  3.  Bromeliaceae. 

Family  1.     COMMELINACEAE  Reichenb. 

Spiderwort  Family. 

Perennial  or  annual  leafy  herbs  with  regular  or  irregular  perfect  and 
often  showy  flowers  in  cymes,  commonly  subtended  by  spathe-like  or  leafy 
bracts.  Perianth  of  2  series;  a  calyx  of  mostly  3  persistent  sepals  and  a 
corolla  of  mostly  3  membranous  and  deciduous  or  fugacious  petals.  Sta- 
mens mostly  6,  hypogynous,  rarely  fewer,  all  similar  and  perfect  or  2  or  3 
of  them  different  from  the  others  and  sterile;  filaments  filiform  or  some- 
what flattened;  anthers  2-celled,  mostly  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary 
superior,  sessile  or  xery  nearly  so,  2-3-celled ;  ovules  1  or  several  in  each  cell, 
anatropous  or  half  anatropous;  style  simple;  stigmas  terminal,  entire  or 
obscurely  2-3-lobed.  Seeds  solitaiy  or  several  in  each  cell  of  the  capsule. 
Capsule  2-3-celled,  loculicidally  2-3-valved.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm 
copious.  About  25  genera  and  350  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical 
regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Fertile  stamens  2  or  3.  1.   Commelina. 

Fertile  stamens   6.  2.  ZehHna. 

1.     COMMELINA  L. 

Somewhat  succulent,  branching  herbs,  with  short-pet  ioled  or  sessile  leaves, 
and  irregular  mostly  blue  flowers  in  sessile  cymes  subtended  by  spathe-like 
bracts.  Sepals  unequal,  the  larger  ones  sometimes  slightly  united.  Petals 
unequal,  2  of  them  larger  than  the  third.  Perfect  stamens  3,  rarely  2,  one  of 
them  incurved  and  its  anther  commonly  larger.  Sterile  stamens  usually  3, 
smaller,  their  anthers  various.  Filaments  all  glabrous.  Capsule  3-celled. 
Seeds  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  the  testa  roughened,  smooth  or  reticulated.  [Dedi- 
cated to  Kaspar  Commelin,  1667-1731,  Dutch  botanist.]  About  95  species  of 
wide  distribution  in  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Commelina 
communis  L. 

Spathes  not  united,  acuminate.  1.   O.  longicaulis. 

Spathes  united  toward  the  base,  acute.  2.  C.  elegans. 


COMMELINACEAE. 


63 


1.  Commelina  longicaulis 
J  acq.  Creeping  Day-flower. 
Chicken-grass.  Poultry- 
grass.  (Fig,  89.)  Glabrous  or 
very  nearly  so;  stems  procum- 
bent or  creeping,  l°-3°  long. 
Leaves  lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  l'-3'  long,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  their 
sheaths  sometimes  ciliate ; 
spathe  acuminate,  f'-lj'  long, 
peduncled,  the  2  bracts  not 
united  by  their  margins;  flowers 
few  in  each  spathe,  3"-6" 
broad;  ventral  cavities  of  the 
ovary  2-ovuled,  the  dorsal  1- 
ovuled;  capsule  commonly  5- 
seeded  (2  seeds  In  each  of  the 
ventral  cells,  1  in  the  dorsal)  ; 
seeds  oblong,  reticulated,  about 
1"  long.  [C.  agraria  Kunth;  C. 
communis  of  Jones ;  C.  nudi- 
flora of  Clarke,  not  of  Linnaeus.] 

Common  in  moist  or  wet 
shaded  situations.  Native.  South- 
eastern United  States,  West  In- 
dies and  tropical  continental 
America.  Flowers  nearly  through- 
out the  year.  Its  seeds  perhaps 
transported   by   birds. 


leaves,    and    few    subsessile 
a   cylindric   tube,   persistent. 


2.  Commelina    elegans    II.B.K. 

Larger  Day-flower.  (Fig.  90.)  Stems 
branching  at  the  base,  the  branches  de- 
cumbent, rooting  at  the  nodes,  pubescent 
at  least  below  the  nodes;  leaves  lanceo- 
late to  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate,  1'- 
4'  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
often  rounded  at  the  base,  the  sheaths 
naked  or  sparingly  ciliate  on  the  mar- 
gin ;  spathes  short-peduncled,  pubescent, 
7"-10"  long,  acute;  petals  blue  or  white; 
capsules  broadly  obovoid,  2"  long;  seeds 
3,  about  1^"  long,  slightly  flattened, 
smooth.  This  species  has  been  referred 
by  authors  to  C.  virgiiiwa  L. 

Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  Florida, 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continental 
America.     Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 

2.     ZEBRINA   Schnitzl. 
A    succulent,     decumbent     or    pros- 
trate, perennial  herb,  with  ovate  nearly 
small    clustered    flowers.     Sepals    connat*^ 
Petals   also    connate   below,    with    spread- 


mto 

ing  limbs.  Stamens  6,  equal,  perfect.  Ovary  3-celled,  the  cavities  with 
2  ovules.  Capsule  3-celled,  with  1  or  2  seeds  in  each  cavity.  [Latin,  from  the 
striped  leaves.]     A  monotypic  genus. 


64 


COMMELINACEAE. 


1.  Zebrina  pendula  Schnitzl.  Wandering 
Jew.  (Fig.  91.)  Stems  1°  long  or  more, 
branclied.  Leaves  l'-2'  long,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, purple  beneath,  longitudinally  green-  or 
white-banded  above,  their  sheaths  ciliate  at  the 
throat;  flowers  glomerate  between  2  upper 
leaves;  calyx-tube  white;  corolla-tube  white; 
limbs  of  the  petals  ovate,  rose-purple.  [Trades- 
cantia  discolor  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Locally  escaped  from  gardens,  where  it  is  com- 
monly planted  for  ornament  and  is  very  luxuriant. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year.  Native  of 
the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 

Rhoeo  discolor  (L'Her.)  Hance,  Oyster 
Plant,  West  Indian,  a  nearly  stemless  succu- 
lent plant,  with  large  imbricated  lanceolate 
purplish  leaves,  the  short-peduncled  clustered 
flowers  subtended  by  large  ovate  concave  bracts, 
is  occasional  in  gardens.  [Tradescantia  dis- 
color L'Her.;  Cyanotis  discolor  of  Jones.] 

Tradescantia  virginica  L.,  Blue  Spiderwort,  North  American,  with  linear 
leaves  and  showy  blue  umbellate  flowers  is  another  garden  plant  of  this  family. 


Family  2.     PONTEDERIACEAE  Dumort. 

Pickerel-weed  Family. 

Perennial  aquatic  or  bog  j^lants,  the  leaves  petioled,  with  thick  blades, 
or  long  and  grass-like.  Flowers  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular,  solitary 
or  spiked,  subtended  by  leaf-like  spathes.  Perianth  free  from  the  ovary, 
corolla-like,  6-parted.  Stamens  3  or  6,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  the  base  of 
the  perianth;  filaments  filiform,  dilated  at  the  base  or  thickened  at  the 
middle;  anthers  2-celled,  linear-oblong  or  rarely  ovate.  Ovary  3-celled 
with  axile  placentae,  or  1-celled  with  3  parietal  placentae;  style  filiform  or 
columnar;  stigma  terminal,  entire  or  minutely  toothed;  ovules  anatropous, 
numerous,  sometimes  only  1  of  them  perfecting.  Fruit  a  many-seeded 
capsule,  or  a  1-celled,  1-seeded  utricle.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  copious, 
mealy;  embryo  central,  cylindric.  About  5  genera  and  25  species,  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 


1.  PIABOPUS  Eaf. 
Herbs,  with  floating  rootstocks  copiously  root-bearing  at  the  nodes,  the 
leaves  clustered  at  the  nodes,  the  petioles  slender  or  inflated,  the  blades  commonly 
dilated.  Flowers  s^essile,  solitary,  or  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Perianth 
showy,  its  6  parts  in  2  series,  united  into  a  tube  below,  the  limb  oblique.  Stamens 
6,  irregularly  adnate  to  the  perianth,  3  included,  3  exserted ;  filaments  sometimes 
flattened  at  the  base.  Ovary  3-celled;  stigma  terminal;  ovules  numerous. 
Capsule  included  in  the  withering-persistent  perianth,  loculicidal.  Seeds  many- 
ribbed.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  swollen  petiole  of  the  following  species.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Pontederia 
azurea  Sw. 


PONTEDERIACEAE. 


66 


1.  Piaropus  crassipes  (Mart.) 
Britton.  Water  Hyacinth.  (Fig. 
92.)  Floating  or  rooting  in  the  mud. 
Foliage  glabrous  below;  leaves  erect, 
or  ascending;  petioles  elongated, 
wholly  or  partly  inflated  or  sometimes 
gradually  tapering  from  the  base; 
blades  l^'-S^'  broad,  ovate  to  orbicu- 
lar or  nearly  renif  orm,  leathery ; 
scapes  4'-16'  tall,  simple ;  spadix 
glandular-pubescent;  perianth  showy, 
bluish  purple;  tube  curved,  about  1' 
long;  lobes  suborbicular  or  obovate, 
longer  than  the  tube,  the  upper  one 
with  a  yellow  center.  [Pontederia 
crassipes  Mart. ;  Eichornia  crassipes 
Solms;  Pontederia  azurea  of  H.  B. 
Small.] 

In  water,  Devonshire  and  Pembroke 
Marshes,  multiplying  so  rapidly  that  it 
chokes  outlets  and  has  to  be  removed 
at  intervals.  Introduced.  Native  of  the 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continental 
America.  Completely  naturalized  in 
Florida,  where  it  chokes  streams  and 
rivers,  impeding  navigation.  Flowers  in 
summer  and  autumn. 


Family  3.     BROMELIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 
Pine-Apple  Family. 

Epiphytic  herbs  (some  species  terrestrial  or  on  rocks),  mostly  scurfy, 
with  elongated,  entire  or  spinulose-serrate  leaves.  Flowers  spiked,  pan- 
icled,  or  solitary,  regular  and  perfect,  usually  conspicuously  bracted. 
Perianth  of  3  thin  distinct  or  somewhat  united  sepals,  and  3  clawed  dis- 
tinct or  united  petals.  Stamens  6,  usually  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla.  Ovary  inferior  or  superior,  3-celled;  ovules  numerous  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous;  style  short  or  elongated;  stigmas  3.  Capsule  3-valved 
in  our  species.  Seeds  numerous,  the  testa  membranous.  Embryo  small, 
situated  at  the  base  of  the  copious  endosperm.  About  35  genera  and  900 
species,  all  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America. 

No  species  of  the  family  is  native  or  naturalized. 

Dendropogon  usneoides  (L.)  Raf.  [Tillandsia  usneoides  L.],  Long-moss, 
Florida  Moss,  Spanish  Moss,  of  the  southeastern  United  States  and  West 
Indies,  a  much-branched,  grey-green,  scurfy  plant  with  drooping,  thread-like 
stems,  filiform  leaves  and  small  axillary  flowers  with  linear-spatulate  petals,  has 
been  introduced  for  interest  and  grown  on  trees  and  porches,  in  places  appear- 
ing almost  naturalized. 

Guzmania  lingulaU  (L.)  Mez.,  Capitate  Guzmania,  of  tropical  America, 
growing  naturally  on  rocks  and  trees,  is  a  stout-stemmed  plant  about  1°  high, 
with  tufted,  linear,  pointed  leaves  1°  long  or  less,  about  1'  wide,  the  yellowish 
flowers  in  a  terminal  dense  head  subtended  by  foliaceous  red  bracts,  the  cap- 
sular fruits  narrowly  oblong,  containing  many  seeds  provided  with  brown  wool ; 

6 


66  BROMELIACEAE. 

it  was  seen  growing  on  rock  work  at  Bellevue  in  1913.     [Caraguata  ungulata 
Lindl.] 

Ananas  Ananas  (L.)  Cockerell,  Pine  Apple,  presumably  of  South  Ameri- 
can origin,  now  occasionally  grown,  but  of  no  commercial  importance  in  Ber- 
muda, is  recorded  as  introduced  from  the  West  Indies  in  1616,  and  was,  ap- 
parently, quite  extensively  grown  for  a  good  many  years.  [Bromelia  Ananas 
L. ;  Ananas  sativa  Mill.] 

Tillandsia  fasciculata  Sw.,  Fascicled  Tillanesia,  West  Indian,  occa- 
sionally grown  on  rock  work  and  in  greenhouses,  has  large  tufts  of  grey-green 
linear-lanceolate  leaves  about  1°  long  and  blue  flowers  in  bracted,  fascicled 
spikes  at  the  top  of  a  stem  l°-2°  long. 

Aechmaea  polystachya  (Veil.)  Mez,  Violet  Aechmaea,  South  American, 
occasionally  planted  for  ornament  and  interest,  has  linear-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, spinulose-serrate  leaves  l°-2°  long  and  about  1'  wide  above  the  much 
wdder  base,  the  many-flowered,  erect  scape  somewhat  longer  than  the  leaves, 
the  flowers  in  panicled,  flattened  erect  spikes,  the  corolla  violet-blue.  [Tillandsia 
polystachya  Veil.] 

Dyckia  altissima  Lindl.,  Tall  Dyckia,  Brazilian,  was  sent  to  Paget  Eec- 
tory  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1914. 

Order  9.    LILIALES. 

Monocotyledonous  plants,  mostly  with  well-developed  perianth,  the 
flowers  usually  regnlar  and  complete^  and  their  parts  in  3's  or  6's.  Ovary 
superior  or  inferior,  compound.     Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  horny. 

Ovary  superior. 

Perianth-segments  distinct,  green  cr  brown,  not  petal-like  ;  herbs  with  grass-like 

leaves  and  small  flowers.  Fam.   1.  Juncaceae. 

Perianth-segments  distinct,  or  partly  united,  at  least 
the  inner  petal-like. 
Herbaceous  plants  or  vines. 

Fruit  a  capsule.  Fam.  2.  Liliaceae. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  berry. 

Erect  herbs  or  vines  ;  tendrils  none  ;  flow- 
ers perfect.  Fam.  3.  Convallariaceae. 
Tines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  or  rarely  erect ; 

flowers  dioecious,  in  axillary  umbels.  Fam.  4.   Smilaceae. 

Large  tall  woody  plants.  Fam.  5.  Dracae>'aceae. 

Ovary  inferior,  wholly  or  in  part. 
Stamens  6  in  our  species. 

Erect  perennial  herbs  ;  flowers  perfect.  Fam.  6.  Amaryllidaceae. 

Twining  vines  :  flowers  dioecious.  Fam.  7.  Dioscoreaceae. 

Stamens  3,  opposite  the  outer  corolla-segments.  Fam.  8.  Iridaceae. 

Family  1.    JUNCACEAE  Vent. 

Rush  Family. 

Perennial  or  sometimes  annual,  grass-like,  usually  tufted  herbs,  com- 
monly growing  in  moist  places.  Inflorescence  usually  compound  or  de- 
compound, paniculate,  cory^mbose,  cymose,  or  umbelloid,  rarely  reduced  to 
a  single  flower,  bearing  its  flowers  singly,  or  loosely  clustered,  or  aggre- 
gated into  spikes  or  heads.  Flowers  small,  regular,  with  or  without  bract- 
lets  (prophylla).  Perianth  6-parted,  the  parts  glumaeeous.  Stamens  3  or 
6,  rarely  4  or  5,  the  anthers  adnate,  introrse,  2-celled,  dehiscing  by  a  slit. 


JUNCACEAE. 


67 


Pistil  superior,  tricarpous,  1-eelled  or  3-celled,  with  3-many  ascending 
anatropous  ovules,  and  3  filiform  stigmas.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 
Seeds  3-many,  small,  cylindrie  to  subglobose,  with  loose  or  close  seed-coat, 
with  or  without  caruneular  or  tail-like  appendages.  Seven  genera  and 
about  200  species,  widely  distributed. 

1.     JUNCUS  L. 

Usually  perennial  plants,  principally  of  swamp  habitat,  with  glabrous 
herbage;  stems  leaf-bearing  or  scapose,  leaf -sheaths  with  free  margins,  and 
leaf-blades  terete,  gladiate,  grass-like,  or  channeled.  Inflorescence  paniculate 
or  corymbose,  often  unilateral,  sometimes  congested,  bearing  its  flowers  either 
singly  and  with  2  bractlets  (prophylla),  or  in  heads  and  without  bractlets,  but 
each  in  the  axil  of  a  bract ;  bractlets  almost  always  entire ;  stamens  6  or  3 ; 
ovary  1-celled  or  by  the  intrusion  of  the  placentae  3-celled,  the  placentae  cor- 
respondingly parietal  or  axial;  seeds  several-many,  usually  distinctly  reticu- 
lated or  ribbed,  often  tailed.  About  215  species,  most  abundant  in  the  north 
temperate  zone.  The  plants  bloom  in  summer.  [Latin,  from  jungo,  to  bind, 
in  allusion  to  the  use  of  these  plants  for  withes.]  Type  species:  J  uncus 
acutus  L. 


Leaf-blades  terete  ;  tall  perennials. 

Inner  perianth-segments  obtuse  ;  capsule  ovoid. 

rerianth-segments  acute  ;  capsule  oblong. 
Leaf-blades  flat. 

Annual  ;    low ;    flowers    solitary    on    the    branches    of    the    in- 
florescence. 

Perennial  ;  tall  ;  flowers  in  panicled  heads. 


1.  J.  acutus. 

2.  </.  maritimus. 


3.  J.  hufonins. 

4.  J.  aristtilatus. 


1.  Juncus  acutus  L.  Large  Marsh 
Rush.  (Fig.  93.)  Stems  stout,  2^°-3*° 
high,  from  stout  rootstocks.  Basal  leaves 
several,  stout,  stiff,  often  as  long  as  the 
stem,  pungently  tipped,  terete;  leaves  of 
the  inflorescence  stout,  erect,  tipped  like 
the  basal  ones,  as  long  as  the  panicle  or 
shorter,  or  sometimes  exceeding  it;  panicle 
3'-9'  long,  its  stiff  branches  nearly  erect; 
heads  few-flowered;  perianth  about  2"  long, 
its  outer  segments  lanceolate,  the  inner 
oval-oblong,  obtuse;  stamens  6,  shorter 
than  the  perianth;  capsule  about  34"  long, 
ovoid,  tipped,  about  twice  as  long  as  the 
perianth;  seeds  tailed  at  each  end,  oblong. 

Camden  Marsh ;  Coney  Island ;  St. 
George's  Island.  Naturalized.  Coasts  of 
southwestern  Europe  and  the  Mediterranean 
region ;   southern   and   lower   California. 


68 


JUNCACEAE. 


2.  Juncus  maritimus  Lam.  Sea 
EuSH.  (Fig.  94.)  Stems  3°  high  or  less, 
from  a  stout  horizontal  rootstock. 
Outer  basal  leaves  reduced  to  bladeless 
sheaths,  the  innermost  Avith  a  long  terete 
stout  blade  about  equalling  the  stem; 
leaf  of  the  inflorescence  erect,  some- 
times 1°  long;  panicle  3'-8'  high,  its 
branches  stiff,  erect ;  heads  2-6-flow- 
ered;  perianth  IV'  long,  its  parts  green, 
lanceolate,  with  hyaline  margins;  flow- 
ers perfect;  stamens  6,  two  thirds  as 
long  as  the  perianth;  filaments  about 
as  long  as  the  anthers;  capsule  l^'long, 
narrowly  oblong,  acute,  mucronate, 
brown  above,  3-celled;  seed  brown,  the 
body  narrowly  and  obliquely  oblong, 
tailed  at  either  end. 

Salt  marshes,  uncommon,  but  locally 
forming  large  colonies,  especially  at 
Spittle  Pond.  Native.  Europe,  and  very 
locally  on  the  coast  of  the  eastern  United 
States.  Probably  transported  to  Bermuda 
by  floating. 


3.  Juncus  bufonius  L.  Toad  Rush. 
(Fig.  95.)  Plant  branching  from  the 
base,  annual,  erect,  seldom  exceeding 
8'  in  height ;  leaf -blades  flat,  ?"-i"  wide, 
in  low  plants  often  much  narrower;  in- 
florescence with  blade-bearing  leaves  at 
the  lower  nodes;  flowers  inserted  singly 
on  its  branches;  perianth-parts  2"-3i" 
long,  lanceolate,  acuminate,  equal;  sta- 
mens usually  6,  sometimes  3;  anthers 
shorter  than  the  filaments;  capsule 
about  two  thirds  as  long  as  the  perianth, 
narrowly  oblong,  obtuse,  mucronate,  3- 
celled;  seeds  broadly  oblong,  with 
straight  tips,  minutely  reticulate  in  30- 
40  longitudinal  rows. 

Pembroke  Marsh,  and  in  cultivated 
ground,  Harrington  House,  1909.  Nat- 
uralized. Native  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.     Flowers  in  spring. 


Juncus  tenuis  Willd.,  Slender  Eush,  a  similar  perennial  North  American 
species,  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Eein,  Eeade,  Lefroy  and  H.  B.  Small,  has 
not  been  found  by  recent  collectors.  Eeade  states  that  it  occurs  in  the  marshes. 
A  specimen  of  a  Juncus  collected  by  Eein  but  not  named  by  him  proves  to  be 
J.  hufonius,  and  all  Bermudian  references  to  J.  tenuis  are  probable  errors  for 
J.  'bufonius. 


JUNCAGEAE. 


69 


4.  Juncus   aristulatus   Michx. 

Large  Grass-leaved  Rush.  (Fig. 
96.)  Plants  solitary  or  sparingly 
tufted,  2°-4°  high  or  sometimes 
lower.  Stems  markedly  bulbous- 
thickened  at  the  base;  leaves 
sometimes  2^"  broad;  panicle  10' 
high  or  less,  composed  of  niuner- 
ous,  usually  20-100  relatively  small 
2-5-flowered  heads ;  perianth  about 
li"  long;  sepals  acute  or  acumi- 
nate; petals  oblong  or  obovate, 
obtuse,  longer  than  the  sepals; 
stamens  as  long  as  the  perianth 
or  longer;  anthers  much  shorter 
than  the  filaments;  capsules  obo- 
void,  about  1"  long,  truncate  or 
depressed  at  the  apex. 

Frequent  in  marshes.  Native. 
Eastern  United  States,  Cuba,  Mexico. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  Its 
seeds  presumably  transported  to  Ber- 
muda by  winds. 


Family  2.     LILIACEAE  Adans. 
Lily  Family. 


Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs  from  bulbs  or  eorms,  or  rarely  with 
rootstocks,  the  leaves  various.  Flowers  solitary  or  clustered,  regular, 
mostly  perfect.  Perianth  parted  into  6  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  seg- 
ments, or  these  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube,  inferior  or  partly  superior. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth  or  at  the  bases  of  its  seg- 
ments; anthers  2-celled,  mostly  introrse,  sometimes  extrorse.  Ovary  3- 
celled;  ovules  few  or  numerous  in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous; 
styles  united;  stigma  3-lobed  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  loculicidal  capsule. 
Seeds  various,  winged  or  wingless.  Embryo  in  copious  endosperm.  About 
125  genera  and  1300  species,  widely  distributed.  Many  showy-flowered 
plants  are  members  of  this  family,  and  favorites  for  cultivation. 

Bulbous  plants  with  umbellate  flowers  and  linear  leaves;  perianth-seg:ment9  spread- 
ing 1.   Xothoscordunu 

Plants    with    a    caudex,    the    flowers    racemose,    the    thick    leaves 

spiny-toothed;    perianth   suboylindric.  -.  A  Joe. 


70 


LILIACEAE. 


1.     NOTHOSCORDUM  Knntli. 

Scapose  herbs,  similar  to  the  onions,  but  T\ithout  alliaceous  odor,  with 
membranous-coated  bulbs,  narrowly  linear  basal  leaves  and  small  yellow  or 
yellowish-green  flowers  in  an  erect  2-bracted  umbel.  Perianth  6-parted,  wither- 
ing-persistent, its  segments  1-nerved.  Stamens  6,  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the 
perianth-segments;  anther-sacs  introrsely  dehiscent.  Ovary  sessile,  3-celled; 
ovules  several  in  each  cavity;  style  filiform,  jointed  near  the  base,  but  com- 
monly persistent;  stigma  small,  capitate.  Capsule  3-lobed,  loculicidal.  Seeds 
angled  or  flattish,  black.  [Greek,  signifying  false  garlic]  About  10  species. 
Type  species:  Northoscordum  pulchellum  Kunth. 


1.  Nothoscordum  fragrans  (Vent.) 
Kunth.  Large  False  Garlic.  (Fig.  97.) 
Bulb  ovoid.  Leaves  3"-8"  wide,  flat; 
bracts  ovate-acuminate,  persistent;  umbel 
6-22-flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  l'-2'  long 
in  fruit;  flowers  5"-6"  long;  perianth-seg- 
ments thin,  oblong,  or  oblong-spatulate, 
longer  than  the  stamens;  capsule  obovoid, 
3 "-4"  high,  the  style  as  long  or  slightly 
shorter.      [Allium  fragrans  Vent.] 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  Hamilton 
Parish  and  St.  George's.  Naturalized  in  the 
southern  United  States  and  Jamaica.  Sup- 
posed to  be  native  of  Africa.  Flowers  in 
spring  and  summer.  Known  as  "  Wild  Onion  " 
in  Bermuda,  and,  presumably,  recorded  by  H. 
B.  Small  as  Allium  sativum.  The  plant  differs 
from  ]V.  hived ve  (L.)  Britton  with  which  it  has 
sometimes  been  confused,  by  its  usually  broader 
leaves  and  its  obovoid  capsule;  the  capsule  of 
K.  bivalve  is  globose  or  depressed  globose. 


2.     AIiOE  L. 

Succulent  plants  with  a  short  or  elongated  caudex,  the  thick  tufted  leaves 
with  spiny-toothed  margins,  the  racemose  flowers  nodding.  Perianth  subcylin- 
dric,  the  segments  connivent  or  coherent,  their  tips  somewhat  spreading. 
Stamens  6,  with  slender  filaments  and  oblong  anthers.  Ovary  sessile,  3-angled 
and  3-r'Blled;  style  filiform,  tipped  by  the  small  stigma;  ovules  many  in  each 
cavity  of  the  ovary.  Capsule  leathery,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  numerous, 
black.  [Name  ancient.]  Over  75  species,  mostly  African,  the  following 
typical. 


LILIACEAE. 


71 


1.  Aloe  vera  L.  Aloes.  Common  Aloes. 
(Fig.  98.)  Acaulescent,  or  nearly  so,  stolo- 
uiferous.  Leaves  l°-2°  long,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, long-acuminate,  turgid,  very  watery 
within,  pale  glaucous-green,  the  marginal 
spiny  teeth  V  apart  or  less;  scape  stout,  2°- 
3^°  high,  bearing  distant,  broad,  acute  scales; 
raceme  dense,  4'-12'  long;  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute,  longer  than  the  short  pedicels;  flowers 
yellow,  about  1'  long;  stamens  about  as  long 
as  the  perianth,  the  style  longer.  [A.  vulgaris 
Lam.] 

Waste  grounds  and  woodlands.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  and  naturalized.  Native  of  the 
Mediterranean  region.  Flowers  in  summer. 
Called  Bxi.MBOO,  according  to  Lefroy. 

Aloe  soccotrina  Lam.,  Bitter  Aloes,  is 

occasionally  cultivated,  as  well  as  a  few  other 

African    species,    interesting    as    ornamentals. 

Aloe  lingua  Hook,  is  mentioned  by  Jones. 

Medeola  virginica  L.,  Cucumber  Root,  a 

North  American  plant   of  the  related   family 

Trilliaceae,  with   a   whorl   of  4  to    10   leaves 

under    an    umbel    of    small    greenish    flowers, 

is  said,  by  Lefroy,  to  be  "  a  small  annual  weed 

found  under  walls,"  but  this  appears  to  be  an 

error  in  record  or  determination. 

Allium  Cepa  L.,  Onion,  is  one  of  the  most  important  food-crops  of 
the  islands,  and  the  bulbs  are  largely  exported,  although  the  industry  is 
not    nearly    as    extensive    as    it    was    some    years    ago.      Lefroy    states    that 

over    4,000    tons    were    exported    in    1875. 

Lilium  longiflorum  Thunb.,  Easter  Lilt,  White  Japanese  Lily,  is  ex- 
tensively grown  for  export  in  a  race  (L.  Harrisii  Carr.)  sometimes  said  to  have 
originated  here,  but  this  industry  is  not  as  important  as  it  was  some  years  ago, 
although  the  Lily  fields  are  yet  a  very  conspicuous  feature  in  spring.  The 
industry  commenced  about  1878  and  reached  its  greatest  development  from 
1890  to  1903 ;  there  are  many  references  to  it  in  horticultural  literature,  as  in 
Garden  28:  72,  1885;  30:  124,  125,  1886;  31:  561,  1887;  Gardener's  Chronicle 
58:  113,  1885;  Garden  and  Forest  2:  184,  185,  1889.  C.  W.  Hervey  published 
an  article  describing  it  in  New  England  Magazine  32:  193-198,  1905.  The 
lilies  were  attacked  by  a  disease  which  is  described  and  discussed  by  Woods, 
in  the  14th  Bulletin  of  the  Division  of  Vegetable  Physiology  of  the  United 
States  Department  of  Agriculture,  by  A.  L.  Kean  in  Botanical  Gazette  15: 
8-14;  and  by  Mr.  George  A.  Bishop  in  a  paper  published  at  Hamilton  in  1S9S. 
The  cover-page  of  ''Horticulture,"  June  16,  1917,  shows  a  field  of  this 
' '  Fairy  Isle  Lily ' '  at  Sunny  Lands. 

Lilium  candidum  L.,  Tall  White  Lily,  of  southern  Europe,  is  occasionally 
planted ;  it  has  flowers  with  a  tube  wider  than  that  of  the  Easter  Lily,  and  its 
leaves  are  broader. 

Lilium  Henryi  Baker,  Henry's  Lily,  Chinese,  with  reddish-yellow  flowers 
and  short-stalked  lanceolate  leaves,  was  grown  at  Paget  Rectory  prior  to  1914, 
and  other  kinds  of  lilies  have  been  grown  there  from  time  to  time. 

Lilium  chalcedonicum  L.,  Chalcedonian  Lily,  of  southern  Europe,  has 
few,  scarlet,  nodding  flowers  in  rather  long  peduncles,  the  leaves  linear;  it  has 
been  planted  occasionally. 

Lilium  speciosum  Thunb.,  Shoavy  Lily,  Japanese,  also  occasionally  planted 
has  several  or  numerous  nodding  white  flowers  blotched  with  red;  its  lower 
leaves  are  ovate,  the  upper  lanceolate. 


72  LILIACEAE. 

Phormium  tenax  Forst.,  New  Zealand  Flax,  of  New  Zealand,  recorded 
by  Lefroy  as  planted  in  Devonshire  Marsh  in  1875,  but  not  flourishing,  has 
2-ranked,  linear  leaves  about  4°  long  and  3'  wide,  its  red  or  orange  flowers 
about  f  long,  panicled  on  a  scape  longer  than  the  leaves. 

Hemerocallis  fulva  L.,  Day  Lily,  European,  with  long  linear  leaves,  and 
few  large  clustered  yellow  flowers  opening  for  a  day,  on  scapes  l°-2°  high,  its 
roots  fibrous-fleshy,  its  basal  linear  leaves  V-¥  wide,  is  occasional  in  gardens. 
H.  B.  Small's  description,  under  this  name,  applies  to  some  wholly  different 
plant  with  broad  crinkled  leaves  and  white  tubular  flowers  on  a  scape  6'-8'  high. 

Omithogalum  latifdlium  L.,  Star-of-Bethlehem,  of  the  Levant,  with  long 
racemes  of  large  greenish- white  flowers  and  long  narrow  leaves,  is  grown  in 
gardens  and  about  houses. 

Abumon  africanum  (L.)  Britton,  Blue  Lily,  South  African,  with  an 
umbel  of  blue  flowers  on  a  leafless  scape,  is  common  in  cultivation,  generally 
known  as  Star-of-Bethlehem.  The  linear  leaves,  shorter  than  the  scape,  ap- 
pear after  flowering  time.  [Crinum  africanum  L.;  Agapanthus  umbellahis 
L'Her.] 

Gloriosa  simplex  L.,  Climbing  Lily,  African,  an  herbaceous  climber  S**  or 
4°  long,  with  alternate,  broadly  lanceolate,  thin  leaves  3-4'  long,  their  tips 
tapering  into  a  coiled  tendril,  the  solitary  long-peduncled  flowers  about  3' 
wide,  yellow  or  reddish-yellow,  the  perianth-segments  6,  spatulate,  was  grown 
at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913. 

Gloriosa  superba  L.,  Climbing  Lily,  of  the  Old  World  tropics,  differing 
from  the  preceding  in  having  longer,  wavy-crisped  perianth-segments,  is  occa- 
sionally planted. 

Kniphofia  Uvaria  (L.)  Hook.,  Eed-hot  Poker,  African,  seen  in  a  Hamil- 
ton garden  in  1914,  has  narrowly  linear,  rough-margined  leaves  '2°-3°  long,  the 
dense  racemes  of  flaming  red  nodding  flowers  on  scapes  as  long  as  the  leaves 
or  longer,  the  perianth  nearly  cylindric.  [Aloe  Uvaria  L. ;  Tritoma  Uvaria 
Ker;  K.  aloides  Moench.] 

Gasteria  decipiens  Haw.,  Tufted  Gasteria,  grown  at  the  Agricultural 
Station  in  1913,  native  of  South  Africa,  has  fleshy,  nearly  triangular,  thick, 
concave  leaves  2'-3'  long,  tufted  on  a  very  short  stem,  and  a  stalked  raceme 
of  curved  tubular  flowers  about  1'  long,  the  perianth-tube  dilated  below, 

Gasteria  maculata  Haw.,  Spotted  Gasteria,  is  a  similar  South  African 
species,  with  blotched  leaves;  it  is  recorded  by  Jones  as  grown  in  Bermuda. 
[G.  oMiqua  Duval.] 

Hyacinthus  orientalis  L.,  Hyacinth,  of  southern  Europe,  is  grown  in 
gardens  to  some  extent. 

Sansevieria  guineensis  (Jacq.)  Willd.,  African  Bowstring  Hemp,  of 
tropical  Africa,  a  fibre-plant  with  long,  basal,  flat  mottled  leaves  up  to  3°  long, 
l'-4'  wide,  and  dense  racemes  of  greenish-white,  fragrant,  tubular  flowers  on 
scapes,  the  corolla  V-IV  long,  is  common  in  gardens  and  occasionally  seen  in 
waste  places.     [Aletris  guineensis  Jacq.] 

Sansevieria  zeylanica  (L.)  Willd.,  Ceylon  Bowstring  Hemp,  of  southern 
Asia,  similar,  but  with  narrower  concave  leaves,  was  grown  at  the  Agricultural 
Station  in  1913.     [Aletris  hyacinthoides  zeylanica  L.] 

Chlorophytum  elatum  E.  Br.,  Chlorophytum,  South  African,  with  narrow 
tufted  basal  leaves  and  small  whitish  flowers  in  a  narrow  panicle,  is  grown  in 
flower-gardens. 


'  CONVALLARIACEAE.  73 

Urginea  maritima  (L.)  Baker,  Sea  Onion,  Sea  Squills,  of  the  Mediter- 
ranean region,  with  large  deep  bulbs  up  to  6'  in  diameter,  a  slender  scape  l°-3° 
long  bearing  a  many-flowered  raceme,  often  1'  long,  of  slender-pedicelled, 
purplish-white  flowers,  their  perianth-segments  V  long,  the  later-appearinn- 
lanceolate  leaves  about  1°  long  and  3'  wide,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 
[Scilla  maritima  L.] 

Family  3.     CONVALLARIACEAE  Link. 
LiLY-OF-THE- Valley  Family. 

Scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  with  simple  or  branched  rootstocks. 
Flowers  solitary,  racemose,  panicled  or  umbelled,  regular  and  perfect. 
Leaves  broad,  parallel-veined  and  sometimes  with  cross-veinlets,  in  Aspara- 
gus and  its  allies  reduced  to  scales  bearing  filiform  or  flattened  branchlets 
in  their  axils.  Perianth  inferior,  4-8-paii:ed  with  separate  segments,  or 
oblong,  cylindric  or  urn-shaped  and  6-lobed  or  6-toothed.  Stamens  6-8, 
rarely  4,  hypogynous  or  borne  on  the  perianth;  anthers  introrsely,  ex- 
trorsely  or  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-3-eelled,  superior;  ovules  ana- 
tropous  or  amphitropous;  style  slender  or  short;  stigma  mostly  3-lobed. 
Fruit  a  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  few  or  numerous.  Embryo  small.  Endosperm 
copious.     About  23  genera  and  215  species,  widely  distributed. 

There  are  no  native  nor  naturalized  plants  of  this  family  in  Bermuda. 

Asparagus  officinalis  L.,  Asparagus,  European,  is  occasionally  grown  as  a 
vegetable,  but  scarcely  as  a  crop,  although  it  apparently  thrives. 

Asparagus  plumosus  Baker,  South  African,  an  herbaceous  climber  with 
very  narrow  linear  leaves,  whitish  flowers  and  small  black  berries,  is  cultivated 
on  arbors  and  porches  for  decoration. 

Asparagus  africanus  Lam.,  or  a  related  species,  a  low  climber,  with  linear- 
subulate,  nearly  terete  leaves  about  5"  long  and  i"  thick,  numerous  in  approxi- 
mate verticils,  was  growing  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913,  represented  by 
a  small  plant  neither  flowering  nor  fruiting,  the  identification,  therefore,  not 
certain. 

Lefroy  records  the  successful  cultivation  in  1875  of  a  plant  called  Aspara- 
gus natalensis,  but  this  name  does  not  appear  to  have  been  published,  botan- 
ically;  it  may  apply  to  the  following  species. 

Asparagus  Sprengeri  Eegel,  of  Natal,  seen  at  Montrose  in  1914,  is  a  low 
climber,  with  linear,  flat,  acute,  whorled  and  scattered  leaves  8"-l-4"  long, 
about  1"  wide,  the  small,  odorous  white  flowers  short-racemose,  the  red  globose 
berries  about  \'  in  diameter. 

Aspidistra  lurida  Ker,  Aspidistra,  Chinese,  grown  in  flower-gardens,  has 
numerous,  basal,  tufted,  rather  rigid,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute,  shining  leaves 
l°-2°  long,  narrowed  into  channeled  petioles;  the  purplish  flowers  are  on  very 
short  scapes  among  the  petioles,  the  perianth  with  8  parts,  stamens  8,  the 
stigma  peltate. 

Convallaria  majalis  L.,  Lily-of-the-Valley,  European  and  North  Ameri- 
can, rarely  planted,  and  reported  as  not  succeeding  well  in  Bermuda,  has  long 
rootstocks,  2  or  3  basal,  oblong  or  elliptic,  petioled  leaves  1°  long  or  less,  and  a 
1-sided  raceme  of  white  fragrant  campanulate,  nodding  flowers,  the  corolla  3" 
long. 


74  SMILACEAE. 

Family  4.     SMILACEAE  Vent. 

Smilax  Family. 

Mostly  vines  with  woody  or  herbaceous,  often  prickly  stems.  Leaves 
alternate,  netted-veined,  several-nerved,  petioled.  Petiole  sheathing,  bear- 
ing a  pair  of  slender  tendril-like  appendages,  persistent,  the  blade  falling 
away.  Flowers  small,  mostly  green,  dioecious,  in  axillary  umbels,  perianth- 
segments  6.  Stamens  mostly  6,  distinct;  filaments  ligulate;  anthers  basi- 
fixed,  2-celled,  introrse.  Ovary'  3-celled,  the  cavities  opposite  the  inner 
perianth-segments;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  orthotropous ;  stj'le  very 
short  or  none ;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  globose  berry  containing  1-6  brownish 
seeds.  Endosperm  horny,  copious;  embryo  small,  oblong,  remote  from  the 
hilum.     Genera  3,  species  about  200,  in  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

1.  SMILAX  L. 
Rootstocks  usually  large  and  tuberous,  stems  usually  twining,  and  climbing 
by  means  of  the  coiling  appendages  of  the  petiole.  Lower  leaves  reduced  to 
scales.  Flowers  regular.  Perianth-segments  distinct,  deciduous.  Pedicels 
borne  on  a  globose  or  conic  receptacle,  inserted  in  small  pits,  generally  among 
minute  bractlets.  Filaments  inserted  on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments. 
Staminate  flowers,  without  an  ovary.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  smaller  than  the 
staminate,  usually  with  1-6  abortive  stamens.  Berry  black,  red  or  purple 
(rarely  white),  with  strengthening  bands  of  tissue  running  through  the  outer 
part  of  the  pulp,  connected  at  the  base  and  apex.  [Ancient  Greek  name,  per- 
haps not  originally  applied  to  these  plants.]  About  225  species  of  wide  dis- 
tribution, most  abundant  in  tropical  America  and  Asia.  Type  species:  Smilax 
aspera  L. 

Smilax  Bona-nox  L.,  North  American,  was  seen  in  1912  in  thickets  and 
planted  borders  at  Mt.  Langdon.  It  is  a  branched  vine,  somewhat  prickly, 
with  halberd-shaped  pointed  leaves.  Lefroy  records  the  naturalization  of  a 
species  of  this  genus  at  Camden,  under  the  name  Smilax  sagittaefolia,  called 
Sarsaparilla.  Reade  notes  the  plant  grown,  used  and  sold  as  Sarsaparilla 
is  the  Virginia  Creeper,  Parthenocissns  quinque folia,  and  this  remark  is  yet 
true.     Verill  states  that  Smilax  sagittaefolia  Lodd.  is  the  same  as  S.  aspera  L. 

Smilax  officinalis  Kunth,  South  American,  with  ovate-oblong,  cordate, 
acute,  glabrous  and  shining  leaves  about  6'  long,  was  represented  in  the  collec- 
tion at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913. 

Family  5.     DRACAENACEAE  Link. 

Dracaexa  Family. 

Shrubby  plants  or  trees,  with  woody  caudices  which  are  generally 
copiously  leafy.  Leaves  alternate :  blades  narrow,  firm  or  rigid,  sometimes 
with  marginal  filaments,  often  finely  toothed.  Flowers  in  racemes  or 
panicles.  Sepals  and  petals  3  each,  but  little  dissimilar.  Stamens  6. 
Filaments  distinct,  sometimes  partially  adnate  to  the  perianth.  Anthers 
2-eelled.  Carpels  3,  united.  Ovary  superior,  1-3  celled.  Styles  united, 
sometimes  very  short  or  obsolete  during  anthesis,  but  manifest  in  fruit. 
Ovules  2-several,  or  many  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  primarily  loeulicidal 
capsule,  or  berry-like  and  indehiscent.  About  8  genera  and  upward  of  100 
species,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution. 


DRACAENACEAE. 


75 


1.     YUCCA  L. 

Large  scapose  or  caulescent  plants,  with  short  or  elongated,  sometimes 
horizontal  rootstocks.  Leaves  firm  or  rarely  thinnish,  narrow,  rigidly  pointed, 
commonly  furnished  with  thread-like  fibers  along  the  edges,  serrulate  or  entire. 
Flowers  in  terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Perianth  usually  white,  drooping, 
subglobose  to  campanulate;  sepals  and  petals  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the 
base.  Stamens  6,  hypogynous;  filaments  enlarged  above,  shorter  than  the 
perianth.  Ovules  numerous  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  dehiscent,  or  berry-like 
and  indehiscent.  Seeds  flattened  or  turgid.  [Aboriginal  name.]  About  30 
species,  native  of  North  and  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies,  the  follow- 
ing typical. 

1.  Yucca  aloifolia  L.  Spanish 
Bayonet.  (Fig.  99.)  Caudex  stout,  up 
to  10°  high,  often  branched;  plant  usu- 
ally growing  in  colonies  forming  large 
masses.  Leaves  3°  long  or  less,  stiff, 
sharp-pointed,  the  upper  spreading,  the 
older  lower  ones  deflexed,  the  base  ex- 
panded; panicle  ample,  often  2°  long, 
showy;  perianth  white,  or  purplish- 
tinged,  about  2'  long,  its  segments  ob- 
long; caj)sule  pulpy,  indehiscent,  oblong, 
2i'-3i'  long.  Seeds  thin.  [Yucca  serrii- 
lata  of  Lefroy,  Jones  and  H.  B.  Small.] 

Common  on  sand  dunes  and  on  hill- 
sides. Very  abundant  and  luxuriant  on 
south  coast,  Somerset  Island.  Native. 
Southeastern  United  States  and  West  Indies. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  Probably 
transported  to  Bermuda  by  floating.  Locally 
used   for   hedges. 

Yucca  gloriosa  L.,  Elegant  Spanish 
Bayonet,  of  the  southeastern  United 
States,  recorded  by  Jones,  is  similar  with 
somewhat  larger  flowers  and  smaller 
capsules,  the  seeds  thick. 

Cordyline  terminalis  (L.)  Kunth,  Purple  Cordyline,  Purple  Dracaena, 
of  tropical  Asia,  commonly  grown  for  ornament,  has  an  erect  trunk  up  to  12° 
high,  bearing  at  the  top  a  tuft  of  petioled,  oblong  purple,  mottled  or  green 
leaves  l°-2°  long,  4-8'  wide  with  a  strong  midvein  and  many  nearly  parallel 
nerves,  surmounted  by  a  large  panicle  of  spicate  white  flowers,  the  6-parted 
perianth  about  V  long.     [Dracaena  terminalis  L.] 

Cordyline  australis  (Forst.)  Hook.,  New  Zealand  Cordyline  or  Dracaena, 
becomes  taller  than  the  preceding  species  and  has  a  terminal  tuft  of  nearly 
linear,  sessile,  green,  purple  or  variegated  leaves  up  to  4°  long,  I'-l^'  wide;  its 
white,  panicled  flowers  are  3"-4"  long.  It  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  having  been 
grown  in  Bermuda  and  is  also  mentioned  by  Jones.  [Charlwoodia  australis 
G.  Don.] 

Several  other  kinds  of  Dracaenas  have  been  introduced  as  ornamentals,  but 
have  either  not  succeeded  very  well,  or  failed  altogether.     D.  Lindeni,  a  horti- 


76 


DEACAENACEAE. 


cultural  race  of  Pleomele  fragrans  (L.)   N.  E.  Brown,  with  recurved,  whitish- 
banded  leaves,  is  one  of  the  most  ornamental. 


Family  6.     AMARYLLIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Amaryllis  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody  or  even  arboreous),  with 
bulbs  or  rootstocks,  scapose  or  sometimes  leafy  stems  and  usually  narrow 
and  entire  leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  regular  or  nearly  so.  Perianth  6- 
parted  or  6-lobed,  the  segments  or  lobes  distinct,  or  united  below  into  a  tube 
which  is  adnate  to  the  surface  of  the  ovary.  Stamens  usually  6,  inserted 
on  the  bases  of  the  perianth-segments  or  in  the  throat  of  the  perianth  op- 
posite the  lobes.  Anthers  versatile  or  basifixed,  2-cellecl,  the  sacs  usually 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  wholly  or  partly  inferior,  usually  3-celled. 
Style  filiform,  entire,  lobed,  or  cleft  into  3  stigmas  at  the  summit.  Ovules 
usually  numerous,  rarely  only  1  or  2  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  ana- 
tropous.  Fruit  capsular,  rarely  fleshy.  Seeds  mostly  black,  the  embryo 
small,  enclosed  in  fleshy  endosperm.  About  70  genera  and  800  species, 
principally  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  some  in  the  temperate 
zones. 


Perianth-tube  with   a  crown. 
Perianth  without  a  crown. 

Filaments  united  below  by  a  thin  membrane. 
Ovules  many  ;   capsule  3-valved. 
Ovules  only  2  in  each  cavity. 
Filaments  not  united  by  a  membrane. 

Low  bulbous  plants  with  grasslike  leaves. 
Large  plants  with  great  tufts  of  fleshy  leaves. 


1.  yarcissi(s. 


2.  Pancratium. 

3.  Hymenocallis. 


4.  Atamosco. 

5.  Furcraea. 


1.  NARCISSUS  L. 
Bulbous  plants  with  narrow  entire  leaves 
and  umbelled  or  solitary  yellow  or  white  large 
flowers.  Perianth-tube  cylindric,  its  lobes 
spreading  or  reflexed,  its  crown  tubular  to  cup- 
shaped  ;  stamens  6 ;  anthers  linear  to  oblong. 
Ovary  3-celled;  style  slender  or  filiform; 
stigma  3-lobed.  Capsule  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  black,  numerous.  [Greek,  referring  to 
narcotic  properties.]  About  20  species,  mostly 
of  the  Mediterranean  region.  Type  species: 
Narcissus  poeticus  L. 

1.  Narcissus  Tazetta  L.  Narcissus. 
(Fig.  100.)  Bulbs  l'-2'  in  diameter;  leaves 
linear,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  scape, 
pale,  glaucescent,  5"-8"  wide.  Scape  flattened ; 
umbel  several-flowered,  the  slender  pedicels 
unequal ;  bract  membranous ;  perianth-tube 
about  9"  long,  the  limb  white  or  yellow,  about 
IV  broad,  the  crown  saucer-shaped,  yellow\ 

Hillsides  and  fields.  Escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion and  naturalized.  Native  of  southern  Europe 
and  central  Asia.  Flowers  in  spring.  Consists 
of  manv  races. 


AMARYLLIDACEAE. 


77 


Narcissus  Jonquilla  L.,  Jonquil,  European,  common  in  gardens,  has  yel- 
low flowers  with  a  cup-shaped  crown  and  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  escaped  from 
cultivation. 

2.     PANCRATIUM  L. 

Bulbous  herbs  with  fleshy,  linear  basal  leaves,  and  large  white  flowers, 
umbellate  or  solitary  on  leafless  scapes.  Bulbs  coated.  Bracts  2,  membranous. 
Perianth  funnelform,  its  6  narrow  lobes  erect-spreading,  its  tube  short  or 
elongated.  Stamens  inserted  at  the  perianth-throat,  not  exserted,  united  be- 
low by  a  thin  membrane;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled,  with  many  ovules 
in  2  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  long,  filiform;  stigma  small  and  capitate. 
Capsule  3-angled,  3-valved.  Seeds  numerous,  flattened,  angled,  black.  [Greek, 
all-powerful.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  warmer  parts  of  the  Old  World,  the 
following  typical. 


1.  Pancratium     maritimum     L.       Sea 

Daffodil.  (Fig.  101.)  Bulb  short-necked, 
about  3'  thick,  brown-coated.  Scape  rather 
stout,  flattened,  about  1°  high,  bearing  an 
umbel  of  5-10  flowers  on  very  short  pedicels ; 
leaves  several,  2°  long  or  less,  glaucous- 
green,  S'^-IO"  wide ;  bracts  ovate,  acuminate, 
2'  long  or  less;  flowers  3-4'  long,  the  nar- 
row tube  gradually  expanded  above,  some- 
what longer  than  the  linear  segments;  stam- 
inal  membranous  cup  about  1'  long,  toothed 
between  the  filaments.  Capsule  short-oblong, 
y  long,  f  thick,  bluntly  3-lobed;  seeds 
about  7"  long. 

On  grassy  banks  and  in  yards,  Boaz  Island 
near  Watford  Bridge.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
southern  Europe.  Recorded  by  Reade  from 
the  same  place  in  1883,  and  still  abundant 
there  in  1012,  flowering  freely  in  autumn  and 
late  summer. 


3.     HYMENOCALLIS  Salisb. 

Fleshy  herbs,  with  coated  bulbs  and  large  white  flowers.  Leaves  basal, 
linear  or  nearly  so,  often  strap-like.  Scape  terminated  by  an  umbel,  with 
membranous  bracts.  Perianth  showy,  its  tube  elongated,  slender,  its  lobes 
narrow,  nearly  equal,  spreading.  Stamens  6 ;  filaments  adnate  to  the  perianth- 
tube,  above  which  they  are  connected  by  a  thin  cup-like  or  saucer-shaped  mem- 
brane; anthers  narrow,  versatile.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  filiform,  exserted; 
stigma  nearly  entire.  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  thick,  rather 
fleshy.  Seeds  green  and  fleshy,  1  or  2  in  each  cavity.  [Greek,  beautiful  mem- 
brane.] About  30  species,  natives  of  tropical  America.  Type  species:  Hy- 
menocallis  littoralis  (Jacq.)  Salisb. 


78 


AMARYLLIDACEAE. 


1.  Hymenocallis  declinata  (Jacq.) 
Roemer.  Spider-Lily.  (Fig.  102.)  Bulbs 
subglobose,  short-necked,  2'  in  diameter  or 
more.  Scape  stout,  compressed,  2-edged, 
2°-3°  high,  bearing  an  umbel  of  8-15 
sessile  flowers ;  leaves  broadly  linear, 
acutish,  2'-3'  Avide  at  the  middle,  narrowed 
to  about  1'  wide  at  the  base;  flowers  6'- 
8'  long,  the  narrow  tube  about  as  long 
as  the  linear  segments;  bracts  lanceolate, 
acute ;  staminal  membranous  cup  about 
one  third  as  long  as  the  free  portion  of 
the  filaments ;  fruit  about  IV  long.  [Pan- 
cratium ovatum  of  Reade,  Jones  and  H. 
B.  Small;  P.  declinatum  Jacq.;  Hymeno- 
callis carlhaea  of  Moore;  Pancratium  ex- 
imnsum  Sims.] 

Frequent  on  coastal  banks  and  common 
in  gardens.  Naturalized.  Native  of  the 
West  Indies.     Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 

HyTnenocallis  littoralis  (Jacq.)  Salisb., 
Long  Spider  Lily,  with  tube  of  the 
corolla  6'-7'  long  and  much  longer  than  the  limb,  is  common  in  gardens,  flower- 
ing freely  in  late  summer.  It  is  probably  native  of  the  West  Indies.  [Pan- 
cratium littorale  Jacq.;  H.  pedalis  Herb.] 

4.  ATAMOSCO  Adans. 
Acaulescent  herbs,  with  coated  bulbs  and  glabrous  foliage.  Leaves  basal, 
narrowly  linear,  flat  or  channeled.  Scape  1-flowered.  Perianth  white,  pink, 
purple  or  yellow,  its  tube  funnelform,  its  lobes  6,  equal.  Stamens  6,  equal  or 
nearly  so ;  filaments  adnate  to  the  throat  of  the  perianth-tube ;  anthers  versatile. 
Ovary  3-celled;  style  filiform,  3-lobed  at  top,  or  stigma  nearly  capitate.  Ovules 
numerous,  in  two  rows  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  3- 
celled,  subglobose  or  depressed,  more  or  less  3- 
lobed,  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds  black  or  nearly 
so,  usually  flattened.  [Greek,  wind-flower.]  About 
35  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species: 
Amaryllis  atamasco  L.     [Z ephyranthes  Herb.] 


Flower  white. 
Flower  rose-pinl?. 

Flower  I'-li'  high. 

Flower  2'-3i'  high. 


1.  A.  tuMspatha. 

2.  A.  rosea. 

3.  A.  Atamasco. 


1.  Atamosco  tubispatha  (L'Her.)  Maza. 
White  Atamasco  Lily.  (Fig.  103.)  Bulb  ovoid  or 
subglobose,  about  1'  in  diameter,  short-necked. 
Scape  slender,  6-12'  high,  shorter  than  or  about 
equalling  the  leaves,  which  are  2"-3"  wide;  spathe 
membranous,  about  1'  long,  2-cleft  at  the  top, 
usually  shorter  than  the  slender  peduncle ;  flower 
li'-2'  long,  white,  or  a  little  greenish,  the  tube 
cleft ;  capsule  about  6"  thick.  [Amaryllis  tubispatha 
L'Her.] 

Commonly  cultivated  and  occasionally  escaped  into 
waste  grounds.  Native  of  tropical  America.  Flowers 
in  spring  and  summer. 


AMARYLLIDACEAE. 


79 


2.  Atamosco  rosea  (Spreng.)  Greene. 
Small  Pink  Atamasco  Lily.  (Fig.  104.) 
Bulb  ovoid  or  subglobose,  usually  less-  than  1'  in 
diameter,  short-necked.  Scape  rather  slender, 
8'  high  or  less,  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer; 
spathe  about  half  as  long  as  the  peduncle,  2- 
cleft  at  the  top;  flower  V-IY  long,  rose-pink, 
with  a  short  tube  and  obovate  bluntish  seg- 
ments; style  3-cleft;  capsule  about  4"  thick. 
[Amaryllis  rosea  Spreng.;  Zephyr aiithes  rosea 
Lindl.] 

Commonly  cultivated,  and  occasionally  escaped. 
Native  of  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  spring  and 
summer. 

Atamosco  bifolia  (Lam.)  Britton  [Zephy- 
ranthes  hi  folia  M.  J.  Roemer]  Santo  Domingan, 
with  a  much  larger  rose  purple  flower,  longer 
and  broader  leaves,  is  planted  in  gardens. 

Atamosco  Eggersiana  (Urban)  Britton, 
Yellow  Atamasco  Lily,  Cuban,  grown  in 
gardens,  has  a  bright  yellow  flower  about  IV 
long  on  a  scape  about  1°  long.  [Zephyr anthes 
Eggersiana  Urban.] 


3.  Atamosco  Atamasco  (L.) 
Greene.  Atamasco  Lily.  (Fig. 
105.)  Bulb  ovoid,  about  1'  long. 
Leaves  fleshy,  shining,  12'  long  or 
less,  li"-3"  wide,  blunt,  usually 
shorter  than  the  scape;  scape 
terete,  erect;  bract  2-cleft  into 
acuminate  lobes,  longer  than  the 
ovary;  flowers  2^-82'  high,  white 
with  a  purplish  tinge  or  some- 
times light  purple;  perianth-seg- 
ments oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  tube;  stamens 
shorter  than  the  tube;  style  longer 
than  the  stamens;  capsule  de- 
pressed, about  6"  high.  [Amaryl- 
lis Atamasco  L.] 

Occasional  in  fields,  escaped 
from  cultivation.  Native  of  the 
southeastern  T'nited  States.  Flowers 
in  spring,  occasionally  also  in  autumn. 


5.     FURCRAEA  Vent. 
Large  succulent  plants  with  tufted  basal  leaves  and  tall  scapes,  the  in- 
florescence terminal,  paniculate.     Perianth   of  6   spreading   segments,   slightly 
united  at  the  base.     Stamens  borne   on  the  bases  of  the   segments;    filaments 
thickened  below  the  middle;  anthers  linear-oblong.     Ovary  3-celled,  with  many 


80 


AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 


ovules  in  2  rows  in  each  cavity;  style  rather  stout,  3-angled  and  thickened 
below,  tipped  by  small  stigma.  Capsule  oblong,  3-sided,  3-valved.  Seeds 
numerous,  flat.  [Dedicated  to  Antoine  Francois  de  Fourcroy.]  About  20 
species,  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Furcraea  cubensis  (Jacq.)   Vent. 

1.  Furcraea      macrophylla      Baker. 

Wild  Sisal.  (Fig.  106.)  Leaves  many, 
the  larger  about  7°  long  by  7'  wide, 
nearly  equally  bright  green  on  both 
sides,  shallowly  channeled  above,  rather 
firm,  gradually  narrowed  to  2'  or  3' 
wide  above  the  expanded  base,  the 
lower  prickles  V-IY'  long,  the  upper 
strongly  hooked  forward,  f'-3'  apart, 
borne  on  triangular  distant  teeth  2"-3" 
high;  scape  up  to  30°  tall,  about  6' 
thick  toward  the  base,  its  lanceolate 
bracts  broad-based,  the  lower  l°-2°  long, 
ascending,  the  upper  shorter,  widely 
spreading  panicle  branches  curved  and 
tortuous  when  young;  flowers  white, 
fading  yellowish-green,  with  the  odor  of 
wintergreen,  at  night.  [F.  gigantea  of 
Jones  and  Verrill.] 

Abundant  in  thickets,  woodlands  and 
along  walls,  and  a  menace  to  other  vegeta- 
tion. Naturalized.  Native  of  the  Baha- 
mas. Flowers  in  autumn,  the  blossoms  per- 
sistent and  withering  in  protected  plants 
up  to  the  middle  of  December,  the  in- 
florescence also  bearing  hundreds  of  ovate 
bulbils,  by  which  the  plant  is  freely  propa- 
gated. Larger,  flattened  bulbils  are  some- 
times produced  in  the  leaf -axils  ;  these  grow 
into  slender  shoots  4°  or  5°  long,  which 
bear  flowers  the  following  year. 

Furcraea  cubensis  (Jacq.)  Yent.,  Cuban,  was  sent  as  young  plants  from 
the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  to  the  Agricultural  Station  in  Paget  in  1913, 
and  from  the  same  source  to  Paget  Eectory  in  1914.     [Agave  ciihensis  Jacq.] 

Agave  americana  L.,  €entury  Plant,  with  bluish  green,  usually  varie- 
gated spiny  leaves,  and  yellow  tubular  flowers,  presumably  native  of  Mexico, 
but  not  known  in  the  wild  state,  is  freely  planted  for  ornament.  [A.  picta 
Salm-Dyck.] 

Agave  barbadensis  Trel.,  Barbadoes  Century  Plant,  has  rather  dull 
green  leaves,  the  largest  about  5°  long  by  6'  wide,  their  dark  brown  teeth  about 
1"  long,  the  poles  up  to  15°  high  and  5'  in  diameter,  were  observed  growing  on 
cliffs,  north  shore,  east  of  Bayley's  Bay  in  September,  1912,  the  colony  consist- 
ing of  one  dead  poled  plant,  one  large  plant  and  many  small  plants  from  bulbils 
of  the  dead  poled  one,  grown  presumably  from  cultivated  specimens  thrown  out 
several  years  before.  The  plant  is  commonly  grown  for  ornament  and  pro- 
duces bulbils  very  freely. 

Agave  furcroydes  Lemaire,  Hennequin,  Mexican,  with  narrow  spiny- 
toothed  blue-green  leaves  up  to  5°  long  and  3'  or  4'  wide,  the  tall  inflorescence 
mostly  modified  into  bulbils,  is  commonly  planted  for  ornament  and  interest. 

Agave  sisalana  Perrine,  Sisal,  Mexican,  with  narrow  green  leaves  mostly 
unarmed  except  for  the  terminal  spine,  its  inflorescence  largely  modified  to 
bulbils,  widely  grown  in  the  Bahama  Islands,  Cuba  and  Yucatan  as  an  important 
fibre  plant  has  been  planted  in  the  Public  Gardens,  and  at  Paynter's  Yale. 


AMAEYLLIDACEAE.  81 

A  number  of  other  Agaves  have  been  grown  from  time  to  time.  Jones  and 
Verrill  mention  the  Mexican  species  A.  mexicana  Lam.,  A.  striata  Zucc.  and  A. 
xylonacantha  Salm-Dyck.  In  1913,  A.  Lecheguilla  Torrey,  Mexican,  and  A. 
Wightiana,  were  seen  at  the  Agricultural  Station,  among  other  unnamed  species. 

Later,  in  the  same  year,  the  following  were  sent  to  the  Agricultural 
Station  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  and  were  living  in  1914: 

Agave  Undenvoodii  Trelease,  Cuban. 

Agave  cienfuegosana  Trelease,  Cuban. 

Agave  decipiens  Baker,  Floridian. 

Agave  longipes  Trelease,  Jamaican. 

Agave  missionum  Trelease,  Virgin  Islands  [sent  also  to  Paget  Rectory 
in  1914]. 

Agave  obducta  Trelease,  Antiguan. 

Agave  victoria-reginae  Moore,  Mexican. 

Agave  atrovirens  Karw.,  Mexican. 

Agave  Scolymus  Karw.,  Mexican    [sent   also   to  Paget  Rectory   in    1914]. 

Agave  Vera-crus  Mill.,   Mexican. 

Agave  chloracantha  Salm-Dyck,  Mexican. 

Agave  ferox  Koch,  Mexican. 

Agave  lophantha  Scheele,  Mexican. 

Agave  Franzosinii,  of  hybrid  origin. 

Agave  WercMei  Trelease,  Central  American. 

In  1914,  the  following  were  sent  to  Paget  Rectory  from  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden: 

Agave  Legrelliana  Jacobi,  Cuban. 

Agave  Morrisii  Baker,  Jamaican. 

Agave  longipes  Trelease,  Jamaican. 

Agave  soholifera  Salm-Dyck,  Jamaican. 

Agave  tuhulata  Trelease,  Cuban. 

Agave  Karatto  Mill.,  Leeward  Islands. 

A  plant  of  Agave  neglecta  J.  K.  Small,  Floridian,  was  seen  at  Wood 
Haven  in  1914. 

Hippeastnim  puniceum  (Lam.)  Urban,  Barbadoes  Lily,  "West  Indian, 
with  few,  large,  red  or  vermillion,  nodding  flowers  at  the  end  of  a  leafless  scape, 
longer  than  the  linear-oblong  leaves,  from  a  globose  bulb  about  2'  thick,  blooms 
in  spring,  and  is  frequent  in  gardens.      [Amaryllis  equestris  Ait.] 

Crinum  zeylanicum  L.,  Ceylon  Lily,  of  tropical  Asia,  occasional  in 
gardens,  has  large  globose  bulbs,  thin  leaves  2°-3°  long,  2'-4'  vride,  and  several 
umbelled  flowers  with  a  curved  tube  4-5'  long,  the  segments  lanceolate. 

Crinum  amabile  Donn,  Giant  Lily,  of  the  Seychelles,  with  leaves  up  to 
5°  long  and  5'-6'  wide,  and  an  umbel  of  purplish-white  flowers  6'-7'  long,  with 
a  straight  tube,  blooms  at  intervals  throughout  the  year.  Its  bulb  has  a 
long  neck. 

Crinum  cruentum  Ker,  Mexican,  is  similar,  with  a  stoloniferous  short- 
necked  bulb. 

Crinum  asiaticum  L.,  St,  John's  Lily,  of  tropical  Asia,  occasionally 
planted,  has  globose  bulbs  about  5'  in  diameter  with  necks  6'-9'  long,  leaves 
3°-4°  long,  5'  wide  or  less,  many  white  pedicelled  flowers  with  slender  tubes 
3'-4'  long  and  linear  segments  2'-3'  long. 

Crinum  giganteum  And.,  South  African,  recorded  in  ' '  Florist 's  Exchange 
of  Jan.   17,   1914,  as  grown  in  Bermuda,  has  bulbs  4'-5'  in  diameter,  leaves 
about  3°  long  and  4'  wide,  few  white,  sessiie  flowers  with  tubes  up  to  /'  long 
and  imbricated,  oblong,  acute  segments  3'-4'  long. 

Nerine  samiensis  (L.)  Herb.,  Guernsey  Lily,  of  South  Africa,  flowers 
before  its  long  narrow  leaves  appear,  with  an  umbel  of  erect,  red  to  crimson 

7 


82  AMAEYLLIDACEAE. 

flowers  on  a  scape  about  a  foot  high,  from  ovoid  bulbs  about  2'  thick;  its  6 
stamens  are  exserted  beyond  the  6  linear-oblong  recurving  perianth-segments. 
It  is  frequent  in  gardens.     [Amaryllis  sarniensis  L.] 

Nerine  flexuosa  (Jacq.)  Herb.,  Pink  Nerine,  also  South  African,  recorded 
by  Jones,  has  declined  pink  flowers  from  similar,  somewhat  smaller  bulbs. 
[Amaryllis  flexuosa  Jacq.;  Nerine  pulchella  Herb.] 

Eucharis  grandiflora  Planch.,  Amazon  Lily,  Colombian,  occasional  in 
gardens,  has  globose  bulbs  about  2'  thick,  oblong  leaves  about  1°  long  and  5' 
wide  on  petioles  1°  long,  umbelled  white  flowers,  with  a  nearly  cylindric  tube, 
an  expanded  throat  and  6  spreading  oblong,  blunt  segments  about  2'  long,  the 
staminal  cup  of  six  connate  segments  V  long.     [E.  amasonica  Linden.] 

Cyrtanthus  Mackenii  Hook.,  f.,  Ifafa  Lily,  South  African,  grown  at 
Water  View  in  1915,  has  ovoid  bulbs  about  IV  in  diameter,  linear  leaves  6-12' 
long  and  about  I'  wide,  the  several,  umbellate,  pure  white,  very  fragrant 
flowers  borne  on  a  scape  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  the  perianth  with  a  narrow, 
gradually  dilated  tube  about  2'  long,  its  spreading  segments  J'  long,  the  slender, 
exserted  style  tipped  by  a  slightly  3-lobed  stigma. 

Amaryllis  Belladonna  L.,  Belladonna  Lily,  South  African,  with  large 
bulbs,  the  scape  about  2h°  high  bearing  an  umbel  of  short-pedicelled,  rose- 
colored,  fragrant  flowers  about  3'  long,  the  corolla-lobes  somewhat  spreading, 
is  planted  in  flower-gardens,  blooming  before  the  long  narrow  strap-shaped 
leaves  appear.  In  Amaryllis  the  stamens  are  separate,  not  connected  by  a  mem- 
brane, and  not  exserted  beyond  the  corolla. 

Curculigo  recurvata  Dryand.,  Curculigo,  East  Indian,  is  a  stemless  her- 
baceous plant,  with  dark  green,  narrowly  oblong,  acute,  strongly  parallel- 
veined,  arching  leaves  2°-3°  long,  the  petioles  short,  stout  and  channeled;  the 
rather  small  yellow  flowers  are  in  short,  dense  spikes  borne  on  hairy,  curved 
peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  petioles ;  the  corolla  is  about  I'  broad,  the  ovary 
beaked.     It  is  frequently  grown  for  ornament. 

Stembergia  lutea  (L.)  Ker.,  Sternbergia,  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
reported  as  grown  in  flower-gardens,  has  a  deep  bulb  l'-2'  thick,  slender  scapes, 
1-4  from  each  bulb,  mostly  somewhat  shorter  than  the  narrowly  linear  leaves, 
the  bright  yellow  flower  about  2'  high,  the  6-lobed  corolla  funnelform. 
[Amaryllis  lutea  L.] 

Polianthes  tuberosa  L.,  Tuberose,  Mexican,  frequent  in  flower  gardens, 
has  a  tuberous  rootstock,  erect  stems  ll°-2>°  high  bearing  several  narrowly 
linear  leaves,  the  lower  ones  l°-li°  long,  and  a  terminal  spike  of  white,  fra- 
grant flowers,  the  perianth-segments  about  8"  long,  the  stamens  borne  at  about 
the  middle  of  the  perianth-tube. 

Leucojum  aestivumL.,  Summer  Snov^flake,  European,  occasionally  grown 
in  gardens,  has  bulbs  about  V  thick,  linear  leaves  about  1°  long,  and  a  scape 
bearing  several  white  nodding  flowers,  the  corolla-segments  with  greenish  tips. 

Doryanthes  Palmeri  W.  Hill,  Palmer's  Doryanthes,  Australian,  seen  at 
the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913,  resembles  an  Agave,  having  a  basal  tuft  of 
narrow  leaves  up  to  6°  long,  the  outer  ones  recurved,  the  inner  nearly  erect,  all 
with  brown,  tubular  tips,  entire-margined.  The  flowering  stem  arises  -to  a 
height  of  about  25°,  surmounted  by  a  panicle,  about  3°  long,  of  scarlet  flowers. 

Alstroemeria  inodora  Herb.,  Alstroemeria,  Brazilian,  grown  at  Mount 
Hope  in  1914,  has  tuberous  rootstocks,  erect  leafy  stems  about  2°  high,  the 
leaves  of  sterile  stems  narrowly  oblong,  petioled,  3'-4'  long,  those  of  flowering 
stems  linear-lanceolate  and  smaller,  the  umbelled,  terminal  flowers  with  6 
spatulate  segments  about  2'  long,  rose-colored  and  cinnamon-brown  mottled. 
[A.  nemorosa  Graham.] 


DIOSCOREACEAE.  83 

Family  7.     DIOSCOREACEAE  Lindl. 

Yam  Family. 

Herbaceous  or  slightly  woody  twining  vines  with  fleshy  or  woody 
rootstoeks,  slender  stems,  petioled,  mostly  cordate,  several-nerved  and 
reticulate-veined  leaves,  and  small  inconspicuous  dioecious  or  monoecious 
regular  flowers  in  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Perianth  6-parted,  that  of 
the  pistillate  flowers  persistent.  Staminate  flowers  with  G  or  3  stamens, 
sometimes  with  a  rudimentaiy  ovaiy.  Pistillate  flowers  with  an  interior 
3-celled  ovarj-,  3  styles  and  3  terminal  stig-mas,  sometimes  also  with  3  or  6 
staminodia;  ovules  2  (rarely  1)  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  pendulous, 
anatropous  or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  3-valved,  3-angied  capsule  in  the 
following  genus.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  fleshy  or  cartilaginous,  enclosing 
the  small  embryo.  About  9  genera  and  175  species,  mostly  natives  of 
America,  a  few  in  the  Old  World. 

1.     DIOSCOREA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family  as  defined  above.  [Name  in  honor  of  the  Greek 
naturalist  Dioscorides.]  About  160  species,  most  numerous  in  tropical  regions, 
a  few  in  the  temperate  zones.  Type  species:  Dioscorea  sativa  L.  There  are 
no  native  nor  naturalized  species  of  the  Yam  Family  in  Bermuda. 

Dioscorea  sativa  L.,  one  of  the  yams  widely  cultivated  in  tropical  America, 
has  been  grown  locally,  at  times,  but  has  not  obtained  any  economic  importance, 
and  it  is  not  known  to  exist  in  Bermuda  at  present.  It  is  a  high-climbing 
glabrous  vine,  with  thin,  slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  deeply  cordate 
acuminate,  palmately-veined  leaves,  minute,  green  flowers  in  long,  clustered 
spikes,  and  large  underground  edible  tubers.     [D.  luiea  of  Jones.] 

Dioscorea  bulbifera  L.,  Air  Potato,  of  tropical  Asia,  sometimes  planted 
for  interest,  has  similar  leaves  and  flowers,  but  has  the  peculiarity  of  producing 
tubers  in  the  leaf -axils. 

Family  8.     IRIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Iris  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  with  narrow  equitant  2-ranked  leaves  and  perfect, 
mostly  clustered  flowers  subtended  by  bracts.  Perianth  of  6  segments  or 
6-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovar}^,  the  segments  or  lobes  in  two  series, 
convolute  in  the  bud,  withering-persistent.  Stamens  3,  inserted  on  the 
perianth  opposite  its  outer  series  of  segments  or  lobes;  filaments  filiform, 
distinct  or  united;  anthers  2-celled,  extrorse.  Ovary  inferior,  mostly  3- 
celled;  ovules  mostly  numerous  in  each  cell,  anatropous:  style  3-cleft,  its 
branches  sometimes  divided.  Capsule  3-celled,  loculicidally  dehiscent,  3- 
angled  or  3-lobed  (sometimes  6-lobed),  many-seeded.  Endosperm  fleshy 
or  horny;  embryo  straight,  small.  About  57  genera  and  1000  species,  of 
wide  distribution. 

Perianth-segments   separate,   spreading.  1.  Sisyrinchium. 

Perianth  funnelform,  6-lobed.  2.  Freesea. 


84 


IRIDACEAE. 


1.     SISYRINCHIUM  L. 

Perennial  mostly  tufted  slender  herbs  with  fibrous  roots  from  contracted 
rootstocks,  simple  or  branched  2-winged  or  2-edged  stems,  and  linear  leaves. 
Flowers  from  terminal  spathes  consisting  of  mostly  one  pair  of  opposite  con- 
duplicate  herbaceous  bracts  enclosing  membranous  scales;  perianth  blue,  violet, 
or  white  with  a  yellow  eye,  rarely  all  yellow,  the  6  oblong  or  obovate  segments 
spreading  and  aristulate;  filaments  monadelphous ;  anthers  linear  or  oblong, 
the  sacs  distinct  at  base;  style  threadform,  the  branches  filiform  or  obsolete; 
ovary  3-celled;  capsule  globose,  oval  or  obovoid,  usually  trigonous,  loculicidally 
3-valved;  seeds  globose  to  obovoid,  often  angled,  pitted  or  smooth.  Flowers 
fugacious,  opening  successively  in  sunlight,  each  usually  lasting  but  a  day. 
[Probably  not  less  than  150  species,  nearly  all  American,  the  following  typical.] 

1.  Sisyrinchium  Bermudiana  L.  Ber- 
MuDiAXA.  Bermuda  Iris.  Bermuda  Blue- 
eyed  Grass.  (Fig.  107.)  Glabrous;  stem 
rather  slender,  10'-20'  high,  flattened  and 
winged,  usually  branched.  Leaves  linear, 
smooth,  2"-5"  wide,  acuminate,  the  basal 
ones  4'-12'  long,  those  of  the  stem  shorter; 
peduncles  several,  flattened  and  winged  like 
the  stem,  but  more  slender;  spathes  about 
1'  long,  acute,  narrowly  scarious-margined, 
several-flowered;  pedicels  filiform,  longer 
than  the  spathe;  perianth-segments  obovate, 
emarginate,  long-aristulate,  bright  violet- 
blue  with  yellow  bases,  6"-8"  long;  filament- 
column  about  one  third  as  long  as  the  peri- 
anth-segments, the  anthers  yellow;  capsule 
globose-oblong,  blunt,  3"-4"  long,  splitting 
into  3  valves  and  long-persistent.  [S.  irid- 
oides  Curtis^  Bot.  Mag.  3:  pi.  94.] 

In  all  dry  sunny  places,  very  abundant, 
and  the  most  characteristic  herbaceous  plant 
of   Bermuda.      Endemic.      Flowers    in    spring. 

For  many  years,  and  until  the  many 
continental  species  of  Sisyrinchium  were 
known  to  botanists,  the  Bermuda  plant  was 
regarded  as  the  same  as  North  American 
kinds,  a  view  which  has  been  proven  quite 
erroneous,  and  the  Bermuda  species  does  not  grow  wild  elsewhere,  as  pointed 
out  by  Hemsley  in  1884  (Journ.  Bot.  22:  108-110)  but  the  early  botanists 
considered  it  distinct;  it,  doubtless,  originated  however  from  seed  of  one  of 
the  continental  species  brought  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird  or  on  the  wind,  the 
plant  becoming  differentiated  through  isolation  from  its  parent-stock.  Among 
living  species  it  resembles  more  Sisyrincliium  alatum  Hooker,  of  Mexico  than 
any  of  the  species  of  the  eastern  United  States  or  the  West  Indies,  but  it  would 
not  be  safe  to  conclude  that  S.  alatum  was  its  ancestor. 

The  oldest  known  specimen  of  this  beautiful  and  interesting  plant  is  one 
collected  by  J.  Dickenson  about  1699,  preserved  in  the  Sloane  herbarium  at  the 
British  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Early  illustrations  of  it  are  given  by 
Plukenet  (Phytographia  pi.  61,  f.  2)  and  by  Dillenius  (Hortus  Elthamensis 
pi.  41,  f.  48)  and  a  fine  colored  picture  by  Eedoute  (Liliacees  pi.  149). 

The  Iris-like,  equitant  leaves  begin  to  appear  in  September.  The  plant  is 
not  hardy  in   England  nor  in  the   northeastern   United   States,   but  it   would 


IRIDACEAE. 


85 


probably  grow  well  in  southern  Florida.  Plants  taken  to  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  flowered  freely  under  glass,  and  from  one  of  these  was  made 
Miss  Eaton's  painting,  reproduced  as  a  frontispiece  for  this  book. 


2.  FREESEA  Eckl. 
Herbs  with  fibrous-coated  corms,  narrow  leaves  and  showy  yellow  or  white 
flowers  in  unilateral  spikes,  each  flower  subtended  by  2  spathe-like  bracts. 
Perianth  with  a  curved  funnelform  tube  and  an  expanded  slightly  2-lobed  limb, 
its  somewhat  unequal  segments  oblong;  stamens  borne  on  the  perianth-throat; 
filaments  filiform;  anthers  linear,  sagittate.  Ovary  3-celled,  many-ovuled; 
style  filiform,  its  short  branches  2-cleft.  Capsule  oblong,  loculicidally  3-valved. 
Seeds  turgid.     [Name  not  explained.]     A  monotypic  South  African  genus. 

1.  Freesea  refracta  (Jacq.)  Klatt. 

Freesea.  (Fig.  1(38.)  Corm  ovoid  to 
subglobose,  1"  long  or  more.  Leaves 
4'-10'  long,  mostly  basal,  about  3" 
wide,  acute;  stem  l°-li°  high,  flexuous, 
simple  or  few-branched;  spike  spread- 
ing nearly  at  right  angles,  2'-4'  long, 
several-flowered,  bracts  oblong-lanceo- 
late, 8"  long  or  less;  perianth  I'-l*' 
long,  the  limb  much  shorter  than  the 
tube.     [Gladiolus  refractus  Jacq.] 

In  fields,  spontaneous  or  persistent 
after  cultivation.  Native  of  South  Africa. 
Flowers  in  spring.  Races  differ  in  size  and 
color   of  the   flowers. 

Gladiolus  species,  Corn-flag,  Gla- 
DiOLius,  grown  in  gardens,  in  several 
races,  flower  in  spring  and  summer; 
the  style-branches  are  undivided. 

Iris  germanica  L.,  Fleur  de  Lis, 
grown  in  gardens,  flowers  in  spring,  and 
other  species  of  Iris  are  occasionally 
cultivated.  Jones  records  /.  virginica 
L.,  North  American,  and  I.  violacea 
Sweet,  of  southern  Europe. 

Antholyza     aethiopica    L.,    South 
African,  with  foliage  similar  to  that  of  Gladiolus,  the  reddish-yellow  flowers 
with  a  curved  tube,  is  commonly  grown  as  a  garden  flower. 

Tigridia  Pavonia  (L.  f.)  Ker.,  Tiger-flower,  Central  American,  bulbous, 
with  linear  leaves  often  1°  long,  tapering  at  each  end,  simple  stems  about  2° 
high,  bearing  few  or  solitary  yellow  or  orange,  usually  mottled  flowers  4'-6' 
broad,  the  perianth-segments  of  two  dissimilar  series  of  3  each,  the  larger  ones 
spreading,  is  occasionally  grown  in  flower-gardens.     [Ferraria  Pavonia  L.  f.] 

Tritonia  crocosmaeflora  Lemoine,  Moxtbrietia,  South  African,  of  hy- 
brid origin,  grown  in  gardens,  is  a  bulbous  plant  3°-4°  high,  with  narrowly 
linear  leaves  about  1°  long,  and  showy  orange  flowers,  sessile  in  terminal  pan- 
icles, its  perianth-segments  narrowly  oblong. 

A  scarlet-flowered  species  of  Ixia,  with  linear  leaves  about  8'  long  and  21" 
wide,  the  very  slender  corolla-tube  1'  long,  the  corolla-limb  about  *'  wide,  was 
seen  growing  in  the  lawn  at  Norwood  in  1914.  Ixias  are  natives  of  South 
Africa. 


86 


CANNACEAE. 


Order  10.     SCITAMINALES. 
Large  monoeotyledonous  herbs  with  very  irregular  flowers.      Ovary 
inferior,  composed  of  several  united  carpels.     Seeds  with  endosperm. 


Pollen-bearing  stamen  only  1. 

Ovules  many  in  each  ovary-cavity  ;  fruit  a  capsule. 
Anthers  1-celled. 
Anthers  2-celled. 
Ovule  1  in  each  ovary-cavity  ;  fruit  a  utricle. 
Pollen-bearing  stamens  5, 


Fam.  1.  Caxnaceae. 

Fam.  2.  Zixgiberaceae. 

Fam.  3.  MAliAXTACEAE. 

Fam.  4.  Musaceae. 


Family  1.     CANNACEAE  Link. 
Caxna  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  erect  stems.  Leaves  alternate;  the  petioles 
sheathing  the  stem.  Flowers  perfect,  in  terminal  racemes  or  spike-like 
racemes.  Perianth  usually  showy,  large.  Sepals  3,  imbricated,  erect. 
Petals  3,  more  or  less  united  below  into  a  tube  and  adnate  to  the  corolloid 
androecium.  Filaments  petal-like,  the  3  exterior  nearly  equal,  sterile,  the 
2  interior  more  or  less  united,  but  only  one  filament  anther-bearing. 
Carpels  3;  ovary  3-celled,  inferior,  with  parietal  placentae;  style  petal- 
like; stigma  m.arginal;  ovules  numerous.  Fruit  a  3-celled  loculicidally  3- 
valved  papillose  or  bristly  capsule.  Seeds  with  a  membranous  or  some- 
what fleshy  testa,  embryo  sometimes  flattened;  endosperm  horny.  Only 
the  following  genus. 

1.     CANNA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Latin,  a  cane  or  reed.]  About  35  species, 
natives  tropical  America.     Type  species:  Canna  indica  L. 

1.  Canna  Indica  L.  Cane  Shot. 
Indian  Shot.  (Fig.  109.)  Stems  1°- 
3°  tall,  commonly  simple,  slender. 
Leaves  oblong,  elliptic-oblong  or  elliptic- 
ovate,  8-20'  long,  acute  or  acuminate, 
entire,  rounded  at  the  base;  petioles 
sheathing ;  spikes  few-flowered ;  sepals 
oblong,  acute;  petals  pale  green  or  yel- 
lowish-green, lanceolate,  about  1^'  long; 
filaments  bright  red;  lip  reddish-yel- 
low,  spotted   with  red,   entire. 

Waste  grounds,  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion. 

Canna  coccinea  Ait.,  West  Indian, 
a  similar  usually  taller  species,  the  lip 
2-cleft,  is  grown  for  ornament. 

Canna  glauca  L.,  Yellow  Canna, 
tropical  American,  with  bright  yellow 
flowers  (probably  the  plant  recorded  by 
H.  B.  Smafl  as  C.  hitea)  and  Canna 
edulis  Ker.,  Tous-les-Mois,  a  tall  red- 
flowered  species  with  tuberous  edible 
rootstocks,  are  grown  in  gardens,  the 
latter,  occasionally,  as  a  crop.  Numerous 
selected  Cannas  are  grown  for  ornament. 


ZINGIBERACEAE.  87 

Family  2.     ZINGIBERACEAE   Lindl. 
Ginger  Family. 

Perennial,  mostly  large  herbs,  with  sheathing  leaves,  and  perfect 
irregular  flowers  in  braeted  clusters.  Calyx  tubular  or  spathe-like.  Corolla 
of  3  petals,  separate  or  more  or  less  united.  Stamen  1,  the  anther  2- 
celled.  Staminodes  commonly  2  and  petaloid.  Ovary  mostly  3-celled, 
many-ovuled;  style  slender.  About  25  genera  and  over  300  species,  of 
tropical  distribution. 

Bermuda  has  no  native  nor  naturalized  species  of  this  family. 

Zingiber  Zingiber  (L.)  Karst.  [Z.  officinale  Roscoc],  Ginger,  East  Indian, 
is  easily  grown,  succeding  best  when  slightly  shaded,  but  has  not  become  of 
economic  importance,  though  the  rootstocks  are  of  good  quality.  It  has  an 
upright,  leafy  stem  up  to  4°  high,  the  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  1° 
long  or  less;  its  rather  large  flowers  are  borne  in  a  dense  spike  2'-4'  long,  on  a 
scaly  scape  which  arises  from  the  rootstock,  and  is  shorter  than  the  leaf-bearing 
stem;  the  lateral  corolla-lobes  are  oblong,  about  f  long,  and  somewhat  longer 
than  the  broader,  3-lobed,  purple  lip. 

Languas  speciosa  (Wendl.)  J.  K.  Small,  Shell-flower,  Shell-plant, 
grown  for  ornament,  has  leafy  stems  8°-12°  high,  the  shining  oblong-lanceolate 
leaves  6'-15'  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex;  the  braeted  flowers  are  borne  in 
dense,  terminal  nodding  panicles,  the  raehis  and  pedicels  pubescent;  the  calyx 
is  nearly  1'  long,  the  white  corolla-lobes,  tinged  with  magenta,  are  shorter  than 
the  crisped,  yellow,  red-brown-variegated  lip.  [Alpinia  nutans  Eoseoe;  A. 
speciosa  (Wendl.)  Schum. ;  Renealmia  occidentalis  of  Jones.] 

Hedychium  coronarlum  Koenig,  White  Hedychium,  East  Indian,  also 
grown  for  ornament,  has  leafy  stems  up  to  8°  tall,  the  lanceolate  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  pointed  leaves  2°  long  or  less;  the  large  white  flowers  are  in 
terminal  dense  braeted  spikes,  the  slender  corolla-tube  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  its  lobes  nearly  linear,  the  large  white  lip  very  broad,  often  2'  wide. 
[H.  elatum  of  Jones;  K.  speciosum  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Hedychium  Gardnerianum  Koscoe,  Yellow  Hedychium,  also  East  Indian, 
occasionally  planted,  has  similar  leaves,  but  the  flowers  are  yellow,  and  much 
smaller,  the  lip  oval,  about  f  wide. 

Family  3.     MARANTACEAE  Lindl. 

A-RROWROOT  Family. 

Tall  herbs,  perennial  by  rootstocks  or  tubers,  or  sometimes  annual,  with 
scapose  or  leafy  stems,  mostly  large  entire  long-petioled  sheathing  leaves, 
often  swollen  at  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  veins  pinnate,  parallel.  Flowers 
perfect,  or  sometimes  polygamous,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  spikes.  Perianth 
superior,  its  segments  distinct  to  the  summit  of  the  ovary,  or  united  into  a 
tube,  normally  in  2  series  of  3,  the  outer  (sepals)  usually  different  from  the 
inner  (petals).  Perfect  stamen  1;  anthers  1-2-celled.  Staminodia  mostly 
5,  often  petal-like,  very  irregular.  Ovary  1-3-celled,  inferior;  ovule  1  in 
each  cavity,  anatropous;  style  slender,  curved,  teiTninal;  stigma  simple. 
Fruit  capsular  or  berry-like.  Seed  solitary  in  each  cavity.  Embrj-o  cen- 
tral, in  copious  endosperm.  About  12  genera  and  160  species,  mostly 
tropical. 


88 


MAKANTACEAE. 


1.     MARANTA  L. 

Caulescent  herbs,  ^ith  braBching  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  ovate  or  lanceo- 
late, often  abruptly  bent  at  the  base,  the  petioles  partly  sheathing.  Flowers 
solitary  or  few  in  panicles.  Sepals  3,  herbaceous,  equal,  distinct;  corolla 
often  white,  the  3  petals  partially  united.  Staminodia  conspicuous,  2  of 
them  surpassing  the  corolla.  Anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  1-celled  but  with  2 
additional  abortive  cavities.  Style  stout,  curved.  Stigma  oblique.  Capsule 
utricle-like.  Seed  erect,  solitary,  [Dedicated  to  Barth.  Maranta,  a  Venetian 
physician.]     Some  15  species,  natives  of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Maranta  arundinacea  L.  Arrow- 
root. (Fig.  110.)  Stems  3°-5°  tall, 
from  starchy  copiously  scaly  rootstocks. 
more  or  less  branched  and  rather  weak, 
sometimes  reclining,  zigzag,  4'-10'  long, 
acute,  many-veined;  flowers  few,  fuga- 
cious; sepals  green,  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  5"-6"  long;  corolla  white, 
nearly  1'  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate ; 
staminodia  flabellate-cuneate,  surpassing 
the  corolla,  erose,  notched;  capsules 
broadly  oblong. 

Spontaneous  or  persistent  after  cultiva- 
tion. Native  of  tropical  America.  Flowers 
in  summer  and  autumn,  sometimes  earlier. 
Arrowroot  was  formerly  much  more  ex- 
tensively grown  and  exported  than  now. 

Maranta  bicolor  Ker.,  Two-colored 
Arrow-root,  Brazilian,  taken  from  the 
New  York  Botanical  Garden  to  Paynter's 
Vale  in  1913,  and  growing  pretty  well 
there  in  shade  in  1914,  is  about  1°  high, 
or  less,  with  ovate,  short-petioled  acute 
leaves  3'-6'  long,  cordate  at  the  base, 
purple  beneath,  green  above  with  brown- 
green  blotches  between  the  margins  and 
midrib,  and  a  central  light  green  area 
extending    outward    along    the    stronger  lateral  veins. 


Family  4.     MUSACEAE  J.  St.  Hilaire. 

Banana  Family. 

Tall  herbaceous  plants  with  large,  entire,  finely  veined  leaves,  and 
monoecious  or  perfect,  clustered,  bracted  flowers.  Sepals  3,  distinct  or 
united.  Corolla  of  3  distinct  or  more  or  less  united  petals.  Pistil  of  3 
united  carpels.  Polliniferous  stamens  5.  Ovary  inferior,  3-celled;  style 
central;  stigma  3-6-toothed,  or  S-cleft.  Fruit  indehiscentor  capsular  and 
3-valved.  Four  genera  and  50  species  or  more,  natives  of  tropical  regions, 
none  native  nor  naturalized  in  Bermuda. 

Musa  Cavendishii  Lamb.,  Chinese  Dwarf  Banana,  Chinese,  extensively 
and  very  successfully  grown,  is  usually  not  over  6**  or  8°  high,  with  a  stem 


MUSACEAE.  89 

about  6'  thick;  its  spreading  leaves  are  2°-4°  long  and  1°  wide  or  more;  the 
monoecious  flowers  are  in  terminal,  large-bracted,  drooping  panicles,  the  p'istil- 
late  ones  borne  nearest  the  leaves,  the  staminate  beyond  the  pistillate  there- 
fore below  them  in  the  drooping  clusters;  the  ovate,  reddish-brown  bracts 
conceal  the  young  flowers;  the  numerous  yellow  fruits  are  4-5'  long,  the  fra- 
grant fles'h  delicious. 

Musa  sapientum  L.,  Yellow  Banana,  East  Indian,  cultivated  in  several 
races,  but  not  as  extensively  as  the  preceding,  is  taller,  with  larger  and  longer 
leaves,  up  to  9°  long,  the  usually  fewer,  bright  yellow  fruits  mostly  larger. 

Musa  paradisiaca  L.,  Plantain  Banana,  sometimes  regarded  as  a  race 
or  variety  of  M.  sapientum,  is  occasionally  grown,  but  does  not  ordinarily  fruit 
heavily  in  Bermuda.  It  is  tall,  with  large  yellow  fruits  up  to  10'-14'  long, 
which  are  insipid  when  raw  but  excellent  when  cooked,  and  a  very  important 
food-fruit  in  tropical  regions. 

Musa  rubra  Fleming,  Eed  Banana,  tall,  with  arching  leaves  and  dark  red 
fruit  6'-9'  long,  is  also  sometimes  considered  to  be  a  race  or  variety  of  M. 
sapientum,  and  is  occasionally  grown. 

Ravenala  madagascarensis  J.  F.  Gmelin,  Travelers'  Tree,  Madagascan, 
has  a,  trunk  up  to  20°  high,  the  long-petioled,  banana-like  leaves  spreading  in 
one  plane,  their  thick  petiole-bases  densely  imbricated,  containing  much 
watery  sap  which  is  drinkable;  the  peduncled  axillary  flower-clusters  are  6'-10' 
long,  the  large,  bracted  flowers  white,  the  fruit  capsular,  3-valved.  This  ele- 
gant plant,  the  giant  of  the  Banana  Family,  is  occasionally  seen  in  gardens, 
but  is  not  as  luxuriant  as  in  warmer  lands. 

Strelitzia  reginae  Banks,  Bird-of-Paradise  Flower,  South  African,  fre- 
quent in  gardens,  has  leaves  2i°-3°  long  arising  from  rootstocks,  the  petioles 
longer  than  the  blades;  the  purple  and  orange  flowers  are  about  4'  long,  on 
scapes  as  long  as  the  leaves  or  shorter,  subtended  by  a  purplish,  pointed  bract; 
the  fruit  is  a  3-valved  capsule.     The  plant  is  also  known  as  Crane  's-bill. 

Strelitzia  angusta  Thunb.,  Large  Strelitzia,  also  South  African,  occa- 
sionally grown,  forms  a  trunk  up  to  15°  high  bearing  leaves  6°-9°  long  with 
petioles  about  twice  as  long  as  the  blades,  the  white  flowers  borne  on  short, 
axillary  peduncles,  and  subtended  by  a  dark  purple  spathe. 

Order  11.     ORCHIDALES. 

Monocotyledonous  herbs,  many  tropical  species  epiphytes.  Flowers 
mostly  very  irregular,  complete  and  perfect,  their  parts  in  3's  or  6's. 
Ovary  inferior,  compound.  Seeds  very  numerous  and  minute,  without 
endosperm. 

Family  1.     ORCHIDACEAE  Lindl. 
Orchid  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  sheathing  entire  leaves,  sometimes  reduced  to 
scales,  the  flowers  perfect,  irregular,  bracted,  solitary,  spiked  or  racemed. 
Perianth  superior,  of  6  segments,  the  3  outer  (sepals)  similar  or  nearly  so, 
2  of  the  inner  ones  (petals)  lateral,  alike;  the  third  inner  one  (lip)  dis- 
similar, often  markedly  so,  usually  larger,  often  spurred.     Stamens  vari- 


90 


ORCHID  ACE  AE. 


ously  united  with  the  style  into  an  unsymmetrical  column;  anther  1  or  in 
Cypripedium  2,  2-celled;  pollen  in  2-8  pear-shaped,  usually  stalked  masses 
(poUinia),  united  by  elastic  threads,  the  masses  waxy  or  powdery,  attached 
at  the  base  to  a  viscid  disk  (gland).  Style  often  terminating  in  a  beak 
(rostellum)  at  the  base  of  the  anther  or  between  its  sacs.  Stigma  a  viscid 
surface,  facing  the  lip  beneath  the  rostellum,  or  in  a  cavity  between  the 
anther-sacs  (clinandrium).  Ovary  3-angled,  1-celled;  ovules  numerous, 
anatropous,  on  3  parietal  placentae.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  mostly 
spindle  shaped,  the  loose  coat  hyaline,  reticulated;  embryo  fleshy.  About 
410  genera  and  5000  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the 
tropics,  many  of  those  of  warm  regions  epiphytes. 


1.  IBIDIUM  Salisb. 
Erect  herbs,  with  fleshy-fibrous  or  tuberous  roots  and  slender  stems  or 
scapes,  leaf -bearing  below  or  at  the  base.  Flowers  small,  spurless,  spiked,  1-3- 
rowed,  the  spikes  more  or  less  twisted.  Sepals  free,  or  more  or  less  coherent, 
or  sometimes  united  with  petals  into  a  galea.  Lip  concave,  erect,  embracing 
the  column,  spreading  and  crisped,  or  rarely  lobed  or  toothed  at  the  apex,  bear- 
ing minute  callosities  at  the  base.  Column  arched  below,  obliquely  attached 
to  the  top  of  the  ovary.  Anther  without  a  lid,  borne  on  the  back  of  the 
column,  erect.  Stigma  ovate,  prolonged  into  an  acuminate  beak,  at  length 
bifid,  covering  the  anther  and  stigmatic  only  underneath.  Pollinia  2,  1  in  each 
sac,  powdery.  Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  erect.  [Greek,  the  anther  has  a  fancied 
resemblance  to  the  head  of  an  Ibis.]  About  55  species,  widely  distributed  in 
tropical  and  temperate  regions.     Type   species:    Ophrys  spiralis  J.  E.  Smith. 

1.  Ibidium  xyridifolium  J.  K.  Small. 
Xyris-leaved  Ladies-tresses.  (Fig. 
111.)  Eoots  tuberous,  several;  stems 
8'-2°  tall,  simple,  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
below  the  inflorescence;  leaves  linear, 
2'-4'  long,  the  largest  of  the  lower  ones 
barely  reaching  the  middle  of  the  stem; 
spike  l'-6'  long;  bracts  lanceolate  to  ob- 
long-lanceolate; perianth  whitish,  pu- 
bescent without,  3"-4"  long,  curved  and 
slightly  nodding;  lateral  sepals  linear- 
lanceolate;  lip  about  3"  long,  cordate  at 
the  base,  with  a  rhombic-orbicular  base 
and  oblong  much  crisped  drooping  or  re- 
curved tip;  callosities  nipple-like,  pro- 
jecting backward;  capsules  3"-4"  long, 
obovoid-clavate,  curved.  [Spiranthes  tor- 
tilis  of  Rein,  H.  B.  Small,  Yerrill,  and 
Hemsley;  S.  hrevilahris  of  Lefroy.] 

Locally  abundant  in  grassy  places, 
Devonshire  and  Pembroke  Marshes,  flower- 
ing in  spring.  Southeastern  United  States, 
its  minute  light  seeds  probably  transported 
to  Bermuda  by  winds. 


ORCHIDACEAE.  91 

A  number  of  tropical  epiphytic  orchids  have  been  brought  in  and  are  to  be 
seen  in  gardens  fastened  to  or  suspended  from  trees  or  grown  in  greenhouses 
but  they  do  not  succeed  very  well,  except  under  glass,  though  they  flower  at 
intervals.  Species  of  the  large  American  genus  Oncidium  with  yellow  or 
orange  flowers  in  long  wands  or  panicles  are,  perhaps,  the  most  likely  to  suc- 
ceed. Vanilla,  a  vine  of  this  family,  climbing  by  aerial  roots,  grown  in  tropical 
regions  for  its  pods,  has  been  tried,  but  hitherto  without  economic  success. 
Among  the  genera  grown  in  greenhouses  mention  may  be  made  of  Cattleya, 
Dendrobium,  Miltonia,   Vanda  and  Selenipedilum. 

Sub-class  2.    DICOTYLEDONES. 

Embryo  of  the  seed  with  two  cotyledons  (in  a  few  genera  one 
only),  the  first  leaves  of  the  germinating  plantlet  opposite.  Stem 
exogenous,  of  pith,  wood  and  bark  (endogenous  in  structure  in 
Nymphaeaceae),  the  wood  in  one  or  more  layers  surrounding  the 
pith,  traversed  by  medullary  rays  and  covered  by  the  bark.  Leaves 
usually  pinnately  or  palmately  veined,  the  veinlets  forming  a  net- 
work.   Parts  of  the  flower  rarely  in  3  's  or  6  's. 

Dicotyledonous  plants  are  first  definitely  known  in  Cretaceous 
time.  They  constitute  between  two-thirds  and  three-fourths  of  the 
living  angiospermous  flora. 

Series  I.     Choripetalae. 

Petals  separate  and  distict  from  each  other,  or  wanting. 

The  series  is  also  known  as  Archichlamideae,  and  comprises 
most  of  the  families  formerly  grouped  under  Apetalae  (without 
petals)  and  Polypetalae  (with  separate  petals).  Exceptions  to  the 
typical  feature  of  separate  petals  are  found  in  the  Fabaceae,  in 
which  the  two  lower  petals  are  more  or  less  united;  in  the 
Fumariaceae,  where  the  two  inner  petals  or  all  four  of  them  are 
sometimes  coherent ;  in  some  Crassulaceae ;  the  Polygalaceae,  in 
which  the  three  petals  are  united  with  each  other,  and  with  the 
stamens;  Oxalidaceae  and  Ilicaceae,  whose  five  petals  are  sometimes 
joined  at  the  base. 

t  Petals  none  (except  in  family  Portulacaceae  and  In  most  Caryophyllaceae, 
which  are  herbs  with  the  leaves  nearly  always  opposite,  the  seeds  with  endosperm, 
and  in  the  pistillate  flowers  of  the  walnuts,  Juglans). 

Calyx  none   (except  in  the  family  Juglandaceae,   trees  with  odd-pinnate  leaves,  and 
sometimes  in   Casuarinaceae) . 
Loosely  jointed  trees,  the  leaves  reduced  to  verticillate  scales. 

Order     1.   Casuarinales. 
Plants  not  loosely  jointed ;   leaves  normal. 

Herbs  with  small  perfect  flowers,  in  spiljes.  Order     2.  Piperales. 

Trees   or  shrubs ;   staminate   flowers,   and   some- 
times filso  the   pistillate,   in  aments. 
Leaves   simple. 

Fruit  many-seeded ;  seeds  with  a  tuft   of 

hairs   at  one  end.  Order     3.   Salicalbs. 

Fruit  ] -seeded.  Order     4.  Myricales. 

Leaves  odd-pinnate ;   fruit  a  nut  enclosed  In 

a  husk.  Order     5.  Juglandaxes. 

Calyx  present. 

Flowers,  at  least  the  staminate  ones,  in  aments.       Order     6.   Fagales. 


92 


CHORIPETALAE. 


ovary  inferior,  at 


Order 
Order 


8.  Urticales. 

9.  Proteales, 


Order  10.   Santalales. 
(usually       6-cGlled) 

Order  11.  Aristolochiales. 


Flowers    not    in    aments     (in    ament-like    spikes    in 
Moms)  ;    but    variously    clustered,    or    rarely 
solitary. 
Flowers   monoecious,   dioecious   or   polygamous,   or 
perfect    in    Proteales ;    ovary    superior,    1- 
celled. 
Flowers  regular. 
Flowers   irregular. 
Flowers  dioecious  or  perfect 
least  in  part. 
Ovary  1-celled. 
Ovary      several-celled 
flowers  perfect. 
Flowers    mostly    perfect ;    ovary    superior. 

Embryo  straight  or  nearly  so  ;  fruit  an  achene.   Order  12.   Polygonales. 
Embryo  coiled,  curved  or  annular  ;  fruit  not 

an  achene.  Order  13.  Chenopodiales. 

t$  Petals  present  (wanting  in  Ceratophyllaceae,  aquatic  herbs  with  whorled 
dissected  leaves;  in  many  Ranunculaceae ;  in  Lauraceae,  alternate-leaved  aromatic 
trees  and  shrubs:  in  Zantho.viilum,  pinnate-leaved  trees  of  the  Rutaceae  ;  in  many 
Euphorbiaceae ;  in  some  species  of  Ludicigia  in  Onagraceae  ;  in  Proserpinaca  of  the 
Haloragidaceae) . 

A.   Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  eah/x  (partly  or  wholly  inferior  in  Hydrangeaceae, 
Grossulariaceae,  Losasaceae  and  Malaceae). 
Carpels  solitary,   or  several   and  distinct    (united  in  some  Nymphaeaceae)  ;   sta- 
mens mostly  hypogynous  and  more  numerous  than  the  sepals  ;   sepals  mostly 


distinct 

Carpels  2  or  more,  united  into  a  compound  ovary  ; 
stamens  hypogynous  ;  sepals  mostly  distinct. 
Plants  not  insectivorous. 

Insectivorous    plants,    secreting   a   viscid   liquid, 
with  basal   leaves  and  scapose  flowers. 
Carpels  solitary,   or  several   and   distinct,   or  some- 
times united  ;  stamens  mostly  perigynous  or  epi- 
gynous :   sepals   mainly   united   or   confluent  with 
the  concave  receptacle   (hypanthium ). 
Carpels    united    into    a     compound    ovary ;     sepals 
mostly  distinct. 
Stamens  few,   rarely  -more   than   twice  as  many 
as  the  petals. 
Stamens    as    many    as    the    sepals    or    fewer 
and  opposite  them,  or  more  numerous. 
Ovules   pendulous,    the   raphe  toward   the 

axis  of  the  ovary. 
Ovules   pendulous,   the  raphe  away   from 
the  axis  of  the  ovary,   or  erect,   or   as- 
cending. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate 
with  them,  opposite  the  petals  when  these 
are  present ;  ovules  erect. 
Stamens     usually     very     numerous      (except     in 
Violaceae    and    Passifloraceae)  ;     disc    in- 
conspicuous, or  none. 
Sepals  valvate  ;  placentae  united  in  the  axis 

of  the  capsule. 
Sepals  or  calyx-segments  imbricated  or  con- 
volute ;  placentae  mainly  parietal,  some- 
times united  in  the  axis. 
Leaves  bilaterally  symmetrical. 
Sepals  separate. 
Sepals  united. 
Leaves  oblique. 


Order  14.   Ranales. 


Order  15.  Papaa'erales. 
Order  16.   Sarracexiales. 


Order  17.   Rosales. 


Order  18.   Geraniales. 


Order  19.   Sapixdales. 


Order  20.   Riiamxales. 


Order  21.   Malvales. 


Order  22. 
Order  23. 
Order   24. 


Hypericales. 

Passiflorales. 

Begoxiales. 


Ovary  inferior,  adnate  to  the  calyx,  wholly  or  in  part  (except  in  Lythraceae  and 
our  Melastomaceae.  where  it  is  usually  merely  enclosed  by  it,  and  in  Thyme- 
leaceae  and  Elaeagnaceae,  which  are  shrubs  or  trees  with  no  corolla). 

Fleshy  spiny  plants,  with  jointed  stems,  the  leaves 
mostly   very   small    or   none ;    calyx-segments    and 

petals'  numerous.  Order  25.  Opuxtiales. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  not  fleshy  or  spiny  ;   calyx- 
segments  rarely  more  than  5. 
Ovules  several  or  numerous  in  each  cavity  of  the 
ovary      (except     in     Haloragidaceae,     aquatic 

herbs).  Order  26.  Myrtales. 

Ovule  1  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary.  Order  27.  Ammiales. 


CASUARINACEAE.  93 

Order  1.     CASUARINALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  loosely  jointed  ang-led  branches,  the  leaves  reduced 
to  small,  appressed  or  recurved  scales,  4  or  more  in  a  whorl  at  a  node, 
sometimes  united  into  a  sheathing  base.  Flowers  unisexual,  the  staminate 
in  slender  terminal  spikes,  subtended  by  imbricated  bracts,  often  with  an 
anterior  and  posterior  perianth-part,  1  stamen  and  a  larsre  anther  with  sacs 
opening  lengthwise.  Pistillate  flowers  in  dense  spikes  or  cones;  perianth 
wanting;  ovary  1-eelled;  styles  slightly  united  at  the  base,  the  2  branches 
slender.  Ovules  1  or  2  in  a  cavity,  orthotropous  or  half-anatropous.  Fruit 
a  collection  of  winged  achenes  subtended  by  accrescent  bractlets.  Seed 
solitary,  with  a  membranous  testa. 

Family  1.     CASUARINACEAE  Lindl. 
Beefwood  Family. 
Characters  of  the  order.     Only  the  genus  Casuarina  with  20  species, 
mostly  Australian. 

Casuarina  equisetifolia  L.,  Horsetail  Tree,  Beefwood,  South  Sea 
Ironwood,  a  slender  and  graceful  rapirlly  g^roTrin^  tree,  Avith  slender  branches, 
attaining  a  height  of  30°  or  more  and  freely  branching,  the  sheath-tceth  fJ-S  in 
each  whorl,  its  ripe  cones  about  V  thick,  roughened  bv  the  proiecting,  pubes- 
cent bracteoles,  is  commonly  planted  for  ornament  and  interest,  in  Bermuda,  as 
in  South  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.     It  is  native  of  Australia. 

Casuarina  quadrivalvis  Labill.,  Forest  Swamp  Oak,  also  Australian,  seen 
as  a  young  plant  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1914,  has  stouter  deeply 
grooved  branchlets,  the  teeth  about  10;  its  globose  or  ovoid  cones  become  1'  in 
diameter. 

Another  species  of  Casuarina,  grown  at  Bellevue,  has  more  slender  branches, 
and  sends  up  suckers  from  its  roots,  its  ripe  cones  less  than  V  in  diameter,  the 
projecting  bracteoles  glabrous.  It  appears  to  agree  in  foliage  and  cones  with 
the  description  of  C.  CunningJiamidna  Miq. ;  the  same  species  is  grown  at 
King's  House  Gardens  on  the  island  of  Jamaica. 

Order  2.    PIPERALES. 

Dicotyledonous  plants,  with  neither  petals  nor  sepals,  the  spicate 
flowers  bracteolate. 

Family  1.     PIPERACEAE  H.B.K. 

Pepper  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  often  aromatic.  Leaves  leather\%  or  fleshy, 
usually  entire".  Flowers  perfect  or  unisexual,  in  solitary  or  clustered  spikes 
or  rarely  in  racemes.  Perianth  none.  Stamens  2-6,  or  rarely  8  or  10,  in- 
serted under  the  ovarv^  filaments  distinct,  sometimes  adnate  to  the  base  of 
the  ovarv' ;  anthers  attached  at  the  base,  the  2  sacs  often  confluent.  Gynoe- 
cium  of  3  or  rarely  more  united  carpels.  Ovary  1-celled,  sessile  or  nearly 
so.  Stigmas  3  or  many.  Ovule  solitarv^,  erect,  orthotropous.  Fruit  inde- 
hiscent.     Seed  solitarj^,  with  a  membranous  or  leathei-y  testa.     Endosperm 


94 


PIPERACEAE. 


mealy,  with  the  minute  embryo  at  the  top.     Ten  genera  and  over  1000 
species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions. 


1.     PEPEROMIA  R.    &  P. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  opposite  or  whorled,  fleshy. 
Flowers  perfect,  minute,  in  dense  or  open  slender  spikes  furnished  with  peltate 
bractlets.  Stamens  2 ;  filaments  usually  short ;  anthers  transversely  broadened, 
2-valved,  extrorse,  the  cavities  confluent.  Pistil  solitary;  stigmas  forming  a 
brush-like  tuft.  Outlets  small,  often  minute,  with  a  thin  pericarp.  [Greek, 
like  pepper.]  Over  400  species,  most  abundant  in  tropical  America.  Type 
species:  Peperomia  secunda  R.  &  P. 

1.  Peperomia  septentrionalis  S. 
Brown.  Wild  Pepper.  (Fig.  112.)  Peren- 
nial, fleshy,  glabrous;  stem  branched,  the 
branches  spreading  or  ascending,  stout, 
2"-3"  thick,  6'-18'  long,  the  plants  often 
growing  in  large  clusters.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, deep  green  and  somewhat  shining 
above,  paler  green,  black-dotted  and  dull 
beneath,  petioled,  ovate,  oval,  or  obovate, 
obtuse  or  emarginate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed or  obtuse  at  the  base,  the  l3lades 
lV-^¥  long,  the  stout  petioles  IV  long  or 
less,  the  midvein  prominent  beneath,  the 
9-11  lateral  veins  obscure;  spikes  ter- 
minal, or  borne  in  the  upper  axils,  solitary 
or  several,  2'-6'  long,  densely  flowered; 
nutlets  minute,  about  V  long,  oblong, 
slightly  papillose,  with  a  subulate,  straight 
or  slightly  curved  back. 

Abundant     on     shaded     rocks,     Tucker's 
Town  to  the  Causeway  and  about  the  north- 
ern part  of  Harrington  Sound.     Also  in  the 
cave    near    Smith's    Parish    Church    and    m 
Paget  Marsh.     Flowers  from  autumn  to  spring.     Endemic. 

The  plant  probably  has  its  closest  relative  in  Peperomia  ohtusi folia  (L.) 
A.  Dietr.,  of  the  West  Indies,  but  differs  in  shorter  and  broader  leaves  and 
in  features  of  its  minute  fruits.  These  differences  are  apparent  when  the  two 
are  seen  growing  together  in  greenhouses.  The  fruits  of  these  plants,  when 
ripe,  adhere  to  other  objects  and  the  species  has  probably  originated  from  such 
fruits  brought  to  Bermuda  by  a  migratory  bird,  adhering  to  its  feet  or  plumage, 
the  plant  becoming  differentiated  through  isolation. 

The  species  was  first  described  by  Stewardson  Brown,  in  the  Proceedings 
of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  1909:  490.  Ja.  1910. 
It  was  referred  to  P.  ohtusi folia  (L.)  Dietr.,  by  Reade  and  by  Lefroy,  and  to 
P.  magnoliaefolia  ( Jacq.)  A.  Dietr.,  by  Hemsley  and  by  Verrill,  somewhat  doubt- 
fully. Mr.  Brown  thought  it  nearest  to  P.  magnoliaefolia  microphijlla  Dahlst., 
of  West  Indian  mountains.  Fawcett  and  Reudle  erroneously  include  it  in  P. 
crassicaulis   (Fl.  Jamaica  3:   8). 

Peperomia  arifolia  Miq.,  Peltate  Peperomia,  Brazilian,  grown  in  green- 
houses and  sometimes  on  shaded  rock-work,  has  broadly  ovate,  peltate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  long-petioled,  white-veined  leaves  2-4'  long,  its  spikes  often  5'  long. 


SALICACEAE.  95 

Order  3.     SALICALES. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  imperfect  small  flowers  in  aments.  Sepals  and 
petals  none.  Leaves  simple.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  capsule.  Seeds  with 
a  tuft  of  hairs  at  one  end. 

Family  1.     SALICACEAE  Lindl. 

Willow  Family. 

Dioecious  trees  or  shrubs  with  light  wood,  bitter  bark,  brittle  twigs, 
and  alternate  stipulate  leaves,  the  stipules  often  minute  and  caducous. 
Flowers  solitary  in  the  axil  of  each  bract.  Staminate  flowers  consisting 
of  from  one  to  numerous  stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle,  subtended 
by  a  gland-like  or  cup-shaped  disk;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudi- 
nally dehiscent.  Pistillate  aments  sometimes  raceme-like;  pistillate  flowers 
of  a  1-celled  ovary  subtended  by  a  minute  disk;  placentae  2-4,  parietal; 
ovules  usually  numerous,  anatropous;  stigmas  2-4,  simple  or  2-4-cleft. 
Seeds  small  or  minute,  provided  with  a  dense  coma  of  long,  mostly  white, 
silky  hairs.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  plano-convex.  Radicle  short. 
The  family  includes  only  the  2  following  genera,  consisting  of  200  species 
or  more,  mostly  natives  of  the  north  temperate  and  arctic  zones.  There 
are  no  native  nor  naturalized  species  of  this  relationship  in  the  Bermuda 
flora. 

Salix  babylonica  L.,  Weeping  Willow,  brought  to  Bermuda  about  1830, 
is -a  large  tree  with  slender  drooping  branches  and  deciduous  lanceolate  leaves 
4'-7'  long,  native  of  Asia;  it  is  occasional  in  wet  soil  along  fresh-water  marshes. 
Trees  30°  high  were  seen  in  Pembroke  Marsh  in  1914. 

Salix  chilensis  Molino  [S.  Humholdtiana  Willd.],  Caracas  Willow,  Hum- 
boldt 's  Willow,  a  small  South  American  tree  with  erect  branches  and  smaller 
evergreen  leaves,  is  planted  for  interest. 

Populus  italica  Moench,  Lombardy  Poplar,  European,  with  large  deltoid 
leaves  and  nearly  upright  branches,  recently  introduced,  suckers  freely  and 
grows  rapidly  in  wet  grounds.  The  aments  (catkins)  of  Populus  differ  from 
those  of  Salix  by  the  floral  bracts  being  fimbriate  or  lacerate,  and  the  stami- 
nate flowers  having  many  stamens.  Reade  notes  that  the  White  Poplar 
(Populus  alba  L.),  also  European,  was  said  to  grow  at  Camden  prior  to  1883, 
and  it  is  mentioned  by  Jones  in  1873. 

Order  4.    MYRICALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  leaves  and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious 
flowers  in  aments.  Perianth  none.  Ovary  1-celled;  style  short;  stigmas 
2.     Ovule  erect,  orthotropous.     Endosperm  none.     Only  one  family. 

Family  1.     MYRICACEAE  Dumort. 

Bayberry  Family, 

Leaves  alternate,  mostly  coriaceous  and  aromatic.  Flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils  of  the  bracts.  Staminate  flower  with  2-16  (usually  4-8)  stamens 
inserted  on  the  receptacle ;  filaments  short ;  anthers  ovate.  2-celled,  the  sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent.    Ovary  subtended  by  2-S  bractlets ;  stigmas  linear. 


96 


MYRICACEAE. 


Fruit  a  small  drupe  or  nut,  the  exocarp  often  waxy.  Seed  erect.  Cotyle- 
dons plano-convex.  Radicle  very  short.  Two  genera  and  some  35  species 
of  wide  geographic  distribution. 


1.     MYRICA  L. 

Leaves  entire,  dentate  or  lobed,  mostly  resinous-dotted,  fragrant.  Stami- 
nate  aments  oblong  or  narrowly  cylindric,  expanding  before  or  with  the  leaves. 
Stamens  4-8.  Pistillate  aments  ovoid  or  subglobose;  ovary  subtended  by  2-4, 
mostly  short  bractlets.  Drupe  globose  or  ovoid,  its  exocarp  waxy.  [Ancient 
Greek  name  of  the  Tamarisk.]  About  33  species,  natives  of  Europe,  America 
and  Asia.     Type  species:  Myrica  Gale  L. 

1.  Myrica  car  if  era  L.  Wax- 
myrtle.  Candleberry-myrtle. 
(Fig.  113.)  A  low  slender 
dioecious  tree,  up  to  25°  high, 
with  a  trunk  1°  thick,  or  usually 
a  shrub  3°-7°  high,  the  bark 
gray,  nearly  smooth.  Leaves 
narrow,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
mostly  acute,  entire  or  sparingly 
dentate,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
fragrant,  short-petioled,  dark 
green  above,  paler  and  some- 
times pubescent  beneath,  resin- 
ous, I'-SY  long,  unfolding  with 
or  before  the  aments;  stami- 
nate  aments  cylindric ;  pistil- 
late aments  short,  oblong;  ripe 
drupes  globose,  bluish  white, 
waxy,  tipped  with  the  base  of 
the  style,  long-persistent.  [M. 
X>unctata  of  Rein.] 

Common  on  hillsides  and 
along  marshes.  Native.  South- 
eastern United  States  and  West 
Indies.  Flowers  in  spring  and 
early  summer.  Its  fruits,  pro- 
tected by  the  layer  of  wax,  may  have  reached  Bermuda  by  floating. 


Order  5.     JUGLANDALES. 

Trees  with  alternate  pinnately  compound  leaves,  and  monoecious 
bracteolate  flowers,  the  staminate  in  long  drooping  aments,  the  pistillate 
solitary  or  several  together.  Staminate  flowers  consisting  of  3-numerous 
stamens  with  or  without  an  irregularly  lobed  perianth  adnate  to  the  bract- 
let,  very  rarely  with  a  rudimentary  ovary.  Anthers  erect,  2-eelled,  the 
sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent;  filaments  short.  Pistillate  flowers  bracted 
and  usually  2-bracteolate,  with  a  3-5-lobed  (normally  4-lobed)  calyx  or 
with  both  calyx  and  petals,  and  an  inferior  1-celled  or  incompletely  2-4- 
celled  ovary.  Ovule  solitary,  erect,  orthotropous ;  styles  2,  stigmatic  on  the 
inner  surface.  Fruit  a  drupe  with  indehiscent  or  dehiscent,  fibrous  or 
woody  exocarp    (husk;   ripened   calyx;    also   regarded   as   an   involucre),. 


JUGLANDACEAE.  97 

enclosing  the  bony  endoearp  or  nut  which  is  incompletely  2-4-celled.  Seed 
large,  2-4-lobed.  Endosperm  none.  Cotyledons  corrugated,  very  oily. 
Radicle  minute,  superior.     Only  one  family. 

Family  1.     JUGLANDACEAE  Lindl. 

Walnut  Family. 

Characters  of  the  order.  Six  genera  and  about  35  species,  mostly  of 
the  warmer  parts  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 

Juglans  regia  L.,  English  Walnut,  has  occasionally  been  planted;  its 
nut  has  a  nearly  smooth  shell. 

Juglans  nigra  L.,  Black  Walnut,  North  American,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy 
as  having  been  represented  by  one  or  two  specimens  at  Par-la-Villc,  Hamilton, 
and  by  H.  B.  Small  at  Eosebank.     Its  nut  has  a  rough  corrugated  shell. 

A  walnut  tree  at  Mount  Hope,  about  30°  high,  apparently  a  hybrid  be- 
tween the  two  preceding,  produced  nuts  abundantly  in  1914. 

Hicoria  Pecan  (Marsh.)  Britton,  Pecan,  North  American,  a  large  tree, 
with  nearly  glabrous  mature  leaves  of  11-15  falcate,  lanceolate,  acuminate 
leaflets  2'-6'  long,  with  pendulous  sterile  aments,  oblong  fruits  l'-2'  long,  the 
thin  husk  splitting  into  4  valves,  the  smooth  sweet-seeded  nuts  pointed,  has 
occasionally  been  planted.  A  tree  about  50°  high  may  be  seen  at  St.  Georges, 
and  another  nearly  as  large,  about  40  years  old,  at  Fencote,  Hamilton. 

Order  6.     FAGALES. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  small  monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  flowers  in 
aments,  or  the  pistillate  ones  subtended  by  an  involucre,  which  becomes  a 
bur  or  cup  in  fruit.  Calyx  usually  present.  Corolla  none.  Endosperm 
none. 

Family  2.     FAGACEAE  Drude. 
Beech  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  pinnately  veined,  the 
stipules,  if  any,  deciduous.  Flowers  small,  monoecious,  the  staminate  in 
drooping,  slender  aments,  or  capitate,  the  pistillate  subtended  by  an  in- 
volucre of  partly  or  wholly  united  bracts,  which  becomes  a  bur  or  cup. 
Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-7-lobed  perianth  and  4-20  stamens;  filaments 
slender,  distinct,  simple;  anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate 
flowers  with  a  4-8-lobed  urn-shaped  or  oblong  perianth,  adnate  to  the  3-7- 
celled  ovary;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity,  only  1  in  each  ovary  ripening, 
pendulous,  anatropous;  styles  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovarj-,  linear. 
Fruit  a  1-seeded  nut,  with  a  coriaceous  or  somewhat  bony  exocarp.  Testa 
thin.  Cotyledons  large,  fleshy,  often  rugose ;  radicle  short.  About  5  genera 
and  400  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Quercus  Robur  L.,  English  Oak,  European,  planted  in  Pembroke  Church- 
yard, was  seen  there  in  1914,  as  a  tree  about  10°  high,  with  a  trunk  135'  in 
circumference  just  above  the  base.     Its  leaves  are  glabrous,  nearly  sessile,  4'-7' 


98  FAGACEAE. 

long,  obovate  in  outline  with  3  or  4  obtuse  lobes  on  each  side;  the  acorns  are 
ovoid,  about  1'  long,  borne  in  cups  about  3"  high. 

Other  kinds  of  oaks,  formerly  grown  in  Bermuda,  are  known  to  me  only 
by  the  record  of  Lefroy,  of  an  oak,  supposed  to  be  a  White  Oak  (Quercus  alba 
L.),  North  American,  at  Par-la-Ville,  prior  to  1877;  by  H.  B.  Small  of  the 
same  species  at  Rosebank,  w^ell  remembered  by  Dr.  Bluck,  which  had  disap- 
peared before  1914 ;  of  three  other  North  American  oaks  planted  by  Lefroy  at 
Mt.  Langton,  but  made  no  growth  during  five  years,  and  not  there  in  1913;  and 
by  Eeade's  statement,  published  in  1883,  that  Quercus  nigra  L,,  also  North 
American,  was  said  to  grow  at  Richmond,  this  species  also  mentioned  by  Jones 
in  his  list  of  1873. 

Order  7.     URTICALES. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  the  flowers  with  a  calyx  but  without  corolla, 
small,  not  borne  in  aments,  monoecious,  dioecious  or  polygamous;  ovary 
1-ceIled,  superior. 

Fruit  not  an  achene  ;   trees,  shrubs  or  herbs  ;   ovule  pendulous. 

Trees  with  alternate  leaves,  the  sap  not  milk}-.  Fam.  1.  Ulmaceae. 

Trees  with  alternate  leaves  and  milkj-  sap.  Fam.  2.  Moraceae. 

Fruit  an  achene  ;  herbs  with  small  clustered  greenish  flowers, 

ovule  erect  or  ascending.  Fam.   3.  Urticaceae. 

Family  1.     ULMACEAE  Mirbel. 

Elm  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  serrate  petioled  pinnately  veined 
stipulate  leaves,  the  stipules  usually  fugacious.  Flowers  small,  monoecious, 
dioecious,  perfect  or  polygamous,  clustered,  or  the  pistillate  solitary.  Peri- 
anth 3-9-parted  or  of  3-9  distinct  sepals.  Petals  none.  Stamens  in  our 
species  as  many  as  the  perianth-lobes  or  sepals  and  opposite  them ;  filaments 
straight;  anthers  ovate  or  oval,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled 
(rarely  2-celled),  mostly  superior;  ovule  solitary,  pendulous,  anatropous  or 
amphitropous;  styles  or  stigmas  2.  Fruit  a  samara,  drupe  or  nut.  Endo- 
sperm of  the  seed  little  or  none.  Embryo  straight  or  curved;  cotyledons 
mostly  flat.  About  13  genera  and  140  species,  widely  distributed  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 

Drupes  stalked,  solitary  in  the   leaf-axils.  1.  Celtis. 

Drupes   cymosely  clustered  in  the  leaf-axils.  2.  Trema. 

1.     CELTIS   [Tourn.]  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  serrate  or  entire  pinnately  veined  or  in  some  species 
3-5-nerved  leaves,  and  polygamous  or  monoecious  (rarely  dioecious?)  flowers, 
borne  in  the  axils  of  leaves  of  the  season,  the  staminate  clustered,  the  fertile 
solitary  or  2-3  together.  Calyx  4-6-parted  or  of  distinct  sepals.  Filaments 
erect,  exserted.  Ovary  sessile.  Stigmas  2,  recurved  or  divergent,  tomentose  or 
plumose.  Pruit  a  small  ovoid  or  globose  drupe,  the  exocarp  pulpy,  the  endo- 
carp  bony.  Seed-coat  membranous.  Embryo  curved.  [Name  ancient,  used 
by  Pliny  for  an  African  Lotus-tree.]  About  60  species,  natives  of  temperate 
and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Celtis  australis  L. 


ULMACEAE. 


99 


1.  Celt  is  mississippiensis 
Bosc.  Southern  IIackberry. 
(Fig.  114.)  A  tree,  reaching 
a  height  of  50°  with  a  trunk 
up  to  20'  In  diameter,  the  bark 
gray,  roilgh  and  warty.  Leaves 
ovate  to  lanceolate,  firm,  entire 
or  with  a  few  low  sharp  teeth, 
or  those  of  shoots  strongly  ser- 
rate, 3-nerved  and  prominently 
pinnately  veined,  glabrous,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  inequi- 
lateral, 4'  long  or  less;  drupe 
purple-black,  about  3"  long. 
[C.  occidentalis  of  Jones,  Eeade, 
Hemsley,  Verrill  and  Moore.] 

Rocky  woods,  Paynter's  Vale, 
Walsingham  and  Abbot's  ClifE. 
Recorded  by  Lefroy  as  growing 
also,  prior  to  1S77,  about  the 
parsonage,  Southampton.  Native. 
Southeastern  United  States.  Flow- 
ers in  spring,  the  fruit  ,  ripe  in 
autumn.  Its  seeds  were  probably 
brought  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 

Celtis  Smallii  Beadle,  Small's  Hackberry,  of  the  southeastern  United 
States,  occasionally  planted,  has  thinner  strongly  serrate  leaves. 

2.  TREMA  Lour. 
Tall  shrubs  or  trees,  unarmed,  usually  pubescent.  Leaves  alternate, 
toothed,  3-nerved  at  the  base,  equilateral  or  only  slightly  inequilateral,  short- 
petioled,  the  stipules  lateral.  Mowers  small,  greenish,  in  axillary  cymes. 
Sepals  of  pistillate  flowers  induplieate-valvate,  those  of  the  perfect  flowers  im- 
bricated. Stamens  4  or  5.  Stigmas  2,  entire.  Drupe  ovoid  to  globose.  [Name  un- 
explained.]    Some  30  tropical  species.     Type  species:   T.  cannabina  Lour. 

1.  Trema  Lamarckiana  (R.  &  S.) 
Blume.  Lamarck's  Trema.  (Fig.  115.) 
A  tree,  up  to  25°  high,  the  trunk  some- 
times 13'  in  diameter,  or  more  often  a 
shrub  5°-10°  high,  the  twigs  slender, 
rough-pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  to  lan- 
ceolate, short-petioled,  2'  long  or  less, 
very  rough  on  the  upper  side,  3-nerved 
at  the  base,  reticulate-veined  and  finely 
tomentose  beneath;  flowers  only  about 
1"  wide,  the  staminate  clusters  sessile, 
the  pistillate  short-stalked;  fruit  about 
li"  long,  smooth.  [Celtis  Lamarc'kiana 
B.  &  S.;  Sponia  Lamarckiana  Decne.] 

Rocky  woodlands,  Tucker's  Town  to 
the  Causeway  and  Abbot's  Cliff.  Native. 
Florida  :  West  Indies.  Its  seeds  were  prob- 
ably transported  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 


100 


MORACEAE. 


Family  2.     MORACEAE  Lindl. 

Mulberry  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  mostly  with  milky  sap,  petioled  stipulate  leaves, 
and  small  monoecious  or  dioecious  axillary  clustered  flowers,  or  the  pistillate 
flowers  solitary  in  some  g-enera.  Calyx  mostly  4-6-parted.  Petals  none. 
Staminate  flowers  panicled,  spicate  or  capitate,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the 
calyx-segments.  Pistillate  flowers  capitate,  spicate  or  eymose.  Ovary 
superior,  1-celled  in  our  genera.  Ovule  solitary,  pendulous,  anatropous. 
Styles  1  or  2.    About  55  genera  and  925  species,  widely  distributed. 


Flowers  in  spike-like  clusters ;  fruit  a  syncarp. 
Flowers   in   a  hollow   receptacle ;   fruit   a   syconium. 


1.  Morus. 

2.  Ficus. 


1.  MORUS  [Tourn.]  L. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  milkj  sap,  alternate  dentate  and  often  lobed,  3- 
nerved  leaves,  fugacious  stipules,  the  pistillate  spikes  ripening  into  a  succulent 
aggregate  fruit.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  perianth,  its  segments' 
somewhat  imbricated,  and  4  stamens,  the  filaments  inflexed  in  the  bud, 
straightening  and  exserted  in  anthesis.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  4-parted  per- 
sistent perianth,  which  becomes  fleshy  in  fruit,  a  sessile  ovary,  and  2  linear 
stigmas.  Fruiting  perianth  enclosing  the  ovary,  the  exocarp  succulent,  the 
endocarp  crustaceous.  [Ancient  name  of  the  mulberry.]  About  10  species,  of 
the  northern  hemisphere.     Type  species:  Morus  nigra  L. 

Mature   leaves   pubescent   beneath ;   fruit    purple.  1.  M.  rubra. 

Mature  leaves  glabrous  ;  fruit  black.  2.  AI.  nigra. 

1.  Morus    rubra    L.      Red 

Mulberry.  (Fig.  116.)  A 
tree,  25°  high  or  more,  the  bark 
brown  and  rough.  Leaves  ovate 
or  nearly  orbicular,  scabrous 
above,  pubescent  beneath,  or 
when  young  almost  tomentose, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
serrate-dentate  or  3-7-lobed,  3'- 
8'  long;  staminate  spikes  droop- 
ing; pistillate  spikes  spread- 
ing or  pendulous  in  fruit,  1'- 
lY  long,  4"-5"  in  diameter, 
about  1'  long,  slender-peduncled, 
dark  purple-red  or  nearly  black, 
delicious. 

Rocky  woodlands,  Walsing- 
ham,  now  rare,  or  perhaps  ex- 
terminated. Introduced.  Eastern 
United  States.  Flowers  in  spring. 
Occasionally  planted  for  its  fine 
fruit. 

Morus  alba  L.,  White  Mulberry,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  and  naturalized  in 
the  United  States,  is  occasionally  planted.  It  is  a  tree  with  thin  broadly  ovate, 
pointed,  coarsely  toothed  leaves  3'-8'  long,  glabrous,  except  for  some  hairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath,  often  variously  lobed,  the  white  fruit  A'-|'  long. 


MOBACEAE. 


101 


2.  Morus  nigra  L.  Black  Mul- 
berry. (Fig.  117.)  A  tree,  up  to 
60°  high,  with  puberulent  twigs  and 
young  foliage.  Leaves  thin,  ovate, 
2'-6'  long,  short-acuminate,  serrate, 
undivided  or  2-3-lobed,  rounded  or 
cordate  at  the  base,  becoming  gla- 
brous; petioles  i-l  as  long  as  the 
blades ;  staminate  spikes  eylindrie, 
5"-10"  long,  longer  than  the  pe- 
duncles; pistillate  spikes  oval,  2'- 
4"  long,  shorter  than  the  pubescent 
peduncles;  fruit  oval-oblong,  5"- 
10"  long,  black  when  mature. 

Thickets,  roadsides  and  about 
houses.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Flowers   in   spring. 

Morus  multicaulis  Perr.,  Chi- 
nese Mulberry,  was  introduced 
about  1841  for  feeding  silkworms; 
it  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree  with  thin 
nearly  smooth  lobed  leaves,  which 
has  not  perpetuated  itself. 

2.  FicUS  [Tourn.]  L. 
Woody  plants,  mostly  large  trees,  with  milky  sap,  weak  wood,  and  alter- 
nate leaves  with  interpetiolar  stipules.  Flowers  minute,  wholly  enclosed  in 
receptacles,  the  staminate  with  1,  2  or  3  stamens  with  short,  stout  filaments,  the 
pistillate  with  a  sessile .  1-celled  ovary,  the  style  lateral.  [Latin,  fig.]  Some 
600  species,  of  tropical  and  warm  regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Ficus  Carica  L.  Ed- 
ible Fig.  (Fig.  118.)  A 
shrub  or  small  tree  6°-18° 
tall,  the  stems  sometimes 
clustered.  Leaf-blades  very 
scabrous-pubescent,  firm, 
leathery,  suborbicular  or 
oval  in  outline,  truncate  or 
cordate  at  the  base,  pal- 
mately  5-7-lobed ;  lobes 
coarsely  toothed  or  again 
lobed ;  petioles  densely  pu- 
bescent, about  *  as  long  as 
the  blades;  fruit  obovoid, 
1-3*'  long. 

Spontaneous  after  culti- 
vation. Introducod.  Native 
of  the  Mediterranean  Rejiion. 
Widely  cultivated  in  warm  re- 
gions for  its  valuable  fruit, 
and  early  brought  to  Ber- 
muda and  extensively  grown 
for  its  fruit  up  to  a  recent 
period. 


102  HORACE  AE. 

Ficus  elastica  Roxb.,  India  Rubber  Fig,  Asiatic,  a  large  rapidly  growing 
tree  with  broad  entire  lustrous  dark  green,  smooth,  many-veined  leaves,  is  com- 
monly planted  for  shade  and  for  ornament;  there  is  a  very  large  specimen  at 
Par-la- Ville,  Hamilton.    The  race  with  variegated  foliage  is  occasionally  grown. 

Ficus  aurea  Nutt.,  Golden  Fig,  native  of  Florida,  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas, 
has  oblong  to  narrowly  obovate  or  ovate  leaves  4'  long  or  less  and  small 
yellowish  to  red  fruits,  sessile  on  the  twig;  a  fine  tree  at  Mt.  Langton. 

Ficus  lyrata  Warb.,  Lyrate-leaved  Fig,  African,  is  a  tree  with  cori- 
aceous, obovate  strongly  few-veined  leaves  10'-15'  long,  6'-10'  wide,  narrowed 
at  or  below  the  middle,  cordate  at  the  base,  with  short  stout  petioles,  the  obo- 
void  figs  nearly  1'  long,  was  grown  at  Sunny  Lands  in  1914. 

Ficus  padifolia  H.B.K.,  Narrow-leaved  Fig,  Central  American,  has  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acuminate  leaves  2Y—4i'  long,  narrowed  at  the  base  and  slender- 
petioled,  its  fruit  short-stalked,  subglobose  figs  about  4"  in  diameter.  A  tree 
was  seen  at  the  Agricultural  Station  and  another  at  Orange  Valley  in  1914. 

Ficus  benghalensis  L.,  Banyan,  Asiatic,  is  a  large  tree,  described  as  be- 
coming up  to  100°  high,  with  broadly  ovate,  coriaceous,  strongly  few-veined 
leaves  4-7'  long,  rounded  or  short-pointed  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  subeordate 
at  the  base,  its  subglobose,  sessile  fruit  6"-8"  in  diameter.  A  fine  specimen, 
about  60°  high,  stands  in  a  corner  of  the  Public  Garden,  St.  George's. 

Ficus  aurata  Miq.,  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  planted  at  Mt.  Langton  in  1875, 
and  healthy  in  1877,  does  not  appear  to  exist  there  at  present. 

Ficus  lentiginosa  Yahl,  the  large  Wild  Fig  tree  growing  at  Montrose, 
erroneously  known  in  Bermuda  as  '  *  Banyan, ' '  is,  apparently,  this  widely  dis- 
tributed tree  of  the  West  Indies;  it  has  short-stalked  subglobose  fruit  3"  long; 
its  smooth  ovate,  petioled  leaves  about  4'  long  seem  just  the  same  as  those  of 
F.  lentiginosa.  The  Montrose  tree  in  1914  was  about  25°  high,  its  branches 
widely  spreading  over  a  circle  some  75°  in  diameter,  with  many  aerial  roots. 

Ficus  pumila  L.,  Creeping  Fig,  Asiatic,  a  small-leaved  vine,  creeping  on 
walls  by  aerial  roots,  sending  out  horizontal  branches  with  larger  ovate  or 
elliptic  leaves  2'-3'  long,  its  fruit  about  2'  long,  obovoid,  is  planted  for  orna- 
ment and  interest ;  the  fruit  is  borne  on  the  branches  which  bear  the  larger  leaves. 

Cecropia  peltata  L.,  Trumpet-tree,  West  Indian,  is  a  conspicuous  tree  up 
to  50°  high,  with  hollow,  septate  trunk,  the  large,  peltate,  5-9-lobed  leaves  1°- 
2°  broad,  green  above,  white-tomentose  beneath,  the  small  dioecious  flowers  in 
clustered  aments  l'-2'  long;   a  fine  specimen  at  Bellevue. 

Toxylon  pomiferum  Raf.  {Madura  aurantiaca  Nutt.),  Osage  Orange, 
North  American,  a  small  thorny  tree,  with  glossy  ovate  or  oblong  pointed 
leaves,  the  fruit  a  tubercled  yellow  syncarp  often  6'  in  diameter,  has  occa- 
sionally been  planted  for  hedges,  as  at  Beverley,  Paget. 

Artocarpus  incisa  L.,  Breadfruit,  Polynesian,  with  large  pinnately  lobed 
leaves,  and  an  immense  edible  syncarp,  a  very  important  food  in  tropical 
regions,  has  been  planted  at  times,  but  did  not  become  luxuriant. 

Artocarpus  integrifolia  L.,  Jackfruit,  East  Indian,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy 
as  growing  about  1875  at  Par-la-Yille,  Hamilton,  and  mentioned  also  by  Verrill 
and  by  Jones,  but  I  have  been  unable  to  learn  of  any  tree  in  Bermuda  now. 

Artocarpus  Lakodcha  Roxb.,  Lakoocha,  Indian,  a  large  spreading  tree, 
with  velvety  young  twigs,  elliptic  to  obovate,  petioled,  rounded  or  abruptly 
acuminate  leaves  4-8'  long,  smooth  above,  finely  pubescent  and  reticulate- 
veined  beneath,  the  minute  flowers  borne  in  dense  heads  on  the  twigs,  the 
staminate  oblong,  about  1'  long,  the  pistillate  globose,  the  edible  fruit  2'-3'  in 
diameter,  is  represented  by  a  tree  about  35°  high,  near  Hungry  Bay. 

Chlorophora  tinctoria  (L.)  Gaudich.  (Madura  xantlioxylum  Endl.), 
Fustic,  West  Indian,  was  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  growing  in  Paget  gardens; 
he  cites  the  name  "Tamarind  Plum"  as  applied  to  it,  as  does  Verrill. 


MORACEAE. 


103 


Conocephalus  violaceus  (Blanco)  Merrill,  Violet  Coxocephalus,  of  the 
Philippine  Islands,  a  fine  plant  of  which  existed  at  Bellevue  in  1914,  is  a 
purplish-violet,  glabrous  vine,  climbing  by  aerial  roots,  with  long-petioled, 
elliptic,  obtuse  leaves  6'-10'  long,  the  minute,  4-parted,  greenish  flowers  in 
panicled  heads  about  3"  in  diameter.      [Procris  violacea  Blanco.] 

Family  3.     URTICACEAE  Reichenb. 

Nettle  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees),  with  watery  sap,  mostly 
stipulate  simple  leaves,  and  small  greenish  dioecious,  monoecious  or  polyg- 
amous flowers,  variously  clustered.  Calyx  2-5-cleft,  or  of  distinct  sepals. 
Petals  none.  Stamens  in  the  staminate  flowers  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  seg- 
ments of  the  calyx  (sepals)  and  opposite  them,  the  filaments  inflexed  and 
anthers  reversed  in  the  bud,  straightening  at  anthesis.  Ovary  superior, 
1-celled;  style  simple;  ovule  solitary,  erect  or  ascending,  orthotropous,  or  in 
some  genera  partly  amphitropous.  Fruit  an  achene.  Endosperm  oily, 
embryo  straight.     About  40  genera  and  550  species  of  wide  distribution. 


Herbs  with  stinging  hairs. 
Herbs  without  stinging  hairs. 

Flower-clusters  not   involucrate ;    leaves   mostly   opposite. 
Pistillate  calyx  3-parted  or  of  3  sepals. 
Pistillate  calyx  2-4-toothed  or  entire. 
Flower-clusters  involucrate  by  leafy  bracts ;  leaves  alternate. 


1.   Urtica. 


2.  Pilea. 

3.  Boehmeria. 

4.  Parietaria. 


1.  URTICA  [Tourn.]  L. 
Herbs,  with  stinging  hairs,  3-7-nerved  petioled  dentate  or  incised  leaves, 
and  distinct  or  connate  stipules.  Flowers  small  and  numerous,  axillary,  cymose- 
paniculate,  spicate  or  glomerate,  dioecious,  monoecious  or  androgynous.  Stami- 
nate flowers  with  a  deeply  4-parted  calyx  and  4  stamens.  Pistillate  calyx  4- 
parted,  the  segments  unequal ;  ovary  straight ;  stigma  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  ovule 
erect,  orthotropous.  Achene  compressed,  enclosed  by  the  calyx.  Seed-coat  thin ; 
endosperm  little;  cotyledons 
broad.  [The  ancient  Latin 
name.]  About  30  species  of 
wide  distribution.  Type 
species:    Urtica  dioica  L. 

Spikes  short,  the  staminate 
and  pistillate  flowers  inter- 
mixed.      1.   U.  urens. 

Spikes  long,  the  upper  stami- 
nate, the  lower  pistillate. 

2.   C/.  membranacea. 

1.  Urtica     urens    L. 

Stinging  Nettle.  Small 
Nettle.  (Fig.  119.)  An- 
nual, stem  6-18'  high,  sting- 
ing-bristly. Leaves  thin, 
glabrous  or  very  nearly  so, 
elliptic,  oval  or  ovate,  deeply 
incised  or  sometimes  doubly 
serrate,  3-5-nerved,  f'-3' 
long,  slender-petioled ;  stip- 
ules short ;  flower-clusters 
oblong,  short,   rather  dense. 


104 


URTICAOEAE. 


X 


Recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Michaux,  Reade  and  Hems  ley.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  Naturalized  in  both  eastern  and  western  North  America.  The  plant 
has    not    been    observed  in  Bermuda  recently. 

2.  Urtica  membranacea 
Poir.  Thin-leaved  Nettle. 
(Fig.  120.)  Annual,  spar- 
ingly stinging-bristly ;  stem 
slender,  v>'eak,  ascending,  6- 
3°  long.  Leaves  slender- 
petioled,  thin,  coarsely-den- 
tate, the  lower  broadly  ovate 
or  orbicular,  obtuse  or  aeut- 
isli  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
subtruncate  at  the  base,  i'- 
IV  wide,  the  upper  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex;  stipules 
lanceolate-subulate;  spikes 
elongated,  the  upper  stami- 
nate,  the  lower  pistillate. 

Common  in  waste  grounds, 
introduced  from  Europe.  Flow- 
ers from  spring  to  autumn. 
[U.  chamaedroides  of  Hemsley.] 

Urtica  dioica  L.,  Great  Nettle,  European,  a  tall  perennial  species  with 
compound  flower-clusters  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Rein,  Jones,  Reade,  Lef  roy, 
H.  B.  Small  and  Hemsley,  has  not  been  found  by  recent  collectors. 

2.     PILEA  Lindl. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  petioled  mostly  3-nerved  leaves,  connate  stipules,  and 
small  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  in  axillary  clusters.  Staminate  flowers 
mostly  4-parted  (sometimes  2-  or  3-parted)  and  with  a  rudimentary  ovary. 
Pistillate  flowers  3-parted,  the  segments  in  most  species  unequal,  each  subtend- 
ing a  staminodium  in  the  form  of  a  concave  scale ;  ovary  straight ;  stigma 
sessile,  penicillate.  Achene  compressed.  Seed-coat  thin.  Endosperm  scanty 
or  none.  [The  name  is  with  reference  to  the  cap-like 
larger  sepal.]  About  150  species,  chiefly  in  the 
tropics,  most  abundant  in  tropical  America.  Type 
species:  Pilea  muscosa  Lindl. 

Glabrous  ;  leaves  entire,  2''-5"  long,  elliptic  to  oblanceo- 

late.  1.  P.  microphylla. 

Pubescent ;  leaves  crenulate,  5"-8"  long,  suborbicular. 

2.  P.  nummulariaefolia. 

1.  Pilea  microphylla  (L.)  Liebm.  Artillery 
Plant.  Lace  Plant.  (Fig.  121.)  Annual  or  bien- 
nial, slender,  glabrous.  Stems  erect  or  ascending,  or 
sometimes  creeping  at  the  base,  2'-12'  long,  fleshy, 
simple  or  mostly  branched;  leaves  elliptic  or  oblance- 
olate,  2"-5"  long,  acute  or  acutish  at  the  apex,  entire, 
attenuate  at  the  base,  transversely  wrinkled;  petioles 
filiform,  shorter  than  the  blades;  flower-clusters  very 
small,  shorter  than  the  petioles;  sepals  ovate,  very 
thin,  acutish;  achenes  oblong,  lenticular.  (P.  serpyl- 
lifolia  of  Lefroy;  Parietaria  microphylla  L.) 

Roadsides,  walls  and  waste  grounds.  Naturalized 
from  the  West  Indies.  Native  in  southern  Florida  and 
throughout  tropical  America.  Flowers  nearly  through- 
out the  year.  Commonly  planted  as  a  border  in  flower- 
gardens,  and  grown  in  vases  ;  both  thin-leaved  and  thick- 
leaved  races  are  grown. 


URTICACEAE. 


105 


2.  Pilea  nummulariae  folia 

(Sw.)  Wedd.  Round-leaved 
Pilea.  (Fig.  122.)  Perennial, 
pubescent;  stems  creeping  or 
pendent,  often  1°  long  or  more, 
the  branchis  l'-5'  long.  Leaves 
suborbicular,  5"-8"  broad,  3- 
nerved,  crenulate,  pubescent 
with  long  translucent  hairs,  the 
linear  raphides  numerous  and 
prominent  (under  a  lens)  on 
the  under  side ;  petioles  slender, 
somewhat  shorter  than  the 
blades;  flower-clusters  very 
small,  in  the  upper  axils. 
{Vrtica  nummulariae  folia  Sw.) 

In  lawns,  Harrington  House 
and  Orange  Valley.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  the  West  Indies. 

Pilea      grandifolia       (L.) 

Blume,     Large-leaved     Pilea, 

Jamaican,    seen   in   the    garden 

at  Mt.  Hope  in  1914,  is  erect, 

glabrous,     l°-2i°     high,     with 

long-petioled    ovate    to    elliptic, 

serrate    leaves    3'-6'    long,    the 

numerous     minute     flowers     in 

terminal  panicles. 

3.     BOEHMEEIA  Jacq. 
Perennial  stingless  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  even  trees),  with 

petioled  3-nerved  leaves,  distinct  or  connate  stipules,  and  small  monoecious  or 

dioecious   flowers,   glomerate   in   axillary   spikes   or  heads.     Staminate  flowers 

mostly  4-parted,  or  the  calyx  of  4  distinct  sepals,  usually  with  a  rudimentary 

ovary.      Pistillate   calyx  tubular   or   urn-shaped,   enclosing  the   ovary;    stigma 

subulate.    Achene  enclosed  by  the  pistillate  calyx.     [In  honor  of  Geor^  Rudolph 

Boehmer,  1723-1803,  professor  in 
Wittenberg.]  About  50  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  regions.  Type 
species:   Boehmeria  ramiflora  Jacq. 

1.  Boehmeria  cylindrica  (L.) 
Willd.  False  Nettle.  (Fig.  123.) 
A  perennial  rough  erect  branching 
herb,  l°-3°  tall.  Stem  stiff;  leaves 
ovate,  ovate-oblong  or  ovate-lanceo- 
late, thin,  slender-petioled,  opposite, 
or  some  alternate,  coarsely  dentate, 
I'-IV  wide;  petioles  shorter  than  the 
blades;  stipules  distinct;  flowers  dioe- 
cious or  androgynous;  staminate 
spikes  usually  interrupted,  the  pistil- 
late mostly  continuous,  V-1^'  long; 
achene  ovate-oval,  acute,  rather  less 
than  1"  long.  [Urtica  cylindrica  L.] 
Frequent  in  marshes.  Native. 
North  America  and  West  Indies.  Flow- 
ers from  winter  to  autumn.  Its  fruits 
probably  transported  by  the  wind. 


106 


UETICACEAE. 


4.     PARIETARIA  L. 

Herbs,    with   alternate    entire    3-nerved   petioled   leaves,    no    stipules,    and 

axillary  glomerate  polygamous  flowers,  involucrate  by  leafy  bracts.     Calyx  of 

the   staminate   flowers   4-parted   or    of  4    (rarely   3)    distinct   sepals.      Fertile 

flowers  with  a  4-lobed  calyx  investing  the  ovary,  a  short  or  slender  style,  and 

a  penicillate  stigma.     Achene  enclosed  by  the  pistillate  calyx.     [Ancient  Latin, 

referring  to  the  growth  of  some  species  on  walls.]     About  7  species,  widely 

distributed.     Type  species:  Parietaria  officinalis  L. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  bluntly  acuminate  ;  bracts  linear  ;  native  species. 
Leaves  acute  to  acuminate  ;  bracts   ovate ;   introduced. 


2.  Parietaria  officinalis  L.  White 
Pellitort.  (Fig.  125.)  Perennial,  tufted, 
finely  pubescent;  stems  subherbaceous, 
branched,  1°  high  or  less.  Leaves  rather 
thin,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  Y-2'  long, 
acutish  to  acuminate  at  the  apex,  mostly 
obtuse  at  the  base,  slender-petioled;  invo- 
lucral  bracts  ovate  to  oblong ;  sepals  ovate ; 
achenes  about  1"  long.  [P.  alha  of  H.  B. 
Small.] 

On  walls  and  in  waste  grounds,  frequent. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year. 


1.  P.  florldana. 

2.  P.  officinalis. 

1.  Parietaria  floridana  Nutt. 
Red  Pellitory.  (Fig.  124.)  An- 
nual, slender,  finely  but  often 
densely  puberulent.  Stems  ascend- 
ing or  spreading,  4"-20"  long, 
often  much  branched;  leaves  thin, 
flaccid,  numerous,  usually  ovate  to 
subrhombic,  2'  long  or  less,  blunt 
at  the  apex  or  sometimes  short- 
acuminate  but  obtuse,  entire, 
mostly  obtuse  at  the  base ;  petioles 
filiform;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  2"  long, 
acute;  sepals  lanceolate,  thin,  acute 
or  acutish;  achenes  ovoid,  shining, 
[P.  debilis  floridana  Nutt.;  P.  de- 
hilis  of  Rein,  Hemsley,  H.  B.  Small 
and  Moore;  .^P.  penn^ylvanica  of 
Hemsley.] 

Common  in  sandy  soil  and  rocky 
shaded  situations.  Native.  Flowers 
nearly  throughout  the  year.  South- 
eastern United  States.  Its  seeds 
probably  transported  to  Bermuda  by 
the  wind. 


PKOTEACEAE.  107 

Order  9.     PROTEALES. 

Mostly  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx  of  4  valvate  somewhat  united  sepals.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  4, 
borne  on  the  sepals.  Pistil  1,  the  ovary  superior,  usually  oblique.  Fruit 
various. 

Only  the  family  Proteaceae,  which  consists  of  some  50  genera  including 
about  1000  species,  natives  of  the  southern  hemisphere. 

Qrevillea  robusta  Cunn.,  Silk  Oak,  Australian,  planted  for  shade  and 
ornament,  is  a  tree  which  becomes  50°  or  60°  high,  with  2-pinnately  parted, 
somewhat  pubescent  leaves  about  1°  long,  the  ultimate  linear-oblong  segments 
acute,  the  petiole  short ;  the  flowers  are  borne  in  showy  panieled  racemes,  the 
sepals  oval,  the  style  elongated;  the  fruits  are  recurved  oblique  follicles  about 
8"  long,  tipped  with  the  slender  curved  or  bent  style. 

Leucadendron  argenteum  (L.)  E.  Br,,  Silver  Tree,  of  Table  Mountain, 
Cape  of  Good  IIoi3e,  has  linear-lanceolate  sessile  leaves,  silvery-hairy  beneath, 
and  capitate  flowers.  Lefroy  records  growing  many  plants  from  seeds,  none  of 
which  survived  more  than  a  few  months.      {^Protea  argent ea  L.] 

Hakea  oleifolia  (Smith)  E.  Br.,  Olive-leaved  Hakea,  Australian,  was 
taken  to  Mt.  Langton  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1913.  It  be- 
comes a  small  tree  about  20°  high,  with  oblong  leaves  about  2'  long,  and  bears 
flowers  in  dense  axillary  clusters.      [Conchium  oleiferum  Smith.] 

Order  10.     SANTALALES. 

Trees,  or  shrubs,  and  a  few  species  herbaceous,  many  of  them  para- 
sitic on  the  roots  or  branches  of  other  plants,  with  simple,  mostly  entire 
leaves,  and  inconspicuous,  clustered,  jDerfect  or  imperfect  flowers,  the 
corolla  present  or  wanting  Ovary  partly  or  wholly  inferior,  compound. 
Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  petals.  Fruit  various. 
Seeds  mostly  with  fleshy  endosperm.     A  large  order,  mostly  tropical. 

Santalum  album  L.,  Sandal-wood,  East  Indian,  a  tree  up  to  30°  high, 
with  white  or  yellowish  fragrant  wood,  was  seen,  in  a  beautiful  specimen,  at 
Bellevue  in  1913.  It  has  thin,  entire,  elliptic  leaves  li'-3'  long,  slender- 
petioled  and  acute  at  each  end;  its  small  short-pedicelled  flowers  are  in  ter- 
minal panicles  about  V  long,  the  obovoid  calyx  about  IV  long,  with  4  or  5 
ovate-triangular  lobes,  at  first  white,  turning  purple. 

Order  11.     ARISTOLOCHIALES. 

Herbs  or  vines,  mostly  ^vith  cordate  or  reniform  leaves  and  perfect 

flowers.     Calyx  inferior,  its  tube  wholly  or  partly  adnate  to  the  ovarj'. 

Corolla   none.     Ovary   several-    (mostly   6-)  celled.     Only   the   following 
family. 


108  ARISTOLOCHIACEAE. 

Family  1.     ARISTOLOCHIACEAE  Blume. 

BiRTHWORT  Family. 

Aeaulescent  plants,  or  with  erect  or  twining  stems.  Leaves  alternate, 
estipulate.  Flowers  regular  or  irregular,  sometimes  clustered.  Calyx- 
limb  3-6-lobed  or  irregular.  Stamens  6-many,  adnate  to  the  pistil ;  anthers 
2-celled,  their  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovules  numerous  in  each 
cavity,  anatropous,  horizontal  or  pendulous.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  6-celled 
capsule.  Seeds  angled  or  compressed,  with  a  crustaceous  testa  and  usually 
with  a  fleshy  or  dilated  raphe;  endosperm  fleshy,  copious;  embry^o  minute. 
Six  genera  and  about  200  species  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and 'tem- 
perate regions. 

Aristolochia  trilobata  L.,  Lobed-leaved  Dutchman's  Pipe,  Birthwort, 
West  Indian,  a  vine,  several  feet  long,  with  petioled  deeply  3-lobed  leaves  6' 
long  or  less,  solitary,  peduncled,  axillary  flowers,  the  lower  part  of  the  inflated 
calyx-limb  ovoid,  inflated,  6-spurred  at  the  base,  about  2'  long,  the  ovate  lip 
tapering  into  a  long  tail-like  appendage,  is  commonly  planted,  climbing  on 
walls  and  trees,  flowering  in  summer  and  autumn, 

Aristolochia  elegans  Masters,  Elegant  Dutchman's  Pipe,  Brazilian,  oc- 
casionally planted,  is  a  long  slender  glabrous  vine,  with  very  broadly  ovate, 
cordate,  thin  leaves  3'-5'  long,  the  long-stalked  drooping  flowers  with  a  green- 
ish tube  and  a  cordate-orbicular  limb  about  3'  broad,  which  is  dark  purple  and 
blotched  with  white. 

Aristolochia  argentina  Griseb.,  Argentine  Dutchman's  Pipe,  of  South 
America,  a  slender  glabrous  vine,  seen  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1914,  has 
slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  cordate,  acute  leaves  about  2'  long,  and  irregu- 
lar brownish-mottled  flowers  about  1'  long. 

Order  12.    POLYGONALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  trees  or  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  or  sometimes  opposite 
or  whorled,  the  blades  mostly  entire;  stipules  mostly  present,  usually  as 
a  sheath  (ocrea).  Flowers  perfect,  monoecious,  dioecious  or  polygamous, 
in  variously  disposed  clusters.  Calyx  inferior,  of  2-6  more  or  less  united 
sepals  sometimes  developing  keels  or  wings,  often  corolloid.  Androecium 
of  2-9  stamens;  filaments  often  dilated  at  the  base;  anthers  2-celled, 
opening  longitudinally.  Pistil  2-3-carpellary,  the  ovary  superior,  1- 
celled;  styles  2  or  3,  more  or  less  united;  stigmas  capitate  or  tufted, 
rarely  2-cleft;  ovule  solitary,  orthotropous.  Fruit  a  lenticular  or  3- 
angled  achene.  Seed  with  horny  or  mealy  endosperm;  embrv'o  with  in- 
cumbent or  accumbent  cotyledons.     Consists  of  the  following  family  only. 

Family  1. .  POLYGONACEAE  Lindl. 

Buckwheat  Family. 

Characters  of  the  order.  About  40  genera  and  800  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed. 


POLYGONACEAE. 


109 


Herbaceous  plants. 
Stigmas  tufted. 
Stigmas  capitate. 

Erect  or  floating  herbs. 

Ocreae  cylindric,  truncate. 
Ocreae  oblique. 
Twining  or  trailing  vines. 
Trees  or  shrubs. 


1.  Rum  ex. 


2  Persicaria. 

3.  Fayopiiruin. 

4.  Tinianu. 

5.  Coccolobin. 


1.     RUMEX  L. 

Perennial  or  annual,  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  some  species  slightly  woody,  the 
leaves  In  some  mainly  basal.  Stem  grooved,  mostly  branched,  erect,  spreading 
or  creeping.  Leaves  flat  or  crisped,  the  ocreae  brittle  and  fugacious,  the  in- 
florescence of  simple  or  compound,  often  panicled  racemes.  Flowers  green, 
perfect,  dioecious,  or  polygamo-monoecious,  whorled,  on  jointed-  pedicels. 
Corolla  none.  Calyx  6-parted,  the  3  outer  sepals  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  3 
inner  ones  mostly  developed  into  wings,  one  or  all  three  of  which  usually  bear 
a  callosity  (tubercle)  ;  wings  entire,  dentate,  or  fringed  with  bristle-like  teeth. 
Stamens  6,  filaments  glabrous.  Style  3-parted;  stigmas  peltate,  tufted;  achene 
3-angled,  the  angles  usually  margined.  Embryo  borne  in  one  of  the  faces  of 
the  3-angled  seed.  [The  ancient  Latin  name.]  About  140  species,  of  wide 
geographic  distribution.  Type  species:  Eumex  Patientia  L.  These  plants  are 
commonly  called  Ehubarb  in  Bermuda. 


1.  R.  crispus. 

2.  R.  pulcher. 

3.  R.  obtusifoHus. 


Sepal-wings  entire  or  erose. 

Sepal-wings  fringed  with  spine-like  teeth. 

Wings  ovate  or  oblong-ovate  ;  tubercles  usually  2. 

Wings  hastate ;   tubercle  1. 

1.  Rumex  crispus  L.  Curled 
Dock.  (Fig.  126.)  Perennial,  gla- 
brous, dark  green;  stem  rather  slen- 
der, erect,  l°-3°  tall.  Leaves  crisped 
and  wavy-margined,*  the  low^er  oblong 
or  oblong-lanceolate,  6'-l°  long,  long- 
petioled,  the  upper  narrowly  oblong 
or  lanceolate,  short-petioled,  all  cor- 
date or  obtuse  at  the  base,  more  or 
less  papillose ;  panicle  rather  open ; 
racemes  simple  or  compound,  by  the 
elongation  of  the  pedicels  apparently 
continuous  in  fruit ;  flowers  rather 
loosely  whorled;  fruiting  pedicels  1^- 
2  times  as  long  as  the  calyx-wings, 
jointed  near  the  base;  wings  cordate, 
\Y'-2"  long,  truncate  or  notched  at 
base,  erose-dentate,  'or  nearly  entire, 
each  bearing  a  tubercle;  achene  1" 
long,  dark  brown. 

Common  in  fields,  meadows  and 
waste  grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  temperate  North 
America.     Flowers  in  spring. 

Rumex  sanguineus  L.,  Bloody  Dock,  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Eeade 
and  by  H.  B.  Small,  but  not  found  by  subsequent  collectors,  has  a  tubercle  on 
only  one  of  the  sepal-wings.  It  is  native  of  Europe  and  naturalized  in  the 
southern  United  States. 


110 


POLYGONACEAE. 


2.  Rumex  pulcher  L.  Fiddle 
Dock.  (Fig.  127.)  Perennial,  dark 
green;  stem  slender,  erect  or  procum- 
bent, diffusely  branched,  l°-3°  long, 
the  branches  spreading.  Leaves  ob- 
long, or  some  of  the  lower  fiddle- 
shaped,  l'-6'  long,  long-petioled,  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base, 
the  lower  often  purple-veined;  upper 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  l'-3'  long, 
usually  narrowed  at  both  ends;  peti- 
oles more  or  less  pubescent;  panicle 
loose;  racemes  long,  divergent,  some- 
times reflexed,  much  Interrupted, 
rather  leafy;  flowers  few  in  the 
whorls;  pedicels  equalling  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  at  or  below  the  middle; 
wings  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  2"  long, 
truncate  at  the  base,  one  larger  than 
the  others  or  all  three  of  different 
sizes,  fringed  with  spine-like  teeth, 
usually  two,  sometimes  one  or  all 
three  bearing  tubercles;  achene  1" 
long,  pointed,  reddish,  its  faces  con- 
3.  Rumex    obtusifolius    L.  cave. 

Broad-leaved    or    Bitter    Dock.  ,...^  ^       xt^. 

/T-i-       100  \      -n  -1       ^   \    ^   ^  Waste  and    cultivated   grounds.      Nat- 

(Fig.    128.)      Perennial,   glabrous;  uralized  from  Europe  in  Bermuda,  as  in 

stem     stout,    erect,     more     or    less  the  southern  and  western  United  States, 

scurfy   above,    2°-4°    tall.      Lower  Flowers  in  spring  and  summer, 

leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  6'-15' 
long,  long-petioled,  all  cordate  or 
rounded  at  the  base,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex,  the  upper  lanceo- 
late or  oblong-lanceolate,  short- 
petioled,  somewhat  undulate  or 
crisped;  panicle  rather  open; 
racemes  nearly  erect;  flowers 
loosely  whorled;  pedicels  slender, 
somewhat  longer  than  the  calyx- 
wings,  jointed  below  the  middle; 
wings  hastate,  2"-2i"  long,  fringed 
with  a  few  spreading  spiny  teeth, 
one  of  them  bearing  an  oblong 
tubercle;  achene  pointed,  dark  red, 
its  faces  concave,  its  angles  slightly 
margined. 

Waste  grounds,  recorded  by  Le- 
froy.  Introduced  from  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North  America. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  summer.  Not 
found  by  recent  collectors  but  prob- 
ably  correctly   recorded. 

Rumex  Acetosella  L.,  Field  Sorrel,  Sheep  Sorrel,  a  low  European 
species  with  halberd-shaped  sour  leaves,  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  met  with  in 
pastures,  has  not  been  found  in  Bermuda  by  subsequent  collectors.  It  is 
W'idely  naturalized  in  temperate  North  America.  H.  B.  Small  also  records  it, 
but  his  description  indicates  that  he  had  some  other  plant  in  mind,  and  the 
record  by  Lefroy  is  also  open  to  doubt. 


POLYGOXACEAE. 


Ill 


2.     PERSICARIA   [Tourn.]    Mill. 

Annual  or  perennial  often  pubescent  or  glandular  caulescent  herbs,  never 
twining  nor  climbing.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  continuous  with  the  ocreae, 
often  glandular-punctate.  Ocreae  cylindric,  naked  or  ciliate.  Racemes  !-pike- 
like.  Ocreolae  funnelform.  Pedicels  rather  stout,  articulated  at  the  base  of 
the  calyx.  Calyx  more  or  less  colored,  often  glandular-punctate,  investing  the 
achene.  Sepals  mo&i;ly  5,  2  wholly  exterior,  2  wholly  interior  and  1  with  one 
margin  interior  and  the  other  exterior,  none  of  them  winged  or  keeled. 
Stamens  4r-8',  filaments  not  dilated.  Styles  mostly  2,  sometimes  3,  usually  par- 
tially united ;  stigmas  capitate.  Achenes  usually  black,  smooth  or  granular. 
Endosperm  horny.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Name  from  Persica,  the  leaves 
resembling  those  of  the  Peach.]  About  125  species,  widely  distributed.  Type 
species:  Folygomim  Persicaria  L. 

1.  Persicaria  punctata  (Ell.) 
Small.  Water  Smartweed.  (Fig. 
129.)  Annual  or  perennial,  mostly  gla- 
brous. Stem  erect  or  ascending,  l°-3° 
long;  leaves  lanceolate,  often  oblong- 
lanceolate,  l'-6'  long,  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  conspicuously  punctate, 
often  bearing  a  few  short  hairs  on  the 
midrib,  ciliate;  ocreae  5"-7"  long, 
fringed  with  rather  long  bristles; 
racemes  linear,  erect,  somewhat  inter- 
rupted below,  loosely  flowered;  ocreo- 
lae funnelform,  fringed  with  a  few 
short  bristles;  calyx  greenish,  about 
1"  long,  conspicuously  glandular; 
sepals  oblong  or  ovate,  obtuse,  punc- 
tate ;  stamens  8 ;  achenes  lenticular 
and  slightly  gibbous,  or  3-angled, 
about  1"  long,  broadly  oblong,  black, 
smooth  and  shining.  [Polygonum 
punctatum  Ell. ;  Polygonum  acre 
H.B.K.,  not  Lam.] 

Frequent  in  marshes.  Native.  Temperate  North  America  and  the  West  In- 
dies. Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  Its  seeds  were  probably  transported  to 
Bermuda  by  migratory  birds. 

3.  FAGOPYRUM  Gaertn. 
Annual  or  perennial  rather  fleshy  usually  glabrous  leafy  herbs,  with  erect, 
striate  or  grooved  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  hastate  or  deltoid,  with 
oblique,  cylindric  or  funnelform  ocreae.  Flowers  small,  white  or  green,  in 
terminal  or  axillary  usually  paniculate  racemes,  perfect,  borne  solitary  or 
several  together  from  each  ocreola,  slender-pedicelled.  Calyx  about  equally  5- 
parted,  persistent  and  unchanged  in  fruit,  the  segments  petaloid,  shorter  than 
the  achene.  Stamens  8 ;  filaments  filiform,  glabrous.  Ovary  1-celled,  1-ovuled : 
style  3-parted;  stigmas  capitate.  Achene  3-angled.  Embryo  central,  dividing 
the  mealy  endosperm  into  two  parts;  cotyledons  broad.  [Greek,  beech-wheat, 
from  the  similarity  of  the  grain.]  About  6  species,  native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
Type  species:  Fagopyrum  tataricum  L. 


112 


POLYGOXACEAE. 


1.  Fagopyrum  Fagopyrum 
(L.)  Karst.  Buckwheat.  (Fig. 
130.)  Annual,  glabrous  except  at 
the  nodes,  stem  l°-3°  high.  Leaves 
hastate,  l'-3'  long,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed above  the  middle,  acumi- 
nate ;  ocreae  brittle  and  fugacious  ; 
racemes  mostly  panicled,  some- 
times corymbose,  m.any-flowered, 
erect  or  inclined  to  droop;  pedicels 
as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-seg- 
ments white  or  whitish;  style- 
branches  deflexed  in  fruit ;  achene 
acute,  2i"  long,  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx,  its  faces  pin- 
nately-striate  when  mature,  the 
angles  acute,  not  crested.  [Polyg- 
onum Fagopyrum  L. ;  F.  esculen- 
tum  Moench.] 

Fields  and  waste  grounds,  spon- 
taneous after  cultivation.  Native  of 
Europe  or  Asia.  Widely  cultivated 
for  its  edible  grain,  and  considerably 
grown  in  Bermuda.  Flowers  in 
spring  and  summer. 

4.  TINIARIA  Eeichenb. 
Annual  or  perennial  unarmed  slender  vines.  Leaves  alternate,  cordate  or 
hastate.  Ocreae  oblique.  Eacemes  loosely  flowered,  often  paniculate.  Sepals 
5,  green,  white  or  yellowish,  2  exterior,  2  interior  and  1  with  one  edge  interior 
and  one  edge  exterior,  this  sepal  and  the  two  outer  keeled  or  strongly  winged. 
Pedicels  slender,  reflexed  and  articulated.  Stamens  8,  included;  filaments  short, 
converging.  Styles  3,  short  or  almost  wanting,  distinct  or  rarely  united. 
Achenes  3-angled,  included,  smooth  and  shining  or  granular  and  dull.  Endo- 
sperm horny.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Latin,  referring  to  the  creeping  habit.] 
About  8  species,  of  North  America  and 
Asia,   the   following  typical. 

1.  Tiniaria  Convolvulus  (L.)  Webb. 
&  Moq.  Black  Bindweed.  (Fig.  131.) 
Annual,  scurfy,  dull  green  or  pale  green. 
Stem  prostrate  or  twining,  4'-3i°  long, 
the  internodes  of  the  older  branches 
greatly  elongating;  leaves  ovate  or 
ovate-sagittate,  V-2V  long,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  cordate  or  truncate  at  the  base, 
somewhat  undulate  and  crisped;  ocreae 
oblique,  l"-2"  long,  acute;  racemes 
simple,  loosely  flowered,  interrupted; 
calyx  green,  at  length  2"  long,  closely 
investing  the  fruit;  sepals  oblong,  ob- 
tuse; stamens  8;  achenes  3-angled, 
obovoid  or  oblong-obovoid,  short-tipped, 
black.     [Polygonum  Convolvulus  L.] 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds,  uncom- 
mon. Introduced.  Widely  naturalized  in 
North  America.     Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 


POLYGONACEAE. 


113 


5.     COCCOLOBIS  P.  Br. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  with  erect  branched  trunks,  or  rarely  high- 
twining  vines,  clothed  with  a  very  thin  bark.  Leaves  alternate,  leathery,  entire. 
Ocreae  truncate,  membranous,  often  very  small.  Flowers  perfect,  green,  on 
jointed  pedicels  subtended  by  small  bracts,  disposed  in  spike-like  racemes. 
Sepals  5,  herbaceous,  nearly  equal,  little  changed  at  maturity.  Stamens  8; 
filaments  slender.  Ovary  free,  3-angled;  styles  3.  Ovule  erect.  Achene  ovoid 
or  globose,  with  a  crustaceous  or  bony  pericarp,  invested  by  the  accrescent  calyx, 
to  which  it  is  sometimes  more  or  less  adherent.  Seed  3-6-lobed,  with  a  mem- 
branous testa.  Embryo  more  or  less  eccentric  in  the  channeled  mealy  endo- 
sperm, its  cotyledons  cordate.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  calyx  adhering  to  the 
achenes.]     About  150  species,  mostly  tropical,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Coccolobis  uvifera  (L.) 
Jacq.  Sea  Grape.  Bay  Grape. 
(Fig.  132.)  A  shrub  or  tree,  3°- 
25°  high,  with  a  short  contorted 
trunk  occasionally  reaching  a 
diameter  of  2°  or  more.  Branches 
forming  a  round  head;  leaves  firm 
in  texture,  suborbicular,  often 
broader  than  long,  2'-8'  in  diam- 
eter, obtuse  or  retuse  at  the  apex, 
undulate,  cordate  at  the  base, 
short-petioled ;  ocreae  funnelform, 
firm;  racemes  interrupted,  4-12' 
long ;  hypanthium  campanulate ; 
sepals  obovoid-orbicular,  whitish, 
undulate;  filaments  subulate,  red; 
fruiting  racemes  dense,  resembling 
bunches  of  grapes,  each  drupe- 
like fruit  subglobose,  6"-10"'  in 
diameter,  purple  or  greenish-white, 
with  an  astringent  juicy  pulp  and 
a  broadly  ovoid,  hard  achene  with 
a  thin  reddish  pericarp.  [Polygo- 
num uvifera  L.] 

Coastal  rocks  and  sands,  ascending  to  the  tops  of  hills  along  the  South  Shores  : 
frequent  or  common.  Native.  Southern  Florida.  West  Indies,  continental  tropin*-'*! 
American  coasts.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  Fruit  edible,  but  not  very 
palatable,  doubtless   transported  to  Bermuda  by  floating. 

Coccolobis  diversifolia  Jacq.,  Barbadoes  Grape-tree,  West  Indian,  is  a 
small  tree  15°  high  or  more,  with  petioled,  ovate  to  elliptic,  acute,  pinnately 
veined  leaves  2'-6'  long,  slender  spikes  of  small  greenish  flowers,  the  reddish 
fruit  about  5"  in  diameter;  a  luxuriant  specimen  was  seen  in  a  garden  at  the 
west  end  of  the  Causeway  in  1913. 

Ruprechtia  corylifolia  Griseb.,  Hazel-leaved  Ruprechtlv,  South  Ameri- 
can, a  small  tree  with  slender  branches,  ovate-elliptic,  acute,  thin,  short- 
petioled  leaves  12^-3'  long,  very  small,  green  flowers  in  slender  racemes,  the 
narrow  calyx-lobes  much  enlarged  in  fruit,  was  shown  by  two  fine  specimens 
about  13°  high  at  Mount  Hope  in  1914. 

9 


114  POLYGONACEAE. 

Pleuropterys  Zuccarinii  Small,  Japanese  Knotweed,  Japanese,  occa- 
sionally planted  for  ornament,  is  a  large  perennial  herb,  4°-8°  high,  spreading 
by  rootstocks,  with  ovate,  acuminate  leaves  2'-6'  long,  and  many  panicled 
racemes  of  small,  white  flowers.  [Polygonum  cuspidatum  Sieb.  and  Zucc,  not 
of  Willd.] 

Muehlenbeckia  platyclada  (F.  v.  M.)  Lindaii,  Centipede  Plant,  Poly- 
nesian, a  shrub  up  to  10°  high,  with  flat  jointed  leafless  branches,  the  small 
green  flowers  clustered  at  the  joints,  is  grown  in  gardens  for  interest.  Reade 
made  a  curious  error  in  referring  this  plant  to  the  genus  Xylophylla  of  the 
Spurge  Family,  and  this  was  copied  by  H.  B.  Small.  [Coccoloha  platyclada 
F.  V.  M. ;   FPolygonum  platyphyllum  of  Jones.] 

Muehlenbeckia  complexa  Meisn.,  Twining  Muehlenbeckia,  of  New  Zea- 
land, a  very  slender  vine  up  to  6°  long,  at  first  finely  pubescent,  its  nearly 
orbicular,  slender-petioled  leaves  Y  broad  or  less,  its  membranous  sheaths  about 
li"  long,  was  grown  on  a  w^all  at  Woodhaven  in  1914;  the  flowers  of  this  plant 
are  very  small,  greenish  and  axillary.  The  plant  is  wholly  different  in  aspect 
from  the  preceding  species. 

Antigonum  leptopus  H.  &  A.,  Corallina,  Corallita,  Coral  Plant, 
Mexican,  a  slender,  climbing  herbaceous  vine,  with  small  rose-pink  or  sometimes 
white  flowers,  is  much  grown  in  gardens  for  ornament. 

Lefroy  records  that  roots  of  Rhubarb  (Eheum  Bhapdnticum  L.),  intro- 
duced In  1872,  soon  died  out.  Other  attempts  to  raise  this  vegetable  have  been 
made,  but  without  much  success. 

Order  13.     CHENOPODIALES. 

Herbs,  mostly  with  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  present.  Corolla,  if  pres- 
ent, polypetalous.  Ovary  superior.  Embryo  coiled,  curved  or  annular. 
Fruit  not  an  achene. 

Fruit  a  utricle. 

Flowers  bractless,  or,  if  bracted,  the  bracts  not  scarious^;  sepals  green  or  greenish. 
Plants  not  climbing  nor  trailing. 
Climbing  or  trailing  vines. 
Flowers   bracted,    the   bracts,    and   also   the   sepals, 
mostly  scarious. 
Fruit  fleshy,  enclosing  several  carpels  ;  a  berry. 
Fruit  an  anthocarp,  the  persistent  base  of  the  corolla- 
like calyx  enclosing  a  utricle. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  dehiscent  by  valves,  or  teeth. 
Capsule  2-several-celled  ;  petals  none. 
Capsule  1-celled  ;  petals  mostly  present. 
Sepals   2. 
Sepals  5   or  4. 

Sepals    distinct ;    ovary    sessile ;    petals    not 

clawed. 
Sepals  united  ;  ovary  stipitate  ;  petals  clawed. 

Family  1.     CHENOPODIACEAE  Dumort. 

GoosEFOOT  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  with  angled  striate  or  terete 
stems.     Leaves  alternate  or  sometimes  opposite,  estipulate,  simple,  entire, 


Fam. 
Fam. 

1. 
2. 

Chexopodiageae. 
Basellaceae. 

Fam. 
Fam. 

3. 

4. 

Amaraxthaceae. 
Phytolaccaceae. 

Fam. 

5. 

Nyctaginaceae. 

Fam. 

6. 

Aizoaceae. 

Fam. 

7. 

Portulacaceae. 

Fam. 
Fam. 

8. 
9. 

Alsinaceae. 
Cakyophyllaceae, 

CHENOPODIACEAE. 


115 


toothed  or  lobed,  mostly  petioled  (in  Salicornia  reduced  to  mere  ridges). 
Flowers  small,  green  or  greenish,  regular  or  slightly  irregular,  variously 
clustered,  occasionally  solitaiy  in  the  axils.  Petals  none.  Calyx  persistent, 
2-5-lobed,  2-5-parted  or  rarely  reduced  to  a  single  sepal,  wanting  in  the 
pistillate  flowers  of  some  genera.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  or  divisions 
of  the  calyx,  or  fewer,  and  opposite  them;  filaments  slender;  anthers  2- 
celled,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  usually  none.  Ovary  1-celled;  ovule 
solitary,  amphitropous ;  styles  1-3 ;  stigmas  capitate,  or  2-3-lobed  or  divided. 
Fruit  a  utricle,  with  a  thin  or  coriaceous  pericarp.  Seed  vertical  or  hori- 
zontal; endosperm  mealy,  fleshy  or  wanting.     About  75  genera  and  550 


species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Leafy  herbs  ;   endosperm  of  the  seed  copious. 

Flowers  perfect ;  calyx  2-5-lobed. 

Flowers  Imperfect ;   pistillate   calyx  none ;   fruit   enclosed  in   2 
large  bractlets. 
Leafless  herbs  with  opposite  branches  ;  no  endosperm. 


1.  Chcnopodium. 

2.  Atriplex. 

3.  Salicornia. 


1.     CHENOPODIUM  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  alternate  petioled  leaves.  Flowers  small, 
green,  perfect,  sessile,  bractless,  clustered.  Calyx  2-5-parted  or  2-5-lobed,  em- 
bracing or  enclosing  the  utricle,  its  segments  or  lobes  often  keeled  or  ridged. 
Stamens  1-5;  filaments  filiform  or  slender.  Styles  '2  or  3;  seed  horizontal  or 
vertical,  sometimes  in  both  positons  in  different  flowers  of  the  same  specie?; 
endosperm  mealy;  embryo  completely  or  incompletely  annular.  [Greek,  goose- 
foot,  from  the  shape  of  the  leaves.]  About  60  species,  mostly  weeds,  of  wide 
geographic  distribution.     Type  species:  Chenopodium  rubrum  L. 


Embryo  of  the  seed  a  complete  ring;  plants  not  strongly  odorous. 

Flowers  in  dense  compound  spikes. 

Flowers  in  loose  axillary  panicles. 
Embryo  an   incomplete  ring ;   plants  strongly   odorous. 

1.  Chenopodium    album    L. 

Lamb's  Quarters.  White  Goose- 
foot.  Pig-weed.  (Fig.  133.)  An- 
nual; stem  usually  slender,  erect, 
commonly  much  branched,  l°-9°  tall. 
Leaves  rhombic-ovate  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  3- 
nerved,  dentate,  sinuate  or  lobed,  or 
the  upper  entire,  l'-4'  long;  spikes 
terminal  and  axillary,  simple  or  com- 
pound, often  panicled;  calyx  about 
i"  broad  in  fruit,  its  segments  usu- 
ally completely  enclosing  the  utricle; 
seed  horizontal,  black,  shining,  firmly 
attached  to  the  pericarp. 

In  waste  places,  and  cultivated 
soil  ;  a  common  weed,  naturalized  from 
Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in  warm 
and  temperate  regions.  Flowers  from 
winter  to  autumn. 


1.  C.  alhtttn. 

2.  C.  niurale. 

3.  C.  ambrosioides. 


116 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


2.  Chenopodium     murale     L. 

Nettie-leaved  Goosefoot.  Sow- 
bane.  (Fig.  134.)  Annual,  some- 
what scurfy  above;  stem  l°-2^° 
high,  leafy  to  the  summit.  Leaves 
rhombic-ovate,  thin,  bright  green, 
acute  or  acuminate,  sharply  and 
coarsely  sinuate  dentate,  cuneate 
or  subtruncate  at  the  base,  slender- 
petioled,  2'^'  long;  flowers  in 
loose  axillary  panicles  often  not 
longer  than  the  petioles;  calyx- 
segments  not  entirely  enclosing  the 
utricle;  seed  sharp-edged,  hori- 
zontal, firmly  attached  to  the  peri- 
carp. 

Occasional  or  frequent  in  waste 
places.  Introduced.  Native  of  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  temperate  North 
America  and  in  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 

3.  Chenopodium       ambrosioides 

L.  Mexican  Tea.  Worm  seed. 
(Fig.  135.)  Annual,  glabrous  or 
slightly  glandular-pubescent,  strong- 
scented;  stem  leafy,  2°-3°  high  angu- 
lar and  grooved.  Leaves  oblong  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, narrowed  to  a  short 
petiole,  repand-dentate,  undulate  or 
the  upper  entire,  l'-4'  long,  the  up- 
per numerous  and  smaller;  flowers 
in  small  dense  axillary  spikes;  calyx 
usually  3-parted,  completely  enclos- 
ing the  fruit ;  pericarp  readily  sep- 
arable from  the  seed ;  seed  horizontal 
or  vertical,  shining.  [C.  anthelmin- 
ticum  L.] 

In  waste  places.  Common.  Nat- 
iralized  from  tropical  America.  Flow- 
ers in  summer  and  autumn. 

Blitum  maritimum  L.,  similar 
to  Chenopodium,  but  the  calyx  be- 
coming fleshy  and  accrescent,  the 
ripe  heads  of  fruit  globose  and  red, 
recorded  by  Reade  as  rare  along  way- 
sides by  the  sea,  has  not  been  found 
by  subsequent  collectors.  It  is  native  of  the  cooler  parts  of  the  north  temperate 
zone.     The  record  is,  perhaps,  an  error  for  Atriplex  arenaria. 


2.  ATRIPLEX  L. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  often  scurfy-canescent  or  silvery.     Leaves  alternate, 

or  some  of  them  opposite.     Flowers  dioecious  or  monoecious,  small,  green,  in 

panicled  spikes  or  capitate-clustered  in  the  axils.     Staminate  flowers  bractless, 

consisting  of  a  3-5-parted  calyx  and  an  equal  number  of  stamens;   filaments 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


117 


separate  or  united  by  their  bases;  a  rudimentary  ovary  sometimes  present. 
Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  2  braetlets  which  enlarge  in  fruit  and  are  more 
or  less  united,  sometimes  quite  to  their  summits;  perianth  none;  stigmas  2. 
Utricle  completely  or  partially  enclosed  by  the  fruiting  bractlets.  Seed  vertical 
or  rarely  horizontal;  embryo  annular;  endosperm  mealy.  [From  a  Greek  name 
of  orache.]  About  130  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type 
species:  Atriplex  hortensis  L. 

1.  Atriplex  arenaria  Nutt. 
Sea-beach  Atriplex.  (Fig.  136.) 
Annual,  pale,  densely  silvery- 
scurfy  ;  stem  bushy-branched,  4-15' 
high,  the  branches  ascending  or 
decumbent,  angular;  leaves  oblong, 
entire,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  ^'- 
2'  long,  the  lateral  veins  few  and 
obscure;  flowers  in  axillary  clus- 
ters much  shorter  than  the  leaves; 
fruiting  bractlets  triangular  wedge- 
shaped,  broadest  above,  2"-3" 
wide,  united  nearly  to  the  several- 
toothed  summits,  their  margins  en- 
tire, their  sides  reticulated,  or 
sometimes  crested  or  tubercled. 
[A.  cristaia  of  Lefroy  and  of 
Hemsley;  FBlitum  maritimum  of 
Reade  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

In  salt  marshes,  not  abundant, 
and  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  found 
along  the  North  Shores.  Native. 
Eastern  United  States,  Bahamas, 
Cuba.  Transported  to  Bermuda  by 
floating.       Flowers    from    spring    to  autumn. 

Atriplex  hortensis  L.,  Garden  Orache,  Tartarian,  grown  as  a  substitute 
for  spinach  in  many  countries,  was  seen  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913. 
It  has  succulent  ovate-lanceolate  leaves  2^'-4'  long,  and  flowers  in  large 
panicles,  the  broadly  ovate,  veiny,  subcordate  bracts  about  5"  broad. 


3.     SALICORNIA  L. 

Fleshy  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  terete  branches,  the  leaves  reduced  to 
mere  opposite  scales,  the  flowers  sunken  3-7  together  in  the  axils  of  the  upper 
ones,  forming  narrow  terminal  spikes,  perfect  or  the  lateral  ones  staminate. 
Calyx  obpyramidal  or  rhomboid,  fleshy,  3-4-toothed  or  truncate,  becoming 
spongy,  in  fruit  deciduous.  Stamens  2,  or  sometimes  solitary,  exserted ;  fila- 
ments cylindric,  short ;  anthers  oblong,  large ;  ovary  ovoid ;  styles  or  stigmas  2. 
Utricle  enclosed  by  the  spongy  fruiting  calyx,  the  pericarp  membranous.  Seed 
erect,  compressed;  embryo  conduplicate;  endosperm  none.  [Name  Greek,  salt- 
horn;  from  the  saline  habitat,  and  horn-like  branches.]  About  10  species, 
natives  of  saline  soil,  widely  distributed  in  both  the  Old  World  and  the  New. 
Type  species:  Salicornia  europaea  L 


118 


CHENOPODIACEAE. 


1.  Salicornia  perennis  Mill. 
Woody  Glasswort.  Marsh  Sam- 
phire. (Fig.  137.)  Perennial  by 
a  woody  rootstock;  stem  trailing 
or  decumbent,  the  branches  as- 
cending or  erect,  slender,  nearly 
or  quite  simple,  rather  long- 
jointed,  6'-li°  high.  Scales 
broadly  ovate  or  wider  than  high, 
appressed  or  slightly  divergent ; 
fruiting  spikes  ^'-IV  long,  their 
joints  not  longer  than  thick; 
flowers  all  about  equally  high  and 
about  equalling  the  joints.  [S. 
ambigua  Michx.  j  S.  fruticosa  of 
Lefroy,  H.  B.  Small,  Coulter, 
and  Verrill.] 

Common  In  salt  marshes,  and 
on  coastal  rocks  and  sands.  Native. 
Atlantic  and  Pacific  coast  of  North 
America,  Bahamas,  Cuba,  Jamaica, 
coasts  of  northern  Europe.  Trans- 
ported to  Bermuda  by  floating. 
Flowers   in   spring  and   summer. 

Beta  vulgaris  L.,  Beet, 
European,  a  large-rooted  plant 
of  this  family,  is  successfully 
grown  as  a  garden  vegetable  in 
s  everal  races.  The  flowering  stem 
is  2°-3°  high,  with  alternate 
leaves,  the  small  greenish  flowers 
in  panicled  spikes. 


Family  2.     BASELLACEAE  Moq. 

Madeira-vine  Family. 

Somewhat  succulent  vines,  with  tuber-bearing  rootstocks.  Leaves 
alternate,  broad,  often  cordate,  entire.  Flowers  perfect  in  narrow  racemes. 
Calyx  of  2  sepals,  sometimes  winged  in  fruit.  Corolla  of  5  petals.  Stamens 
5,  borne  opposite  the  petals;  filaments  sometimes  united  below.  Ovary 
superior,  1-celled ;  styles  3,  distinct ;  stigmas  entire  or  cleft.  Ovule  solitary, 
campylotropous,  erect.  Fruit  utricular.  Seed  with  a  membranous  testa. 
Five  genera  and  about  15  species  of  tropical  distribution,  mostly  Amer- 
ican. 


1.     BOUSSINGAULTIA  H.B.K. 

Vines,  with  much-branched  stems,  the  leaves  rather  fleshy.  Flowers  in 
axillary  and  terminal  spike-like  racemes.  Sepals  nearly  flat,  not  winged. 
Petals  longer  than  the  sepals.  Filaments  terete,  somewhat  enlarged,  but  not 
dilated,  at  the  base.  Stigmas  cleft.  Seeds  with  starchy  endosperm.  [In 
honor  of  Boussingault,  a  French  botanist.]  About  a  dozen  species,  natives  of 
tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 


BASELLACEAE. 


119 


1.  Boussingaultia  baselloides 
H.B.K.  Madeira-vine.  Bridal 
Wreath.  (Fig.  138.)  A  glabrous 
vine  climbing  over  other  plants  or 
on  walls.  Leaves  ovate,  l'-3'  long, 
acute,  entire,  abruptly  narrowed  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  short- 
petioled;  racemes  slender,  simple 
or  compound,  2'-6'  long;  petals 
greenish  white,  oval  or  elliptic- 
oval,  about  2"  long,  spreading  dur- 
ing anthesis. 

Thickets  and  walls,  escaped 
from  cultivation  and  naturalized. 
Native  of  South  America.  .  Flowers 
in  summer  and  autumn.  An  attrac- 
tive vine  with  many  narrow  racemes 
of   nearly   white   fragrant   flowers. 

Basella  rubra  L.,  Red  Basella, 
of  tropical  Asia,  recorded  by  Jones 
as  grown  in  Bermuda,  is  a  vine, 
similar  to  the  Madeira  Vine,  but 
with  spicate,  red  or  white,  sessile 
flowers,  and  the  seeds  have  scarcely 
any  endosperm.  [B.  cordifolia 
Lam.] 


Family  3.     AMARANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Amaranth  Family. 

Herbs,  some  exotic  genera  low  shrubs,  with  simple  mostly  entire  thin 
leaves.  Flowers  small,  green  or  white,  bracteolate,  variously  clustered, 
usually  in  terminal  spikes  or  axillary  heads.  Petals  none.  Calyx  her- 
baceous or  membranous,  2-5-parted,  the  segments  distinct,  or  united  at  the 
base,  equal,  or  the  inner  ones  smaller.  Stamens  1-5,  mostly  opposite  the 
calyx-segments,  hypogynous;  filaments  distinct,  united  at  the  base,  or  into 
a  tube.  Ovary  1-celle'd;  ovule  solitary  in  the  following  genera,  amphitro- 
pous  (several  in  some  tropical  genera)  ;  stigmas  1-3.  Fruit  a  utricle, 
circumscissile,  bursting  irregularly,  or  indehiscent,  1-seeded  in  our  genera. 
Seed  mostly  smooth;  embryo  annular;  endosperm  mealy,  usually  copious. 
About  40  genera  and  475  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in 
warm  regions. 


Utricle  circumscissile ;   anthers   2-celled. 
Utricle  indehiscent ;   anthers   1-celled. 


1.  Amaranthus. 

2.  Achyranthcs. 


1.     AMARANTHUS  L. 

Annual  branched  erect  or  diffusely  spreading  glabrous  or  pubescent  herbs, 
with   petioled  pinnately  veined   leaves   and   small   monoecious   polygamous   or 


120 


AMARANTHACEAE. 


dioecious  green  or  purplish  mostly  3-bracteolate  flowers  in  dense  terminal 
spikes  or  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  of  2-5  distinct  sepals.  Stamens  2-5 ;  anthers 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Styles  or  stigmas  2  or  3.  Fruit  an  ovoid  or  oblong 
utricle,  2-3 -beaked  by  the  persistent  styles.  Embryo  annular.  [Greek,  unfad- 
ing flower,  from  the  dry,  unwithering  bracts.]  About  50  species  of  wide 
geographic  distribution.     Type  species:  Amaranthus  caudatus  L. 


1.  Amaranthus  hybridus  L.  Slen- 
der Pigweed.  (Fig.  139.)  Eoughish- 
pubescent;  stem  usually  slender,  erect, 
l°-5°  tall.  Leaves  ovate,  or  the  upper 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  thin,  2'-6' 
long;  spikes  linear-cylindric,  axillary  and 
forming  dense  terminal  panicles,  ascend- 
ing, somewhat  spreading  or  drooping; 
bracts  subulate,  twice  as  long  as  the  5 
oblong  acute  or  cuspidate  sepals;  stamens 
5;  utricle  scarcely  wrinkled.  [A.  cJilo- 
rostacliys  Willd.] 

A  common  weed  In  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized  from  tropical 
America.  Widely  naturalized  as  a  weed  in 
temperate  North  America.  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year. 


Amaranthus  retroflexus  L.,  Rough  Pigweed,  American,  similar,  but  with 
thick  ovoid-cylindric  flower  spikes,  is  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Reade,  H.  B. 
Small  and  Moore. 

Amaranthus  spinosus  L.,  Spiny  Amaranth,  with  a  pair  of  stout  spines  in 
each  leaf  axil,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  a  weed  in  cultivated  ground,  and  by 
Hemsley,  as  found  among  rubbish  by  Lane,  but  it  has  not  been  seen  in  Ber- 
muda by  subsequent  collectors. 

Amaranthus  gangeticus  L.,  Love-lies-Bleeding,  Asiatic,  sometimes  grown 
for  ornament  in  races  with  red  or  purple  leaves,  is  l°-3°  high  with  erect  spikes 
of  glomerate  flowers.     [A.  melanchoUcus  L.] 


2.     ACHYRANTHES  L. 

Decumbent  or  prostrate  herbs.  Leaves  opposite,  entire  or  nearly  so. 
Flowers  perfect,  in  sessile  or  peduncled  head-like  usually  white  or  silvery  spikes. 
Sepals  5,  unequal.  Stamens  5,  the  filaments  partially  united  into  a  cup-like 
tube;  staminodia  surpassing  the  filaments  and  1-celled  anthers  or  shorter. 
Ovary  1-celled;  stigma  capitate.  Ovule  solitary.  Utricle  flattened,  indehiscent. 
Seeds  lenticular,  smooth.  [Greek,  straw-flower.]  About  100  species,  of  trop- 
ical and  subtropical  distribution.     Type  species:   Achyranthes  repens  L. 


AMAEANTHACEAE, 


121 


1.  Achyranthes  maritima  (St.  Hil.) 
Standlev.  Beach  Alternaxthera.  (Fig. 
140.)  Plants  glabrous,  fleshy.  Stems  or 
the  iDranches  prostrate,  8'-2^°  long,  angled, 
branched ;  leaves  leathery,  cuneate  to  oblong 
or  elliptic,  f'-2^'  long,  obtuse,  commonly 
mucronate,  entire,  sessile  or  somewhat 
petioled;  spikes  dull  straw-colored,  3"-6" 
long,  sessile,  leaving  a  conspicuous  scar 
when  detached ;  bracts  ovate,  keeled ;  calyx 
i  longer  than  the  bracts;  sepals  rigid,  ovate, 
acute  and  slightly  awn-tipped,  usually  5- 
nerved,  glabrous;  staminodia  longer  than 
the  filaments,  cleft  or  lacerate  at  the  tip. 
[Alternanthera  maritima  St.   Hil.] 

Beaches,  Long  Bird  Island,  1908.  Southern 
Florida,  Bahamas,  South  America.  Flowers  In 
spring.      Transported-  to  Bermuda  by   floating. 

Achyranthes  polygonoides  (L.)  R.Br. 
KxoTWEED  Achyranthes,  West  Indian, 
recorded  by  E-eade  as  growing  in  the  Public 
Park  prior  to  1883,  has  spreading  stems  and 
branches,  spatulate  obtuse  leaves  about  1'  long,  and  bright  white  flower-heads 
Y  in  diameter,  sessile  in  the  axils. 

Achyranthes  amabilis  (Lemaire)  Britton,  Beautifl^l  Achyranthes, 
Brazilian,  planted  for  borders  in  flower  gardens,  has  oblong  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, more  or  less  red-blotched  leaves  l'-3'  long.  [Alternantlicra  amahilis 
Lemaire.] 

Achyranthes  Bettzickiana  (Kegel)  Britton,  Bettzick's  Achyranthes, 
also  Brazilian  and  planted  for  borders,  has  spatulate  to  ovate  red  to  green 
leaves  1-2'  long,  with  long  margined  petioles.     [Telanthera  Bettzicliana  Kegel.] 

Celosia  cristata  L.,  Cockscomb,  of  tropical  regions,  cultivated  in  flower 
gardens,  is  a  stiff,  erect  annual  about  2°  high,  with  glabrous,  ovate,  petioled 
leaves  2'-3'  long,  cordate  at  the  base,  often  variegated ;  its  spikes  of  flowers  are 
confluent  into  flat  crested  structures  sometimes  very  broad,  red,  purple  or 
violet  to  yellow.  It  is  supposed  to  be  a  crested  race  of  Celosia  argentea  L.,  a 
common  tropical  weed. 

Iresine  Herbstli  Hook.,  Herbst's  Iresine,  South  American,  recorded  by 
Lefroy  as  grown  in  Bermuda  gardens,  is  shrubby,  U°-3°  high,  with  nearly 
orbicular,  slender-petioled,  emarginate,  purple  or  red  leaves  l'-3'  broad  and 
very  small  and  numerous  flowers  in  panicles. 

Family  4.     PHYTOLACCACEAE  Lindl. 

PoKEWEED  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees)  with  alternate  entire 
mostly  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  polygamous  or  monoecious 
flowers.  Calyx  4-5-parted  or  of  4  or  5  sepals,  its  segments  or  sepals  im- 
bricated in  the  bud.  Petals  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  calyx- 
segments  or  sepals  and  alternate  with  them,  or  more  numerous,  hypogynous; 


122 


PHYTOLACCACEAE. 


filaments  distinct,  or  united  at  the  base;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent,  often  nearly  separated.  Ovary  superior,  several-celled 
in  most  of  the  genera;  ovules  solitary  in  the  cavities,  amphitropous.  Styles 
as  many  as  the  carpels,  short  or  none ;  stigmas  linear  or  filiform.  Fruit  a 
berry  in  the  following  genus.  Endosperm  of  the  seed  mealy  or  fleshy. 
About  22  genera  and  110  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics. 

1.     PHYTOLACCA  L. 

Tall  perennial  herbs,  Tvith  petioled  estipulate  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes,  which  by  the  further  growth  of  the  stem  become  opposite  the 
leaves.  Pedicels  bracted  at  the  base  and  often  1-3-bracted  above.  Calyx  of  4 
or  5  persistent  rounded  sepals.  Stamens  5-15,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Ovary  composed  of  5-15  distinct  or  somewhat  united  carpels.  Fruit  a  depressed- 
globose  5-15-celled  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  1  in  each  cavity,  erect,  compressed; 
embryo  annular  in  the  mealy  endosperm.  [Name  Greek  and  French,  referring 
to  the  crimson  juice  of  the  berries.]  About  24  species,  the  following  typical 
one  of  eastern  North  America,  the  others  tropical. 

1.  Phjrtolacca    americana    L. 

Poke.  Scoke.  Garget.  (Fig. 
141.)  A  glabrous  strong-smelling 
succulent  erect  herb,  3°-12°  tall, 
the  root  large,  poisonous,  the  stem 
stout,  its  pith  divided  into  disks. 
Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  6-12'  long;  racemes 
2'-S'  long;  pedicels  2"-6"  long; 
flowers  perfect ;  calyx  white,  2"-3" 
broad;  stamens  10,  slightly  shorter 
than  the  sepals;  ovary  green,  10- 
celled;  styles  recurved;  berry  dark 
purple,  5"-6"  in  diameter,  very 
juicy,  its  10  carpels  conspicuous 
when  dry.     [P.  decandra  L.] 

Waste  grounds  in  Paget  Marsh, 

1905.       Introduced  from     temperate 

North      America.  Naturalized      in 

Europe.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn. 

Eivina  humilis  L.,  Rouge  Plant,  of  tropical  America,  a  low  shrub  with 
alternate,  entire,  petioled  ovate  to  lanceolate  leaves  1-3'  long,  the  small  white 
flowers  racemose,  with  4  sepals,  the  fruit  small  red  berries  about  1"  in  diam- 
eter, was  grown  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1914. 

Family  5.    NYCTAGINACEAE  Lindl. 

Four-o'clock  Family. 

Herbs  (some  tropical  genera  trees  or  shrubs)  with  simple  entire  leaves, 
and  regular  flowers  in  clusters,  in  several  of  the  genera  subtended  by  in- 


NYCTAGINACEAE. 


123 


volucres.  Petals  none.  Calyx  inferior,  usually  corolla-like,  its  limb  4-5- 
lobed  or  4-5-toothed.  Stamens  hypogynous;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
2-celled,  dehiscent  by  lateral  slits.  Ovary  enclosed  by  the  tube  of  the 
perianth,  1-celled,  1-ovuled;  ovule  campylotropous;  stigma  capitate.  Fruit 
a  ribbed,  grooved  or  winged  anthocarp.  About  25  genera  and  350  species, 
of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  America, 


Involucre  large,  calyx-like,  its  bracts  united. 
Involucre  none ;  flowers  very  small,  panicled 


1.  Mirahilis. 

2.  Boerhaavca, 


1.     MIRABIIilS  L. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  large  tuberous-thickened  roots  and  forking  stems. 
Leaves  opposite,  somewhat  fleshy,  petioled,  or  the  upper  sessile.  Flower 
solitary  or  many  flowers  together  in  a  5-lobed  calyx-like  involucre.  Calyx 
colored,  its  tube  elongated,  constricted  above  the  ovary,  its  limb  expanding, 
deciduous.  Stamens  5  or  6,  unequal;  filaments  filiform,  slender,  incurved, 
united  into  a  fleshy  cup  at  the  base.  Style  filiform.  Fruit  ribbed.  Seed 
filling  the  pericarp,  to  which  the  testa  adheres;  endosperm  mealy.  [Latin, 
beautiful.]     Twenty  or  more  American  species,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Mirabilis  Jalapa  L.  Four- 
o 'clock.  Marvel  of  Peru.  (Fig. 
142.)  Foliage  deep  green,  gla- 
brous or  slightly  pubescent.  Stem 
erect,  l°-3°  tall,  much  branched; 
leaves  ovate,  acuminate,  sometimes 
sparingly  ciliate,  entire,  truncate 
or  cordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles 
about  i  as  long  as  the  blades;  in- 
volucres campanulate,  3"-4"  high, 
pubescent,  1-flowered,  their  lobes 
ovate-lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as 
the  tube,  acute,  bristle-tipped; 
calyx  salverform,  li'-2'  long, 
deep  red  to  purple  or  white,  often 
more  or  less  blotched,  the  edge 
lobed;  stamens  exserted;  fruit 
ovoid;  black,  4"-5"  long,  wrinkled- 
tuberculate,  5-ribbed.  [M.  dicho- 
tonia  L.;  M.  longiflora  of  Jones.] 

Waste  grounds  and  woodlands. 
Escaped  from  cultivation  and  nat- 
uralized. Native  of  tropical  America. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Much  grown  in  gardens. 


2.     BOEEHAAVEA  L. 

Slender    herbs    with    forking    stems    and    branches,    opposite    leaves,    and 
small  panicled  minutely  bracted  flowers  on  jointed  pedicels.    Calyx  campanulate 


124 


NYCTAGINACEAE. 


to  funnelform,  its  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  1-5,  exserted,  the  slender  filaments 
united  at  the  base.  Ovary  oblique;  style  filiform;  stigma  peltate.  Fruit  ob- 
ovoid  or  clavate,  ribbed.  [In  honor  of  Hermann  Boerhaave,  1668-1738,  a  cele- 
brated Dutch  scientist.]  About  50  species,  native  of  warm  and  tropical 
regions.    Type  species:  B.  diffusa  L. 


1.  Boerhaavea  erecta  L.  Hog-weed.  (Fig. 
143.)  Stem  erect  or  ascending,  branched; 
leaves  ovate  to  deltoid-ovate,  sometimes  inequi- 
lateral, |'-3i'  long,  apiculate,  repand  or  undu- 
late, acute  to  cordate  at  the  base,  minutely 
black-dotted  on  the  lower  whitish  surface; 
petioles  usually  about  one  half  as  long  as  the 
blades  or  longer;  peduncles  filiform;  flowers 
2-6  in  a  cluster;  calyx  white  to  purple,  its  tube 
glabrous,  the  limb  campanulate,  4"-|"  long, 
sparingly  pubescent;  stamens  exserted;  fruit 
obpyramidal,  2"  long,  5-angled,  the  grooves 
trans\'ersely  wrinkled,  the  top  flat. 

Common  as  a  weed  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  tropical  America  or 
Soutliern  Florida.  Flowers  nearly  throughout  the 
year. 


Bougainvillea  spectabilis  Willd.,  Purple  Bougaixvillea,  a  high-climbing 
vine  with  large  purple  flowers,  spiny  stems,  and  round-ovate  pubescent  leaves, 
is  extensively  planted  for  ornament  about  houses  and  grows  luxuriantly.  It  is 
native  of  Brazil. 

Bougainvillea  glabra  Choisy,  Red  Bougainville.4,  also  Brazilian,  similar, 
but  glabrous,  and  with  brick-red  flowers,  is  occasionally  planted.  It  is  difl&cult 
to  propagate. 

Torrubia  fragrans  (Dum.-Cours.)  Standley,  Fragrant  Torrubia,  West  In- 
dian, is  a  smooth  barked  tree  up  to  40°  high,  with  thin,  opposite,  slender- 
petioled  leaves  3'-4'  long,  acuminate  at  both  ends,  and  small  green  fragrant 
flowers  in  dense  terminal  clusters,  followed  by  oblong  beaked  drupes  about  J' 
long.  An  elegant  specimen,  the  only  one  known  to  me  in  Bermuda,  existed  at 
Admiralty  Hous^  in  1913.     [Fisonia  fragrans  Dum.-Cours.] 


Family  6.     AIZOACEAE  A.  Braun. 

Carpet-weed  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  watery  sap.  Stems  often  branched 
at  the  base,  the  branches  radiating,  sometimes  creeping.  Leaves  mostly 
opposite  or  apparently  whorled,  simple.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or 
unisexual,  regular.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  sepals.  Corolla  wanting  (in  our 
genera).     Stamens  4  or  5,  hypogynous  or  perigynous,  or  sometimes  fewer 


AIZOACEAE. 


125 


or  more  numerous.  Anthers  2-celled.  Carpels  2  or  several,  united.  Ovary 
2-many-celled  or  1-celled  by  suppression,  superior,  or  somewhat  inferior. 
Styles  or  stigmas  as  many  as  cavities  in  the  ovary.  Ovules  1  or  many. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  or  rarely  berry-like  or  nut-like.  Endosperm  copious.  Em- 
bryo curved.     About  22  genera  and  500  species,  widely  distributed. 


Calyx  not  adnate  to  the  ovary  ;  capsule  circumsclsslle. 
Calyx  adnate  to  the  ovary ;  fruit  indehiscent. 


1.  Srsuviutn. 

2.  Tetrayonia. 


1.     SESUVIUM  L. 

Fleshy  decumbent  or  prostrate  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  axillary 
pink  or  purplish  flowers.  Stipules  none,  but  the  petioles  often  dilated  and 
connate  at  the  base.  Calyx-tube  top-shaped,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  oblong,  obtuse. 
Stamens  5-60,  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Filaments  filiform,  sometimes  united 
at  the  base.  Ovary  3-5-eeIled.  Styles  3-5,  papillose  along  the  inner  side. 
Capsule  membranous,  oblong,  3-5-celled,  circumscissile.  Seeds  round-reniform, 
smooth;  embryo  annular.  About  4  species,  natives  of  seacoasts  and  saline 
regions,  the  following  typical.     [Derivation  uncertain.] 


1.  Sesuvium   Portulacastnim   L.     Sea 

Purslane.  Seaside  Purslane.  (Fig,  144.) 
Perennial,  fleshy,  glabrous.  Stems  usually 
diffusely  branched,  the  branches  prostrate, 
often  creeping,  forming  patches  often  5°-6° 
broad;  leaves  oblanceolate  to  oblong,  ^'-2' 
long,  acute  or  acutish,  the  bases  clasping; 
flowers  short-peduncled,  solitary  in  the  axils ; 
sepals  broadly  lanceolate,  3"-5"  long, 
hooded,  purple  within,  the  back  prolonged 
into  an  appendage;  stamens  numerous;  cap- 
sule conic,  4"-5"  long. 

Common  in  salt  marshes  and  on  coastal 
sands.  Native.  Southeastern  United  States 
and  West  Indies.  Doubtless  transported  to 
Bermuda  by  floating.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn.  An  abundant  and  characteristic 
coastal  plant. 


2.     TETRAGONIA  L. 

Herbs,  somewhat  fleshy,  with  alternate,  estipulate  leaves  and  small  axillary 
flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary  extending  beyond  it;  sepals  3-5. 
Stamens  inserted  on  the  calyx-tube.  Ovary  1-several-celIed ;  styles  as  many  as 
the  ovary-cavities.  Fruit  nut-like,  often  4-angled,  indehiscent.  Seeds  reniform; 
embryo  curved.  [Greek,  four-angled.]  About  20  species.  Type  species: 
Tetragonia  fruticosa  L. 


126 


AIZOACEAE. 


1.  Tetragonia  expansa  Murr. 
New  Zealand  Spinach.  (Fig.  145.) 
Stems  prostrate  or  ascending,  rather 
stout,  often  2°  long,  branched  below. 
Leaves  rhombic-ovate,  1-3'  long, 
acutish  to  acuminate  at  the  apex,  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  into  a  petiole  shorter 
than  the  blade;  flowers  solitary  and 
nearly  sessile  in  the  axils,  about  2^" 
wide;  fruit  short-stalked,  broadly 
obovoid,  4-horned,  4"-5"  thick. 

Border  of  mangrove  swamp,  near 
Bassett's  Cave,  Sandys,  1912.  Escaped 
from  cultivation  and  naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  New  Zealand. 

Mesembryanthemum  crystallinum 
L.,  Ice  Plant,  of  Greece,  th©  Canary 
Islands,  South  Africa,  and  found  also 
on  the  coast  of  California,  has  been 
planted  for  interest.  It  is  a  diffusely 
procumbent  herb,  covered  with  white 
shining  papillae,  its  ovate  to  spatulate 

leaves  l'-4'  long,  its  small,  nearly  sessile,  axillary  flowers  white  or  rose.      [M. 

glaciale  Haw.] 

A  species  of  Mesembryanthemum,  South  African,  known  as  Hottentot's 
Bread,  was  grown  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914. 

Family  7.     PORT^ULACACEAE  Reichenb. 

Purslane  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  regular  perfect  but  unsymmet- 
rical  flowers.  Sepals  commonly  2  (rarely  5).  Petals  4  or  5,  rarely  more, 
liypogynous,  imbricated.  Stamens  hypog^mous,  equal  in  number  to  the 
petals  or  fewer,  rarely  more;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  2-celled,  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  1-celled;  style  2-3-eIeft  or  2-3-divided,  tlie 
divisions  stigmatic  on  the  inner  side;  ovules  2-°o,  amphitropous.  Capsule 
circumscissile,  or  dehiscent  by  3  valves.  Seeds  2-°o,  reniform-globose  or 
compressed;  embryo  curved.  About  180  species,  mostly  natives  of  Amer- 
ica, grouped  in  about  20  genera. 


1.     PORTULACA  L. 

Diffuse  or  ascending,  glabrous  or  pubescent  fleshy  herbs,  with  terminal 
flowers.  Sepals  2,  united  at  the  base  and  partly  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Petals 
4-6  (mainly  5),  inserted  on  the  calyx,  fugacious.  Stamens  7-co,  also  on  the 
calyx.  Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  deeply  3-9-cleft  or  parted.  Capsule  mem- 
branous, dehiscent  by  a  lid,  many-seeded.  [Latin,  in  allusion  to  the  purging 
qualities  of  some  species.]  A  genus  of  about  20  species,  all  but  2  or  3  natives 
of  America,  the  following  typical. 


PORTULACACEAE. 


127 


1.  Portulaca    olericea    L. 

Purslane.  Pussley.  (Fig. 
146.)  Annual,  prostrate,  branch- 
ing from  a  deep  central  root; 
branches  4'-10'  long.  Leaves 
alternate  and  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  obovate 
or  cuneate,  3"-10"  long,  rounded 
at  the  apex,  very  fleshy ;  flower- 
buds  flat;  flowers  solitary,  ses- 
sile, 2"-4"  broad,  yellow,  open- 
ing in  bright  sunshine;  sepals 
broad,  keeled,  acutish;  style  4- 
6-parted;  capsule  3"-5"  long; 
seeds  finely  rugose. 

Common  as  a  weed  In  waste 
and  cultivated  grounds  and  occa- 
sional in  rocliy  situations.  Na- 
tive. North  America  and  the 
West  Indies.  Prohably  trans- 
ported to  Bermuda  by  birds. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the 
year.     Used  as  a  pot  herb. 

Montia  fontana  L.,  a  small 
aquatic  cold-temperate  plant, 
was  reported  by  Lefroy  and  by 
H.  B.  Small  as  common  in  ponds 

and  ditches,  but  it  has  not  been   found  by  other   collectors;    the   records  are 
probably  erroneous. 

Portulaca  pilosa  L.,  Small  Purple  Portulaca,  a  West  Indian  purple- 
flowered  species  with  nearly  cylindric  linear  leaves,  is  recorded  by  Reade  as 
frequent  in  gardens,  prior  to  1883. 


Family  8.     ALSINACEAE  Wahl. 

Chickweed  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  shrubby  at  the  base,  with  a 
watery  sap.  Stems  often  diffusely  branched.  Leaves  opposite,  with  or 
without  stipules,  entire.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  sometimes  incomplete. 
Calyx  of  4-5  persistent,  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  of  4-5 
clawless  petals,  or  wanting.  Androecium  of  twice  as  many  stamens  as  there 
are  sepals  or  fewer;  filaments  distinct  or  cohering  below.  Anthers  introrse, 
opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled  or  rarely  2-5-celled ;  styles  2-5 ;  ovules 
several  or  many,  amphitropous  or  campylotropous,  on  a  central  column. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  opening  by  valves,  these  sometimes  tooth-like.  Erabr\'o 
more  or  less  curved  in  the  endosperm,  usually  with  incumbent  cotyledons. 
About  32  genera  and  500  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in 
temperate  regions. 

Stipules  none. 

Petals  deeply  2-cleft  or  2-parted. 

Capsule  ovoid  or  oblong,  dehiscent  by  valves. 
Capsule  cylindric,  dehiscent  by  teeth. 
Petals  entire  or  merely  emarginate. 
Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals, 
Styjes  fewer  than  the  sepals. 
Stipules  present,  scarious. 


1.  Alsinc. 

2.  Cerostium. 

3.  Soffina. 

4.  Arcnaria. 

5.  Tissa. 


128 


ALSINACEAE. 


1,     ALSINE   [Tourn.]  L. 

Tufted  herbs,  with  cymose  white  flowers.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  of 
the  same  number,  2-cleft,  2-parted,  or  emarginate,  white  in  our  species,  rarely 
none.  Stamens  10  or  fewer,  hypogynous.  Ovary  1-celled;  styles  commonly  3, 
rarely  4  or  5.  Capsule  dehiscent  by  twice  as  many  valves  as  there  are  styles. 
[Greek,  grove,  the  habitat  of  some  species.]  Species  about  75,  most  abundant 
in  temperate  or  cold  climates.     Type  species:  Alsine  media  L. 


Petals  shorter  than  the  sepals. 
Petals  longer  than  the  sepals. 


1.  A.  media. 

2.  A.  Baldwinii. 

1.  Alsine  media  L.  Common 
Chickw^eed.  (Fig.  147.)  Annual, 
tufted,  much  branched,  decumbent 
or  ascending,  4'-16'  long,  glabrous 
except  a  line  of  hairs  along  the  stem 
and  branches,  the  pubescent  sepals 
and  the  sometimes  ciliate  petioles. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oval,  2"-lA'  long, 
acute  or  rarely  obtuse,  the  lower 
often  cordate;  flowers  2"-4"  broad, 
in  terminal  leafy  cymes  or  also 
solitary  in  the  axils;  sepals  oblong, 
longer  than  the  2-parted  petals; 
stamens  2-10;  capsule  ovoid,  longer 
than  the  calyx;  seeds  rough. 

Frequent  or  common  in  waste 
and  cultivated  grounds.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in 
temperate  North  America.  Flowers 
in  spring  and   summer. 


2.  Alsine  Baldwinii  J.  K.  Small.  Bald- 
win's  Chickweed.  (Fig.  148.)  Annual,  slen- 
der, pubescent  or  nearly  glabrous.  Stem  dif- 
fusely branched,  the  branches  prostrate,  4'-2° 
long,  forking;  leaves  usually  numerous,  ovate, 
sometimes  as  broad  as  long,  3"-10"  long, 
acute  or  acuminate,  truncate  or  cordate; 
petioles  longer  than  the  blades  except  those 
of  the  upper  leaves ;  pedicels  filiform ;  sepals 
ovate,  l"-li"  long;  petals  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  capsules  ovoid,  surpass- 
ing the  sepals;  seeds  minutely  tuberculate, 
especially  on  the  edges.  [Stellaria  prostrata 
Baldw.,  not  Alsine  prostrata  Forsk.] 

Sand  hills,  Tucker's  Town.  Castle  Point 
and  near  Spanish  Rock.  Native.  South- 
eastern United  States.  Its  seeds  probably 
brought  to  Bermuda  by  birds.  Flowers  in 
spring. 


ALSINACEAE. 


129 


2.     CERASTIUM  L. 

Generally  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs,  Avith  terminal  cymes  of  white  flowers. 
Sepals  5,  rarely  4.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  emarginate  or  bifid  (rarely 
wanting).  Stamens  10,  rarely  fewer.  Styles  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals  and 
opposite  them,  or  in  some  species  fewer.  Capsule  cylindric,  1-celled,  many- 
ovuled,  often  curved,  dehiscent  by  10,  rarely  8,  apical  teeth.  Seeds  rough, 
more  or  less  flattened,  attached  by  their  edges.  [Greek,  horny,  referring  to  the 
horn-shaped  capsule  of  many  species.]  About  50  species,  of  wide  distribution, 
most  abundant  in  the  temperate  zones.    Type  species:  Cerastium  arvense  L. 


Pedicels  not  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  flowers  glomerate. 

Pedicels  at  length  longer  than  the  sepals  ;  flowers  loosely  cymose. 


1.  C.  vis  cos  um. 

2.  C.  vulgutum. 


1.  Cerastium  viscosum  L. 
Mouse-ear  Chickweed.  (Fig.  149.) 
Annual,  tufted,  densely  viscid-pu- 
bescent, 4'-12'  high.  Leaves  ovate, 
obovate,  or  the  lower  spatulate,  4"- 
12"  long,  obtuse;  bracts  small,  her- 
baceous; flowers  2"-3"  broad,  in 
glomerate  cymes;  pedicels  shorter 
than  or  equalling  the  acute  sepals; 
petals  shorter  than  the  calyx,  2-cleft. 

Common  in  fields  and  waste 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North  America. 
Flowers  in  spring. 


2.  Cerastium   vulgatum    L. 

Larger  Mouse-ear  Chickweed. 
(Fig.  150.)  Biennial  or  perennial, 
viscid-pubescent,  tufted,  6'-18'  long. 
Lower  and  basal  leaves  mostly  spatu- 
late-oblong,  obtuse;  upper  leaves  ob- 
long, 5"-12"  long;  inflorescence 
loose,  the  pedicels  at  length  longer 
than  the  calyx;  sepals  about  equal- 
ling the  2-cleft  petals,  2"-3"  long; 
capsule  slightly  curved  upward. 

Roadsides  and  waste  grounds,  oc- 
casional. Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North  America. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


130 


ALSINACEAE. 


3.     S  AGIN  A  L. 

Tufted  matted  low  herbs,  with  subulate  leaves,  and  small  pedieelled  whitish 
flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  entire,  emarginate  or  none. 
Stamens  of  the  same  number,  or  fewer,  or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  1-celled, 
many-ovuled.  Styles  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  alternate  with  them.  Capsule 
4-5-valved,  at  length  dehiscent  to  the  base,  the  valves  opposite  the  sepals. 
[Ancient  name  of  the  spurry.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  the  northern 
hemisphere,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Sagina  procumbens  L.  Procumbent 
Pearlwort.  (Pig.  151.)  Annual  or  perennial, 
branching,  decumbent,  or  spreading,  glabrous 
or  minutely  downy,  matted,  f'-Ss'  high.  Leaves 
linear,  subulate,  2"-7"  long,  connate  at  the  base ; 
flowers  about  1"  broad,  numerous;  peduncles 
capillary,  longer  than  the  leaves,  often  recurved 
at  the  end  after  flowering;  sepals  4,  sometimes 
5,  ovate-oblong,  generally  longer  than  the 
petals,  which  are  occasionally  wanting;  capsule 
about  equalling  the  calyx;  stamens  4,  rarely  5. 
[S.  apetala  of  Reade  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Cliffs,  Tucker's  Town,  and  recorded  by  Reade 
as  found  on  waysides.  Naturalized  from  Europe 
or  North  America.     Flowers  in  winter  and  spring. 

4.     ABENABXA  L. 

Mainly  tufted  herbs,  with  sessile  leaves, 
and  terminal  cymose  or  capitate,  rarely  soli- 
tary, white  flowers.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  entire  or  scarcely  emarginate, 
rarely  none.  Stamens  10.  Styles  generally  3  (rarely  2-5).  Ovary  1-celled, 
many-ovuled.  Capsule  dehiscent  at  the  apex  by  as  many  valves  or  teeth 
as  there  are  styles,  or  twice  as  many.  Seeds  reniform-globose  or  compressed. 
[Latin,  sand,  in  allusion  to  the  habitat  of  many  species.]  About  150  species, 
of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:   Arenaria  serpyllifoUa  L. 

Annual ;  leaves  ovate,  2"-4"  long.  1.  A.  leptoclados. 

Perennial ;    leaves   elliptic  to  narrowly   spatulate,    5"-10"   long.         2.  A.  lanuginosa. 

1.  Arenaria  leptoclados  Guss. 
Slender  Thyme-leaved  Sand- 
wort. (Pig.  152.)  Annual,  slen- 
der, slightly  downy-pubescent, 
widely  branched,  2'-8'  high. 
Leaves  ovate,  2"-4"  long,  acute; 
pedicels  2"-6"  long;  bracts  ovate, 
resembling  the  leaves;  flowers  2" 
broad  or  less,  very  numerous  in 
loose  panicles;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acute  or  mucronate,  3-5-nerved; 
petals  obovate  or  oblong,  usually 
shorter;  capsule  oblong,  papery, 
dehiscent  by  6  short  apical  valves ; 
seeds  rough. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  southern 
Europe.  Naturalized  in  continental 
North  America.  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year.  Has  been  re- 
ferred to  the  similar  A.  serpyllifoUa 
L.,  by  previous  authors. 


ALSINACEAE. 


131 


2.  Arenaria  lanuginosa  (Michx.)  Eohrb. 
Diffuse  Starwort.  Stickweed.  (Fig.  153.) 
Perennial,  slender.  Stems  branched  at  the  base, 
the  branches  spreading,  l°-4°  long,  forking, 
more  or  less  pubescent  with  hooked  hairs ;  leaves 
narrowly  elliptic  or  linear-spatulate,  5"-10" 
long,  acute,  sessile  or  short-petioled;  pedicels 
filiform;  sepals  lanceolate,  l^"-2"  long,  acute; 
petals  1-5,  shorter  than  the  sepals  or  none; 
capsules  ovoid,  about  as  long  as  the  sepals 
or  longer.  [Arenaria  diffusa  Ell.;  Spergu- 
lostrum  lanuginosum  Michx. ;  Stellaria  nemorum 
of  Lefroy  and  of  H.  B.  Small;  Arenaria  alsi- 
noides  of  Hemsley.] 

On  shaded  cliffs,  Paynter's  Vale  and  on  bluffs 
and  sandhills,  near  Tucker's  Town  and  on  Castle 
Point.  Native.  Southeastern  United  States,  Ja- 
maica, continental  tropical  America.  Its  seeds 
probably  transported  to  Bermuda  by  birds. 

5.  TISSA  Adans. 
Low  herbs,  mostly  with  fleshy  linear  or 
setaceous  leaves,  often  with  others  clustered  in 
the  axils,  and  small  pink  or  whitish  flowers  in 
terminal  cymes.  Stipules  scarious.  Sepals  5. 
Petals  the  same  number,  rarely  fewer,  or  none, 
entire.  Stamens  2-10.  Ovary  1-celled,  many- 
ovuled;  styles  3.  Pod  3-valved  to  the  base.  Seeds  reuiform-globose  or  com- 
pressed,   smooth,    winged    or    tuberculate.      [Name    unexplained.]      About    20 

species,  of  wide  distribution,  most  of 
them  on  saline  shores  or  salt  marshes. 
Type  species:   Arenaria  rubra  L. 

1.  Tissa  marina  (L.)  Britton.  Salt- 
marsh  Saxd  Spurry.  (Fig.  154.)  An- 
nual to  jnerennial,  erect,  ascending  or 
nearly  prostrate,  4'-8'  high,  branching. 
Stipules  ovate ;  leaves  linear,  terete, 
fleshy,  i'-lj'  long,  i"-l"  wide,  often 
much  fascicled  in  the  axils;  pedicels  2"- 
5"  long;  sepals  about  3"  long;  capsule 
equalling  or  longer  than  the  calyx ;  sccils 
smooth,  or  roughened  with  projecting 
processes,  wingless,  or  winged.  [Arena- 
ria rubra  marina  L.] 

Salt  marsh.  Spittle  Pond,  lOii.S.  N.-itivo. 
Coasts  of  North  America  and  Europe.  Flow- 
ers commence  to  appear  in  December  and 
continue  throughout  winter  and  spring. 
Presumably  brought  to  Bermuda  through 
the  ocean,  perhaps  recently,  as  it  is  not 
recorded  by  previous  authors. 


132 


C ARYOPH YLL ACE AE . 


Family  9.     CARYOPHYLLACEAE  Reichenb. 

Pink  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  watery  sap  and  usually  erect  stems 
swollen  at  the  nodes.  Leaves  opposite,  often  with  connate  bases;  stipules 
none.  Flowers  perfect,  polygamous  or  rarely  dioecious.  Calyx  of  4  or  5 
united  sepals  forming  a  toothed  tube.  Corolla  often  showy,  of  4  or  5  petals 
with  narrow  claws.  Stamens  usually  twice  as  many  as  the  petals ;  filaments 
usually  distinct,  inserted  like  the  corolla  and  1-celled  ovary  on  the  columnar 
prolongation  of  the  receptacle.  Pistil  1,  compound.  Styles  2-5.  Ovules 
numerous.  Fruit  a  capsule  opening  by  2-5  apical  valves.  Seeds  many  or 
rarely  few,  with  the  embryo  straight  or  nearly  so.  About  20  genera  and 
perhaps  600  species,  most  abundant  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 

1.     SILENE  L. 

Herbs,  with  mainly  pink,  red  or  white  flowers.  Calyx  more  or  less  inflated, 
5-toothed  or  5-cleft,  10-many-nerved,  not  bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  nar- 
row, clawed.  Stamens  10,  Styles  3  (rarely  4  or  5)  ;  ovary  1-celled,  or  incom- 
pletely 2-4-eelled.  Pod  dehiscent  by  6  or  rarely  3  apical  teeth.  Seeds  mainly 
spiny  or  tubercled.  [Greek,  saliva,  in  allusion  to  the  viscid  secretions  of  many 
species.]  About  250  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type  species: 
Silene  anglica  L. 

Petals  longer  than  the  calyx  ;  plants  hirsute  or  villous-pubescent. 

Flowers  in  spike-like  racemes,  diurnal,  small.  1.  8.  anglica. 

Flowers  panicled,   nocturnal,   large.  2.  S.  noctiflora. 

Petals  minute  ;  plant  glandular-puberulent.  3.  8.  nocturna. 


1.  Silene  anglica  L.  English  or 
Small-flovtered  Catchfly.  (Fig.  155.) 
Annual,  hirsute-pubescent;  stem  l°-2° 
high.  Leaves  spatulate  or  oblanceolate, 
V-2'  long,  obtuse,  sometimes  mucronate, 
or  the  upper  narrower  and  acute;  flowers 
in  a  terminal  simple  1-sided  raceme, 
nearly  sessile  or  the  lower  ones  distant 
and  longer-pedieelled,  sometimes  all  dis- 
tinctly pedicelled;  calyx  10-nerved,  vil- 
lous, 4"-5"  long,  much  enlarged  by  the 
ripening  pod,  its  teeth  lanceolate,  spread- 
ing; petals  white,  somewhat  longer  than 
the  calyx.     [S.  gallica  L.] 

Rare  or  occasional  in  waste  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.  Introduced.  Native  of 
Europe.  Flowers  in  spring.  Adventive  or 
naturalized  in  the  United  States. 


CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 


133 


2.  Silene  noctiflora  L.  Night-flower- 
ing Catchfly.  (Fig.  156.)  Annual,  viseid- 
pubescent,  l°-3°  Mgh.  Lower  and  basal 
leaves  obovate  or  oblanceolate,  2'-bY  long, 
obtuse,  narrowed  into  a  broad  petiole; 
upper  leaves  sessile,  ovate-lanceolate,  acute 
or  acuminate;  flowers  few,  white  or  pinkish, 
f'-l'  broad,  in  a  loose  panicle;  calyx  about 
1'  long,  tubular,  10-nerved  and  beautifully 
veined,  much  enlarged  by  the  ripening  pod, 
its  teeth  linear,  acute;  petals  2-cleft. 

Waste  grounds,  west  end  of  Causeway  and 
north  end  of  Harrington  Sound,  1909.  Intro- 
duced. Native  of  Europe.  Flowers  in  spring. 
Naturalized  in  North  America.  The  fragrant 
flowers  open  at  dusk  and  remain  so  until  the 
morning  of  the  next  day. 


3.  Silene  noctuma  L.  Nocturnal 
Catchfly.  (Fig.  157.)  Annual,  glandular- 
puberulent,  somewhat  viscid  above,  l°-2° 
high,  erect  or  ascending.  Leaves  oblanceo- 
late to  oblong-spatulate,  or  the  upper 
linear,  V  long  or  less,  often  ciliate  toward 
the  base;  flowers  distant  in  narrow  racemes, 
the  lower  slender-pedicelled ;  calyx  narrowly 
tubular,  about  4"  long,  10-nerved,  its  teeth 
lanceolate,  ciliate ;  petals  very  small,  scarcely 
exceeding  the  calyx;  capsule  subcylindric. 

Top  of  cliffs,  abundant.  South  Shore  near 
Tucker's  Town,  1908  and  1909,  and  on  Wreck 
Hill,  1912.  Introduced.  Native  of  southern 
Europe.  Flowers  in  spring.  The  flowers  are 
inconspicuous,   opening  at  night. 


Silene  maritima  With.,  Maritime  Bladder  Campion,  European,  seen  in  the 
Montrose  garden  in  1914,  is  a  glabrous  slender,  branched  perennial  about  1° 
high,  with  narrowly  oblong  or  oblanceolate  leaves  l'-3'  long,  anil  few  whitish 
flowers  with  an  inflated  calyx  8"-10"  long. 

Dianthus  Caryophyllus  L.,  Carnation,  Clove  Pink,  of  southern  Europe, 
grown  in  flower-gardens,  has  tufted,  linear  leaves,  the  stem  6'  high  or  more,  a 
cylindric,  many-nerved  calyx  about  1'  long,  and  spreading,  toothed  or  incised, 
red  to  white  petals,  the  flowers  solitary  or  few  together,  long-stalked,  often 
double. 


134  CARYOPHYLLACEAE. 

Dianthus  barbatus  L.,  Sweet  William,  European  and  Asiatic,  perennial, 
l<-_2°  high,  with  lanceolate  leaves,  and  pink  or  white,  small  flowers  in  large 
terminal  cymes,  the  calyx  long-toothed,  is  mentioned  by  Reade  as  grown  in 
flower-gardens. 

Saponaria  calabrica  Guss.,  Calabrian  Soapwort,  of  southern  Europe, 
mentioned  by  Jones,  is  annual,  low,  4'-8'  high,  with  oblong  leaves  and  small, 
pink  flowers. 

Gjrpsophila  elegans  Bieb.,  Tall  Gypsophila,  native  of  the  Caucasus,  occa- 
sional in  flower-gardens,  is  a  glabrous,  much-branched  annual  l°-2°  high,  with 
a  few  pairs  of  oblong  to  linear  leaves,  or  the  lower  ones  spatulate,  and  large 
panicles  of  small,  white  or  lilac  flowers  with  5  clawed  petals  and  2  styles,  the 
subglobose  pods  4-valved. 

Lychnis  Coeli-rosa  (L.)  Desv.,  Rose  of  Heaven,  of  the  Mediterranean 
region,  grown  in  flower-gardens,  is  annual,  glabrous,  l°-2°  high,  with  narrowly 
linear,  long-acuminate  leaves  1-^-3'  long,  rose-red  flowers  about  1'  broad,  the 
many-ribbed  calyx  club-shaped.     [Agrostemma  Coeli-rosa  L.] 

Order  14.     RAlSrALES. 
Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.     Calyx  present,  usually  of  separate  sepals. 
Corolla  usually  present  and  of  separate  petals.     Ovary  or  ovaries  superior, 
free  from  the  calyx;  carpels  1  to  many,  usually  separate.     Stamens  mostly 
hypogynous  and  more  numerous  than  the  sepals. 

*  Aquatic  herhs ;  floating  leaves  peltate,  or  uith  a  hasol  sinus. 

Carpels  3  or  more  ;  petals  large  ;  floating  leaves  not  dissected. 

Pistil   1 ;    petals  none ;    leaves   whorled,   all   submersed  Fam.  1.  Nymphaeaceae. 

•     and  dissected.  Fam.  2.  Ceratophyllaceae. 

**  Land  or  marsh  plants    {some  Ranunciilaceae  aquatic). 

Stamens  numerous;  sepals  distinct;  petals  present   (except  in  some  Ranunculaceae). 
Fruit  aggregate,  cone-like  ;  trees  ;  sepals  and  petals  in  3  series,  or  more,  of  3. 

Fam.  3.  Magnoliaceae. 
Fruit  not  aggregate  ;  the  carpels  separate,  at  least 
when  mature. 
Anthers   not  opening  by  valves  ;   pistils   usually 
more  than  1. 
Sepals  3  ;  petals  6  ;  shrubs  or  trees.  Fam.  4,  Axxoxaceae. 

Sepals  3-15  ;  petals  (when  present)   about  as 

many  ;  our  species  herbs  or  vines.  Fam.  5.   Ranunculaceae. 

Anthers  opening  by  valves:  pistil  1.  Fam.  6.  Berberidaceae. 

Stamens  9  or  12,  in  3  or  4  series  of  3  ;  anthers  opening 
by  valves  ;  aromatic  trees  or  shrubs  with  no  petals, 
more  or  less  united  sepals,  and  1  pistil.  Fam.  7.  Lauraceae. 

Family  1.     NYMPHAEACEAE  DC. 

Water  Lily  Family. 

Aquatic  perennial  herbs,  with  horizontal  rootstocks,  floating,  immersed 
or  rarely  emersed  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  flowers.  Sepals  3-5.  Petals 
5-°o.  Stamens  5-co  ;  anthers  erect,  the  connective  continuous  with  the  fila- 
ment. Carpels  3-<^,  distinct,  united,  or  immersed  in  the  receptacle.  Stig- 
mas distinct,  or  united  into  a  radiate  or  annular  disk;  ovules  1-°°,  ortho- 
tropous.  Fruit  indehiseent.  Seeds  enclosed  in  pulpy  arils,  or  rarely 
naked;  cotyledons  fleshy;  hypocotyl  verv^  short.  Five  genera  and  about 
45  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  fresh-water  lakes  and  streams,  none 
native  nor  naturalized  in  Bermuda. 


NYMPHAEACEAE. 


135 


Castalia  zanzibarensis  (Casp.)  Britton,  Zanzibar  Water  Lily,  of  Zanzi- 
bar, with  ovate-orbicular,  long-petioled  leaves  with  a  deep  basal  sinus,  their 
margins  somewhat  sinuate,  the  long-peduncled  flowers  bright  blue,  with  about 
20  oblong  petals  I'-IA'  long,  was  seen  blooming  in  a  tank  at  Orange  Valley  in 
1914,  where  it  had  been  grown  for  several  years.  [Nymyhaea  zanziharensvi 
Casp.] 

Lefroy  records  failure  in  establishing  Nymphaea  coerulca  Sav.,  and  N. 
dentata  Sch.  &  Thoum. 

Nelumbo  Nelumbo  (L.)  Karst.,  Indian  Lotus  or  Sacred  Bean,  Asiatic, 
with  long-petioled  erect,  orbicular,  concave,  centrally  peltate  leaves  1°  or  more 
in  diameter,  and  pink  flowers  6'-12'  broad,  the  oblong  or  elliptic  petals  obtuse, 
is  occasionally  grown  in  tanks.  It  represents  the  related  family  Xelumbona- 
CEAE.     [^Nymphaea  Nelumho  L. ;  Nelumbo  nucifera  Gaertn.] 

Family  2.     CERATOPHYLLACEAE  A.  Gray. 

HoRNWORT  Family. 

Submerged  aquatics,  with  slender  stems,  and  verticillate  pectinate  rigid 
leaves,  the  monoecious  or  dioecious  flowers  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils. 
Perianth  many-parted,  the  segments  entire  or  toothed.  Stamens  numerous, 
crowded  on  a  flat  or  convex  receptacle;  anthers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  linear- 
oblong,  extrorse,  the  connective  prolonged  into  a  thick  appendage  beyond 
the  sacs.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  superior  1-celled  ovary;  ovule  1,  ortho- 
tropous,  pendulous;  style  filiform,  stigmatic  at  the  summit.  Fruit  an  inde- 
hiscent  nut  or  achene.  Endosperm  none ;  embryo  composed  of  4  verticillate 
cotyledons,  with  a  short  bypocotyl  and  a  plumule  of  several  nodes  and 
leaves.     The  family  contains  only  the  following  genus: 


1.     CERATOPHYLLUM  L. 
Only  the  following  species,  which  is  abundant  in  ponds  and  ditches  through- 
out temperate  North  America  and  in  Cuba.     [Greek,  horny  leaf.] 


1,  Ceratophyllum     demersum 

'L.     HORNWORT.     DiTCHWEED.     (Fig. 

158.)  -Stems  11° -1°  long.  Leaves 
4"-12"  long;  ripe  fruit  oval,  2"-3" 
long  with  a  spine-like  beak  2"-4" 
long,  smooth  and  spurless  or  with 
a  long  basal  spur  on  each  side,  or 
tuberculate  and  with  narrowly 
winged  spiny  margins  or  broadly 
winged  without  spines. 

Bermuda,  according  to  Rein, 
and  also  listed  by  Hemsley  ;  common 
in  Pembroke  Marsh,  according  to 
Lefroy.  Not  found  by  recent  col- 
lectors, but  admitted  here  because 
it  could  not  well  have  been  mistaken. 
Presumably  native.  The  description 
of  this  species  by  II.  P..  Small  ap- 
plies to  the  Water  Hyacinth,  Piaro- 
pus  crassipeSj  a  curious  error. 


136  MAGNOLIACEAE. 

Family  3.     MAGNOLIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Magnolia  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  large  solitary  flowers,  and  bitter 
aromatic  bark.  Sepals  and  petals  hypogynoiis,  deciduous.  Stamens  oo ; 
anthers  adnate.  Carpels  ^,  separate  or  coherent,  borne  on  the  surface  of 
the  elongated  receptacle,  ripening  into  an  aggregate  fruit  composed  of  1-2- 
seeded  follicles  or  achenes.  About  10  genera  and  75  species,  of  wide  dis- 
tribution, none  native  in  Bermuda. 

Magnolia  grandiflora  L.,  Bull  Bay,  North  American,  a  large  evergreen 
tree,  with  broad  leaves  4'-12'  long,  dark  green  above,  brown-tomentose  beneath, 
the  creamy-white  lemon-scented  flowers  4-8'  broad^  is  occasionally  seen  on 
lawns  and  about  houses,  growing  well.  Lefroy  records  that  two  other  Magnolias 
were  grown  at  Mount  Langton  in  1875,  but  died  out. 

Liriodendron  Tulipifera  L.  Tulip-tree,  North  American,  was  grown  at 
Par-la-Yille,  Hamilton,  prior  to  1879,  flowering  in  June,  according  to  Lefroy, 
and  mentioned  by  Verrill;  its  broad  truncate  or  notched  leaves  are  peculiar  and 
characteristic,  its  greenish  yellow  flowers  about  2'  high.  Mahoe  (Pariti 
tiliaceum)  is  now  called  Tulip-tree  in  Bermuda.  A  recent  attempt  to  grow 
Liriodendron  near  Bailey's  Bay  met  with  failure. 

Michelia  fuscata  (Andr.)  Blume,  Velvety  Michelia,  Chinese,  a  shrub, 
up  to  about  15°  high,  with  densely  brown-tomentose  twigs,  its  elliptic,  entire 
leaves  pointed  at  both  ends,  2'-4'  long,  short-petioled,  was  seen  at  Cedar  Lodge 
in  1914.  The  fragrant  flowers  of  this  shrub  are  about  1'  broad,  the  yellowish 
petals  tinged  with  red,  the  carpels  loosely  spicate.     [Magnolia  fuscata  Andr.] 

Family  4.     ANNONACEAE  DC. 

Custard-apple  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  generally  aromatic,  with  alternate  entire  leaves. 
Stipules  none.  Sepals  3  (rarely  2),  valvato  or  rarely  imbricate.  Petals 
about  6,  arranged  in  2  series.  Stamens  °o  j  anthers  adnate,  extrorse. 
Carpels  ^,  separate  or  coherent,  mainly  fleshy  in  fruit.  Seeds  large,  ana- 
tropous;  embryo  minute;  endosperm  copious,  wrinkled.  About  46  genera 
and  550  species,  mostly  in  the  tropics,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones.  None 
are  native  in  Bermuda. 

1.     ANNONA  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  persistent,  entire,  leathery.  Flowers  perfect, 
white  or  yellow,  solitary,  clustered  or  rarely  racemose.  Sepals  3,  valvate,  con- 
cave, somewhat  united,  deciduous.  Petals  mostly  6,  valvate,  fleshy,  concave, 
converging,  3-angled  at  the  apex,  the  outer  ones  larger,  the  inner  sometimes 
wanting.  Receptacle  hemispheric.  Anther-sacs  contiguous,  united  to  the  back 
of  the  filament,  surmounted  by  the  truncate,  sometimes  glandular  tip  of  the 
connective.  Carpels  numerous,  on  the  top  of  the  receptacle.  Ovaries  prolonged 
into  a  nearly  sessile  stigma.  Ovule  solitary,  erect.  Fruit  compound,  many- 
celled.  Seeds  flattened,  with  a  brown  leathery-crustaeeous  testa,  enclosed  in  an 
aril.     [Name  said  to  be  derived  from  the  Malayan.] 

Annona  muricata  L.,  Sour-sop,  West  Indian,  has  oblong  smooth  leaves, 
the  flower  with  6  nearly  equal  greenish-yellow  petals;  the  ovoid  fruit  is  6'  to 


ANXOXACEAE.  137 

10'  long,  greenish,  with  many  fleshy  recurved  processes,  the   pulp   white   and 
acid,  much  used  for  cooling  drinks.     It  is  commonly  planted. 

Amiona  squamosa  L.,  Sugar  Apple,  Tropical  American,  has  narrowly 
oblong  leaves  pubescent  beneath,  at  least  when  young,  or  nearly  glabrous;  the 
fragrant  flowers  have  3  linear  petals,  greenish  with  a  purple  base  within;  the 
fruit  is  subglobose,  more  or  less  irregular,  bluntly  tubercled  or  nearly  smooth, 
2 J '-4'  in  diameter,  the  pulp  whitish  and  sweet  and  delicious.  It  is  commonly 
planted  and  appears  in  places  as  if  spontaneous. 

Annona  Cherimolia  Mill.,  Cherimoya,  of  tropical  America,  occasionally 
planted,  is  a  small  tree,  up  to  about  15°  high,  with  elliptic,  short-pointed 
leaves  4'-8'  long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  pubescent  beneath;  the  flowers 
have  3  oblong,  velvety  petals,  and  the  ovoid  fruit  is  slightly  tubercled. 

Annona  reticulata  L.,  Custard  Apple,  West  Indian,  a  free  up  to  30° 
high,  with  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  5-8'  long,  becoming  nearly  smooth,  the 
flowers  with  3  linear-oblong,  keeled  petals,  the  globose  fruit  areolated,  greenish- 
yellow,  about  4'  in  diameter,  has  occasionally  been  planted. 

Artabotrys  odoratissima  (Eoxb.)  R.  Br.,  Ylang-ylaxg,  East  Indian,  a 
straggling  or  climbing  shrub,  with  rather  thin,  short-petioled,  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  acuminate  leaves  5'-10'  long,  the  brownish  fragrant  flowers  about 
8"  wide,  few  together  on  curiously  bent  and  hooked  peduncles,  with  3  sepals 
and  6  petals,  is  occasionally  grown  for  ornament  and  interest.  [Uvaria  odora- 
tissima E-oxb.] 

Rollinia  Sieberi  A.  DC,  Sieber's  Rollixl\,  of  Trinidad  and  continental 
tropical  America,  recorded  by  Jones  in  1873  as  grown  in  Bermuda,  is  a  tree 
with  oblong,  entire,  pinnately  veined  leaves  4'-6'  long,  the  1-seeded  carpels 
united  into   a   syncarp. 

Family  5.     RANUNCULACEAE  Juss. 

Crowfoot  Family. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  climbing  shrubs,  with  acrid  sap.  Leaves  alternate 
(except  in  Clematis  and  Atragene).  Stipules  usually  none,  but  the  base 
of  the  petiole  often  sheathing.  Pubescence,  when  present,  composed  of 
simple  hairs.  Sepals  3-15,  generally  caducous,  often  petal-like,  imbricate, 
except  in  Clematis  and  Atragene.  Petals  about  the  same  number  (occa- 
sionally more),  or  wanting.  Stamens  <^,  hypogynous,  their  anthers  innate. 
Carpels  ^  or  rarely  solitary,  1-celled,  1-many-ovuled.  Ovule  anatro]ious. 
Fruit  aehenes,  follicles  or  berries.  Seeds  with  endosperm.  About  35 
genera  and  1100  species,  distributed  throughout  the  world,  not  abundant  in 
the  tropics. 

1.     RANUNCULUS    [Tourn.]    L. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  simple  entire  lobed  or  divided  or  dissected  leaves, 
and  yellow  white  or  red  flowers.  Sepals  mostly  5,  deciduous.  Petals  equal  in 
number  or  more,  conspicuous  or  minute,  provided  with  a  nectariferous  pit  and 
a  scale  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Carpels  co,  1-ovuled.  Aehenes  capitate  or 
spicate,  generally  flattened,  tipped  with  a  minute  or  an  elongated  style.  [Latin 
for  a  small  frog,  in  allusion  to  the  marsh  habitat  of  many  species.]  Some  275 
species,  widely  distributed  in  the  temperate  and  cool  regions  of  both  hemi- 
spheres and  on  mountain  tops  in  the  tropics.  Type  species:  Banunculus  auri- 
comus  L. 


138 


RANUNCULACEAE. 


Flowers  large  ;  achenes  smooth. 

Stems  erect. 

Stems  creeping  or  ascending. 
Flowers  small ;   achenes  papillose  or  muricate. 

Achenes  rough-papillose. 

Achenes    muricate. 


1.  R.  acris. 

2.  R.  reptns. 

3.  R.  parviflorus. 

4.  R.  muricatus. 


2.  Ranunculus     ripens 

L.  Creeping  Buttercup. 
(Fig.  160.)  Generally  hairj, 
sometimes  only  slightly  so; 
stems  creeping  or  ascending. 
Leaves  petioled,  3-divided, 
the  terminal  division,  or  all 
three  stalked,  all  ovate,  cu- 
neate  or  truncate,  acute, 
cleft  and  lobed,  often 
blotched;  flowers  nearly  1' 
broad;  petals  obovate,  much 
exceeding  the  spreading  se- 
pals; head  of  fruit  globose, 
4"  in  diameter;  achenes 
margined,  tipped  with  a 
stout  short  slightly  bent 
beak. 

Border  of  Pembroke  Marsh, 
1905,  and  reported  also  by 
Reade.  Introduced.  Native 
of  Europe.  Naturalized  in 
eastern  North  America.  Flow- 
ers from  spring  to  autumn. 


1.  Ranunculus     ^cris     L. 

Tall  or  Meadow  Buttercup. 
(Fig.  159.)  Hairy,  branched 
above,  2°-3°  high.  Basal 
leaves  tufted,  petioled,  3-7- 
divided,  the  divisions  sessile 
and  cleft  into  numerous  Bar- 
row mainly  acute  lobes;  upper 
leaves  short-petioled  and  merely 
3-parted;  flowers  about  10" 
broad;  petals  twice  or  thrice 
the  length  of  the  calyx,  obo- 
vate; head  of  fruit  globose, 
6"-7"  broad;  achenes  com- 
pressed, short-beaked. 

Grassy  woods,  South  Shore 
road,  Devonshire,  1905.  Intro- 
duced. Native  of  Europe.  Flow- 
ers from  spring  to  autumn. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North 
America,  where  it  is  a  weed  in 
fields  and  meadows. 


EANUNCULACEAE. 


139 


3.  Ranunculus    parvifldrus    L. 

Small- FLOWERED  Crowfoot.  (Fig. 
161.)  Hairy,  slender,  diffuse, 
branching  from  the  base,  6'-10' 
high.  Basal  leaves  long-petioled, 
the  blade  reniform  or  cordate-or- 
bicular, 1'  broad  or  less,  3-cleft,  the 
lobes  broadly  oval,  obtuse,  cut  and 
toothed;  upper  leaves  short-petioled 
or  nearly  sessile,  3-5-parted  into 
linear-oblong  lobes;  flowers  yellow, 
V-2"  wide,  petals  little  longer 
than  the  calyx;  head  of  fruit  glo- 
bose, 2"  broad;  achenes  flat,  mar- 
gined, densely  papillose,  tipped 
with  a  sharp  beak  of  about  one 
fourth  their  length  or  less. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  the  southeastern  United 
States.     Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 

4.  Ranunculus     murlcatus 

L.  Spiny-fruited  Crowfoot. 
(Fig.  162.)  Glabrous  or  spar- 
ingly pubescent,  branched  from 
the  base,  l°-2°  high.  Lower 
and  basal  leaves  on  long  broad 
petioles,  the  blade  reniform  or 
cordate-orbicular,  l'-2'  wide,  3- 
lobed,  cleft,  or  crenate;  the 
upper  3-divided,  cuneate,  short- 
petioled  or  sessile ;  flowers  light 
yellow,  3"-5"  wide,  the  petals 
exceeding  the  calyx;  head  of 
fruit  globular,  5"-6"  wide; 
achenes  flat,  2"  long,  tipped 
with  a  stout  slightly  curved 
beak. 

Common  in  waste  and  cul- 
tivated grounds.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Naturalized  in  the 
southeastern  T'nited  States.  Flow- 
ers   in   spring   and    summer. 

Clematis  Flammula  L., 
Sweet  Clematis,  European,  a 
vine  with  many  panieled  small 
white  flowers,  ojiposite  ternately 
compound  leaves,  the  4  sepals 
linear-oblong,  the  petals  want- 
ing, the  numerous  stamens  spreading,  the  fruit  a  head  of  flat  achenes  with 
long  plumose  tails,  is  commonly  planted  for  ornament  on  walls  and  porches. 

Clematis  Jackmani  Jackman,  of  hybrid  origin  between  two  Asiatic  species, 
recorded  by  Lefroy  as  introduced  in  1874,  has  very  large  white  or  purple 
flowers  up  to  about  5'  broad,  its  leaves  3-foliolate  or  simple,  ovate,  cordate  ami 
acuminate.  [C.  japonica  Jackmani  of  Lefroy.]  Presumably  the  plant  men- 
tioned by  Jones  as  C.  japonica. 


140  RANUNCULACEAE. 

Delphinium  Ajacis  L.,  Garden  Larrkspur,  European,  commonly  grown  in 
flower-gardens  in  many  forms,  is  annual,  puberulent,  l^°-3°  high,  with  leaves 
dissected  into  linear  segments,  the  irregular  showy,  white,  violet  or  blue  flowers 
with  one  sepal  and  two  petals  spurred,  the  single  pubescent  follicle  1'  long  or 
less. 

Delphinium  Consolida  L.,  Field  Larkspur,  also  European,  mentioned  by 
Lefroy  as  grown  in  Bermuda  gardens,  is  much  like  B.  Ajacis,  but  the  follicle 
is  glabrous. 

Aquilegia  vulgaris  L.,  European  Columbine,  European,  a  glabrous  peren- 
nial about  1^°  liigh,  with  ternately  decompound  leaves,  pale  beneath,  their 
segments  obtuse  and  crenate,  the  irregular  purple  or  white  flowers  nearly  1' 
long,  the  petals  prolonged  backward  into  incurved  spurs,  was  grown  in  the 
garden  at  Spring  Valley  m  1914. 

Nigella  damascena  L.,  Love-in-a-Mist,  European,  grown  in  flower-gardens, 
is  a  glabrous  annual,  l°-2°  high,  with  branched  stems,  finely  dissected  leaves 
l'-2'  long,  and  blue  or  white  flowers  about  \V  broad,  the  5  ovate  sepals  decid- 
uous, the  5  notched  petals  with  hollow  claws,  the  fruit  a  subglobose  capsule 
nearly  1'  thick,  with  5  spreading,  persistent,  styles,  the  numerous  small  seeds 
black. 

Anemone  japonica  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  Japanese  Anemone,  of  Eastern  Asia, 
occasional  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  softly  pubescent  perennial  about  3°  high, 
with  ternate,  long-petioled,  basal  leaves,  the  few  red  or  purple  flowers  about 
2'  broad,  on  long  erect  peduncles  from  a  3-leaved  involucre,  the  6-9  sepals 
petaloid,  the  petals  none. 

Family  6.     BERBERIDACEAE  T.  &  G. 

Barberry  Family. 

Shrubs  or  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  with  or  without  stipules, 
and  solitary  or  racemed  mostly  terminal  flowers.  Sepals  and  petals  gen- 
erally imbricated  in  several  series.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and 
opposite  them,  hypogynous.  Flowers  perfect  and  pistil  one  in  our  species. 
Anthers  extrorse,  opening  by  valves  (except  in  Podophyllum).  Style 
short;  o\T^iles  2-°^,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  About  20 
g-enera  and  105  species,  widely  distributed  in  the  north  temperate  zone,  the 
Andes  and  temperate  South  America,  a  few  in  tropical  regions. 

Berberis  vulgaris  L.,  European  Barberry,  of  which  the  purple-leaved 
race  has  been  planted  for  ornament  at  the  Public  Garden,  St.  Georges,  is  a 
glabrous,  more  or  less  spinescent  shrub  usually  less  than  10°  high,  with  obovate, 
short-petioled,  obtuse,  spinulose-dentate  leaves  2'  long  or  less,  and  small,  yellow 
flowers  in  drooping  racemes,  the  sepals,  petals  and  stamens  6,  the  fruit  oblong 
red  or  purple  acrid  berries  about  5"  long. 

Berberis  Thunbergi  DC,  Thunberg's  Barberry,  Asiatic,  seen  at  Cedar 
Lodge  in  1914,  is  a  densely  branching  glabrous,  spiny  shrub,  becoming,  under 
favorable  conditions,  about  6°  high,  with  spatulate,  entire  leaves  about  V  long, 
the  yellowish  flowers  solitary  or  2  or  3  together  in  the  axils,  the  ellipsoid  fruit 
bright  red. 

Family  7.     LAURACEAE  Lindl. 

Laurel  Family. 

Aromatic  trees  and  shrubs,  with  alternate  (very  rarely  opposite)  mostly 
thick,  punctate  estipulate  leaves.  Flowers  mostly  small,  perfect,  polyg- 
amous,  dioecious,   or   sometimes  monoecious,   usually   fragrant,   yellow  or 


LAURACEAE.  141 

greenish,  in  panicles,  corymbs,  racemes  or  umbels.  Calyx  4^6-partecl,  the 
segments  imbricated  in  2  series  in  the  bud.  Corolla  none.  Stamens  inserted 
in  3  or  4  series  of  3  on  the  calyx,  distinct,  some  of  them  commonly  imper- 
fect or  reduced  to  staminodia ;  anthers  opening  by  valves.  Ovary  superior, 
free  from  the  calyx,  1-celled ;  ovule  solitary,  anatropous,  pendulous ;  stigma 
discoid  or  capitate.  Fruit  a  1-seeded  drupe  or  berry.  Endosperm  none. 
Cotyledons  plano-convex,  accumbent.  About  40  genera  and  probably  1000 
species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions;  a  few  in  the  temperate 
zones.     There  are  no  species  native  to  Bemiuda. 

Persea  Persea  (L.)  Cockerell  [Persea  gratissima  Gaertn.],  Alligator  Pear, 
Avocado  Pear,  Mexican,  is  a  large  tree  commonly  planted  for  its  valuable 
fruit,  which  is  a  large  oblong  or  pear-shaped  drupe,  sometimes  6'  long,  with 
buttery  flesh,  largely  used  in  salads,  and  a  hard  pit.  The  small  greenish 
flowers  are  borne  in  cymes;  the  oval  or  elliptic,  petioled,  pinnately  veined 
leaves  are  3'-6'  long.     Trees  differ  greatly  in  the  amount  of  fruit  produced. 

Laurus  nobilis  L.,  Sweet  Bay,  European,  is  planted  for  ornament,  and 
locally  established  in  hedges  and  roadside  thickets,  but  does  not  appear  to  exist 
except  where  it  has  been  planted.  It  is  an  evergreen,  glabrous,  densely  leafy 
shrub  or  small  tree,  becoming  20°  high,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate,  coriaceous 
leaves  3'-4'  long,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  fragrant  when  crushed;  the  small 
greenish  flowers  are  borne  in  umbels,  the  staminate  and  perfect  ones  with  12 
stamens  in  3  series,  the  pistillate  with  4  staminodes  and  a  short  style ;  the  ovoid 
berry  is  about  5"  long. 

Camphora  Camphora  (L.)  Karst.,  Camphor,  of  eastern  Asia,  a  tree  up  to 
25°  high,  the  bark  and  leaves  the  source  of  gum  camphor,  has  been  planted  for 
interest  and  grows  luxuriantly;  the  buds  are  covered  by  scales;  its  ovate  to 
elliptic,  3-nerved,  slender-petioled,  acuminate  leaves  are  2'-4'  long,  whitish  be- 
neath when  young;  the  small  whitish  flowers  are  in  axillary  panicles;  there  are 
9  stamens;  the  fruit  is  a  globose  or  oval  drupe  about  4"  in  diameter.  A  tree 
at  Norwood,  20  years  old,  was  about  23°  high  in  1914,  with  a  trunk  circum- 
ference of  274'.  This  tree  has  become  naturalized  in  southern  Florida.  [Laurus 
Camphora  L. ;  CinnamomuTn  Camphora  Nees  &  Eberm.] 

Cinnamomum  Cassia  Blume,  Cassia-bark,  Chinese,  has  been  planted  for 
interest.  It  is  a  tree  with  coriaceous,  evergreen,  oblong  leaves  4'-8'  long,  nar- 
rowed at  both  ends,  shining  and  finely  reticulate-veined  above,  its  buds  not 
scaly;  the  small  flowers,  with  9  stamens,  are  in  axillary  panicles;  the  fruit  is 
an  oblong  drupe  6"-8"  long. 

Jones,  in  1873,  mentions  an  undetermined  tree  of  this  family  as  Oreo- 
daphne. 

Order  15.     PAPAVERALES. 

Mostly  herbs,  with  clustered,  regular  and  perfect  flowers.     Petals,  with 

very  rare  exceptions,  present,  separate.    Sepals  usually  separate.     Stamens 

hypogynous.     Ovary  superior,  free  from  the  calyx,  compound,  composed 

of  two  united  carpels,  or  more. 

Sepals  2   (very  rarely  3  or  4)  ;  endosperm  fleshy. 

Flowers  regular.  Fam.    1.   rAPAVRit-ACEAK. 

Flowers  irregular.  Fam.   2.   FtMAitiACEAK. 

Sepals  or  calyx-segments  4-8  ;  endosperm  none. 

Capsule  2-celled  by  a  longitudinal  partition,  usually  2- 

valved,  rarely  indehiscent  ;  sepals  and  petals  4.  Fam.   .*'..   P.kassicaoeae. 

Capsule  1-celled,  of  2-6  carpels. 

Style  short  or  wanting ;  seeds  wingless. 

Sepals  and  petals  4,   regular,   or  petals  irregu- 
lar ;  capsule  of  2  carpels.  2-valved.  Fam.   4.   Caitakipackak. 
Sepals  and  petals  4-8,  irregular  ;  capsule  of  3-6 

carpels.  3-6-valved  at  the  top  ;  disk  large.  Fam.  5.  Re.sedaceae. 

Style  elongated;  seeds  winged.  Fam.  6.  Morixoaceae. 


142 


PAPAVERACEAE. 


Family  1.     PAPAVERACEAE  B.  Juss. 

Poppy  Family. 

Herbs,  with  milky  or  colored  sap,  and  alternate  leaves  or  the  upper 
rarely  opposite.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Sepals  2  (rarely 
3  or  4),  caducous.  Petals  4-6  or  rarely  more,  imbricated,  often  wi^inkled, 
deciduous.  Stamens  hypogynous,  distinct ;  filaments  filiform ;  anthers  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  1,  many-ovuled,  mainly  1-celled;  style  short; 
ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  capsule,  generally  dehiscent  by  a  pore,  or  by 
valves.  About  23  genera  and  115  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abun- 
dant in  the  north  temperate  zone. 


Leaves  not  spiny-toothed. 
Leaves  spiny-toothed. 


1.  Papaver. 

2.  Argemone. 


1.     PAPAVER   [Tourn.]   L. 

Sap  milky.  Leaves  lobed  or  dissected,  alternate.  Flowers  and  flower-buds 
nodding.  Sepals  2  or  occasionally  3.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  co.  Anthers  ex- 
trorse.  Ovules  co,  borne  on  numerous  internally-projecting  placentae.  Stigmas 
united  into  a  radiate  persistent  disk.  Capsule  globose,  obovoid,  or  oblong,  de- 
hiscent near  the  summit.  Seeds  marked  with  minute  depressions.  [Classic 
Latin  name  of  the  poppy.]  About  45  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  Old 
World,  but  4  or  5  indigenous  in  western  America.  Type  species:  Papaver 
somniferum  L. 

Glabrate  and  glaucous;  leaves  lobed,  clasping;  capsule  subglobose.  1.  P.  somniferum. 

Green,  hirsute  ;  leaves  pinnately  divided. 

Capsule  subglobose  or  top-shaped.  2.  P.  Rhoeas 

Capsule  oblong,  narrowed  below.  3.  P.  duhiiim. 


1.  Papaver  somniferum  L.     Opium 

OR  Garden  Poppy.  (Fig.  163.)  Erect, 
glaucous,  l°-3°  high.  Leaves  clasping 
by  a  cordate  base,  4'-8'  long,  oblong, 
wavy,  lobed  or  toothed;  flowers  2i'-4' 
broad,  bluish-white  with  a  purple  centre; 
filaments  somewhat  dilated  upward;  cap- 
sule glabrous. 

Waste  grounds,  escaped  from  cultiva- 
tion. Occasional  in  gardens.  Introduced. 
Native  of  Europe.  Occasional  in  waste 
grounds  in  the  eastern  United  States. 
Flowers  from   spring  to   autumn. 

The  Bermuda  Opium  Act  of  1914  has 
the  following  paragraph  relative  to  this 
plant : 

"  2.  It  shall  not  be  lawful  to  grow  or 
cultivate  in  these  Islands  the  opium  poppy 
(papaver  somniferum)  for  the  purpose  of 
manufacturing  opium  therefrom,  nor  to 
manufacture  in  these  Islands  any  opium 
from  opium  poppies  grown   in  these  Islands." 


PAPAVERACEAE. 


143 


2.  Papaver  Ehoeas  L.  Field,  Eed  or 
Corn  Poppy.  (Fig.  164.)  Erect,  l°-3° 
high,  hispid  with  spreading  bristly  hairs. 
Lower  leaves  petioled,  4-6'  long,  the  upper 
smaller,  sessile,  all  pinnatifid;  lobes  lanceo- 
late, acute,  serrate;  flowers  2'-4'  broad, 
scarlet  with  a  darker  centre;  filaments  not 
dilated;  capsule  turbinate  to  subglobose, 
glabrous,  the  disk  with  10  or  more  stigmatic 
rays. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Naturalized  in  ttie  eastern 
United  States.  Flowers  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer. Shirley  Poppies,  garden  derivatives  of 
this  species,  are  grown  in  flower-gardens. 


3.  Papaver  dubium  L.  Long  Smooth- 
fruited  Poppy.  (Fig.  165.)  Slender,  l°-2° 
high,  hirsute  with  spreading  hairs.  Lower 
leaves  petioled,  4'-6'  long,  the  upper  smaller,, 
nearly  sessile,  all  deeply  pinnately  divided; 
lobes  oblong,  pinnatifid,  cleft  or  sometimes 
entire ;  flowers  about  2'  broad,  scarlet,  some- 
times darker  in  the  centre;  filaments  not 
dilated;  capsule  oblong  or  narrowly  oblong- 
obovoid,  glabrous,  8"-10"  long,  narrowed 
below;   stigmatic  rays  6-10. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized  from  Europe.  Naturalized  or  ad- 
ventive  in  the  eastern  United  States.  Flowers 
in   spring. 


2.  ARGEMONE  L. 
Glaucous  herbs,  with  yellow  sap,  spiny-toothed  leaves  and  large  flowers. 
Sepals  2  or  3.  Petals  4-6.  Stamens  ^.  Placentae  4-6,  many-ovuled.  Style 
very  short.  Stigma  dilated,  3-6-radiate.  Capsule  prickly,  oblong,  dehiscent  at 
the  apex  by  valves.  Seeds  numerous,  cancellate.  [Greek,  an  eye  disease,  sup- 
posed to  be  relieved  by  the  plant  so  called.]  A  genus  of  about  10  species, 
natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America,  the  following  typical. 


144 


PAPAVERACEAE. 


1.  Argemone   mexicina 

L.  Mexican  or  Prickly 
Poppy.  Stinging  Thistle. 
Queen  Thistle.  (Fig.  166.) 
Stem  l°-2*°  high,  spiny  or 
sometimes  nearly  unarmed. 
Leaves  sessile,  clasping  by 
a  narrowed  base,  4'-10'  long, 
glaucous,  runcinate-pinnati- 
fid,  spiny-toothed  and  more 
or  less  spiny  on  the  veins; 
flowers  orange  or  yellow, 
sessile  or  subsessile,  l'-3' 
broad;  sepals  acuminate, 
bristly-pointed;  capsule  1' 
long  or  more;  stigma  sessile. 

Common  in  waste  and 
cultivated  grounds.  Natural- 
ized from  tropical  America. 
Naturalized  in  ttie  south- 
eastern United  States  and 
West  Indies,  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year. 


Eschscholtzia  califomica  Cham.,  Eschscholtzia,  California  Poppy,  of 
the  western  United  States,  grown  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  glabrous  and  glaucous 
branching  perennial,  usually  cultivated  as  an  annual,  with  alternate,  finely 
dissected  leaves  2'-4'  long,  their  ultimate  segments  nearly  linear,  and  peduncled, 
bright  yellow  or  orange  flowers  2'-3'  broad,  with  4  broad  petals,  a  hooded 
calyx  of  2  sepals,  and  numerous  stamens,  the  fruit  a  linear  ribbed  capsule 
about  3'  long. 

Hunnemannia  fumariaefolia  Sweet,  Giant  Yellow  Tulip  Poppy,  Mexi- 
can, grown  at  Cedar  Lodge  in  1914,  resembles  the  California  Poppy,  but  has 
larger  ternately  dissected  leaves  with  broader  segments;  its  bright  yellow 
flowers  have  2  separate  sepals,  4  broad  petals  and  numerous  stamens ;  the  fruit 
is  a  linear,  ribbed  capsule. 


Family  2.     FUMARIACEAE  DC. 

Fumitory  Family. 

Annual,  biennial  or  perennial  herbs  with  a  watery  sap.  Leaves 
alternate,  often  all  basal,  compound,  usually  dissected,  very  delicate. 
Flowers  perfect,  irregular,  in  racemes,  panicles  or  cymes.  Calyx  of  2 
scale-like  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  petals,  the  outer  (lateral)  spreading  above, 
one  or  both  saccate  or  spurred  at  the  base,  the  inner  smaller,  thickened 
at  the  tips.  Stamens  6;  filaments  diadelphous;  anthers,  various,  middle 
one  2-ceried,  lateral  1-celled.  Gynoeciuili  of  2  carpels  united  into  a  single 
pistil.  Ovary  1-celled,  wdth  2  parietal  placentae;  stigma  flattened  con- 
trary to  the  placentae,  2-lobed  or  2-homed.  Ovules  numerous  or  rarely 
solitary.  Fruit  a  silique-like  capsule  or,  in  the  following  genus,  inde- 
hiseent.  Seeds  with  a  minute  embrj^o  in  fleshy  endosperm.  Five  genera 
and  about  150  species,  mostly  in  temperate  regions. 


rUMARIACEAE. 


145 


1.     FUMARIA   [Tourn.]   L. 

Herbs,  with  finely  dissected  leaves,  and  small  racemose  flowers.  Sepals  2, 
scale-like.  Petals  4,  erect-connivent,  the  outer  pair  larger,  1  of  them  spurred, 
the  inner  narrow,  coherent  at  the  apex,  keeled  or  crested  on  the  back.  Stamens 
6,  diadelphous,  opposite  the  outer  petals.  Ovule  1;  style  slender;  stigma 
entire  or  lobed.  Fruit  1-seeded,  nearly  globose,  indehiscent.  [Name  from 
the  Latin,  smoke,  from  the  smoke-like  smell  of  some  species.]  About  40  species, 
all  natives  of  the  Old  World.     Type  species:  Fumaria  officinalis  L. 


1.  Fumaria  muralis  Souder.  Wall 
Fumitory.  (Fig.  167.)  Glabrous;  stems 
diffuse  or  ascending,  6'-2°  long.  Leaves 
petioled,  finely  dissected  into  entire  or 
lobed  linear  oblong  or  cuneate  seg- 
ments; racemes  narrow;  pedicels  l''-2" 
long,  axillary  to  small  bracts;  flowers 
purplish,  about  3"  long,  darker  at  the 
summit;  spur  rounded;  nut  about  1" 
in  diameter,  rounded.  [F.  densiflora  of 
Reade  and  of  Millspaugh;  F.  agraria 
of  Eeade  and  of  H.  B.  Small;  F.  offi- 
cinalis of  Lane,  Jones,  Rein  and  Hems- 
ley.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe.  Flow- 
ers nearly  throughout  the  year. 


Notwithstanding  published  records,  there  appears  to  be  no  evidence,  by 
specimens  preserved,  of  more  than  one  species  of  Fumaria  in  Bermuda.  F. 
ofPcinnlis  L.,  European,  naturalized  in  the  United  States,  has  a  depressed- 
globose,  retuse  nut. 


Family  3.    BRASSICACEAE  Lindl. 

Mustard  Fa:mily. 

Herbs,  rarely  somewhat  woody,  with  watery  acrid  sap,  alternate  leaves, 
and  racemose  or  corj^mbose  flow^ers.  Sepals  4,  deciduous,  or  rarely  per- 
sistent, the  2  outer  narrow,  the  inner  similar,  or  concave,  or  saccate  at  the 
base.  Petals  4,  hypogynous,  cruciate,  nearly  equal,  sfenerally  clawed. 
Stamens  6,  hypogynous,  tetradynamous,  rarely  fewer.  Pistil  1,  compound, 
consisting  of  2  united  carpels,  the  parietal  placentae  united  by  a  dissepi- 
ment; style  generally  persistent,  sometimes  none;  stigrma  discoid  or  usually 
more  or  less  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  silique  or  silicle,  generally  2-celled,  rarely  1- 
celled,  in  a  few  genera  indehiscent.     Seeds  attached  to  both  sides  of  the 

11 


146 


BBASSICACEAE. 


septum;  endosperm  none;  cotyledons  incumbent,  aceumbent  or  condupli- 
cate.     About  200  genera  and  1800  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 


Fruit  a  silicle,  little,  if  any,  longer  than  wide,  orbicular,  globose 
Silicle  flattened  at  right  angles  to  the  septum. 
Seed  solitary  in  each  cell  of  the  silicle. 
Silicles  smooth,   orbicular  to   ovate. 
Silicles   rugose  or  tubercled,   didymous. 
Seeds  several  in  each  cell  of  the  winged  silicle. 
Silicle  flattened  parallel  to  the  septum. 
Fruit  an  elongated  silique. 

Silique  dehiscent  into  two  valves. 
Plants  densely  stellate-pubescent. 
Plants  not  stellate-pubescent. 
Silique  not   beaked. 
Silique  distinctly  beaked. 

Silique  terete  ;  seeds  in  a  single  row. 

Silique  conic-beaked,  its  valves   1-nerved. 
Silique  stout-beaked,  its  valves  3-5-nerved. 
Silique  flattened  ;  seeds  in  2  rows. 
Silique  indebiscent. 

Silique  of  2  joints,  separating  when  ripe. 
Silique  constricted  between  the  seeds,  not  jointed. 
Fruit  a  triangular  obcordate  silicle. 


or  oblong. 


1.  Lepidium. 

2.  Carara. 

3.  Thlaspi. 

4.  Koniga. 


5.  Microstigma. 

6.  Erysimum. 


7.  Brassica. 

8.  Sin  apis. 

9.  Diplotaxis. 

10.  CaMle. 

11.  Raphanus. 

12.  Bursa. 


1.  LEPIDIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 
Erect  or  rarely  diffuse  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  lobed  or  entire  leaves  and 
racemose  white  or  whitish  flowers.  Stamens  often  fewer  than  6.  Petals  short, 
sometimes  none.  Silicles  oblong  or  obovate,  flattened  contrary  to  the  partition, 
winged  or  wingless;  valves  keeled,  dehiscent.  Seeds  solitary  in  each  cell, 
flattened;  cotyledons  incumbent  or  rarely  aceumbent.  [Greek,  a  little  scale, 
from  the  flat  scale-like  pods.]  About  65  species,  widely  distributed.  Type 
species:  Lepidium  latifolium  L. 

1.  Lepidium     virginicum     L. 

Wild  Pepper-grass.  (Fig.  168.) 
Annual;  stem  erect,  2°  high  or 
less,  glabrous.  Basal  leaves  obo- 
vate or  spatulate  in  outline,  gen- 
erally with  a  large  terminal  lobe 
and  numerous  small  lateral  ones, 
all  dentate,  glabrous  or  slightly 
pubescent ;  stem-leaves  lanceolate 
or  oblong-linear,  sessile,  or  the 
lower  stalked;  flowers  about  1" 
broad,  white;  petals  generally  pres- 
ent, sometimes  wanting  in  the  later 
flowers;  pedicels  slender,  spread- 
ing, 2"-3"  long  in  fruit;  pod  flat, 
short-oval  or  orbicular,  minutely 
winged  above;  cotyledons  aceum- 
bent. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  North 
America  or  the  West  Indies.  Flowers 
nearly  throughout  the  year.  [L. 
apetalum  of  Millspaugh.] 


BRASSICACEAE. 


147 


Lepidimn  niderale  L.,  European,  with  apetalous  flowers  and  wingless  pods, 
recorded  by  Hemsley  as  found  on  roadsides  in  Bermuda  by  Lane,  has  not  been 
seen  here  by  subsequent  collectors.  Hemsley  further  cites  Reade  as  reporting 
the  plant  as  common,  but  in  Reade 's  book  of  1883,  only  L.  virginieum  appears. 

Lepidium  sativum  L.,  Garden  Pepper-grass,  European,  with  large  oblong 
pods  winged  all  around,  is  grown  in  gardens  for  its  pungent  foliage,  used  as  a 
crudiment. 

2.     CARARA   Medic. 

Annual  or  biennial,  diffuse  herbs,  with  mostly  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small 
whitish  flowers.  Silicles  small,  didymous,  laterally  compressed,  sessile.  Stamens 
often  only  2  or  4.  Valves  of  the  capsule  oblong  or  subglobose,  obtuse  at  each 
end,  indehiscent,  falling  away  from  the  septum  at  maturity.  Seeds  1  in  each 
cell;  cotyledons  narrow,  incumbent  or  conduplicate,  [Ancient  Italian  name.] 
About  6  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species:  Carara  Coronopus  (L.) 
Medic. 


1.  Carara  didyma  (L.)  Brit- 
ton.  Lesser  Wart-cress.  Star- 
OF-the-Eakth.  (Fig.  169.)  Tufted, 
spreading  on  the  ground,  sparingly 
pubescent.  Stems  2'-16'  long; 
leaves  deeply  1-2-pinnatifid ;  flow- 
ers white,  racemose;  pedicels  slen- 
der, l"-!!"  long  in  fruit;  pod 
about  1"  broad  and  slightly  more 
than  i"  high;  valves  obtuse  at  each 
end  and  readily  separating  into  2 
ovoid  nutlets.  [Lepidium  didymum 
L.;  SeneMera  didyma  Pers.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North  America 
and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers 
throughout  the  year.  Often  an  abun- 
dant weed,  growing  closely  appressed 
to  the  ground. 


3.     THIiASPI  L. 

Erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  entire  or  dentate  leaves,  those  of  the  stem,  or 
at  least  the  upper  ones,  auriculate  and  clasping.  Flowers  white  or  purplish. 
Siliques  obcuneate,  obcordate,  or  oblong-orbicular,  mostly  emarginate,  flattened 
at  right  angles  to  the  narrow  septum,  crested  or  winged.  Valves  dehiscent. 
Seeds  2  or  several  in  each  cell,  wingless.  Cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek,  to 
flatten,  from  the  flat  pod.]  A  genus  of  about  25  species,  natives  of  temperate, 
arctic   and   alpine   regions,   the   following  typical. 


148 


BEASSICACEAE. 


1.  Thlaspi    arvense    L. 

Field  Penny-cress.  (Fig. 
170.)  Annual,  glabrous,  6'-20' 
high.  Basal  leaves  petioled, 
oblanceolate,  early  deciduous ; 
stem-leaves  oblong  or  lanceo- 
late, sparingly  dentate,  the 
upper  clasping  the  stem,  by  an 
auricled  base;  flowers  white, 
about  2"  broad;  pedicels  spread- 
ing or  curved  upward,  slender, 
5"-10"  long  in  fruit;  pods 
nearly  orbicular,  4"-6'''  broad, 
very  flat,  broadly  winged  all 
around,  notched  at  the  apex,  in 
long  racemes;  style  minute,  or 
none;  seeds  about  6  in  each  cell. 

Cultivated  grounds,  Agricul- 
tural Gardens,  1911.  Introduced. 
Native  of  Europe  and  Asia. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North 
America.     Flowers  in  spring. 

4.  KONIGA  Adans. 
Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs, 
pubescent  or  canescent  with 
forked  hairs,  with  entire  leaves, 
a"nd  small  white  flowers  in  terminal  racemes.  Petals  obovate,  entire.  Fila- 
ments slender,  not  toothed,  but  with  two  small  glands  at  the  base.  Silicle 
compressed,  oval  or  orbicular.  Seeds  1  in  each  cell.  Cotyledons  aceum- 
bent.  [Name  in  honor  of  Charles  Konig,  a  curator  of  the  British  Museum.] 
About  4  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Koniga  maritima  (L.) 
E.  Br.  Sw^EET  Alyssum.  Sea- 
side Koniga.  (Fig.  171?)  Pro- 
cumbent or  ascending,  4'-12' 
high,  minutely  pubescent.  Stem- 
leaves  nearly  sessile,  lanceolate 
or  linear,  V-2'  long;  basal 
leaves  oblanceolate,  narrowed 
into  a  petiole ;  flowers  fragrant, 
about  2"  broad;  pedicels  3"-4" 
long  in  fruit;  pods  glabrous, 
pointed  l'-14"  long;  calyx  de- 
ciduous; stamens  not  append- 
aged.  [Clypeola  maritima  L. ; 
Alyssum  maritimum  Lam.] 

Frequent  on  roadsides  and  in 
waste  grounds.  Escaped  from 
flower  gardens  and  naturalized. 
Native  of  Europe.  Escaped  from 
cultivation  in  the  United  States. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Much  planted   in  garden  borders. 


BRASSICACEAE. 


149 


5.     MICROSTIGMA   Trauttv.      [Matthiola   R.   Br.,   not   L.] 

Herbs,  or  some  species  low  shrubs,  finely  and  densely  stellate-pubescent, 
with  oblong  to  linear  leaves  and  large,  bractless,  racemose  flowers.  Sepals 
erect,  two  of  them  saccate  at  the  base.  Petals  long-clawed,  the  blades  spread- 
ing. Stigmas  erect,  connivent,  sessile.  Silique  elongated.  Seeds  flattened, 
sometimes  margined,  borne  in  single  rows;  cotyledons  accumbent.  [Greek, 
small  stigma.]  About  30  species,  of  the  Old  World,  most  abundant  in 
Europe  and  western  Asia,  one  African.  Type  species:  Microstigma  Bungei 
Trauttv. 


1.  Microstigma  incana  (L.)  Brit- 
ton.  Wild  Stock.  Gilliflowek.  (Fig. 
172.)  Perennial,  somewhat  woody  below, 
branched,  2°  high  or  less,  the  branches 
stiff.  Leaves  oblong-linear,  blunt  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  into  petioles,  entire, 
hoary,  2'-6'  long,  K  wide  or  less;  flowers 
purple,  conspicuous,  with  obovate  petal- 
blades;  silique  4-5'  long,  narrowly 
linear,  nearly  cylindric.  [Cheiranthus 
inca7ius  L. ;  Matthiola  incana  R.  Br.] 

Coastal  cliffs  and  rocks.  Naturalized 
from  Europe,  locally  abundant,  especially 
in  Warwick.  Flowers  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer, sometimes  also  in  the  autumn.  Culti- 
vated in  flower-gardens,  both  in  single-flow- 
ered and  double-flowered  races,  some  of 
which  are  annual  or  biennial  in  duration. 


6.     ERYSIMUM  [Tourn.]   L. 

Annual  or  biennial,  mostly  tall  herbs,  with  simple  entire  lobed  or  piunatifid 
leaves,  and  yellow  white  or  rarely  pink  flowers.  Petals  generally  elongated. 
Siliques  elongated,  linear,  many-seeded.  Valves  mostly  3-nerved,  dehiscent. 
Stigma  nearly  simple,  or  with  2  short  lobes.  Seeds  in  1  row  in  each  cell  of  the 
pod,  oblong,  marginless.  Cotyledons  incumbent.  [Greek,  name  of  some  gar- 
den plant.]  A  genus  of  a  few  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World,  mostly  in 
Europe  and  Asia,  the  following  rather  common  weed  typical. 


150 


BRASSICACEAE. 


1.  Erysimum  officinale  L. 
Hedge  Mustard.  (Fig.  173.) 
Erect,  l°-3°  high,  with  rigid 
spreading  branches.  Leaves  run- 
einate-pinnatifid,  the  lower  peti- 
oled,  the  upper  nearly  sessile;  lobes 
oblong,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  the 
lower  ones  often  recurved ;  'pedicels 
about  1"  long,  erect  in  fruit; 
flowers  yellow,  lA"  broad;  pods 
linear,  acuminate,  glabrous  or 
slightly  hairy,  closely  appressed; 
valves  with  a  strong  prominent 
midrib.  [Sisymbrium  officinale 
Scop.;  S.  officinale  leiocarpum  DC] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North  America. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year. 

7.  BRASSICA  [Tourn.]  L. 
Erect  branching  herbs,  with 
pinnatifid  basal  leaves,  and  showy 
yellow  flowers  in  elongated  racemes.  Siliques  elongated,  sessile,  terete  or  4- 
sided,  tipped  with  an  indehiscent  conic  usually  1-seeded  beak.  Valves  convex, 
1-3-nerved.  Seeds  in  1  row^  in  each  cell,  oblong,  marginless;  cotyledons  con- 
duplicate.  [Latin  name  of  the  Cabbage.]  About  80  species,  natives  of  Europe, 
Asia  and  northern  Africa.    Type  species :  Brassica  oleracea  L. 

Pods  4-sided,  appressed,  5"-8" 

long.  1.  B.  nigra. 

Pods  torulose,  ascending,  I'-l^' 

long.  2.  B.  integritolia. 

1.  Brassica  nigra  (L.) 
Koch.  Black  Mustard. 
(Fig.  174.)  Erect,  14°-5° 
high,  freely  branching. 
Lower  leaves  slender-peti- 
oled,  wdth  1  terminal  large 
lobe  and  2-4  smaller  lateral 
ones,  dentate  all  around,  the 
uppermost  reduced  to  lance- 
olate or  oblong  entire  blades ; 
flowers  bright  yellow,  3"- 
5"  broad;  pedicels  slender, 
appressed,  2"  long  in  fruit; 
pods  narrowly  linear,  4- 
sided,  5"-8"  long,  i"  wide, 
appressed;  beak  slender,  1"- 
2'"'  long;  seeds  dark  brown. 
[Sinapis  nigra  L.] 

Common  as  a  weed  in 
cultivated  grounds.  Natural- 
ized from  Europe.  Widely 
naturalized  in  North  America. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the 
year.  Occasionally  cultivated 
for   its   seeds. 


BRASSICACEAE.  151 

2.  Brassica  integrifolia  (West)  O.  E. 
Schulz.  Wild  Mustard.  (Fig.  175.)  An- 
nual, pale  green,  glabrous,  or  very  sparsely 
pubescent  below,  branched,  l°-3°  tall. 
Lower  and  basal  leaves  obovate,  petioled, 
6-1°  long,  coarsely  dentate,  the  upper 
much  smaller,  oblong  to  linear,  mostly 
entire;  racemes  loosely  many-flowered; 
petals  light  yellow,  3"-4"  long;  fruiting 
pedicels  ascending,  2"-6"  long;  siliques 
linear,  torulose,  I'-l^'  long,  slender-beaked. 

Roadsides  and  cultivated  grounds.  Nat- 
uralized. West  Indies  and  continental  tropical 
America.     Native  of  southeastern  Asia. 

Brassica  campestris  L.,  Turnip,  and 
Brassica  oleracea  L.,  Cabbage,  are  exten- 
sively grown  as  garden  vegetables;  Kale,  a 
variety  of  Cabbage  not  forming  heads,  is 
occasionally  grown.  Both  are  natives  of 
Europe. 

8.     SINAPIS  L. 

Annual  or  biennial,  usually  erect,  branching  more  or  less  hispid  herbs,  with 

pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  rather  large,  mostly  yellow  flowers  in  terminal 

racemes.    Siliques  linear,  nearly  terete,  constricted  between  the  seeds,  sessile  in 

the  calyx,  tipped  with  a  flat  sword-like  beak  which  sometimes  contains  a  seed 

near  its  base,  its  valves  3-5- 
nerved.  Seeds  oblong  or  sub- 
globose,  not  winged  nor  mar- 
gined. Cotyledons  condupli- 
cate.  [Name  Greek,  said  to 
come  from  the  Celtic  for  tur- 
nip.] About  5  species,  natives 
of  southern  Europe.  Type 
species:  Sinapis  alba  L. 

1.  Sinapis  arvensis  L. 
Charlock.  Wild  Mustard. 
(Fig.  176.)  Erect,  1°-2A° 
high,  hispid  with  scattered  stiff 
hairs,  or  glabrate.  Leaves  sim- 
ilar to  those  of  Brassica  nigra 
but  generally  not  so  much  pin- 
natifid; flowers  5"-8"  broad; 
pedicels  stout;  pods  glabrous, 
spreading  or  ascending,  some- 
what constricted  between  the 
seeds,  5"-8"  long,  1"  wide, 
tipped  with  a  flattened  elon- 
gated-conic often  1-seeded  beak 
5"-6"  long,  the  valves  strongly 
nerved.  [Brassica  Sinapistrum 
Boiss.] 

er<,   l^r^^'lillZ^  cultivated  pounds.     Naturalized.      Native    of   tbe    Old  World.      Flow- 
eis  in   spring,   occasionally  later. 


162 


BRASSICACEAE. 


9.     DIPLOTAXIS  DC. 

Herbs,  with  pinnatifid  or  lobed  leaves,  and  rather  large  yellow  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes.  Silique  elongated,  linear,  flat  or  flattish,  short-beaked  or 
beakless,  the  valves  mostly  1-nerved.  Style  usually  slender.  Seeds  in  two 
complete  or  incomplete  rows  in  each  cavity  of  the  silique,  marginless;  cotyle- 
dons conduplicate.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  double  rows  of  seeds.]  About  20 
species,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species:  Diplotaxis  tenuifolia  (L.)  DC. 
The  flattened  pods  with  seeds  in  two  rows  distinguish  this  genus  from  the 
Mustards. 


1.  Diplotaxis  muralis  (L.) 
DC.  Sand  Rocket.  (Fig.  177.) 
Branched  from  the  base,  spar- 
ingly hispid  or  glabrous,  leafy 
only  below.  Leaves  oblanceo- 
late,  sinuate-lobed  or  pinnatifid, 
2'— 1'  long,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
mostly  slender-petioled ;  flowers 
6"-8"  broad;  pod  about  1'  long 
and  1"  wide,  erect,  flattish;  fruit- 
ing pedicels,  4"-8"  long. 

Abundant  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds  on  St.  David's  Island, 
1909  and  in  cultivated  ground  near 
Wreck  Hill,  1912.  Naturalized  from 
Europe.  Naturalized  in  the  eastern 
Fnited  States.  Flowers  in  spring. 
This  plant  may  become  a  pernicious 
weed,  as  the  seeds  germinate  readily. 


10.     CAIOLE    [Tourn.]   Mill. 

Annual,  glabrous  fleshy  branching  herbs,  with  petioled  leaves  and  purplish 
racemose  flowers.  Siliques  elongated,  sessile,  flattened  or  ridged,  indehiscent, 
2-jointed,  the  joints  1-celled  and  mostly  1-seeded.  Style  none;  cotyledons 
accumbent.  [Old  Arabic  name.]  A  genus  of  several  species,  natives  of  sea 
and  lake  shores  of  Europe  and  North  America.  Type  species:  Bunias  Cakile  L. 
The  curious  two- jointed  pods  which  do  not  split  open  are  an  interesting 
feature  of  these  plants. 


BRASSICACEAE. 


153 


1.  Cakile  lanceoia,ta  (Willd.)  O.  E. 
Sehulz.  Southern  Sea  Rocket.  Scurvy 
Grass.  (Fig.  178.)  Erect  or  ascending-, 
often  much  branched,  2i°  high  or  less 
Basal  and  lower  leaves  broadly  oblong, 
obtuse,  2'-3'  long,  coarsely  crenate-den 
tate;  upper  leaves  smaller,  narrowly  ob 
ovate  to  oblong,  crenate-dentate,  or  en 
tire;  flowers  pale  purplish,  3"-5"  broad: 
fruiting  racemes  often  1°  long;  fruit- 
ing pedicels  stout,  2"-3"  long;  pod  8"- 
12"  long,  its  upper  joint  longer  than  the 
lower.  [Baphanus  lanceolatus  Willd. ; 
Cakile  aequalis  L  'Her. ;  Cochlaria  offi- 
cinalis of  Jones;  Cakile  maritima  of  H. 
B.  Small.] 

Sea-beaches,  sand  dunes  and  coastal 
rocks.  Native.  Florida  and  the  West  In- 
dies. Flowers  from  spring  until  autumn. 
Presumably  transported  to  Bermuda  by  float- 
ing. 

11.  RAPHANTJS  [Tourn.]  L. 
Mainly  biennial  herbs,  with  lyrate 
leaves  and  showy  flowers.  Silique  elongated-linear,  coriaceous,  fleshy  or  corky, 
spongy  between  the  seeds,  indehiscent.  Seeds  subglobose;  cotyledons  con- 
duplicate.  [Greek,  quick-appearing,  from  its  rapid  germination.]  About  6 
species,  of  Europe  and  Asia.     Type  species:  Baphanus  sativus  L. 

Flowers   yellow,   fading  white ;   pod  grooved,   4-10-seeded. 
Flowers   pink   or  white ;    pod   not   grooved,    2-3-seeded. 


1.  R.  Rnphanistrum. 

2.  R.  sativus. 

1.  Baphanus  Raphanls- 
tniin  L.  Wild  Radish. 
Jointed  ob  White  Charlock. 
(Fig.  179.)  Biennial  or  an- 
nual from  a  slender  root,  1°- 
3°  high,  sparsely  pubescent  or 
rarely  glabrous.  Basal  and 
lower  leaves  lyrate-pinnatifid, 
4-8'  long,  with  a  large  ter- 
minal lobe  and  4-6  pairs  of 
successively  smaller  lateral 
ones,  all  crenate  or  dentate; 
upper  leaves  small,  oblong; 
flowers  5"-10"  broad,  yellow, 
fading  to  white,  purplish- 
veined;  pedicels  3"-8"  long 
in  fruit;  pods  I'-li'  long,  6- 
10-seeded,  constricted  between 
the  seeds  when  dry,  tipped  with 
a  conic  beak. 

Waste  grounds.  Xaturalizod 
from  Europe.  Widely  natural- 
ized in  North  America.  Flowers 
nearly  throughout  the  year. 


154 


BRASSICACEAE. 


2.  Raphanus  satlvus 
L.  Gauden  Radish.  (Fig. 
180.)  Similar  to  the  last, 
but  flowers  pink  or  -white. 
Root  deep,  fusiform  or 
napiform,  fleshy;  pods 
fleshy,  2-3-seeded,  not  lon- 
gitudinally grooved,  often 
equalled  or  exceeded  by  the 
long  conic  beak. 

Extensively  cultivated, 
and  spontaneous  in  gardens  or 
fields,  rarely  in  waste  places. 
Native  of  Asia.  Flowers 
nearly  throughout  the  year. 
Several  kinds  are  grown  as 
garden  crops. 


12. 


BURSA  [Siegesb. 
Weber. 


at  right  angles  with  the  septum,  their  valves 
Seeds  numerous,  marginless ;  cotyledons 
accumbent.  [Middle  Latin,  purse,  from 
the  shape  of  the  pod.]  About  4  species. 
natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Bursa  Bursa-pastoris  (L.)  Brit-  ^Sm 
ton.  Shepherd's  Purse.  (Fig.  181.)  '^ 
Branching,  6-2°  high  from  a  deep 
root,  pubescent  below,  mainly  glabrous 
above.  Basal  leaves  lobed,  pinnatifid, 
or  rarely  entire,  2-6'  long;  stem-leaves 
few,  lanceolate,  auricled;  flowers  about 
1"  long;  pedicels  5"-8"  long  in  fruit; 
pods  triangular,  cuneate  at  the  base, 
truncate  or  emarginate,  2"-4"  long; 
seeds  10  or  12  in  each  cell.  [Thlaspi 
Bursa-pastoris  L. ;  Capsella  Bursa- 
pastoris  Medic] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  America.  Flowers 
all  the  year  round. 


Annual  or  winter-an- 
nual erect  herbs,  pubes- 
cent with  forked  hairs,  the 
basal  leaves  tufted.  Flow- 
ers racemose,  small,  white. 
Silicles  cuneate,  obcordate 
or  triangular,  compressed 
boat-shaped,  keeled.    Style  short. 


BRASSICACEAE.  156 

Sisymbrium  Nasturtium-aquaticum  L.,  Water-cress,  European,  is  occa- 
sionally grown  in  tanks  or  pools  as  a  vegetable.  Lefroy  records  it  as  in  his 
time  abundant  in  the  water  channels  of  Pembroke  Marsh,  but  recent  collectors 
have  failed  to  find  it  there,  and  it  probably  disappeared  after  this  marsh  was 
made  brackish  by  opening  a  drainage  canal  from  it  westward  to  the  salt  water, 
through  which  the  sea  has  access  to  the  marsh  at  high  tides.  [Nasturtium 
officmale  E.  Br.,  Eadicula  Nasturtium-aquaticum  Britten  &  Rendle.] 

Armoracia  Annoracia  (L.)  Cockerell  [Nasturtium  Armoracia  Fries], 
Horseradish,  European,  is  grown  in  gardens  for  its  large  pungent  roots.  It 
has  large  lanceolate  upright  leaves  and  conspicuous  white  flowers. 

Malcolmla  maritima  (L.)  R.  Br.,  Virginian  Stock,  of  the  Mediterranean 
region,  grown  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  slightly  pubescent  annual,  10'-15'  high, 
with  oblong,  blunt,  entire  leaves  V-2'  long,  and  variously  colored,  racemose 
flowers  8"-10"  broad,  the  nearly  sessile  linear  pods  2'-3'  long.  [Cheiranthus 
tnaritimus  L.] 

Cheiranthus  Cheirl  L.,  Wall-flower,  of  southern  Europe,  also  a  garden 
flower,  is  a  somewhat  pubescent  perennial,  l°-2°  tall,  with  lanceolate,  acutish 
entire  leaves,  and  large,  yellow  or  sometimes  purple,  racemose  flowers,  its  linear 
pods  stalked. 

rberis  violacea  R.  Br.,  Candytuft,  origin  unknown,  annual,  about  3'  high, 
with  spatulate  toothed  leaves,  and  corymbose  purple  flowers,  is  recorded  by 
Lefroy  as  naturalized  on  St.  George 's  Island  growing  along  roadsides  and  in 
waste  places.     It  is  also  mentioned  by  H.  B.  Small. 

Iberis  amara  L.,  White  Annual  Candytuft,  European,  a  low  annual 
with  white  or  purplish  corymbose  flowers,  the  inflorescence  elongating  and 
becoming  racemose  in  fruit,  the  pods  2-lobed,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 

Iberis  umbellata  L.,  Purple  Annual  Candytuft,  of  southern  Europe,  an 
annual  up  to  18'  high,  with  corymbose  purplish  or  violet  flowers,  the  clusters  of 
sharply  2-lobed  pods  also  corymbose,  not  elongating,  is  also  grown  in  flower- 
gardens. 

Arabis  alpina  L.,  Alpine  Rock-cbess,  of  high  boreal  regions,  was  seen 
at  Paget  Rectory  in  1914,  where  it  had  been  growing  for  several  years.  It  is 
a  low  perennial,  with  tufted  obovate  or  spatulate,  dentate,  obtuse,  finely 
stellate-pubescent  leaves  V-2V  long,  the  white,  often  double,  flowers  racemose, 
the  linear  flat  pods  about  1'  long. 

Alyssum  saxatile  L.,  Golden-tuft,  European,  a  whitish-tomentulose 
perennial  with  slender  stems  about  1°  high,  the  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
nodulate-margined  leaves  l'-2^'  long,  the  small,  bright  yellow  flowers  in 
terminal  racemes,  was  seen  at  Paget  Rectory  in  1914. 

Camelina  sativa  (L.)  Crantz,  False  Fl.vx,  European,  annual,  glabrous, 
l°-2°  high,  with  lanceolate,  sometimes  sagittate  leaves  l'-3'  long,  small,  yel- 
low, racemose  flowers,  the  obovoid,  slender-pedicelled  pods  about  3"  broad,  their 
valves  convex,  has  been  collected  as  a  waif.     [Myagrum  sativum  L.j 


156 


CAPPARIDACEAE. 


Family  4.     CAPPARIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Caper  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  some  tropical  species  trees,  with  alternate  or  very  rarely 
opposite  leaves,  and  regular  or  irregular,  mostly  perfect  flowers.  Sepals 
4-8.  Petals  4  (rarely  none).  Receptacle  elongated  or  short.  Stamens 
6-°o,  not  tetradynamous,  inserted  on  the  receptacle;  anthers  oblong.  Style 
generally  short,  ovules  ^,  on  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  a  capsule  or  berry. 
Seeds  mainly  reniform  in  our  species;  endosperm  none;  embryo  generally 
coiled.     About  35  genera  and  450  species,  mostly  of  warm  regions. 

1.     CLEOME  L. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs.  Leaves  digitately  3-5-foliolate,  or  simple.  Flowers 
mostly  racemose.  Calyx  4-divided  or  of  4  sepals,  often  persistent.  Petals  4, 
cruciate,  nearly  equal,  entire,  more  or  less  clawed.  Receptacle  short,  slightly 
prolonged  above  the  petal-bases.  Stamens  6  (rarely  4),  or  numerous,  inserted 
on  the  receptacle.  Ovary  stalked,  with  a  gland  at  its  base.  Capsule  elongated, 
many-seeded.  [Derivation  uncertain.]  About  75  species,  mainly  natives  of 
tropical  regions,  especially  American  and  African.  Type  species:  Cleome 
gynandra  L. 

Stamens  6,  borne  on  the  gynophore  ;  petals  white  to  pink.  1.  C.  gynandra. 

Stamens  about  20,  borne  below  the  gynophore  ;  petals  yellow.  2.  C.  viscosa. 


1.  Cleome  gynandra  L.  Small 
SproER-FLOWER.  (Fig.  182.)  Annual, 
bright  green,  clammy-pubescent.  Stem 
l|°-3°  tall,  branching;  leaf -blades 
palmately  3-5-foliolate ;  petioles 
longer  than  the  leaflets;  leaflets  i'- 
2i'  long,  oval  to  obovate,  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  serrulate ;  racemes 
4'-16'  long;  bracts  suborbieular,  oval 
or  broadly  obovate;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate ;  petals  white  or  pink,  24"- 
5"  long,  their  blades  oval,  longer 
than  the  claws;  stamens  6;  capsules 
linear,  l|'-2i'  long,  surpassing  the 
glandular  pedicel  in  length;  seeds 
coarsely  rugose  and  muricate.  [Cleome 
pentaphylla  L. ;  Gynandropsis  penta- 
phylla  DC] 

Abundant  as  a  weed  in  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  the  Old 
World  tropics.  Widely  naturalized  in 
the  southern  United  States  and  West 
Indies.     Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


CAPPAKIDACEAE. 


167 


2.  Cleome  viscosa  L.  Viscid  Spider- 
flower.  (Fig.  183.)  Annual,  erect, 
branched,  viscid-glandular,  l°-3°  tall. 
Leaves  petioled,  the  blades  palmately  3-5- 
foliolate;  leaflets  obovate-oblong,  ^'-3'  long, 
acute,  or  acutish,  thin ;  flowers  axillary, 
6'"-8"  broad ;  petals  bright  yellow ;  stamens 
about  20,  equalling  the  petals;  capsule 
linear,  about  3'  long,  rough-glandular, 
striate-ribbed,  sessile;  seeds  echinate. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized  from  the  Old  World  tropics. 
Naturalized  in  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in 
spring  and  summer.      [Polanisia  t:iscosa  DCl 

Cleome  speciosa  DC,  Candelabra 
Plant,  Mexican,  a  tall  species  with  large 
purple  flowers,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 
Lefroy  erroneously  refers  to  Cleome  pun- 
gens  Willd.  (C  spinosa  L.)  as  a  white 
variety  of  this;  it  is  a  separate  species, 
apparently  not  observed  as  yet  in  Bermuda, 
but  as  a  common  weed  in  warm  countries 
it  may  be  expected  to  be  introduced  at 
any  time. 

Steriphoma  elliptica  Spreng.,  recorded 
by  Jones  in  1873,  and  mentioned  by  Lefroy 
as    received    from    Trinidad,    where    it    is 

native,  in   1874,   and   flowered  with  him,  is  a  shrub  with  oblong  leave?   and 
spatulate  petals. 

Capparis  Cynophallophora  L.,  Black  "Willow,  West  Indian  and  Floridian, 
is  represented  by  a  large  tree  at  Par-la-Ville,  Hamilton,  flowering  profusely  in 
summer;  it  has  oblong  entire,  firm  leaves  4'  long  or  less,  shining  above,  their 
under  surfaces  and  the  inflorescence  silvery-scaly,  the  petals  white.  [Capparis 
torulosa  of  H.  B.  Small;  C.  jamaicensis  Jacq.] 


Family  5.     RESEDACEAE  S.  F.  Gray. 

Mignonette  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  woody,  with  alternate  or  fascicled  leaves,  gland-like 
stipules  and  racemose  or  spicate,  bracted  flowers.  Flowers  unsymmetrical. 
Calyx  4-7-parted,  inequilateral.  Petals  generally  4-7,  bypogj-nous.  Disk 
fleshy,  hypogjmous,  1-sided.  Stamens  3-40;  filaments  generally  unequal. 
Ovary  1,^  compound,  of  3-6  carpels;  styles  or  sessile  stigmas  3-G;  ovules 
oc.  Fruit  capsular  in  all  but  1  genus.  Seeds  renifoiTQ,  without^  endo- 
sperm; cotyledons  incumbent.  Six  genera  and  about  Go  species,  natives  of 
the  Old  World. 

Eeseda  odorata  L.,  Mignonette,  Egyptian,  a  low  annual  occasionally  seen 
in  flower-gardens,  has  wedge-shaped,  entire  or  3-lobed  leaves  and  yellowish- 
green  fragrant  flowers  with  deeply  lobed  petals. 

Eeseda  alba  L.,  White  Cut-leaved  Mignonette,  European,  erect  up  to  3=" 
high,  with  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves  and  long  narrow  racemes  of  STuall,  white 
flowers,  is  also  grown  in  flower-gardens. 


158  RESEDACEAE. 

Family  6.     MORINGACEAE  Dumort. 
Horseradish-tree  Family. 

Trees,  with  a  gummy  bark.  Leaves  alternate,  deciduous,  2-3-pinnate, 
the  divisions  and  leaflets  opposite,  the  latter  entire:  stipules  wanting  or 
mere  glands.  Flowers  perfect,  slightly  irregular,  in  axillary  panicles. 
Calyx  of  5  unequal  reflexed-spreading  sepals  on  the  edge  of  the  short  cup- 
like  hypanthium.  Corolla  of  5  petals  resembling  the  sepals,  the  lower 
petal  reflexed,  the  upper  one  more  or  less  erect.  Androecium  of  5  stamens 
inserted  on  the  margin  of  the  hypanthium,  and  5  staminodia.  Filaments 
distinct.  Anthers  1-celled,  opening  lengthwise.  Gynoecium  3-carpellary, 
stalked.  Ovai-y  1-celled,  with  3  parietal  placentae;  stjdes  united;  stigma 
minute.  Ovules  numerous,  anatropous,  pendulous,  in  two  series  on  each 
placenta.  Capsule  elongated,  3-6-angled,  somewhat  torulose,  beaked,  3- 
valved.  Seeds  relatively  large,  3-winged  or  wingless;  endosperm  wanting. 
Only  the  genus  Moringa,  with  3  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics. 

Moringa  Moringa  (L.)  J.  K.  Small  [M.  pterygosperma  Gaertn.],  Horse- 
radish-tree, a  small  tree  with  large  deeomponnd  leaves  and  panicled  white 
flowers,  the  3-angled  linear  pods  about  1°  long,  has  been  introduced  and  planted 
for  ornament  and  interest.     It  yields  the  Ben  oil,  used  by  watchmakers. 

Order  16.     S  ARE  ACENI  ALES. 

Insectivorous  plants  secreting  a  viscid  liquid,  with  basal  leaves  and 
perfect  scapose  flowers.  Corolla  choripetalous.  Sepals  mostly  distinct. 
Stamens  usually  hypogynous.     Ovary  compound,  superior. 

The  order  is  known  only  as  ha\nng  been  represented  in  Bermuda  by  the 
Pitcher-plant,  Sarracenia  purpurea  L.,  North  American,  with  a  tuft  of 
hollow  leaves  and  a  large  nodding  purple  flower,  introduced  at  Mount  Langton 
and  died  after  blooming  as  recorded  by  Lefroy. 

Order  17.     ROSALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  the  flowers  usually  petaliferous  and  the  petals 
distinct.  Stamens  mostly  perigjmous  or  epigynous.  Sepals  mainly  united 
or  confluent  with  the  concave  receptacle.  Carpels  one  or  more,  distinct  or 
sometimes  united  into  a  compound  ovar5\ 

f  Endosperm  present,  vsuaUij  eopious  and  fleshy;  leaves  mostly  without  stipules. 
Herbs,  with  fleshy  or  succulent  tissue. 

Carpels  as  many  as  the  calyx-segments  ;  stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many. 

F'am.       1.    CEASSrLACEAE. 

Carpels  fewer  than  the  calyx-segments.  Fam.     2.   Saxifr^vgaceae. 

Shrubs  or  trees. 

Leaves  opposite.  Fam.     3.  Hydrangeaceae. 

Leaves  alternate. 

Fruit  a  1-celled  berry.  Fam.     4.  Grossulariaceae. 

Fruit  capsular,  or  indehiscent.  Fam.     5.   Pittosporaceae. 

■ft  Endosperm  none,  or  very  little;  leaves  mostly  nith  stipules. 
t  Trees  with  broad  leaves  and  small  monoecious  densely  capitate  flowers, 

Fam.     6.   Pi.ataxaceae. 
tt  Flowers  perfect,  or  if  dioecious  or  monoecious  not  densely  capitate, 
a.  Flowers  regular. 
Pistils  several  or  numerous. 

Carpels  distinct,  rarely  adnate  to  the  calyx,  ripen- 
ing into  follicles  or  achenes.  Fam.     7.  Rosaceae. 
Carpels  united,  enclosed  by  the  calyx-tube  and  ad- 
nate to  it,  the  fruit  a  pome.  Fam.      8.   Malaceae. 
Pistil   only   1. 

Ovary  2-ovuled ;  fruit  a   drupe ;   leaves  simple.  Fam.     9'.  Amygdalaceae. 

Ovary  several-ovuled ;   fruit   a   legume ;    leaves   2-3- 
pinnate. 


CRASSULACEAE. 


159 


Petals  valvate  in  the  bud. 

(Petals  imbricated  in  the  bud;  Gleditsia  in  the 
Caesalpiniaceae) . 


Fam.  10.  MiMOSACEAE. 


b.  Flowers  irregular   (nearly  or  quite  regular  in  Gleditsia). 
Fruit   a   legume ;    upper   petal    enclosed   by   the   lateral 

ones  in  the  bud;  leaves  compound.  Fam.   11.  Caesalpimaceai: 

Fruit  a   legume   or  loment ;   upper  petal   enclosing  the 

lateral    ones    in    the    bud ;    leaves    compound    (some- 


times 1-foliolate). 


Fam.   12,  Fabaceae. 


Family  1.     CRASSULACEAE  DC. 

Orpine  Family. 
Herbs,  or  somewhat  shrubby  plants,  mostly  fleshy  or  succulent,  with 
cjTnose  or  rarely  solitary  regular  or  symmetrical  flowers.  Stipules  none. 
Calyx  persistent,  free  from  the  ovary  or  ovaries,  4-5-cleft  or  4-5-parted. 
Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  calyx-lobes,  distinct,  or  slightly  united  at  the 
base.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  or  twice  as  many  as  the  petals; 
anthers  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Carpels  equal  in  number  to  the  sepals, 
distinct,  or  united  below;  styles  subulate  or  filifonn;  ovules  numerous. 
Follicles  1-celled,  dehiscent  along  the  ventral  suture.  Seeds  minute;  endo- 
sperm fleshy;  cotyledons  short,  obtuse.  About  30  genera  and  600  species, 
of  wide  geographic  distribution. 


Calyx  much  inflated,  4-toothed. 
Calyx   scarcely   inflated,   4-parted. 


1.  BrifophyUum. 

2.  Kulanchoe. 


1.  BRYOPHYLLUM  Salisb. 
Erect  herbs,  the  leaves  opposite,  simple  or  pinnately  compound;  the  leaf- 
lets mostly  toothed.  Flowers  perfect,  often  showy,  nodding,  in  cymes  or  panicles 
opposite  the  branches.  Calyx  Inflated,  4-toothed.  Corolla  nearly  campanulate, 
or  urn-shaped,  the  narrow  limb  with  4  spreading  lobes.  Stamens  8,  in  2  series, 
adnate  to  about  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube;  filaments  filiform;  anthers 
mostly  exserted.  Carpels  4,  distinct  or  partially  united.  Ovules  many.  Fol- 
licles 4.  Seeds  numerous.  [Greek,  sprouting  leaf.]  Four  known  species,  of 
South  Africa  and  Madagascar,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Bryophyllum  pinnatum  (Lam.) 
Kurz.  Life  Plant.  Floppers.  (Fig. 
184.)  Perennial,  glabrous.  Stems  l°-6° 
tall,  branched;  leaf -blades  often  pin- 
nately compound,  4-12'  long;  leaflets 
oblong,  oval  or  elliptic,  obtuse,  crenate, 
the  terminal  one  several  times  longer 
than  the  lateral  ones;  panicles  4'-18' 
long,  conspicuous;  calyx  bladder-like, 
finally  oblong-eampanulate,  IJ'  long, 
glabrous;  corolla  reddish,  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx  or  shorter,  its  lobes  lanceo- 
late or  narrowly  ovate,  acute.  [Cotyle- 
don pinnatum  Lam. ;  B.  calycinum  Salisb.] 

Walls,  thickets,  woodlands  and  waste 
grounds,  almost  ubiquitous  in  Bermuda, 
striking  roots  and  growing  freely  from 
leaves,  stems  or  their  fragments.  Nat- 
uralized from  Old  World  tropics,  recorded 
as  first  introduced  in  1813,  soon  becoming 
a  pernicious  weed.  Naturalized  in  Florida 
and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  from  winter 
to  summer. 


160 


CRASSULACEAE. 


2.     KALANCHOE  Adans. 

Erect  herbs,  sometimes  a  little  woody,  with  opposite  leaves  and  panicled 
flowers,  often  showy.  Calyx  4-parted,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Corolla  salver- 
form,  with  a  swollen  tube  and  a  spreading,  4-parted  limb.  Stamens  usually  8, 
in  2  series  on  the  corolla-tube,  the  filaments  very  short.  Carpels  4,  lanceolate, 
adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube;  ovules  many.  Follicles  many-seeded. 
[Chinese  name.]  Twenty  species  or  more,  all  but  the  following  natives  of  Asia 
and  Africa.     Type  species:   Cotyledon. laciniata  L. 

1.  Kalanchoe  brasiliensis  Camb. 
Brazilian  Kalanchoe.  (Fig.  185.) 
Herbaceous,  perennial,  l°-3"^  liigt, 
glandular-pubescent  above.  Leaves 
ovate  to  obovate,  short-petioled,  2'-4' 
long,  faintly  pinnately  veined,  crenate- 
dentate,  or  the  upper  pairs  lanceolate, 
much  smaller  and  entire;  inflorescence 
4-12'  long,  cymose-paniculate,  its 
branches  nearly  erect,  the  bracts  very 
small;  flowers  yellow,  6"-8"  long; 
sepals  lanceolate,  glandular-pubescent, 
acute;  corolla-tube  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  the  limb  spreading; 
stamens  borne  on  the  corolla-tube  a 
little  above  the  middle,  not  exserted; 
follicles  about  3"  long,  the  brown 
seeds  oblong. 

Agar's  Island,  1913,  collected  by  F. 
S.  Collins.  Native  of  Brazil.  Natural- 
ized in  Cuba  and  St.  Thomas.  Flowers 
in  summer. 

Kalanchoe  Afzeliana  Britten  (Vereia  crenata  Andr.,  not  K.  crenata 
Haw.),  mentioned  by  Reade  as  a  garden  plant,  is  2°-4°  high,  with  large  crenate 
basal  leaves,  and  bright  yellow  flowers. 

Echeveria  gibbiflora  DC,  E..  sanguinea  Morren,  and  E.  metallica  Hort., 
Mexican  species  with  beautiful  tufts  of  fleshy,  entire,  basal  leaves,  the  red  or 
yellow  flowers  on  erect  stems,  in  1-sided  cymes,  have  occasionally  been  planted 
for  ornament. 

Sempervivum  species,  Houseleeks,  European,  have  been  grown  for  in- 
terest, but  are  not  long-enduring  in  Bermuda. 

Sedum  acre  L.,  Mossy  Stonecrop,  European,  a  small  trailer  with  minute 
thick  imbricated  leaves,  and  bright  yellow  cymose  flowers,  is  said  by  H.  B. 
Small  to  be  "  spreading  freely  and  may  be  found  on  wall-faces  of  road-cuttings, 
Hamilton  and  Warwick,  frequently  placed  on  graves. "  It  is  also  mentioned  by 
Eeade,  and  Lefroy  records  it  as  introduced  at  Mt.  Langton,  prior  to  1875, 
but  it  has  not  come  under  my  observation  in  Bermuda. 

Sedum  mexicanum  Britton,  Yellow  Mexican  Stonecrop,  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament,  is  a  weak,  tufted  species  about  6'  high,  with  opposite  or 
whorled,  linear  terete  leaves  about  V  long  and  bright  yellow  flowers  4"-5" 
wide  in  compound  cymes.     [S.  sarmeritosum  Masters,  not  Bunge.] 

Many  other  Stonecrops,  planted  at  Paget  Rectory,  died  out. 


SAXIFKAGACEAE.  161 

Family  2.     SAXIFKAGACEAE  Dumort. 

Saxifrage  Family. 

Herbs.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious.  Calyx  mostly  5- 
lobed  or  5-parted,  free,  or  adnate  to  the  ovary,  usually  persistent.  Petals 
usually  4  or  5,  rarely  none.  Stamens  equal  in  number  to  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  in  apetalous  species  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the  calj'x- 
lobes,  perigynous  or  epigynous;  filaments  distinct.  Disk  generally  present. 
Carpels  usually  2,  distinct  or  united,  but  upper  portion  free,  mostly  fewer 
than  the  stamens.  Seeds  commonly  numerous;  endosperm  generally 
copious,  fleshy;  embryo  small,  terete.  About  90  genera  and  650  species, 
of  wide  geogTaphic  distribution. 

Sekika  sarmentosa  (L.)  Moench,  Strawberry  Geranium,  Asiatic,  a 
perennial  stoloniferous  herb,  with  tufted  basal  nearly  orbicular  leaves,  and 
small  panicled  white  flowers  borne  on  a  scape  l°-2°  high,  the  lower  petals 
drooping,  is  occasional  in  flower-gardens.     [Saxifraga  sarmentosa  L.] 

Heuchera  sanguinea  Engelm.,  Red  Heuchera,  North  American,  has  been 
grown,  but  does  not  succeed;  it  is  a  low  perennial,  with  basal,  reniform,  lobed 
leaves,  and  small  red  flowers,  panicled  on  slender  scapes. 

Family  3.     HYDRANGEACEAE  Dumort. 

Hydraxgea  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees  with  simple  opposite  leaves  and  no  stipules.  Flowers 
perfect  or  the  exterior  ones  of  the  clusters  sterile  and  conspicuous.  Petals 
and  sepals  generally  5.  Stamens  twice  as  many  or  numerous,  epigynous. 
Carpels  2-10,  wholly  united  or  the  apex  free,  the  lower  half  at  least  en- 
closed by  and  adnate  to  the  calyx.  Seeds  numerous;  endosperm  generally 
copious;  embryo  small.  About  16  genera  and  80  species,  of  temperate  and 
tropical  regions. 

Philadelphus  coronarius  L.,  Garden  Syringa,  European,  a  shrub  about  7° 
high,  wi'th  ovate  or  oval  thin  acute  serrate  deciduous  leaves  2'-4  long,  the 
white  fragrant  flowers  I'-IJ'  wide,  in  terminal  racemes,  with  5  petals,  many 
stamens  and  3-5  styles,  the  fruit  a  top-shaped  capsule,  is  grown  for  ornament. 

Hydrangea  hortensis  Smith,  Hydrangea,  Asiatic,  grown  for  ornament,  is 
a  shrulD  4°-6°  high,  glabrous  or  very  nearly  so,  with  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
serrate  leaves  8'  long  or  less,  the  white,  blue  or  pink  flowers  in  large  clusters. 

Deutzia  scabra  Thunb.,  Rough  Deutzia,  Asiatic,  a  shrub  5°  or  6°  high, 
with  ovate-lanceolate  leaves,  stellately  rough-pubescent  on  both  sides,  and 
racemose  white  flowers,  is  grown  for  ornament. 

Deutzia  Lemoinei,  a  hybrid  between  D.  gracilis  and  D.  parviflora,  with 
corymbose  flowers,  is  also  grown. 

Family  4.     GROSSULARIACEAE  Dumort. 

Gooseberry  Family. 

Shrubs,  with  often  fascicled  usually  lobed  petioled  leaves,  and  race- 
mose or  subsolitary  axillary-  or  lateral  flowei-s,  the  pedicels  bracteolate. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  4-5-lobed,  often  colored.  Petals 
4  or  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  small,  scale-like,  often  included. 

12 


162  GROSSULARIACEAE. 

Stamens  4  or  5,  inserted  with  the  petals.  Ovary  1-eelled ;  styles  2,  distinct 
or  united.  Berry  globose  or  ovoid,  pulpy,  the  calyx  persistent  on  its 
summit.  Seeds  obscurely  angled,  their  outer  coat  gelatinous,  the  inner 
crustaceous.  Two  genera  and  about  120  species,  mostly  o:^the  temperate 
zones. 

Ribes  vulgare  Lam.,  Garden  Currant,  European,  has  been  planted,  but 
the  climate  is  too  warm  for  its  successful  cultivation.  Lefroy  refers  to  it  as 
Hides  ruhrum. 

Grossularia  reclinata  (L.)  Mill.,  Garden  Gooseberry,  has  also  been 
planted  but  without  success.     [Eihes  Grossularia  L.] 

Family  5.     PITTOSPORACEAE  Lindl. 

PiTTOSPORUM  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  estipulate  leaves  and  clustered  or 
solitary  regular  and  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  hypogynous, 
imbricated.  Stamens  5,  distinct,  hypogynous,  alternate  with  the  stamens, 
the  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  compound;  style  simple;  stigma  terminal; 
ovules  numerous,  anatropous.  Fruit  capsular  and  loculieidally  dehiscent, 
or  hair>^-like  and  indehiscent.  There  are  no  native  nor  naturalized  species 
in  Bermuda. 

Pittosporum  undulatum  Vent.,  Mock  Orange,  native  of  New  Holland,  is 
commonly  planted  in  parks  and  gardens,  forming  a  tree  up  to  '20°  high  with  a 
trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  and  thrives  luxuriantly.  Its  oblong-lanceolate 
evergreen  leaves,  borne  in  tufts  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs  are  pointed  at  both 
ends,  glabrous  and  3  to  5  inches  long;  the  axillary  stalked  flowers  are  small, 
white  and  fragrant,  followed  by  capsular  fruits  which  split  into  two  reflexed 
round  leathery  valves  exposing  the  several  glutinous  seeds. 

Pittosporum  Tobira  (Thunb.)  Ait.,  Tobira,  Japanese,  an  elegant  shrub 
6*^-10°  high,  the  young  twigs  pubescent,  the  obovate-cuneate,  obtuse,  coriaceous 
leaves  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  twigs,  2-3'  long,  dark  green  above,  pale 
green  beneath,  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament;  its  flowers  are  white, 
fragrant,  about  *'  long,  in  terminal  sessile  umbels,  the  slightly  pubescent  cap- 
sules 5"-6"  long.  The  old  tree  at  Bishop's  Lodge  was  46'  in  trunk  circumfer- 
ence in  1914.     [Euonymus  Tohira  Thunb.] 

Pittosponim  coriaceum  Ait.,  Leathery-leaved  Pittosporum,  of  Madeira, 
recorded  by  Lefroy,  has  oval,  obtuse,  leathery  leaves  3'-4'  long  and  large  white 
flowers.  The  Bishop 's  Lodge  plant  mentioned  by  H.  B.  Small  under  this  name 
Is  P.  Tohira,  and  Lefroy 's  record  may  also  be  erroneous. 

Pittosporum  tenuifolium  Gaertn.,  Thin-leaved  Pittosporum,  of  New 
Zealand,  taken  to  Mt.  Langton  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1913, 
has  thin,  acute  leaves  l'-2'  long,  brown  flowers  and  black  seeds.  It  forms,  in 
New  Zealand,  a  tree  up  to  40°  high. 

Pittosporum  erioloma  Moore  &  Muell.,  Woolly  Pittosporum,  of  Lord 
Howe's  Island,  also  taken  to  Mt.  Langton  from  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden  in  1913,  is  a  shrub,  becoming  12°  high,  with  oblong-lanceolate,  shining 
leaves  l'-3'  long,  the  corymbose  flowers  about  1'  broad,  with  woolly-margined 
sepals  and  narrow  petals. 


PLATANACEAE.  163 

Family  6.     PLATANACEAE  Lindl. 

Plane-tree  Family. 

Large  trees,  with  alternate  petioled  palraately  lobed  and  veined  leaves, 
the  hollowed  petiole-bases  enclosing-  the  buds  for  the  following  season,  the 
bark  exfoliating,  and  small  green  monoeoious  flowers  in  dense  globular 
heads.  Receptacle  somewhat  fleshy.  Calyx  of  3-8  externally  pubescent 
minute  sepals.  Corolla  of  as  many  thin  glabrous  petals.  Staminate 
flowers  with  stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  and  opposite  them;  filaments 
short;  anthers  oblong  or  linear,  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  2-8  distinct  pistils;  ovary  linear,  1-celled;  style  elongated;  stigma 
lateral.  Ripened  head  of  fruit  composed  of  very  numerous  narrowly 
obpyramidal  nutlets  which  are  densely  pubescent  below  with  long  nearly 
erect  hairs.  Seed  pendulous;  endosperm  thin;  cotyledons  linear.  Only 
the  genus  Platanus,  comprising  some  7  species,  natives  of  the  north  tem- 
perate zone. 

Platanus  acerifolia  Willd.,  London  Plane,  said  to  be  of  hybrid  origin,  is 
commonly  planted  for  shade  and  ornament  and  becomes  as  large  as  any  tree 
grown;  its  fruiting  pendulous  flower-cluster  consists  of  1,  2  or  3  globular  dense 
heads;  its  sharply  lobed  leaves  are  6'  or  8'  wide.  It  has  been  confused  with 
P.  orientalis  L.,  which  is  supposed  to  be  one  of  its  parents  and  the  American 
Plane    the    other. 

Platanus  occidentalis  L.,  American  Plane,  North  American,  is  recorded 
by  Reade,  by  H.  B.  Small,  and  by  Lefroy  as  grown  in  Bermuda.  Its  fruiting 
flower-cluster  consists  of  one  globular  head. 

Family  7.     ROSACEAE  B.  Juss. 

Rose  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  alternate  (in  some  few  genera  oppo- 
site) leaves,  and  regular  perfect  or  rarely  polygamo-dioecious  flowers. 
Stipules  commonly  present,  sometimes  large.  Calyx  free  from  or  adnate 
to  the  ovary,  5-lobed  (rarely  4-9-lobed),  often  bracteolate.  Disk  adnate 
to  the  base  of  the  calyx.  Petals  equal  in  number  to  the  calyx-lobes,  dis- 
tinct, or  none.  Stamens  usually  numerous,  distinct ;  anthers  small,  2-celled. 
Carpels  l-oo,  distinct,  or  adnate  to  the  calyx.  Ovary  1-celled  or  rarely 
imperfectly  2-celled;  style  terminal  or  lateral.  Ovules  1,  2,  or  several, 
anatropous.  Fruit  mostly  follicles  or  achenes;  endosperm  none,  or  rarely 
copious.  About  75  genera  and  more  than  1200  species,  of  wide  geograjihic 
distribution. 

Style  lateraL  1.  Durh</<nea. 

Style  terminal.  2.  PotvtitiUa. 

1.     DUCHESNEA  J.  E.  Smith. 

Perennial  herbs,  with  leafy  runners,  3-foliolate  long-petioled  leaves  and 

axillary  slender-peduneled  yellow  perfect  flowers.    Calyx  5-parted,  5-bracteolate, 

the  bractlets  larger  than  the  calyx-segments  and  alternating  with  them,  dentate 

or  incised.     Petals  5,   obovate.     Stamens  numerous.     Pistils  numerous,   borne 

on  a  hemispheric  receptacle  which  greatly  enlarges  but  does  not  become  pulpy 

in  fruit.     Achenes  superficial  on  the  receptacle.     [In  honor  of  A.  X.  Duchesne, 

French  botanist.]     Two  species,  natives  of  southern  Asia,  the  following  typical. 


164 


BOSACEAE. 


1.  Duchesnea  indica  (Andr.)  Focke. 
Yellow  or  Indian  Strawberry.  (Fig.  186.) 
Silky-pubescent,  tufted  and  forming  leafy 
runners,  dark  green.  Leaflets  rhombic-obo- 
vate  to  ovate,  crenate  or  dentate,  obtuse 
at  the  apex;  peduncles  equalling  or  longer 
than  the  leaves;  flowers  V-l'  broad;  bract- 
lets  of  the  calyx  dentate  or  incised,  exceeding 
the  ovate  or  lanceolate  acuminate  spreading 
calyx-lobes;  fruit  red,  globose  or  ovoid,  in- 
sipid, about  Y  in  diameter.  [Fragaria 
indica  Andr.] 

In  grassy  woods,  Devonshire,  1905,  In- 
troduced. Native  of  India.  Naturalized  in  the 
eastern  United  States  and  in  Jamaica.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn. 


2.  POTENTILLA  L. 
Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  stipulate  digitately  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves,  and  cymose  or  solitary,  yellow  white  or  purple  perfect  flowers.  Calyx 
persistent,  its  tube  concave  or  hemispheric,  5-bracteolate  (rarely  4-bracteolate), 
5-lobed  (rarely  4-lobed).  Petals  5  or  rarely  4,  mostly  obovate  or  orbicular, 
usually  emarginate.  Stamens  20-30,  seldom  5  or  10;  filaments  slender;  anthers 
small.  Carpels  usually  in  3  series,  numerous,  inserted  on  a  dry,  usually  pubes- 
cent receptacle;  style  terminal,  deciduous.  Seed  pendulous  and  anatropous. 
[Diminutive  of  potens,  powerful,  from  the  medicinal  properties  of  some  species.] 
Over  300  species,  nearly  all  natives  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  the  following 
typical. 

1.  Potentilla  reptans  L.  Creeping  Cinque- 
foil.  (Fig.  187.)  Perennial  by  a  short  root- 
stock;  stems  appressed-pubescent,  decumbent 
or  trailing,  3°  long  or  less,  or  at  first  upright. 
Leaves  digitately  5-foliolate,  the  basal  and 
lower  ones  long-petioled;  leaflets  |'-2i'  long, 
oblanceolate,  rounded  at  the  apex,  coarsely 
dentate,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  above,  silky 
beneath;  stipules  lanceolate,  5"-8"  long;  pe- 
duncles axillary,  solitary,  1-flowered,  about  IV 
long;  bractlets  2 J"  long,  about  equalling  the 
calyx-lobes;   petals  yellow,  2i"-3"  long. 

Borders  of  marshes.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  Introduced  into 
the  eastern  United  States. 

Fragaria  virginiana  Duchesne,  Virginia 
Strawberry,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  having 
been  found  wild  in  Paget,  probably  escaped 
from  gardens.  Strawberry  cultivation  has,  in 
recent  years,  reached  a  successful  development, 
several  races  being  grown,  and  large  yields  se- 
cured in  seasons  of  abundant  rainfall. 


ROSACEAE.  165 

Spiraea  cantoniensis  Lour.,  Chinese  Spiraea,  Asiatic,  commonly  planted 
for  ornament,  is  a  shrub  about  5°  high,  with  thin  glabrous  rhombic-lanceolate 
serrate  leaves  2V  long  or  less,  green  above,  pale  beneath,  the  corymbose  white, 
often  double  flowers  about  *'  broad.      [S.  Reevesiana  Lindl.] 

Spiraea  pninifolia  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  Plu^i-leaved  Spiraea,  also  As-iatic, 
recorded  by  Lefroy  and  by  Verrill  as  grown  in  gardens,  is  similar  to  the  pre- 
ceding species,  but  has  ovate  or  oblong  leaves  pubescent  beneath.  [,S'.  japonica 
of  .Jones?] 

Spiraea  salicifolia  L.,  Meadow-sweet,  European,  also  recorded  as  a  gar- 
den shrub  by  Jones,  Lefroy  and  Verrill,  has  numerous  pinkish  flowers  in  dense 
terminal  pubescent  panicles. 

Eoses  (genus  Rosa)  are  grown  in  j^rofusion  and  with  great  success  in 
many  kinds,  but  do  not  spread  beyond  cultivation  to  any  considerable  extent, 
although  Lefroy  records  that  a  species  doubtfully  determined  as  Eosa  laevigata 
Michx.  was  naturalized  in  Pembroke  Marsh  and  in  the  Walsingham  tract.  The 
Green  Eose  is  frequently  seen,  in  gardens. 

Rosa  bracteata  Wendl.,  Asiatic,  an  evergreen  species  with  single  white 
flowers  and  small  entire  leaflets,  is  commonly  planted  on  walls. 

Rubus  ellipticus  Smith,  Yellow  Easpberry,  Himalayan,  a  shrub  with 
densely  bristly-hairy  stems  and  petioles,  and  armed  with  yellowish  curved 
prickles,  the  canes  nearly  erect  or  arching  and  10°-15°  long,  the  leaves  3-5- 
foliolate  with  ovate  to  broadly  elliptic  irregularly  serrate  leaflets  H'-4'  long, 
whitish-puberulent  beneath,  the  white  flowers  about  i'  wide,  numerous  in  small 
clusters;  the  yellow,  edible  fruit,  5"-6"  long,  has  been  planted  for  its  fruit; 
luxuriant  plants  were  seen  at  Montrose  in  1913. 

Rubus  trivialis  Michx.,  Southern  Dewberry,  of  the  southeastern  United 
States,  is  a  trailing  vine  with  bristly-hairy  and  prickly  slender  branches  5° 
long  or  longer;  the  leaves  have  3  or  5  glabrous,  ovate,  sharply  serrate,  short- 
stalked  leaflets  1-2 J'  long;  the  white  flowers,  about  1'  broad,  are  usually 
solitary;  the  black,  edible  fruits  are  6"-10"  long.  It  has  been  planted  for  its 
fruit,  and  was  seen  in  a  hedge  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913. 

Rubus  Idaeus  L.,  European  or  Garden  Easpberry,  a  species  with  erect 
prickly  canes  2°-5°  high,  large  clusters  of  small  white  flowers,  producing  the 
well-known  fruit,  has  been  planted  experimentally,  but  does  not  succeed  well. 

Rubus  fruticosus  L.,  European  Bramble,  is  recorded  by  Eeade  as  having 
been  introduced  but  did  not  thrive. 

Loganberry,  of  hybrid  origin,  seen  at  Echo  PTeights  in  1914,  has  long 
prickly  stems,  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  leaflets  broadly  ovate,  dark  green  above, 
densely  whitish-pubescent  beneath;  its  dark  red  fruit  is  about  1'  long.  The 
plants  did  not  succeed. 

Schizonotus  Lindleyanus  Wall.  [Sorharia  Lindlcjiana  Maxim.],  Lindley's 
SCHIZONOTUS,  Himalayan,  a  shrub  about  6°  high,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  15-23 
sessile,  lanceolate,  Incised,  acuminate  leaflets  and  large  terminal  panicles  of 
small  white  flowers,  was  grown  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914. 

The  record,  by  Lefroy,  of  Geum  radiaUim?  Michx.,  North  American,  "a 
common  yellow-flowering  weed  in  fields, ' '  is  manifestly  an  error  for  some  other 
plant  either  in  record  or  determination.  H.  B.  Small  also  records  it  and  com- 
pares it  with  ''goat-weed"  (Capraria  hifiora)  from  which  he  says  it  differs 
in  having  yellow  flowers,  but  Geum  radiatitm  does  not  resemble  Capraria. 

A  double-flowered  Genm,  grown  at  Eose  Cottage  in  1914,  flowered  sparingly. 


166  MALACEAE. 

Family  8.     MALACEAE  J.  K.  Small. 

Apple  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  the  small  deciduous  stipules 
free  from  the  petiole.  Flowers  regular,  perfect.  Calyx  superior,  mostly 
5-toothed  or  5-lobed,  its  tube  adnate  to  the  ovary.  Petals  mostlj^  5,  usually 
clawed.  Stamens  numerous  or  rarely  few,  distinct;  anthers  small,  2- 
celled;  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  composed  of  1  or  of  2-5  wholly 
or  partly  united  carpels;  ovules  1-2  (rarely  several)  in  each  carpel,  anatro- 
pous,  ascending;  styles  1-5;  stigma  small.  Fruit  a  more  or  less  fleshy 
pome,  consisting  of  the  thickened  calyx-tube  enclosing  the  bony  papery  or 
leathers^  carpels.  Endosperm  none;  cotyledons  fleshy.  About  20  genera 
and  probably  not  fewer  than  500  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 
No  member  of  the  family  is  native  or  naturalized. 

Malus  Malus  (L.)  Britton,  Apple,  European,  is  grown  sparingly;  the 
tree  attains  only  a  small  size  and  the  fruit  is  of  poor  quality,  though  available 
for  cooking;  one  grown  at  Harrington  Home  bore  leaves  nearly  throughout 
the  year.     [Pynis  Malus  L.] 

Cydonia  Cydonia  (L.)  Karst.,  Quince,  European,  is  grown  sparingly,  and 
with  indifferent  success,  although  producing  some  fruit.     [C.  vulgaris  Pers.] 

Pyrus  commimis  L.,  Pear,  European,  is  sometimes  grown  but  without 
much  success;  as  shown  at  Mt.  Langton  the  trees  live  for  many  years  but  do 
not  fruit  well  nor  abundantly.  The  leaves  are  deciduous ;  flowers  were  ob- 
served in  December,  1912;  the  tree  ordinarily  flowers  in  spring. 

Cotoneaster  pyracantha  (L.)  Spach.  [Crataegus  pyracantha  Pers.], 
Evergreen  Thorn,  European,  has  been  successfully  grown.  It  is  a  spiny 
shrub,  with  small  oblong  shining  leaves  and  corymbose  white  flowers. 

Lefroy  records  the  failure  of  his  experiment  in  1872  of  growing  a  great 
number  of  species  of  Thorn-trees  (Crataegus)  from  seeds  received  from  the 
United  States. 

Cotoneaster  frigida  Wall.,  Himalayan  Cotoneaster,  taken  to  Mt.  Lang- 
ton  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1913,  is  a  nearly  evergreen  shrub 
with  oblong,  entire  leaves  about  4'  long  and  many-flowered  clusters  of  white 
flowers. 

Cotoneaster  microphylla  Wall.,  Small-leaved  Cotoneaster,  also  Hima- 
layan, and  taken  to  Mt.  Langton  from  the  same  source  in  1913,  is  a  low,  much- 
branched  shrub  with  cuneate-obovate  leaves  10"  long  or  less,  lustrous  on  the 
upper  side,  tomentose  beneath,  its  small  white  flowers  usually  solitary. 

Raphiolepis  integerrima  Hook.  &  Arn.,  Entire-leaved  Eaphiolepis, 
.Tapanese,  successfully  grown  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913,  is  a  shrub 
about  3°  high,  with  thick,  glabrous,  evergreen,  entire,  petioled,  obtuse,  alter- 
nate leaves  2'-3'  long,  den§e,  terminal  panicles  of  white  flowers  2-4'  long,  the 
oblong,  blunt  petals  4"-5"  long,  the  globose  black  fruits  about  4"  in  diameter. 

Eriobotrya  japonica  (Thunb.)  Lindl.,  Loquat,  .Japanese,  grows  luxuriantly 
and  has  been  much  planted  for  its  edible  fruit,  which,  however,  is  punctured 
by  the  fruit-fly,  and  no  considerable  quantity  of  good  loquats  are  now  pro- 
duced. The  Loquat  is  a  small  tree,  attaining  about  25°  in  maximum  height, 
with  thick,  oblong,  serrate  leaves  4'-8'  long,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  and 
brownish-woolly  beneath,  its  white  flowers  in  short  dense  woolly  terminal 
panicles,  the  5  petals  crenulate;  the  fruit  is  a  yellow,  oval  or  pear-shaped  acid 
pome  about  l^V  long.     [Mespilus  japonica  Thunb.] 


AMYGDALACEAE. 


167 


Family  9.     AMYGDALACEAE  Reichb. 

Plum  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  the  bark  exuding  gum,  the  foliage,  bark  and  seeds 
containing  prussic  acid,  bitter.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled,  simple,  the 
small  stipules  early  deciduous,  the  teeth  and  petiole  often  glandular. 
Flowers  regiilar,  mostly  perfect.  Calyx  inferior,  deciduous,  free  from  the 
ovary,  5-lobed.  Disk  annular.  Calyx-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Petals 
5,  inserted  on  the  calyx.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  with  the  petals. 
Pistil  1  in  our  genera;  ovary  1-celled,  2-ovuled;  style  simple;  stig-ma  mostly 
small  and  capitate.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seed  1,  suspended;  endosperm  none; 
cotyledons  fleshy.  About  10  genera  and  120  species,  widely  distributed, 
most  abundant  in  the  north  temperate  zone. 


1.     LAUROCERASUS    [Tourn.]    Eeichenb. 

Shrubs  or  trees  pervaded  with  prussic  acid.  Leaves  alternate,  persistent; 
simple,  entire  or  remotely  toothed.  Flowers  perfect,  in  axillary  racemes. 
Calyx  white,  its  5  lobes  deciduous.  Petals  5,  white,  deciduous.  Stamens  15- 
30;  filaments  slender,  distinct.  Ovary  sessile,  1-celled;  style  simple.  Ovules 
2,  pendulous.  Drupe  subglobose  or  slightly  elongated,  with  a  dry  exocarp,  the 
stone  turgid.  Seed  solitary.  [Laurel  Cherry.]  About  20  species,  natives  of 
warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Laurocerasus  Lauro- 
cerasus   (L.)   Britton. 

1.  Laurocerasus  carolini^na  (Mill.) 
Roem.  Carolina  Laurel-cherry.  (Fig. 
188.)  An  evergreen  tree,  sometimes  40° 
tall,  with  a  slender  trunk  rarely  over  1° 
thick.  Leaves  leathery,  narrowly  elliptic 
to  oblong-lanceolate,  sometimes  remotely 
toothed,  acuminate  at  both  ends  or  acute 
at  the  base,  slightly  revolute,  lustrous 
above,  dull  beneath;  petioles  2V'-A"  long; 
racemes  shorter  than  the  leaves,  rather 
dense ;  pedicels  club-shaped,  subtended  by 
early  deciduous  scarious  acute  bracts; 
calyx-lobes  suborbicular,  reflexed;  petals 
boat-shaped,  smaller  than  the  sepals; 
drupes  oblong  or  oval,  5"-7"  long,  ab- 
ruptly pointed,  black,  lustrous;  stone 
ovoid. 

A  number  of  trees  in  Paget  Marsh, 
1905  ;  many  cut  down  by  1913,  but  numer- 
ous seedlings  observed.  Naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  the  southeastern  United  States. 
Flowers  in  winter  and  spring. 

Lefroy  records  the  failure  of  Laurocerasus  occidenialis  (Sw.)  Roemer 
[Pruniis  occidentalis  Sw.]  and  of  L.  myriifolia  (L.)  Britton  [Prunus  sphaero- 
carpa  Sw.],  introduced  from  Trinidad  in  1872. 


168  AMYGDALACEAE. 

Reade  records  the  introduction  of  Padus  virginiana  (L.)  Mill.,  American 
Wild  Cherry,  prior  to  1883,  but  no  wild  cherry  trees  are  now  known  in 
Bermuda. 

Amygdalus  persica  L.,  Peach,  Asiatic,  is  widely  planted  in  several  races 
and  grows  luxuriantly,  but  the  production  of  good  fruit  is  almost  completely 
prevented  by  the  stinging  of  the  fruit  fly,  and  the  industry  is  thus  essentially 
prevented.  Nectarine,  a  variety  of  Amygdalus  persica,  was  formerly  in 
cultivation. 

Amygdalus  communis  L.,  Almond,  Asiatic,  is  occasionally  grown,  but  its 
fruit  also  is  stung.  Lefroy  records  the  Bitter  Almond  as  in  cultivation  prior 
to  1875. 

Prunus  domestica  L.,  Plum,  European,  has  been  experimented  with  but 
does  not  succeed,  the  climate  being  unsuitable.  A  species  of  Prunus,  a  kind 
of  Plum,  the  species  undetermined,  was  seen  growing  as  the  stock  on  which  a 
peach  tree  had  been  grafted,  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1914. 

Prunus  armeniaca  L.,  Apricot,  Asiatic,  grows  luxuriantly,  as  shown  by 
tree  about  18°  high  seen  at  Mt.  Hope  in  1914;  it  is  rarely  planted.  [Arme- 
niaca vulgaris  DC] 

Chrysobalanus  pellocarpus  Meyer,  Pork-fat  Apple,  West  Indian,  with 
evergreen  obovate  leaves,  small  white  flowers  in  showy  axillary  and  terminal 
panicles,  and  obovoid  drupes  with  thin  purplish  flesh  covering  a  large  hard 
stone,  is  grown  in  a  few  gardens  for  preserves,  and  thrives  luxuriantly. 

Family  10.     MIMOSACEAE  Reichenb. 

Mimosa  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate,  commonly  2-3-pinnate  leaves, 
the  stipules  various,  and  small  regular  mostly  perfect  flowers  in  heads, 
spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  3-6-toothed  or  3-6-lobed,  the  teeth  or  lobes 
mostly  valvate  in  the  bud.  Corolla  of  as  many  distinct  or  united  petals, 
also  valvate.  Stamens  distinct,  or  monadelphous.  Ovary  1-celled;  style 
simple.  Fruit  a  legume.  Seeds  without  endosperm;  cotyledons  fleshy. 
About  30  genera  and  1350  species,  mostly  tropical. 

Trees  or  shrubs  :  seeds  transverse  in  the  pod.  1.  Leucaena. 

Herbs  ;  seeds  oblique  or  lengthwise  in  the  narrow  pod.  2.  Acuan. 

1.     LEUCAENA  Benth. 

Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  unarmed.  Leaves  alternate,  pinnate; 
petioles  often  furnished  with  a  gland,  the  leaflets  subtended  by  setaceous 
gtipels;  leaflets  oblique,  small  and  in  many  pairs  or  large  and  in  few  pairs; 
flowers  mostly  perfect,  sessile,  white,  in  dense  heads.  Calyx  5-lobed.  Corolla 
of  5  distinct  petals.  Stamens  10,  exserted.  Ovary  stalked;  style  filiform; 
ovules  numerous.  Pods  broadly  linear,  flat.  Seeds  crosswise  in  the  pod. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  white  flowers.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  warm 
and  tropical  regions,  the  following  typical. 


MIM08ACEAE. 


169 


1.  Leucaena  glauca  (L.) 
Benth.  Jumbie  Bean.  Wild 
Mimosa.  Acacia.  (Fig.  189.) 
A  small  tree,  sometimes  30°  tall, 
with  spreading  branches  and  to- 
mentose  twigs.  Leaves  4'-12' 
long,  with  6-20  pinnae;  leaflets 
20-40,  narrowly  oblong  to  lanceo- 
late, 3"-6"  long,  acute ;  peduncles 
tomentose ;  heads  globose,  about 
10"  in  diameter;  calyx  obconic, 
i"  long;  petals  linear-oblong  or 
linear-spatulate,  erect,  pubescent; 
stamens  nearly  thrice  as  long  as 
the  petals;  pods  4-6'  long,  acute 
at  both  ends.  [Mimosa  glauca 
L. ;  Acacia  paniculata  of  Jones 
and  of  Hemsley  can  only  be  this 
species.] 

Common  in  neglected  grounds. 
Naturalized  from  tropical  America. 
Naturalized  in  the  southei'n  United 
States.  Flowers  nearly  throughout 
the  year.  Locally  a  pestiferous 
weed.  Its  seeds,  strung  on  thread, 
are  made  into  necklaces. 

2.  ACUAN  Medic. 
Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  small  stipules,  and 
greenish  or  whitish  small  regular  flowers  in  axillary  peduncled  heads  or  spikes. 
Flowers  perfect,  sessile,  or  the  lowest  sometimes  staminate,  neutral  or  apetalous. 
Calyx  campanulate,  its  teeth  short.  Petals  valvate,  distinct,  or  slightly  united 
or  coherent  below.  Stamens  10  or  5,  distinct,  mainly  exserted ;  anthers  all 
alike.  Ovary  nearly  sessile;  ovules  oo.  Pod  linear,  straight  or  curved,  acute, 
flat,  several-seeded,  2-valved,  the  valves  coriaceous  or  membranous.  About  10 
species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  America,  one  widely  distributed  in 
tropical  regions  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Acuan  virgatum  (L.)  Medic. 
Virgate  Mimosa.  (Fig.  190.)  Shrubby, 
sparingly  loosely  pubescent  or  glabrous, 
2°-6°  high,  slender,  branching.  Leaves 
2'-6'  long,  short-petioled;  pinnae  3  or  4 
pairs;  an  oblong  sessile  gland  just  be- 
low the  lowest  pair;  leaflets  numerous, 
thin,  narrowly  oblong,  sessile,  obtuse,  6" 
long  or  less,  1"-1J"  wide,  the  midvein 
near  the  upper  margin;  flower-heads 
globose,  slender-peduncled  ;  flowers  about 
1"  wide;  stamens  10;  pods  1^-3'  long, 
about  2"  wide,  pointed.  [Mimosa  rirgata 
L. ;  Desmanthns  virgaUis  Willd. ;  Dcsmo- 
dium  virgatum  of  Lefroy.] 

Abundant  in  fields  lietween  Castle  Har- 
bor and  Harrington  Sound,  and  along  the 
South  Shore  Iload  in  Devonshire.  Recorded 
by  Reade  from  Somerset  Dndge.  Native. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  summer.  West 
Indies  and  tropical  .America.  Its  seeds 
probably  transported  to  Bermuda  by  birds. 


170  MIMOSACEAE. 

Mimosa  pudica  L.,  Sensitive  Plant,  tropical  American,  a  low  shrub,  its 
extremely  sensitive  leaves  folding  down  when  touched,  its  small  purple  flowers 
in  heads,  has  been   grown  in  gardens  for  interest. 

Albizzia  Lebbeck  (L.)  Benth.,  Black  Ebony,  of  tropical  Asia  and  Africa, 
naturalized  in  the  West  Indies,  a  large  tree  with  smooth  bipinnate  leaves, 
numerous  obliquely  oblong  leaflets  l'-2'  long,  capitate  yellow  flowers  with 
long  stamens  and  very  large  thin  flat  several-seeded  pods  often  8'  long  and  nearly 
2'  wide,  shining  when  old,  is  frequently  planted  for  shade  and  ornament. 
[Mimosa  Letheck  L.] 

Acacia  arabica  (Lam.)  Willd.,  Yellow  Mimosa,  erroneously  called  Gum 
Arabic,  a  spiny  tree  with  many  globular  heads  of  small  yellow  flowers,  followed 
by  flat  moniliform  elongated  pods,  has  been  formerly  planted  for  ornament, 
but  no  tree  has  been  seen  by  us  in  Bermuda.     [Mimosa  arahica  Lam.] 

Acacia  macracantha  H.  &  B.,  West  Indian,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as 
spontaneous  from  seeds  in  soil  from  the  West  Indies  in  1874,  and  became  a 
flourishing  tree;  H.  B.  Small  records  its  existence  there  at  the  time  of  his 
writing,  but  I  did  not  see  it. 

Acacia  dealbata  Link,  Silver  Wattle,  Australian,  seen  at  Wood  Haven 
in  1914  as  a  young  plant  5°  high,  becomes,  in  Australia,  a  large  tree;  it  has 
pubescent,  bipinnate  leaves  of  very  many  minute  leaflets. 

Another  Acacia,  growing  at  Wood  Haven  the  same  year,  has  crowded  ovate 
leaves  only  3"-4"  long,  obtuse  and  nearly  sessile. 

Inga  Inga  (L.)  Britton,  record  of  which  is  made  by  Lefroy  of  failure  to 
grow  is  a  forest  tree  of  the  West  Indies  with  simply  equally  pinnate,  pubescent 
leaves,  the  leaflets  large,  the  flowers  capitate,  the  narrowly  linear  pod  4-ribbed; 
the  tree  is  also  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Jones.  [Inga  vera  Willd.;  Mimosa 
Inga  L.] 

Pithecolobium  Unguis-cati  (L.)  Mart.,  Cat's-claw,  West  Indian,  a  small 
densely  branched  tree,  its  leaves  each  with  two  pairs  of  thin  blunt  obovate 
veiny  leaflets,  small  flowers  in  racemed  heads,  and  coiled  pods,  is  occasional  in 
parks  and  gardens.      [Mimosa  Unguis-cati  L.] 

Enterolobium  Saman  (Jacq.)  Prain,  Guango,  Rain-tree,  Algarroba,  of 
tropical  America,  is  a  large  tree,  with  bipinnate  leaves  1°  long  or  more,  the 
numerous,  blunt,  obovate  leaflets  6"-8"  long,  glabrous  above,  pubescent  be- 
neath, a  small  round  gland  on  the  rachis  between  eaC-h  pair  of  pinnae ;  the 
small,  dense  umbels  of  flowers  are  borne  on  long  pubescent  peduncles,  short- 
pedicelled,  the  calyx  pubescent,  3"  long,  the  silky-villous  corolla  5"-6"  long,  the 
pinkish  stamens  nearly  2'  long;  the  pod  is  linear,  4'-8'  long,  tardily  dehiscent. 
The  tree  is  occasionally  planted.  A  specimen  at  Radnor  had  a  trunk  circum- 
ference of  5°  8'  in  1914.     [Mimosa  Saman  Jacq.;  Pithecolobium  Saman  Jacq.] 

Vachellia  Farnesiana  (L.)  W.  &  A.,  Aroma,  Tropical  American,  a  shrub, 
or  small  tree,  with  stipular  spines,  bipinnate,  somewhat  pubescent  leaves  with 
many  leaflets  2"-3"  long,  globose,  peduncled  heads  of  many  small  yellow  flowers 
with  exserted  stamens,  and  woody  somewhat  compressed  pods  2'-4'  long,  is 
occasionally  planted  for  ornament.     [Acacia  Farnesiana  L.] 

Prosopis  juliflora  (Sw.)  DC,  Mesquite,  West  Indian,  was  represented  by 
young  plants  in  the  collection  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1914.  It  forms  a 
tree,  up  to  40°  high,  wnth  bipinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  small,  oblong  and  blunt, 
the  very  sinall  yellowish  flowers  in  long  spikes,  the  curved,  linear  pods  8'  long 
or  less.     ^Mimosa  juliflora  Sw.] 

Seeds  of  Entada,  West  Indian,  are  often  washed  ashore,  but  none  are 
known  to  have  ever  germinated;  they  are  borne  in  enormous  pods  on  high- 
climbing  woody  vines,  which  grow  along  rivers. 


CAESALPINIACEAE. 


171 


Family  11.     CAESALPINIACEAE  Kl.  &  Garcke. 

Senna  Family. 

Trees,  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  simple  or  compound  mostly 
stipulate  leaves.  Flowers  mostly  clustered  and  perfect,  sometimes  monoe- 
cious, dioecious  or  polygamous,  nearly  regular,  or  irregular.  Calyx  mostly 
of  5  sepals  or  5-toothed.  Petals  usually  5,  imbricated,  and  the  upper  (un- 
jDaired)  one  enclosed  by  the  lateral  ones  in  the  bud.  Stamens  10  or  fewer 
in  our  genera,  the  filaments  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united.  Ovary  1- 
celled,  1-many-ovuled.  Fruit  a  legnime,  mostly  dehiscent  into  2  valves. 
Seeds  with  or  without  endospenn.  About  90  genera  and  1000  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  distribution. 


Leaves  pinnate :  plants  not  prickly. 
Prickly  vines  with  bipinnate.  leaves. 


1.  Cassia. 

2.  Ouilandina. 


1.     CASSIA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves, 
and  mainly  (in  our  species)  yellow  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal,  generally 
longer  than  the  tube.  Corolla  nearly  regular;  petals  5,  spreading,  nearly  equal, 
imbricated,  clawed.  Stamens  usually  10,  sometimes  5,  often  unequal  and  some 
of  them  imperfect;  anthers  all  alike,  or  those  of  the  lower  stamens  larger, 
opening  by  2  pores  at  the  summit.  Ovules  oo.  Pod  often  curved.  Seeds 
numerous.  [Ancient  name.]  About  200  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  warm 
and  temperate  regions.     Type  species:   Cassia  Fistula  L. 


Herbaceous  perennial  :  pods  flat ;   leaflets   lanceolate,  acute. 
Partly  climbing  shrub  ;   pods   swollen ;   leaflets  oval   or  obovate, 

obtuse. 
Annual  ;   pods  flat ;   leaflets  ovate. 


1.  C.  Ugustrina. 

2.  C.  birapsularis. 

3.  C.  occideutalis. 


1.  Cassia  Ugustrina  L.  Privet 
Senna.  (Fig.  191.)  Perennial,  3°-6° 
tall,  herbaceous,  glabrous.  Stem 
grooved;  leaflets  12-16,  lanceolate, 
acute,  l'-2^'  long,  about  1'  wide; 
petiolar  gland  at  base  of  rachis, 
elongated,  stipitate;  stipules  linear, 
caducous;  racemes  few-flowered,  form- 
ing a  panicle;  pods  flat,  glabrous, 
somewhat  curved,  3 '-5'  long,  4"  wide ; 
seeds  parallel  with  the  valves,  oblong, 
about  2"  long. 

Escaped  from  gardens  to  roadsides. 
Introduced  from  tropical  America,  or 
the  southeastern  United  States.  Flow- 
ers in  autumn  and  early  winter.  Abun- 
dant in  the  West   Indies. 


172 


CAESALPINIACEAE. 


2.  Cassia  bicapsularis  L.  Christ- 
mas Bush.  (Fig.  192.)  Shrubby,  4°- 
10°  Mgh,  glabrous.  Leaflets  4-8,  obo- 
vate  to  oval,  obtuse  and  rounded  at  the 
apex,  5"-10"  long,  very  short-stalked; 
gland  oblong  to  subglobose,  short-stipi- 
tate,  borne  above  the  lower  pair  of 
leaflets;  racemes  few-flowered,  axillary, 
scarcely  longer  than  the  leaves;  flowers 
about  10"  wide;  pods  linear-cylindric, 
3'-5'  long,  about  5"  thick,  blunt  or  short- 
pointed. 

Frequent  along  roadsides  and  in  hedges. 
Naturalized  from  tropical  America.  Flow- 
ers from  spring  until  winter.  It  is  com- 
monly planted  for  ornament,  and  grows 
luxuriantly. 


3.  Cassia  occidentalis  L.  Cof- 
fee Senna.  (Fig.  193.)  A  glabrous 
annual  herb,  3°-6°  high.  Stipules 
caducous;  gland  round,  borne  near 
the  base  of  the  petiole;  leaflets  8- 
12,  rounded  at  the  base,  l'-2'  long, 
5"-12"  wide;  flowers  7"-10"  broad, 
in  short  axillary  racemes;  stamens 
10,  the  upper  3  imperfect ;  calyx-lobes 
oblong,  obtuse;  pod  linear,  glabrous, 
4-6'  long,  about  3"  wide,  somewhat 
curved,  its  margins  thickened. 

Occasional  in  cultivated  grounds, 
St.  Georges.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
the  southern  United  States  and  trop- 
ical  America.      Flowers   in   autumn. 


Cassia  bacillaris  L.,  Climbing  Cassia,  West  Indian,  a  half-climbing 
shrub,  the  leaves  with  only  two  pairs  of  broad  leaflets,  the  pod  eylindric,  the 
large  panicled  flowers  bright  yellow,  is  occasionally  cultivated  for  ornament. 

Cassia  alata  L.,  Winged  Cassia,  of  the  Old  and  New  World  tropics,  a 
shrub  with  very  large  leaves  of  12-20  oblong  leaflets,  the  pod  4-winged,  is  men- 
tioned by  Eeade  as  planted. 

Cassia  glauca  Lam.,  West  Indian  Ash,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  grown 
at  Somerville  and  Par-la-Ville,  but  did  not  exist  at  either  place  in  1914;  it  is 
also  mentioned  by  Jones,  by  Eeade,  and  by  Verrill.  It  is  a  tree  with  pinnate 
leaves  with  4-6  pairs  of  oval  leaflets  glaucous  beneath,  the  large  flowers 
yellow,  the  pod  linear. 

Cassia  Fistula  L.,  Pudding  Pipe  Tree,  East  Indian,  a  tree  50°  high  or 
higher,  with  large  pinnate  leaves  of  8-12  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  6'-8-long, 
drooping  racemes  of  golden  yellow  flowers  li'-2'  wide,  and  round  smooth  black 
pods  often  2°  long,  is  occasionally  planted  for  shade  and  ornament. 


CAESALPINIACEAE. 


173 


Cassia  grandis  L.f.,  Great  Cassia,  of  tropical  America,  is  a  large  tree 
Avith  pubescent,  pinnate  leaves  of  10-20  pairs  of  oblong,  obtuse  or  apiculate 
leaflets  about  2'  long;  its  leddisli  or  pinkish  yellow  flowers  are  in  drooping 
racemes,  the  long,  somewhat  flattened  pod  transversely  wrinkled.  A  young 
tree,  showing  foliage  only,  tentatively  referred  to  this  species,  grew  at  Paget 
Kectory  in  1914. 

Cassia  siamea  Lam.,  Many-flowered  Cassia,  East  Indian,  is  mentioned 
by  Reade  as  growing  in  the  Public  Grounds  prior  to  1883,  and  was  seen  at  the 
Agricultural  Station  in  1914.  It  is  a  tree  up  to  50°  high,  the  glabrous  pinnate 
leaves  with  about  6  pairs  of  oval-oblong  leaflets,  the  numerous  yellow  flowers 
panicled,  the  pod  linear,  coriaceous,  drooping,  4'-8'  long.  [C.  florida  Vahl.] 
H.  B.  Small  states  that  the  tree  mentioned  by  Reade  was  an  Alhizzia. 

Cassia  corymbosa  Lam.,  Corymbose  Cassia,  South  American,  recorded 
by  Lefroy  as  introduced  at  Mt.  Langton  prior  to  1877,  but  not  found  there  at 
present,  is  a  tree  with  glabrous  leaves  of  3  pairs  of  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets, 
about  2'  long,  the  yellow  corymbose,  showy  flowers  about  1'  broad,  the  pods 
cylindric. 

2.     GUILANDINA  L. 

Shrubs,  or  woody  vines,  with  stout  but  weak  stems,  armed  with  recurved 
prickles.  Leaves  abruptly  bipinnate,  with  several  pinnae.  Leaflets  10-16  to 
each  pinna,  pellucid-punctate.  Flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles;  bracts  narrow, 
deciduous.  Calyx-lobes  5,  imbricated,  longer  than  the  tube.  Petals  5,  yellow, 
nearly  equal.  Stamens  10;  filaments  pubescent  near  the  base;  anthers  open- 
ing lengthwise.  Pods  little  longer  than  broad,  flattened,  prickle-armed,  2- 
valved,  1-few-seeded.  Seeds  slightly  flattened.  [In  honor  of  Melchior  Gui- 
landinus,  traveller  and  botanist,  died  1590.]  Ten  species,  or  more,  natives  of 
tropical  and  subtropical  America.     Type  species:-  Giiilandina  Bonduc  L. 

1.  Guilandina  Crista  (L.)  Small. 
Grey  Nickers.  Brier-bush.  (Fig.  194.) 
A  straggling  shrub,  armed  mth  hooked 
prickles,  the  foliage  finely  pubescent. 
Leaves  l°-2°  long,  the  leaflets  numerous, 
ovate  to  oblong-ovate  or  nearly  oblong, 
mucronulate,  li'-31'  long,  rounded,  trun- 
cate or  subcordate  at  the  base;  stipules 
mostly  foliaceous;  racemes  or  panicles  4'- 
15'  long;  bracts  surpassing  the  pedicels, 
recurved ;  corolla  dull  yellow,  5"-7"  broad ; 
pods  oval  or  oval-oblong,  2'-3'  long,  prickly 
all  over,  obliquely  short-beaked;  seeds  gray 
or  lead-colored.  [Caesalpinia  Crista  L. ; 
G,  Bonducella  L.] 

Rocky  woodlands  between  Castle  Harbor 
and  Harrington  Sound  and  on  walls  and  Id 
thickets,  Smith's  Parish,  and  in  Paget  and  War- 
wick. Native.  South  Florida  and  West  In- 
dies. Flowers  nearly  all  the  year  around.  Its 
seeds  presumably  brought  to  ijermuda  through 
the  ocean,  as  it  is  an  abundant  coastal  species 
in  the  Bahamas.  In  the  West  Indies  this  plant  is  characteristically  halophytlo. 
but  we  have  not  observed  it  growing  anywhere  on  the  coast  of  Bermuda. 

Ceratonia  siliqua  L.,  St.  John's  Bread,  Carob-tree,  from  the  Levant,  a 
low  widely  spreading  tree  with  evergreen  evenly  pinnate  leaves,  small  sjiicate 
apetalous  flowers  and  linear  fleshy  pods,  has  long  been  well  established  locally. 
There  is  a  fine  group  at  Par-la-Ville. 


174  CAESALPINIACEAE. 

Gleditsia  aquatica  Marsh  [G.  monosperma  Walt.],  Swamp  Locust,  North 
American,  a  large  very  thorny  tree  with  bipinnate  leaves  of  many  oval  to 
lanceolate  leaflets,  small  spicate  greenish  flowers,  the  1-seetled  or  2-seeded  oval 
oblique  j)ods  about  2'  long,  is  recorded  by  Reade  as  grown  near  Spanish  Point 
prior  to  1883,  and  also  mentioned  by  H.  B,  Small. 

Gleditsia  tricanthos  L.,  Honey  or  Sweet  Locust,  also  North  American, 
with  foliage  and  flowers  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  the  thin  pods 
l°-li°  long,  I'-li'  wide,  the  upper  margin  crenate,  grew  in  a  Smith's  Parish 
Garden  in  1913. 

Delonix  regia  (Bojer)  Raf.  [Poindana  regia  Bojer],  Eoyal  Poixciaxa, 
Flamboyant,  from  Madagascar,  one  of  the  most  elegant  of  all  trees,  is  ex- 
tensively planted  for  shade  and  ornament  and  grows  luxuriantly,  attaining 
a  height  of  40°  or  more,  with  widely  spreading  branches  and  dark  green  bipin- 
nate leaves  l°-li°  long,  composed  of  many  oblong  leaflets.  Its  crimson 
flowers  are  about  3'  wide,  borne  in  large  axillary  racemes  and  are  abundantly 
produced  in  the  autumn,  succeeded  by  long  pendulous  woody  pods,  up  to  18' 
long  and  2'  wide,  containing  several  or  many  seeds. 

Parkinsonia  aculeata  L.,  Parkinsonia,  tropical  American,  a  small  tree, 
sometimes  prickly,  with  elongated  bipinnate  leaves  of  1  or  2  pairs  of  narrow 
pinnae  bearing  many  oblong  obtuse  leaflets  i'-2'  long,  the  large  yellow  flowers 
racemose,  the  long,  linear,  2-valved  pod  constricted  between  the  seeds,  is  occa- 
sionally planted  for  ornament. 

Cercis  Siliquastrum  L.,  Judas  Tree,  of  southern  Europe  and  western 
Asia,  was  shown  as  a  young  plant  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914.  It  becomes,  under 
favorable  conditions,  a  tree  up  to  about  40°  high ;  its  thin,  orbicular,  rounded, 
cordate,  glabrous  leaves  are  slender-petioled,  2^'-4'  broad,  its  purplish  flowers 
about  8"  long,  borne  in  lateral  clusters  on  the  twigs  on  slender  pedicels, 

Libidibia  coriaria  (Jacq.)  Schlecht.,  Divi-Dm,  of  tropical  America, 
shown  in  1914  by  a  fine  old  tree  about  30°  high  with  widely  spreading  branches, 
has  bipinnate  leaves  of  several  pairs  of  pinnae,  each  with  numerous  pairs  of 
linear  leaflets  about  4"  long,  black-dotted  beneath;  the  flowers  are  white,  in 
compound  racemes,  the  spatulate  petals  about  2"  long,  the  fleshy,  laterally 
incurved,  glabrous  pod  about  IV  long.     [Poinciana  coriaria  Jacq.] 

Poinciana  pulcherrima  L.  [Caesalpinia  pulcherrima  Sw.],  Barbadoes 
Pride,  a  prickly  shrub,  sometimes  10°  high,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  of  many 
small,  thin,  oval  leaflets,  the  orange  or  yellow  flowers  about  2'  wide,  long- 
pedicelled  in  loose  racemes  or  panicles,  with  long-exserted  stamens,  the  thin 
pods  4'  long  or  less,  is  planted  for  ornament;  it  is  widely  distributed  through 
cultivation  in  tropical  regions,  its  original  home  unknown. 

Caesalpinia  elata  ,Sw.,  Indian,  is  said  by  Lefroy  to  have  been  raised 
from  seed  brought  from  Turk's  Island  in  1872,  and  flowered  the  third  year; 
it  is  an  unarmed  tree,  with  bipinnate  leaves  and  racemose  flowers,  the  petals 
crisped,   the  filaments  red. 

Caesalpinia  Gilliesii  Wall.,  South  American,  a  climbing  or  straggling 
shrub,  with  bipinnate  leaves,  the  numerous  small  oblong  leaflets  black-punctate, 
the  inflorescence  densely  glandular,  the  large  yellow  flowers  with  long  exserted 
stamens,  is  grown  in  gardens  for  ornament  and  interest. 

Tamarindus  indica  L.,  Tamarind,  probably  native  of  tropical  Africa, 
although  its  home  is  not  certainly  known,  is  commonly  planted  and  grows 
luxuriantly,  the  tree  becoming  50°  high  or  more.  Its  leaves  are  pinnate,  with 
about  30  oblong  leaflets,  slightly  sour  to  the  taste ;  its  3-petaled  rather  small 
flowers  are  racemose,  the  petals  yellow  with  reddish  veins;  its  pods  about  3' 
long,  round,  fleshy  and  very  sour,  are  used  for  preserves. 


CAES  ALPINI  ACE  AE.  175 

Hymenaea    Courbaril    L.,   West    Indian    Locust,   tropical   American,   a 

large  tree  Avith  leaves  of  one  pair  of  thick  leaflets  and  oblong  woody  pods  6'-8' 
long,  has  been  occasionally  planted  as  an  ornamental  lawn  tree,  but  I  do  not 
know  of  any  in  Bermuda  now. 

Bauhinia  monandra  Kurz,  Napoleon's  Plume,  East  Indian,  a  shrub  or 
tree  with  large  round  leaves  cleft  from  the  apex  to  about  the  middle  and 
large  irregular  flowers,  with  only  1  fertile  stamen,  followed  by  half-woody 
pods  6'-8'  long,  is  frequently  planted  for  ornament.  This  is  probably  the 
plant  recorded  by  Lefroy  and  by  Verrill  as  Bauhinia  Vahlii,  and,  perhaps,  not 
different  from  what  Lefroy  recorded  as  Casparea  porrecta. 

Bauhinia  racemosa  Lam.,  Yellow  Bauhinia,  East  Indian,  a  small  tree, 
with  leathery,  2-cleft  leaves  l'-2'  long,  yellow  flowers  with  10  stamens,  its  pods 
nearly  1°  long,  1'  wide,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  represented  prior  to  187 7  by 
a  tree  at  the  Model  Farm  in  Smith's  Parish,  flowering  in  June.  [B.  parvi- 
■flora  Yahl.] 

Haematoxylon  campechianum  L.,  Logwood,  tropical  American,  a  small 
tree  with  grooved  or  furrowed  trunk,  smooth  bark,  equally  pinnate  leaves  3'-6' 
long  with  3  or  4  pairs  of  obovate,  emarginate  leaflets  6"-8"  long,  the  axillary, 
racemose  flowers  yellow^,  was  seen  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1914. 

Brownea  grandiceps  Jacq.,  Rosa  de  Monte,  South  American,  noted  by 
Lefroy  as  introduced  at  Mount  Langton  in  1875,  is  mentioned  by  H.  B.  Small 
as  having  subsequently  disappeared.  It  is  a  large,  pinnate-leaved  tree,  with 
showy,  crimson,  clustered  flowers.     [Hermesias  grandiceps  (Jacq.)  Kuntze.] 

Detarium  senegalense  Gmel.,  Detarium,  of  tropical  Africa,  listed  by  Jones 
in  1873  as  growing  in  Bermuda,  is  not  recorded  by  other  authors  and  has  not 
been  observed  by  me.  It  has  alternate,  unevenly  pinnate  leaves  of  blunt  ovate 
leaflets  which  are  velvety  beneath,  its  flowers  in  axillary  racemes,  with  a  4- 
cleft  calyx,  no  petals  and  10  stamens,  its  fruit  drupaceous. 

Family  12.     FABACEAE  Reichenb. 

Pea  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  trees,  with  alternate  mostly  compound  stipu- 
late leaves,  and  irregular  (papilionaceous)  perfect  or  sometimes  polygamo- 
dioeeious  flowers,  mainly  in  spikes,  heads,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx 
4-5-toothed,  or  4-5-cleft,  sometimes  2-lipped.  Petals  more  or  less  united, 
or  separate,  perigynous  or  hypogynous,  usually  consisting  of  a  broad  upper 
one  (standard,  banner),  two  lateral  ones  (wings),  and  two  front  ones  more 
or  less  united  (forming  the  keel)  ;  the  standard  encloses  the  wings  in  the 
bud.  Stamens  monadelphous,  diadelphous,  or  sometimes  separate,  10  in 
most  of  the  genera,  sometimes  9,  rarely  5.  Pistil  simple,  superior;  ovaiy 
mainly  1-eelled,  sometimes  2-celled  by  the  intrusion  of  the  sutures,  or 
several-celled  by  cross-partitions;  style  simple;  ovules  1-many,  anatropous 
or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  legume,  1-many-seeded,  dehiscent  into  2  valves, 
or  indehiscent,  in  one  tribe  a  loment.  Seeds  mostly  without  endosjierm; 
cotyledons  thick.  About  325  genera  and  over  5000  sjiecies,  most  abundant 
in  temperate  and  warm  regions.     The  family  is  also  known  as  Papilio- 

NACEAE. 

Filaments  10,  all  separate.  1-  Sophorn. 

Filaments   10   or  9,  monadelphous   or  diadelphous. 
Leaves   without  tendrils. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.  . 

Anthers  of  2  kinds  :   stamens   monadelphous.  2.  Crntahtna. 

Anthers  all  alike  ;  stamens  mostly  diadelphous. 
Leaves  3-foliolate  :   herbs. 

Pods  curved  or  curled.  3.  Mcdicaiio. 


176 


FABACEAE. 


Pods  straight. 

Flowers    in    long    narrow   racemes ;    pods    cori- 
aceous. 
Flowers  capitate,  umbellate  or  short-racemose ; 
pods  membranous. 
Leaves  pinnate. 
Vines  (Cajan  an  erect  shrub)  ;  leaves  3-foliolate. 
Inflorescence  simply  racemose  ;  shrub. 
Inflorescence  nodose-racemose  ;  vines. 
Keel  spirally  coiled. 
Keel  merely  curved. 

Style  bearded  along  the  inner  side. 
Stigma  oblique  or  lateral. 
Stigma  small,  terminal. 
Style  glabrous. 
Leaves  pinnate  with  a  terminal   tendril   or  tip. 

1.     SOPHORA  L. 


4.  llelilotus. 

5.  Trifolium. 

6.  IndUjofera. 

7.  Cajan. 

8.  Phaseolus. 


9.  Vigna. 

10.  Dolichos. 

11.  Canavali. 

12.  Vicia. 


Leaves  odd-pinnate.  Flowers  vrhite,  yellow  or  violet,  in  terminal  racemes 
or  panicles.  Calyx  generally  campanulate,  its  teeth  short.  Standard  obovate 
or  orbicular;  wings  obliquely  oblong;  keel  oblong,  nearly  straight.  Stamens 
all  distinct  or  very  nearly  so;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  short-stalked;  style 
incurved.  Pod  stalked,  coriaceous  or  fleshy,  terete,  constricted  between  the 
seeds,  mainly  indehiscent.  [Name  Arabic,  yellow,]  About  25  species,  natives 
of  Avarm  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:    Sophora  alopecuroides   L. 

1.  Sophora  tomentosa  L.  Coast 
Sophora.  (Fig.  195.)  A  shrub  3°- 
9°  tall,  with  tomentose  foliage. 
Leaves  4-8'  long;  leaflets  11-17,  the 
blades  leathery,  oblong,  oblong-obo- 
vate  or  oval,  inequilateral,  becoming 
glabrous  and  revolute;  racemes  elon- 
gating, 4'-16'  long;  pedicels  2"-5" 
long;  calyx  oblong  or  oblong-funnel- 
form,  3"-4"  long,  constricted  at  the 
base,  the  edge  undulate  or  indis- 
tinctly 5-lobed ;  corolla  yellow ;  stand- 
ard with  an  ovate  blade  fully  5" 
broad,  and  over  6"  long;  keel-petals 
10"  long;  pods  2'-4'  long,  strongly 
constricted  between  the  seeds,  long- 
stalked. 

Local  on  coastal  rocks,  Smith's  Is- 
land, St.  David's  Island,  southern  shores 
and  Boaz  Island.  Native.  Coasts  of 
Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers 
from  summer  to  spring.  Doubtless  trans- 
ported to  Bermuda  by  floating. 
Lefroy  records  failure  in  establishing  Sophora  cMnensis  G.  Don. 

2.     CROTALAHIA  L. 

Herbs,  sometimes  slightly  woody,  with  simple  (or  in  some  tropical  species 
3-7-foliolate)  leaves  and  racemose  mostly  yellow  flowers.  Calyx  5-toothed, 
slightly  2-lipped;  standard  orbicular  or  ovate,  often  cordate;  wings  oblong 
or  obovate;  keel  curved.  Stamens  monadelphous,  their  sheath  deeply  cleft; 
anthers  of  2  forms,  alternating  with  each  other,  the  one  small,  versatile,  the 
other  larger;  style  more  or  less  curved;  pod  oblong  or  globose,  inflated,  many- 
seeded,  the  seeds  loose  at  maturity.  [Greek,  a  rattle.]  About  250  species, 
mainly  of  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Crotalaria  lotifolia  L. 


FABACEAE. 


177 


1.  Crotalaria  retusa  L.  Eattle-box. 
(Fig.  196.)  Annual,  stout.  Stems  l°-3° 
high,  usually  branched,  finely  and  softly 
pubescent;  leaflet  one,  ranging  from 
cuneate  to  oblanceolate,  IV-^V  long, 
rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  often  gla- 
brous above,  more  or  less  pubescent  be- 
neath, short-petioled;  stipules  minute; 
racemes  conspicuous,  several-many-llow- 
ered;  pedicels  3"-5"  long,  subtended  by 
minute  caducous  bracts;  calyx  finely  pubes- 
cent; lobes  of  the  upper  lip  triangular- 
lanceolate,  those  of  the  lower  lip  lanceo- 
late; corolla  large,  showy;  standard  with 
a  blade  usually  about  10"  broad;  pods 
1^-2'  long;  seeds  becoming  loose  in  the 
pods  and  rattling  when  dry. 

In  a  pasture,  Walsingham,  1912.  Ad- 
veutive.  Native  of  Florida,  the  West  Indies 
and  continental  tropical  America.  Flowers 
in  autumn  and  winter. 

3.     MEDICAGO    [Tourn.]    L. 
Herbs,    with    3-foliolate    leaves,    and 

small  yellow  or  violet  flowers   in  axillary 

heads     or     racemes.       Leaflets     commonly 

dentate,  the  veins  terminating  in  the  teeth. 

Calyx-teeth   short,   nearly   equal;    standard 

obovate    or    oblong;    wings    oblong;    keel    obtuse;    stamens    diadelphous,    the 

1  opposite  the  standard  separate  froin  the  other  9;   anthers  all  alike;    ovary 

1-several-ovuled ;  style  subulate  ;  pod  curved 

or    spirally    twisted,    reticulated    or    spiny, 

indehiscent,  1-few-seeded.      [Greek,  Medike, 

from  Medea,  whence  the  Medic,  or  Lucerne, 

was  derived.]     About  50  species,  natives  of 

Europe,    Asia   and    Africa.      Type    species: 

Medicago  sativa  L. 

Pod  1-seeded,  curved,  not  spiny. 

1.  M.  lupiilitia. 
Pod   several-seeded,   spirally   twisted,    its   edges 
spiny.  2.   .1/.  hispida. 

1.  Medicago  lupulina  L.  Black  or 
Hop  Medic.  Blackseed  Hop  Clover. 
Nonesuch.  (Fig,  197.)  Pubescent,  the 
branches  decumbent  and  spreading,  often 
l°-2°  long;  leaflets  obovate,  oval  or  nearly 
orbicular,  3"-7"  long,  denticulate  or  crenu- 
late,  obtuse,  mucronate  or  emarginate ; 
stipules  ovate  or  lanceolate,  dentate;  pe- 
duncles l'-3'  long;  head  oblong,  or  cylin- 
dric,  dense,  2"-10"  long;  flowers  about  1" 
long,  yellow;  pods  black  when  ripe,  curved, 
Ftrongly  veined. 

grounds.     Naturalized    from     Europe.     Widely 
Flowers   nearly    all    the   year    around. 


Common    in    fields    and 
naturalized    in    North   America 
"  Clover." 


waste 


Known    as 


13 


178 


FABACEAE. 


2.  Medicago     hispida    Willd. 

Toothed  Medic.  (JPig.  198.) 
Branches  spreading  or  ascending, 
glabrous  or  with  a  few  appressed 
hairs,  Leaflets  obovate,  rounded, 
emarginate  or  obcordate,  cuneate, 
crenulate,  5"-10"  long;  stipules 
dentate;  flowers  few,  yellow,  in 
small,  peduncled  heads;  pod  spi- 
rally t^'isted,  the  2  or  3  coils  flat 
and  rather  loose,  reticulated  with 
elevated  veins,  the  edges  armed 
with  1  or  2  rows  of  curved  prickles. 
[M.  denticulata  Willd.;  M.  muri- 
cata  of  Lefroy.] 

Common  in  fields  and  waste 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  the  United  States. 
Flowers  from  winter  to  autumn. 


Medicago  sativa  L.,  Alfalfa,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  with  conspicuous  violet 
flowers,  is  recorded  as  formerly  occasional  in  waste  grounds,  but  not  per- 
sistent. It  is  occasionally  cultivated.  A  plot  was  given  to  it  at  the  Agricul- 
tural Station  in  1914. 


Medicago  arabica  All.  [M.  maculata  With.],  Spotted  Medic,  European, 
with  dark-spotted  leaflets,  the  edges  of  the  coiled  pods  furrowed,  recorded  by 
Lefroy  as  Bermudian,  has  not  been  found  by  subsequent  collectors.  It  is  an 
annual,  much  resembling  M.  hispida,  for  which  it  may  have  been  mistaken. 


4.     MELILOTUS  [Tourn.]  Mill. 

Herbs,  with  3-foliolate  leaves,  dentate  leaflets,  their  veins  commonly  end- 
ing in  the  teeth,  and  small  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  slender  racemes.  Calyx- 
teeth  short,  nearly  equal;  standard  obovate  or  oblong;  keel  obtuse;  ovary 
sessile  or  stipitate,  few-ovuled;  style  filiform;  pod  ovoid  or  globose,  straight, 
indehiscent  or  finally  2-valved;  seeds  solitary  or  few.  [Greek,  Honey-lotus.] 
About  '20  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Africa  and  Asia.  Type  species:  Tri- 
folium  Melilotus  officinalis  L.  The  plants  are  fragrant  in  drying,  whence  the 
English  name  Sweet-clover. 


FABACEAE. 


179 


1.  Melilotus  indica  (L.)  All. 
Smaller  Yellow  Melilot.  Fig.  199.) 
Foliage  minutely  pubescent  when 
young.  Stems  erect  or  spreading,  3° 
high  or  less,  sometimes  copiously 
branched;  leaflets  3,  oblong,  oval, 
cuneate  or  obovate,  3"-10"  long,  re- 
tuse  to  rounded  at  the  apex,  serrate; 
racemes  dense,  5' -10"  long;  calyx 
campanulate;  corolla  yellovv,  about 
I5"  long;  pods  oval  or  subglobose,  1" 
long,  wrinkled.  [M.  officinalis  of 
Jones,  Eeade,  Lefroy,  Hemsley  and 
Moore;  M.  parviflora  Desv. ;  Trifo- 
lium  Melilotus  indica  L.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized  from  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  the  western  and  southern 
United  States.  Flowers  nearly  all  the 
year  around,  most  abundantly  in  spring. 
It  is  often  an  abundant  weed  in  neg- 
lected  fields. 


Melilotus  alba  Desv,,  White  Melilot,  European,  with  larger  white 
flowers,  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Lefroy,  has  not  been  found  by  other  col- 
lectors and  evidently  did  not  persist. 


5.     TEIFOLIUM    [Tourn.]    L. 

Herbs,  with  mostly  3-foliolate  (occasionally  4-11-foliolate)  denticulate 
leaves,  the  flowers  in  dense  heads  or  spikes.  Stipules  adnate  to  the  petiole. 
Calyx-teeth  nearly  equal.  Petals  commonly  persistent,  their  claws  adnate  to 
the  stamen-tube.  Stamens  diadelphous,  or  the  tenth  one  separate  for  only  a 
portion  of  its  length.  Ovary  few-o\niled.  Pod  often  included  in  the  calyx, 
membranous,  indehiscent  or  tardily  dehiscent  by  1  suture,  1-6-seeded.  [Latin, 
referring  to  the  3  leaflets.]  About  275  species,  most  abundant  in  the  north 
temperate  zone,  where  several  of  them  are  important  forage  plants.  Type 
species:   TrifoUum  pralense  L. 


Flowers  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  heads  densely-flowered. 
Flowers  distinctly  pedicelled. 

Ascending  or  procumbent. 

Creeping. 


1.  T.  pratcnse. 

2.  T.  huhrklum. 

3.  T.  re  pens. 


180 


FABACEAE. 


1.  Trif olium  prat6nse  L.    Eed, 

Purple  or.  Meadow  Clover.  (Fig. 
200.)  Perennial,  pubescent,  6'- 
2°  high.  Leaves  long-petioled; 
stipules  ovate,  strongly  veined,  sub- 
ulate-tipped, 6"-10"  long;  leaflets 
short-stalked,  oval,  oblong  or  obo- 
vate,  narrowed  at  base,  hardly 
cuneate,  obtuse  and  sometimes 
emarginate  at  the  apex,  often  dark- 
spotted  near  the  middle,  finely 
denticulate,  i'-li'  long;  heads 
globose  or  ovoid,  rarely  slightly 
peduncled,  about  1'  long;  flowers 
red  (rarely  white),  about  6"  long, 
remaining  erect  in  fruit;  calyx 
sparingly  hairy,  its  subulate  teeth 
shorter   than   the   corolla. 

Occasional  in  grassy  places.  In- 
troduced. Native  of  Europe.  Widely 
naturalized  in  North  America.  Flow- 
ers nearly  all  the  year  around.  Ex- 
perimental cultivation  of  clover  for 
fodder   has   not   been   successful. 


2.  Trifolium     hybridum     L. 

Alsike  or  Alsatian  Clover. 
(Fig.  201.)  Perennial,  l''-2° 
high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  long-petioled ;  stipules 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  mem- 
branous, 6"-12"  long;  leaflets 
short-stalked,  obovate,  sometimes 
emarginate  but  not  obcordate,  nar- 
rowed or  cuneate  at  the  base,  ser- 
rulate, 6"-12"  long;  heads  long- 
peduncled;  flowers  pink  or  nearly 
white,  2V'-4:V'  long;  pedicels  1"- 
2Y'  long,  reflexed  when  old; 
corolla  3-4  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx;  calyx-teeth  subulate,  about 
equalling  the  tube;  pod  2-4- 
seeded. 

In  grassy  woods,"  Devonshire, 
1905.  Also  reported  by  Moore. 
Native  of  Europe.  Naturalized  in 
North  America.  Flowers  from 
spring   to   autumn. 


FABACEAE. 


181 


3.  Trifolium     ripens     L. 

White,  Dutch  or  Honeysuckle 
Clover.  (Fig.  202.)  Perennial, 
glabrous  or  with,  a  few  scattered 
hairs,  the  branches  often  rooting 
at  the  nodes,  4'-12'  long.  Leaves 
long-petioled ;  stipules  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, membranous,  acute,  2"-6" 
long;  leaflets  short-stalked,  obo- 
vate,  emarginate  or  obcordate, 
broadly  cuneate  at  the  base,  den- 
ticulate, 4"-10"  long;  heads  long- 
peduncled;  flowers  3V'-6"  long; 
pedicels  l"-2i"  long,  finally  re- 
flexed;  corolla  2-3  times  as  long 
as  the  calyx;  calyx-teeth  acumi- 
nate, somewhat  shorter  than  the 
tube;   pod  about  4-seeded. 

Occasional  in  grassy  places.  In- 
troduced. Native  of  Europe.  Widely 
naturalized  in  North  America.  Flow- 
ers nearly  all  the  year  around.  None 
of  the  true  clovers  are  important 
as  fodder  plants  in  Bermuda,  the 
climate  being  too  warm  for  their 
successful    establishment. 


6.     INDIGOFEEA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubs.  Foliage  often  more  or  less  densely  clothed 
with  simple  2-horned  or  forking  hairs.  Leaves  alternate,  unequally  pinnate, 
or  sometimes  3-foliolate  or  rarely  1-foliolate;  the  leaflets  entire.  Flowers 
perfect,  in  axillary  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-lobes  oblique,  nearly  equal  or 
the  upper  shorter.  Corolla  pink,  orange  or  purple;  standard  broad,  sessile  or 
clawed,  persistent,  the  wings  somewhat  elongated,  slightly  cohering  with  the 
erect  keel" and  like  it  deciduous.  Stamens  10,  usually  monadelphous,  or  one 
partially  distinct ;  anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so ;  style  glabrous ; 
ovules  numerous  or  rarely  few  or  solitary.  Pod  linear  to  subglobose,  angled 
or  turgid.  Seeds  subglobose  or  flattened.  [Name  from  the  yield  of  indigo  by 
some  species.]     About  275  species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions. 

The  species  common  in  Bermuda  has  been  mistaken  for  the  true  indigo 
(Indigo f era  tinctoria  L.)  which  is  similar  to  it,  but  has  narrower  and  longer 
pods.  Formerly  important  dye-plants,  their  use  has  now  been  largely  super- 
seded through  the  production  of  dyes  from  coal-tar  synthetically. 


182 


FABACEAE. 


1.  Indigofera    suffniticosa    Mill. 

Wild  Indigo.  (Fig.  203.)  Foliage 
strigillose.  Stems  woody,  erect,  3°- 
6°  tall,  angular,  sparingly  branched; 
leaflets  7-15,  thin,  oblong,  oblanceo- 
late  or  obovate,  i'-li'  long,  mucro- 
nate,  acute  at  the  base,  glabrous  or 
glabrate  above;  racemes  shorter  than 
the  subtending  leaves;  pedicels  about 
y  long,  finally  recurved;  calyx 
densely  pubescent,  its  lobes  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  orange,  about 
2"  long;  pods  stout,  6"-8"  long, 
curved,  thickened  at  the  sutures.  [7. 
Anil  L. ;  /.  tinctoria  of  Jones,  of 
Lefroy,  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Frequent  in  waste  grounds,  espe- 
cially plenty  between  Castle  Harbor 
and  Harrington  Sound.  Said  by  Lefroy 
to  have  been  introduced  for  commercial 
purposes  in  the  seventeenth  century. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  the  West  In- 
dies. Naturalized  in  the  southern  United 
States.      Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 

7.  CAJAN  Adans. 
A  perennial,  stiff,  slightly  woody 
herb,  finely  puberulent,  or  pubescent, 
with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  showy  yellow  flowers  in  stalked  axillary 
racemes.  Calyx  narrowly  campanulate,  its  lobes  acute,  the  2  upper  ones  partly 
united.  Standard  nearly  orbicular,  reflexed;  wings  obliquely  obovate;  keel 
with  a  blunt  incurved  tip.  Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  thickened  above; 
stigma  oblique.  Pod  linear,  flattened, 
acute  and  long-tipped,  its  valves  im- 
pressed between  the  seeds.  [From 
the  Malayan  name.]  A  monotypic 
genus. 

1.  Cajan  Cajan  (L.)  Millsp. 
Pigeon  Pea.  (Fig.  204.)  Bushy, 
branched,  6°  high  or  less.  Leaves 
petioled;  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong- 
lanceolate,  l'-3'  long,  acute  at  both 
ends  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  velvety 
on  both  sides,  dark  green  above,  pale 
beneath;  racemes  few-flowered,  as 
long  as  the  leaves  or  longer;  pedicels, 
rachis  and  calyx  brown-pubescent; 
flowers  6"-8"  broad;  pods  2'-3'  long, 
5"-6"  wide,  4-7-seeded;  seeds  whitish, 
somewhat  flattened,  about  2"  thick. 
[Cytisus  Cajan  L. ;  Cajanus  indicus 
Spreng.] 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation  for 
its  edible  seeds.  Native  of  the  East 
Indies.  Widely  cultivated  and  natural- 
ized in  tropical  regions. 


FABACEAE. 


183 


8.  PHASEOLUS  [Tourn.]  L. 
Vines,  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate  leaves,  and  axillary 
racemose  flowers.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed,  or  the  2  upper  teeth  more  or 
less  united.  Standard  orbicular,  recurved,  spreading  or  somewhat  contorted; 
v/ings  mainly  obovate;  keel  spirally  coiled,  linear  or  obovoid.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous  (9  and  1).  Style  longitudinally  bearded;  stigma  oblique  or  lateral; 
ovary  sessile  or  nearly  so;  ovules  oo.  Pod  linear,  2-valved,  several-seeded, 
tipped  with  the  persistent  style.  Seeds  mostly  with  rounded  ends.  Rachis 
thickened  at  the  bases  of  the  pedicels.  [Ancient  name  of  the  Kidney  Bean.] 
About  170  species,  of  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Phaseolus 
vulgaris  L. 

1.  Phaseolus  lignosus  Britton.  Wild 
Bermuda  Bean.  (Fig.  205.)  Perennial, 
with  woody  stems  20°  long  or  more  and 
i'  thick,  branched,  the  young  twigs  pu- 
berulent,  some  becoming  glabrous.  Stip- 
ules ovate,  or  ovate-lanceolate,  2"  long 
or  less,  acute,  striate-nerved;  petioles 
glabrous,  l'-3|'  long;  leaflets  ovate, 
membranous,  glabrous,  4'  long  or  less, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or  sub- 
truncate  at  the  base,  the  terminal  one 
equilateral,  long-stalked,  the  others  short- 
stalked  and  obliquely  inequilateral;  ra- 
cemes long-peduncled,  puberulent,  loosely 
several-many-flowered,  3'-5'  long;  pedi- 
cels filiform,  4"-6i"  long;  calyx  broadly 
campanulate,  its  teeth  broad  and  short; 
corolla  white  to  purple,  about  5"  long, 
the  standard  suborbicular,  clawed;  pod 
flat,  curved,  acute  at  each  end,  about  2' 
long,  4"-5"  wide;  seeds  obliquely  oblong, 
long.      [P.  semierectus  of  Reade.] 

Rocky  woodlands  between  Castle  Harbor  and  Harrington  Sound.  Endemic. 
Nearest  related  to  P.  polystachyus  (L.)  B.S.P.,  of  the  eastern  United  States.  H.  B. 
Small  records  the  occurrence  of  this  plant  at  Hungry  Bay,  also,  but  this  record 
may  apply  to  TUina  rvpcus,  which  is  abundant  there.  The  species  is  hero  first  de- 
scribed botanicaliy. 

Phaseolus  vulgaris  L.,  Kidney  Bean,  French  Bean,  Six-week  Bean, 
probably  South  American  in  origin,  is  largely  and  successfully  grown  as  a 
garden  crop,  as  also  P.  lunatus  L.,  Lima  Bean. 

Phaseolus  multifldrus  Willd.,  Scarlet  Runner,  of  tropical  America,  grown 
in  gardens,  is  a  long,  finely  pubescent  vine,  with  rhombic-ovate  leaflets,  and 
showy  red  flowers  in  racemes,  its  pods  3'  to  6'  long,  its  seeds  black  antl  red. 

9.  VIGNA  Savi. 
Herbaceous  vines,  or  sometimes  erect  herbs,  with  pinnately  3-foliolate 
stipulate  leaves,  the  leaflets  broad.  Flowers  clustered  at  the  ends  of  long 
axillary  peduncles,  yellowish  or  purplish,  the  rachis  of  the  head  or  raceme 
knotty,  the  bracts  and  bractlets  early  deciduous.  Calyx  5-toothed,  or  the  2 
upper  teeth  united.  Standard  nearly  orbicular,  auricled  at  the  base;  wings 
shorter  than  the  standard ;  keel  about  equalling  the  standard,  slightly  incurved. 
Stamens    diadelphous    (9    and    1).      Ovary    sessile;    ovules    numerous;    style 


little  flattened,  brown,  shining,   3" 


184 


FABACEAE. 


bearded  along  the  inner  side;  stigma  oblique.  Pod  linear,  nearly  terete,  2- 
valved.  [In  honor  of  Domenic  Vigni,  a  commentator  on  Theophrastus.]  About 
30  species,  natives  of  warm  tropical  regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Vignarepens  (L.) 
Kuntze.  Yellow  Yigna. 
(Fig.  206.)  Foliage  usu- 
ally pubescent  with  rather 
appressed  hairs.  Stems 
trailing  or  climbing, 
branching,  when  pubes- 
cent the  hairs  reflexed; 
leaflets  3,  ovale  to  lance- 
olate or  linear,  f '-3'  long, 
acute,  more  or  less  dis- 
tinctly reticulated,  short- 
stalked;  petioles  usually 
longer  than  the  leaflets; 
peduncles  surpassing  the 
subtending  petioles,  re- 
trorsely  pubescent  at  the 
top;  pedicels  about  1" 
long,  corymbose ;  calyx 
campanulate,  oblique,  its 
lobes  triangular  to  lance- 
olate ;  corolla  yellowish- 
brown;  standard  with  a 
nearly  reniform,  notched 
blade,  less  than  10"  long; 
pods  linear,  about  V 
long,  nearly  terete,  pu- 
bescent. [Dolichos  repens 
L. ;  D.  luteolus  Jacq. ; 
Vigna  luteola  Benth.] 

Roadsides  and  moist  grounds,  especially  abundant  along  marshes  from  Hungry 
Bay  eastward  in  Paget  and  Devonshire.  Naturalized  from  tropical  America  or  the 
southeastei-n  United  States.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  Not,  as  Verrill  states, 
a  characteristic  seaside  vine. 

Vigna  sinensis  (L.)  Endl.,  Cow-pea,  Asiatic,  sometimes  grown  as  a  green 
manure  crop,  is  an  annual  with  trailing  or  climbing  stems,  the  leaves  with  3 
acute  or  blunt  leaflets  2'-4'  long,  the  yellowish  flowers  about  9"  long,  the 
linear,  fleshy  pod  4-7'  long.      [Dolichos  sinensis  L.] 


10.     DOLICHOS  L. 

Climbing  or  trailing  vines,  with  3-foliolate  stipellate  leaves,  and  white  to 
purple  flowers  variously  clustered  or  sometimes  solitary,  their  bracts  small  or 
caducous.  Calyx  campanulate,  its  two  upper  teeth  united.  Standard  sub- 
orbicular;  wings  obovate,  curved,  adnate  to  the  incurved  keel.  Stamens  9 
and  1,  their  anthers  all  alike.  Ovary  many-ovuled;  style  bearded  or  peni- 
cillate  below  the  terminal  stigma.  Pod  flat,  mostly  somewhat  curved,  beaked. 
Seeds  subglobose  or  flattened.  [Greek  name  of  some  bean,  referring  to  its 
long  pods.]     About  30  species,  of  tropical  distribution,  the  following  typical. 


FABACEAE. 


185 


1.  Dolichos    Lablab    L.      Black    Bean. 

Hyacinth  Bean.  (Fig.  207.)  Sparingly- 
pubescent,  climbing  or  trailing,  15°  long  or 
less.  Leaves  long-petioled,  leaflets  ovate, 
acute  or  acuminate,  lV-4'  long,  the  terminal 
one  equilateral  and  long-stalked,  the  others 
inequilateral  and  short-stalked;  racemes 
axillary,  several-flowered,  exceeding  the 
leaves;  flowers  short-pedicelled,  7"-10" 
broad,  white  to  purple;  pods  about  3'  long, 
nearly  1'  wide,  the  upper  edge  nearly  straight, 
the  lower  curved  and  glandular-roughened ; 
seeds  somewhat  compressed,  black  with  a 
white  linear  strophiole,  about  5"  long. 

Spontaneous  after  cultivation  :  frequent  in 
gardens  but  not  grown  as  a  crop.  Native  of  the 
Old  World  tropics,  widely  cultivated  and  natural- 
ized in  tropical  and  temperate  America.  Flowers 
in  Bermuda  in  autumn. 

Dolichos  sphaerospermus  (L.)  DC, 
Black-eyed  Pea,  is  recorded  by  Reade  as 
cultivated  in  summer  and  by  H.  B.  Small  as 
frequent  in  fields;  I  have  not  met  with  it. 
[PJiaseolus  sphaerospermus  L.] 

11.  CANAVALI  Adans. 
Perennial  vines.  Leaves  pinnately  3-foliolate;  leaflets  entire.  Flowers 
large,  in  axillary  peduncled  racemes.  Calyx  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  truncate 
or  2-lobed,  the  lower  one  entire  or  3-lobed.  Standard  reflexed,  suborbicular ; 
■wings  curved  or  twisted;  keel-petals  incurved,  obtuse  or  with  an  inflexed  or 
spiral  beak.  Stamens  diadelphous  (9  and  1)  or  monadelphous  to  the  middle. 
Style  glabrous,  incurved.  Ovules  several.  Pod  oblong  or  broadly  linear,  2- 
valved.  [Aboriginal  name.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  tropical  regions. 
Type  species:  Dolichos  ensiformis  L. 

1.  Canavali  lineata  (Thunb.) 
DC.  Bay  Bean.  Bay  Hops. 
(Fig.  208.)  Foliage  finely  strigil- 
lose.  Stems  prostrate  or  climb- 
ing, 3°-25°  long,  branching;  leaf- 


oval  or  obovate,  ir-4'  long, 
rounded  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the 
base ;  racemes  surpassing  the  sub- 
tending leaves;  peduncles  often 
longer  than  the  racemes ;  pedicels 
spur-like;  calyx  helmet-like,  7"- 
9"  long,  constricted  at  the  base; 
corolla  pink;  pods  broadly  linear, 
4'-5'  long;  seeds  oblong,  brown. 
[Dolichos  lincaius  Thunb.;  Cana- 
valia  ohiusi folia  DC. ;  Dolichos 
roseus  of  Reade;  Dolichos  Cana- 
ralia  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Sand  dunes  and  sea-benches. 
Native.  Southeastern  I'nited  States, 
West  Indies,  tropical  America  and 
Old  World.  Flowers  from  winter 
to  autumn.  Its  seeds  probably  trans- 
ported  to   Bermuda   by   floating. 


186 


FABACEAE. 


12.  VICIA  [Tourn.]  L. 
Climbing  or  trailing,  herbaceous  vines,  rarely  erect  herbs,  with  pinnate 
mostly  tendril-bearing  leaves,  half-sagittaite  or  entire  stipules,  and  axillary, 
mostly  racemose  flowers.  Calyx-tube  somewhat  oblique,  obtuse  at  the  base, 
its  teeth  about  equal.  Standard  obovate  or  oblong,  emarginate,  clawed;  wings 
obliquely  oblong,  adherent  to  the  shorter  oblong  curved  keel.  Stamens  dia- 
delphous  (9  and  1),  or  monadelphous  below.  O^oiles  oo  ;  style  very  slender, 
with  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs  at  its  summit.  Pod  flat,  dehiscent,  2-valved,  con- 
tinuous between  the  seeds.  [The  classical  Latin  name  of  the  Vetch.]  About 
120  species  of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:    Vicia  sativa  L. 


Leaflets  oblong,  oval  or  obovate. 
Leaflets  narrowly  linear  to  oblanceolate. 


2.  Vicia  angustifolia  Roth. 
Smaller  Common  Vetch.  (Fig. 
210.)  Glabrous  or  puberulent; 
s-tem  slender,  l°-2°  long.  Stip- 
ules mostly  half-sagittate,  toothed 
or  entire;  leaves  short-petioled, 
or  nearly  sessile;  leaflets  8-16, 
linear,  lanceolate  or  oblanceolate, 
5"-17"  long,  mucronulate,  those 
of  the  lower  leaves  commonly 
obovate,  broader  and  shorter;* 
flowers  1  or  2  in  the  upper  axils, 
purple,  6"-8"  long;  calyx-teeth 
as  long  as  the  tube  or  shorter; 
pod   linear,   glabrous,    l'-2'  long. 

Cultivated  ground,  Abbotsford, 
1014.  Widely  naturalized  in  eastern 
North  America.  Native  of  Europe. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


1.  V.  sativa. 

2.  V.  angustifolia. 

1.  Vicia  sativa  L.  Common  Vetch 
OR  Tare.  Pebble -vetch.  (Fig.  209.) 
Pubescent  or  glabrate,  spreading,  l°-3° 
long.  Stipules  broad,  generally  sharply 
toothed;  leaves  short-petioled;  leaflets 
8-14,  obovate,  oblong  or  oblanceolate, 
obtuse,  truncate  or  retuse  and  mucro- 
nate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
I'-li'  long;  flowers  bluish-purple,  about 
1'  long;  calyx-teeth  about  as  long  as 
the  tube;  pod  linear-oblong,  glabrous, 
li'-3'    long,    5-10-seeded. 

Fields  and  waste  grounds.  Naturalized 
from  Europe.  Naturalized  in  North 
America.     Flowers  in  winter  and  spring. 


FAB  ACE  AE.  187 

Vicia  villosa  Roth,  Hairy  Vetch,  European,  annual  or  biennial,  occa- 
sionally grown  for  fodder,  and  sometimes  persistent  for  a  few  seasons  in  cul- 
tivated ground,  is  a  hairy  vine  about  2°  long,  its  leaves  with  5-9  pairs  of 
oblong  or  linear  leaflets,  its  numerous  blue  flowers  about  8"  long,  in  stalked, 
axillary  racemes,  the  claw  of  the  standard  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  blade, 
the  flat,  oblong,  few-seeded  pod  about  1'  long. 

Vicia  Faba  L.,  Broad  Bean,  Windsor  Bean,  Portuguese  Bean,  native 
of  Asia  or  northern  Africa,  grow^n  for  its  edible  seeds,  is  a  nearly  erect,  nearly 
glabrous  annual,  its  leaves  wath  2-6  oblong  or  elliptic  leaflets  2'-3'  long;  the 
axillary  whitish  flowers  have  a  dark  blue  blotch  on  the  standard;  the  fleshy 
pods  are  3'  long  or  more. 

Pisum  sativum  L.,  Pea,  of  unknown  origin,  is  grown  to  some  extent  in 
gardens  for  its  seeds,  and  its  vines  for  fodder. 

Arachis  hypoga^a  L.,  Peanut,  Earthnut,  probably  South  American,  is 
locally  grown  in  gardens,  but  is  not  an  important  crop  in  Bermuda. 

Clitoria  Ternatea  L.,  Blue  Pea,  tropical  African,  widely  naturalized  in 
the  West  Indies  is  a  climbing  vine,  commonly  planted  on  porches  and  walls, 
has  pinnate  leaves  of  few  ovate  blunt  leaflets  and  large  solitary  showy  blue 
flowers,  short-stalked  in  the  axils;  its  flat  pods  are  3'  or  4'  long. 

Lefroy  records  the  successful  introduction  of  Clitoria  'brasUienMs  L.. 
Purple-flowering  Pea  of  Brazil,  now  referred  to  the  genus  Bradhurya. 

Lathyrus  odoratus  L.,  Sweet  Pea,  Sicilian,  is  widely  grown  in  flower- 
gardens;  it  is  an  herbaceous,  annual  vine,  the  leaves  of  one  pair  of  leaflets 
and  a  branched  tendril,  the  showy  flowers  white,  red,  blue  or  yellow. 

Lathyrus  latifolius  L.,  Broad-leaved  Everlasting  Pea,  European,  a 
perennial  vine,  the  leaves  with  2  large  oblong-lanceolate  leaflets  and  a  branched 
tendril,  the  stem  and  petioles  winged,  the  showy  flowers  white  to  purple,  is 
occasional  in  gardens. 

Genista  hispanica  L.,  Spanish  Genista,  European,  seen  in  the  collection 
at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913,  is  a  low,  very  spiny  shrub,  with  villous 
branches,  simple  lanceolate  acute  leaves  about  V  long,  the  flowers  in  short 
racemes. 

Colutea  arborescens  L.,  Bladder  Senna,  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  is 
recorded  by  Lefroy  as  raised  from  seed  and  flowered  at  Hamilton  prior  to 
1877.  It  is  a  large  shrub,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  9-13  elliptic  leaflets  which 
are  1'  long  or  less,  yellow  flowers  in  small  racemes,  and  inflated  pods  2'-3'  long, 
narrowed  at  both  ends. 

Adenocarpus  commutatus  Guss.,  of  southern  Europe,  grown  by  Lefroy  at 
Mt.  Langton  from  1874  to  1877,  is  a  pubescent  shrub  with  3-foliolate  leaves 
and  yellow  racemose  flowers,  the  pod  flat  and  glandular.     [A.  tclouncnsis  DC] 

Cjrtisus  Laburnum  L.,  Golden-chain,  European,  occasionally  planted  for 
ornament,  has  not  become  luxuriant.  It  is  a  small  tree,  up  to  25°  high,  with 
3-foliolate,  petioled  leaves  and  long  pendent  racemes  of  bright  yellow  flowers. 
[Laburnum   vulgare   Griseb.] 

Cytisus  albus  (Lam.)  Link,  White  Cytisus,  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
grown  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914,  is  a  shrub,  2°-3°  high,  with  long  slender  branches, 
the  petioled,  3-foliolate,  clustered  leaves  less  than  1'  long,  the  leaflets  obovate, 
sessile,  appressed-pubescent ;  its  white  flowers  are  about  5"  long,  its  pods 
usually  with  2  seeds.     [Genista  alba  Lam.] 

Cytisus  canariensis  L.,  Garden  Genista,  of  the  Canary  Islands,  a  finely 
pubescent  shrub  4°-6°  high,  with  petioled  3-foliolate  leaves  about  V  long,  the 
leaflets  obovate,  blunt,  cuneate,  the  yellow  flowers  racemose,  is  occasionally 
grown  for  ornament. 


188  FABACEAE. 

Spartium  junceum  L.,  Spanish  Broom,  European,  recorded  by  Jones  in 
1S73  as  lately  introduced  by  Lefroy  and  expected  to  be  of  great  value  in  bind- 
ing drifting  sands  on  the  southern  shores,  is  said  by  Lefroy  to  have  been  raised 
from  seed  and  flowered  at  Mt.  Langton,  but  never  established  itself.  It  is  a 
shrub,  "with  stiff,  round  branches,  few  and  small  narrow  leaves  and  large, 
bright  yellow  flowers. 

Ulex  europaeus  L.,  Gorse,  European,  a  yellow-flowered  shrub  with  linear 
sharp-pointed  leaves,  has  been  grown  at  times  for  ornament  and  interest  but 
does  not  succeed  well. 

Kraunhia  frutescens  (L.)  Greene  [Wistaria  frutescens  Poir.],  North 
American  Wistaria,  a  woody  vine  with  pinnate  leaves  and  pendent  racemes 
of  purplish  flowers,  is  occasionally  planted  about  houses. 

Lonchocarpus  violaceus  H.B.K.,  Violet  I.onchocarpus,  West  Indian, 
a  tree  with  pinnate  leaves  of  7-9  ovate  pointed  leaflets  and  racemose  violet 
flowers  followed  by  flat  1 -seeded  stalked  pods,  is  occasionally  planted  for 
shade  and  ornament,  and  is  healthy  and  luxuriant. 

Robinia  Pseudoacacia  L.,  North  American  Acacia,  Locust-tree,  a 
hard-wooded  tree  with  rough  bark,  thin,  odd-pinnate  leaves  of  9-19  stalked 
leaflets  and  racemose  Avhite  flowers,  is  occasionally  planted  foi  ornament,  and 
some  rather  large  trees  may  be  seen. 

Jones  records  a  plant  of  this  family  as  Bohinia  duhia.  This  name  has 
been  given  by  authors  to  three  different  trees;  I  can  not  determine  which  is 
meant. 

Oodariocalyx  gyrans  (L.  f.)  Hassk.,  Telegraph-plant,  of  southern  Asia, 
formerly  grown  at  Mt.  Langton,  is  an  interesting  herbaceous  plant  about  3° 
high,  its  leaves  with  3  oblong  leaflets,  the  2  lateral  much  smaller  than  the 
terminal  one,  and  move  rather  abruptly  in  sunshine  into  various  positions ;  its 
purple  flowers  are  panicled,  and  its  pods  jointed.      [Desmodium  gyrans  DC] 

Toluifera  peruifera  (L.  f.)  Baill.,  Balsam  of  Peru,  South  American, 
a  balsamiferous  tree  with  pinnately  compound  leaves,  shining,  reticulate-vemed 
ovate  leaflets,  racemose  irregular  flowers  and  curiously  winged  pods  bearing 
one  seed  in  the  end,  was  successfully  introduced,  according  to  Lefroy. 
[Myrospermiim  peruiferum  DC] 

Toluifera  Balsamum  L.,  Balsam  of  Tolu,  recorded  b.y  Jones,  also  South 
American,  was  represented  by  a  young  tree  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in 
1913.      [Myrospermiim  tohiifenim  DC] 

Erythrina  Corallodendron  L.,  Sword-flower,  Coral-tree,  West  Indian, 
a  large  tree  with  prickly  twigs,  yellow  wood,  3-foliolate  leaves,  ovate,  thin, 
glabrous  leaflets  and  scarlet  flowers  appearing  in  large  terminal  clusters  before 
the  leaves,  the  corolla  narrow,  with  the  petals  parallel,  the  long  narrow  pods 
containing  many  red  seeds,  is  planted   for  ornament. 

Erythrina  velutina  Willd.,  A^elvett  Coral-tree,  West  Indian,  a  large 
tree  with  3-foliolate  leaves,  the  broadly  ovate  blunt  leaflets  hairy  beneath,  the 
flowers  bright  red,  is  represented  by  a  few  fine  specimens;  a  very  large  tree 
stood  near  the  east  end  of  Devonshire  Marsh  in  1912. 

Erythrina  Crista-galli  L.,  Cockspur  Coral-tree,  South  American,  a 
shrub  or  small  tree,  the  branches  slender,  glabrous  and  sometimes  vine-like, 
habitually  dying  back,  the  3  oblong-ovate,  short-pointed,  glabrous  leaflets  about 
2-V  long,  the  showy  crimson  and  scarlet  flowers  clustered,  on  slender  pedicels, 
the  broad  standard  petal  becoming  reflexed,  somewhat  longer  than  the  keel,  is 
occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

Erythrina  arborea  (Chapm.)  J.  K.  Small,  a  low  Floridian  species,  with 
glabrous  3-lobed  leaflets,  the  middle  lobe  long-pointed,  is  occasional  in  gardens. 
[E.  herhacea  arborea  Chapm.] 


FABACEAE.  189 

Erythrina  speciosa  Andr.,  Elegant  Sword-flower,  West  Indian,  planted 
for  ornament,  resembles  E.  Corallodendron,  but  its  leaflets  are  3-lobed  and 
long-acuminate. 

Erythrina  indica  Lam.,  Ixdlvx  Swokd-flower,  East  Indian,  rcforded  by 
Jones,  and  bv  H.  B.  Small,  is  a  large  tree  Avith  a  prickly  trunk,  the  3  leaflets 
4'-6'  long,  the  flowers  about  2V  long,  in  dense  racemes,  the  oblique  calyx 
spathaceous,  siDlitting  along  the  back. 

Erjrthrina  caffra  Thunb.,  Cape  Sword-flower,  South  African,  of  which 
H.  B.  Small  records  a  large  tree  on  grounds  adjoining  Rosebank,  Hamilton, 
prior  to  1901,  is  a  prickly  tree  with  ovate,  glabrous  leaflets,  the  scarlet, 
racemed  flowers  about  2'  long,  the  calyx  tomentulose.  Lefroy  records  having 
raised  plants   from   Cape   seed. 

Dalbergia  Sissco  Eoxb.,  Sissoo  Tree,  East  Indian,  experimentally  planted 
at  the  Public  Garden,  St,  Georges,  in  1914,  has  pinnate  leaves  of  5  broadly 
elliptic  to  obovate  leaflets  3'-4'  long  and  axillary  panicles  of  small,  white 
flowers. 

Onobrychis  sativa  L.,  Sainfoin,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  a  perennial  herb 
l°-2°  high,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  numerous  oblong  leaflets,  and  rather  dense 
spikes  of  pink  flowers  on  peduncles  longer  than  the  leaves,  mentioned  by 
Lefroy  as  said  to  be  occasionally  grown,  but  not  seen  by  him,  and  recorded 
by  H.  B,  Small  as  * '  common  along  roadsides,  flowering  in  July, ' '  has  not 
been  observed  by  me  in  Bermuda.  [Hedysarum  Onohrychis  of  Lefroy  and  of 
H.  S.  Small.] 

Calpumia  aurea  (Lam.)  Baker,  Golden  Calpurnia,  South  African'  a 
shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  about  15°  high,  seen  in  a  fine  specimen  at  the 
Agricultural  Station  in  1913,  has  unevenly  pinnate  leaves  of  9-21  oval,  ob- 
tuse or  emarginate  entire  leaflets  about  1'  long,  glabrous  above,  slightly  pu- 
bescent beneath,  bright  yellow,  flowers  about  I'  long  in  racemes,  followed  by 
flat,  linear,  subulate-tipped  pods  2'-3'  long.  [^Virgilia  aurea  Lam.;  Calpurnia 
lasiogyne  E.  Meyer.] 

Dolicholixs  praecatorius  (Humb.)  Rose,  Spotted  Dolicholus,  Mexican, 
a  vine,  climbing  to  a  length  of  30°,  with  3-foliolate,  pubescent  leaves,  the 
ovate  thin  entire  acuminate  leaflets  l'-2'  long,  the  small  yellow  flowers  in 
loose  racemes,  the  short,  flattened,  2-seeded  pods  about  I'  long,  the  subglobose 
seeds  scarlet  with  a  black  spot,  was  seen  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914.  [Glycine 
praecatoria  Humb.] 

Psoralea  glandulosa  L.,  Chilean  Psoralea,  of  western  South  America, 
a  shrub  with  3-foliolate,  black-punctate  leaves,  and  small  blue-purple  flowers 
in  narrow  racemes,  was  grown  by  Lefroy  in  1874  and  he  records  it  as  doing 
well  up  to  1877. 

Hardenbergia  Comptoniana  Lindl..  Compton 's  Hardenbergta,  Australian, 
a  woody  vine,  the  leaves  with  3  or  5  leaflets  lA'-o'  long,  the  small  violet  flowers 
in  racemes,  the  pod  leathery,  IV  long,  Avas  raised  from  seed  by  Lefroy  and 
flowered  at  Mt.  Langton  as  recorded  by  him. 

Anthyllis  Barba-Jovis  L.,  Jove's  Beard,  of  southern  Eurojio,  recorde.l 
by  Lefroy  as  introduced  in  1874  and  living  in  1877,  is  a  tall,  pinnate-leaved 
shrub,  the  foliage  silky  tomentose,  the  light  yellow  flowers  capitate. 

Lotus  jacobaeus  L..  Cape  Yerde  Lotus,  described  by  Reade  as  frequently 
cultivated  as  a  garden  flower,  and  occasional  in  cultivated  grounds  as  a  weed 
and  said  by  H.  B.  Small  to  be  ''not  common  yet,  but  seems  thriving"  was  not 
known  to  Lefroy  as  Bermudian,  nor  is  it  otherwise  recorded,  nor  has  it  been 
found  by  recent  collectors.  It  is  a  low  shrubby  plant  with  3-foliolate  leaves, 
the  sessile  leaflets  oblanceolate  to  linear,  the  showy  flowers  capitate  on  long 
peduncles,  the  standard  dark  purple. 


190  FABACEAE. 

Bradburya  virginiana  (L.)  Kuntze,  Spurred  Butterfly  Pea,  North 
American  and  West  Indian,  listed  as  Bermudian  by  Eein,  has  not  been  found 
by  subsequent  collectors.  It  is  an  herbaceous  vine  with  purplish  pea-like 
flowers  and  narrow  linear  flat  pods.      [Centrosema  virginiana  Benth.] 

Balsamocarpon  brevifolium  Clos.,  a  Chilian  shrub,  grown  from  seed  by 
Lefroy  in  1875,  failed  to  survive. 

Lefroy  records  the  existence  of  an  indigenous  species  of  Aeschynomene, 
resembling  a  small  Mimosa  at  Paynter's  Vale,  but  a  thorough  search  of  that 
locality  at  different  times  in  the  season  has  failed  to  reveal  its  presence  there 
at  this  time. 

Lefroy  also  records  the  introduction  of  a  species  of  Argyrolohium  in  1874, 
which  lived  until  1877. 

Order  18.  GERANIALES. 
Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  usually  with  petals,  and  these  separate  (want- 
ing in  most  Euphorbiaceae,  and*  in  some  species  of  Zanthoxylum  in  Ruta- 
ceae) ;  sepals  mostly  distinct;  stamens  few,  rarely  more  than  tw^ice  as  many 
as  the  sepals,  opposite  tliem  when  as  many;  ovary  superior,  mostly  com- 
pound ;  ovules  pendulous,  the  raphe  toward  the  axis  of  the  ovary. 

Petals  present,  usually  as  many  as  the  sepals. 

Tissues  of  the  plant  devoid  of  secreting  cells  or  glands. 
Styles    united    around    a    column    from    which 

mature. 
Styles  distinct,  or  permanently  united. 

Calyx    irregular,    one    of    the   sepals    spurred 
or   saccate. 
Anthers    separate ;    carpels    1-ovuled. 
Anthers  united  ;   carpels  several-ovuled. 
Calyx   regular,   the   sepals   all   alike. 

Filaments   united  below   or   at   the  base ; 
herbs. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  ;  leaves 

simple. 
Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals  ; 
leaves  compound. 
Filaments  separate. 

Styles     united ;     leaves     mostly     com- 

.  pound. 
Styles  separate ;  leaves  simple. 
Tissues  of  the  plant  with  secreting  cells  or  glands. 
Leaves  pimctate. 
Leaves  not  punctate. 
Carpels  separate. 
Carpels  united. 

Filaments  separate. 
Filaments   united. 
Flowers  often  apetalous,  monoecious  ;  carpels  mostly  3. 

Family  1.     GERANIACEAE  J.   St.   Hil. 

Geranium  Family. 

Herbs  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  and  axillary  solitary  or  clus- 
tered perfect  regular  flowers.  Stipules  commonly  present.  Sepals  5 
(rarely  fewer),  mostly  persistent.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  hypogy- 
nous.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  2-3  times  as  many,  distinct; 
anthers  2-celled,  versatile.  Ovary  1,  usually  5-lobed ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cavity.  Fruit  capsular.  Embryo  straight  or  eurv^ed ;  cotyledons  flat  or 
plicate.  About  12  genera  and  470  species,  natives  of  temperate  regions, 
most  abundant  in  South  Africa. 

Corolla  regular;   calyx  spurless.  1.   Geranium. 

Corolla  somewhat  irregular  ;   calyx  spurred.  2.  Pelargonium. 


ley    break 
Fam.     1. 

elastically    when 

GERANIACEAE. 

Fam. 
Fam. 

o 
3.' 

Tropaeolaceab. 
Balsaminaceae. 

Fam. 

4. 

LiNACEAE. 

B\nm. 

5. 

Oxalidaceae. 

Fam. 
Fam. 

fi. 

7. 

Zygopiiyelaceae. 
Malpighiaceae. 

Fam. 

8. 

RUTACEAE. 

Fam. 

9. 

SURIAXACEAE. 

Fam. 
Fam. 
Fam. 

10. 
11. 
12. 

SlMAROrBACEAE. 

Meeiaceae. 
Euphorbiaceae. 

GERANIACEAE. 


191 


1.  G.  caroHnianum. 

2.  G.  pusilluiii. 


1.     GERANIUM  L. 

Herbs  with  stipulate,  palmately  lobed,  cleft  or  divided  leaves,  and  axillary 
1-2-flowered  peduncles.  Flowers  regular,  5-merous.  Sepals  5,  imbricated. 
Petals  5,  hypogynous,  imbricated.  Stamens  10  (rarely  5),  generally  5  longer 
and  5  shorter.  Ovary  5-lobed,  5-celled,  beaked  with  the  compound  style.  Ovules 
2  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  elastically  dehiscent,  the  5  cavities  1-seeded  and  long 
tailed  by  the  persistent  style-divisions  which  are  naked  on  the  inner  side. 
[Greek,  a  crane,  from  the  long  beak  of  the  fruit.]  About  190  species,  widely 
distributed  in  temperate  regions.     Type  species:   Geranium  sylvaticum  L. 

Seeds  finely  reticulated  ;  beak  of  fruit  about   V  long. 
Seeds  smooth  ;  beak  of  fruit  about  5"  long. 

1.  Geranium    carolinianum    L. 

Carolina  Crane's-bill.  (Fig.  211.) 
Annual,  erect,  generally  branched, 
stout,  6'-15'  high,  loosely  pubescent 
with  spreading  often  glandular  gray 
hairs.  Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  1'- 
3'  wide,  deeply  cleft  into  5-9  oblong 
or  obovate  cuneate  toothed  or  lobed 
segments;  peduncles  rather  short  and 
stout;  tiowers  in  compact  clusters, 
pale  pink  or  whitish,  4"-7"  broad ; 
sepals  ovate,  ciliate,  about  equalling 
the  obovate  emarginate  petals;  ovary- 
lobes  hispid-pubescent ;  persistent 
filaments  not  longer  than  the  carpels; 
beak  nearly  V  long;  seeds  finely 
reticulated.  [G.  dissectum  of  Le- 
froy.] 

Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  eastern 
North  America.  Flowers  in  spring  and 
summer. 


2.  Geranium  pusillum   Burm.    f. 

Small-flowered  Crane's-bill.  (Fig. 
212.)  Widely  branching,  slender,  pu- 
bescent or  villous,  4-16'  long.  Leaves 
petioled,  reniform  orbicular,  V-li' 
wide,  deeply  divided  into  7-9  oblong, 
or  sometimes  linear-oblong,  entire  or 
3-toothed,  cuneate  lobes;  peduncles 
short,  3"-9"  long;  pedicels  3"-5" 
broad;  petals  notched;  capsule-lobes 
hairy,  keeled,  not  wrinkled ;  beak  about 
o"  long,  canescent ;   seeds  smooth. 

Recorded  as  found  in  Bermuda  by 
.Tones,  Lefroy,  Ilemsley  and  II.  B.  Small, 
but  not  recently  collected,  and  not  men- 
tioned by  Reade.  Native  of  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  the  United  States. 


192 


GERAXIACEAE. 


2.     PELARGONIUM  L  'Her. 

Mostly  perennial  herbs,  sometimes  woody,  the  leaves  various,  the  flowers 
clustered.  Sepals  5,  unequal,  one  of  them  with  a  spur  adnate  to  the  pedicel. 
Petals  usually  5,  the  two  upper  somewhat  larger  than  the  3  lower.  Stamens 
10,  not  all  anther-bearing.  Ovary  beaked  by  the  compound  style,  the  styles 
pubescent  on  the  inner  side,  coiling  when  separating  from  the  axis.  Seeds 
smooth,  pitted  or  wrinkled.  [Greek,  the  fruit  similar  to  the  bill  of  a  stork.] 
Perhaps  200  species,  mostly  natives  of  South  Africa.  Type  species:  Pelar- 
gonium hirsutum   (L.)    Soland. 


1.  Pelargonium  capitatum  (L.)  L'Her. 
Capitate  Garden  Geeaxium.  (Fig.  213.) 
Spreading  or  trailing,  somewhat  woody,  the 
branches  1°  long  or  more,  pubescent  with  long 
hairs.  Leaves  orbicular  to  reniform,  2'-3' 
wide,  shallowly  lobed,  the  lobes  rounded  and 
toothed,  the  petioles  as  long  as  the  blades  or 
shorter;  umbels  axillary,  long-peduncled,  capi- 
tate; petals  purple,  about  6"  long;  carpels 
about  2"  long,  pubescent ;  seeds  finely  wrinkled. 
[Geranium  capitatum  L.] 

Borders  of  woods,  Paynter's  Yale,  1909.  Nat- 
uralized. Native  of  southei*n  Africa.  Occasionally 
planted  for  ornament.  Naturalized  in  southern 
California. 

Many  kinds  of  Garden  Geraniums  of  this 
genus,  especially  double-flowered  races,  grow 
luxuriantly  in  Bermuda  gardens,  with  flowers 
from  white  to  scarlet.  Most  of  these  are  hy- 
brids between  P.  sonale  and  P.  inquinans. 


Pelargonium  peltatum  (L.)  Ait.,  Ivy-leaved  Geranium,  South  African, 
a  trailing  or  straggling  species,  with  succulent  foliage,  somewhat  zigzag  stems 
about  2°,  long,  slender-petioled  peltate  5-lobed  nearly  orbicular  leaves  IV-S' 
broad,  and  long  few-flowered  peduncles,  the  red  to  white  petals  about  twice 
as  long  as  the  calyx,  is  occasionally  gi-own  in  flower-gardens. 

Pelargonium  exstipulatum  Ait.,  also  South  African,  is  a  bushy  species 
li°-2°  high,  with  slender-petioled,  finely  velvety,  subcordate  shallowly  3-lobed 
and  toothed  leaves  about  1'  broad,  and  few  white  flowers,  the  petals  about  V 
long.  A  plant  agreeing  with  the  description  of  this  species  was  observed  in 
the  Montrose  garden  m  1913. 

Pelargonium  terebinthinaceum  (Cav.)  J.  K.  Small,  Eose  Geranium, 
South  African,  commonly  planted,  is  strong-scented,  pubescent,  2°-3°  high,  with 
petioled  leaves  nearly  orbicular  in  outline,  palmately  3-7-lobed,  with  toothed 
or  pinnatifid  segments;  the  pink  or  purplish  flowers  are  in  peduncled  cymes, 
the  petals  6' -8"  long.     [Geranium  tereMnthinaceum  Cav.;  P.  graveolens  Ait.] 


TROPAEOLACEAE. 


193 


Family  2.     TROPAEOLACEAE  Lindl. 

Xasturtium   Family. 

Herbs,  spreading  or  climbing,  with  petioled,  often  peltate  leaves,  and 
large,  irregular  perfect  flowers,  mostly  solitary,  axillary  and  peduncled. 
Calyx  produced  posteriorly  into  a  spur,  5-lobed.  Petals  normally  5,  the 
upper  more  or  less  unlike  the  lower.  Stamens  8,  declined,  unequal;  fila- 
ments distinct.  Ovary  3-celled,  3-lobed;  style  filiform.  Ovules  solitar\' 
in  each  ovary  cavity,  pendulous.  Carpels  indehiscent,  fleshy,  at  length 
separating.  Seeds  without  endosperm.  Only  the  following  genus,  inter- 
esting and  peculiar  in  the  structure  of  its  flowers. 

1.     TEOPAEOLUM   L. 

About  40  species,  natives  of  Central  and  South  America,  the  following 
typical  one  widely  cultivated.     [Greek,  turning,  or  change.] 


1.  Tropaeolum  majus  L.  Gaedex 
Nasturtium.  (Fig.  214.)  Annual, 
succulent,  glabrous;  stems  weak,  spread- 
ing, 1°  long  or  more.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  peltate  below  the  middle,  flac- 
cid, nearly  orbicular,  lJ'-4'  broad,  radi- 
ately  veined,  the  margin  slightly  re- 
pand;  peduncles  about  as  long  as  the 
petioles;  flowers  l'-2^'  broad,  yellow  to 
orange;  spur  often  1'  long;  fruit  3- 
lobed,  depressed-globose,  about  *'  broad. 

Commonly  and  highly  successfully 
grown  in  flower-gardens  and  occasionally 
escaped  into  waste  places.  Native  of  Peru. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year.  The 
fruits  make  good  pickles,  and  the  young 
leaves  are  sometimes  used  in  salads. 
Both  double-flowered  and  dwarf  races  are 
in  cultivation,  and  forms  supposed  to  be  of 
hybrid    origin    exist. 


Family  3.     BALSAMINACEAE  Lindl. 
Jewel-weed  Family. 

Succulent  herbs,  with  alternate  thin  simple  dentate  petioled  leaves,  and 
showy  mostly  very  irregular  axillary  flowers.  Sepals  3,  the  2  lateral  ones 
small,  gTeen,  nerved,  the  posterior  one  large,  petaloid,  saccate,  sinirred. 
Petals  5,  or  3  with  2  of  them  2-cleft  into  ^dissimilar  lobes.  Stamens  5, 
short ;  filaments  appendaged  by  scales  on  their  inner  side  and  more  or  less 
united ;  anthers  coherent  or  connivent.  Ovarv^  oblong,  5-celled ;  style  short, 
or  none;  stigma  5-toothed  or  5-lobed;  ovules  several  in  each  cavity.  Fruit 
in  the  following  genus  an  oblong  or  linear  capsule,  elastically  dehiscent 

14 


194  BALSAMINACEAE. 

into  5  spirally  coiled  valves,  expelling  the  oblong  ridged  seeds.  Endo- 
sperm none;  embryo  nearly  straight;  cotyledons  flat.  Later  flowers  small, 
cleistogamous,  apetalous.  About  250  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical 
Asia.  The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus  and  the  monotypic 
Asiatic  Hydrocera. 


1.     IMPATIENS  L. 

Characters  of  family,  as  given  above.  [Name  in  allusion  to  the  elastically 
bursting  pods.] 

Impatiens  Balsamina  L.,  Garden  Balsam,  Snap-weed,  Indian,  commonly 
cultivated  in  gardens,  is  an  annual  herb,  l°-3°  tall,  with  oblanc 3olate,  sharply 
toothed,  petioled  leaves  and  clustered  rose-colored  to  white  flowers,  the  hairy 
ovoid  capsules  about  10"  long.      [7.  liortensis  of  Jones  and  Eeade.] 

Impatiens  Sultani  Hook,  f.,  Eed  Balsam,  from  Zanzibar,  a  succulent  an- 
nual 2°  high  or  less,  with  thin  serrate  slender-petioled  acute  leaves  2-3'  long, 
the  rose-red  flowers  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles,  is  grown  in  flower-borders. 
A  race  with  white  flowers  is  known,  and  this  was,  apparently,  represented  in 
1914,  in  the  garden  at  Orange  Valley. 


Family  4.     LINACEAE  Dumort. 

Flax  Family. 

Herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  perfect  regular  nearly  symmetrical  flowers. 
Stipules  mostly  small  or  none.  Sepals  5,  rarely  4,  imbricated,  persistent. 
Petals  of  the  same  number  and  alternate  with  the  sepals,  imbricated,  gen- 
erally contorted.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  alternate  with  the  petals; 
filaments  monadelphous  at  the  base;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled.  Ovary  1, 
2-o-celled,  or  by  false  septa  4-10-celled.  Ovules  anatropous.  Styles  2-5. 
Fruit  mainly  capsular.  Seeds  1-2  in  each  cavity,  oily;  endosperm  little  or 
none;  embrvo  straight;  cotyledons  flat.  Some  14  genera  and  about  160 
species  of  wide  distribution. 


1.     LINTJM  L. 

Herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  with  sessile  leaves,  and  perfect 
flowers.  Inflorescence  cymose,  racemose  or  paniculate.  Stipules  a  pair  of 
glands,  or  wanting.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  fugacious.  Stamens  5,  sometimes 
with  interspersed  staminodia.  Ovary  4-5-celled,  or  8-10-celled  by  false  par- 
titions, the  real  cavities  2-ovuled.  Capsule  5-10-valved.  [The  classical  Latin 
name.]  A  few  species,  natives  of  temperate  or  warm  regions,  the  following 
typical. 


LINACEAE. 


195 


1.  Linum  usitatissimum  L. 

Flax.  Linseed.  (Eig.  215.) 
Annual,  often  tufted,  branch- 
ing above,  l°-2°  high;  leaves 
alternate,  3-nerve(l,  lanceolate, 
i'-lV  long,  l"-3"  Avide;  inflo- 
rescence a  terminal  cymose  leafy 
panicle;  flowers  6"-8"  broad; 
pedicels  slender;  sepals  oval, 
acuminate,  the  interior  ones 
eiliate  and  3-ribbed;  petals  ob- 
cuneate,  crenulate,  blue,  twice 
the  length  of  the  sepals;  cap- 
sule ovoid-conic,  3''-4"  long,  in- 
dehiscent,  the  septa  not  eiliate. 

Occasional  in  waste  places. 
Introduced,  Native  of  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  North  America. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 
Flax  is  not  cultivated  in  Bermuda. 

Linum  grandiflorum  Desf., 
Flowering  Flax,  North  Afri- 
can, frequent  in  flower-gardens, 
is  a  glabrous,  branched  annual 
about  2°  high,  with  lanceolate 
acute  leaves  about  V  long,  and  many  slender-pedicelled  flowers,  the  red  obovate 
spreading  petals  much  longer  than  the  pointed  sepals,  the  depressed-globose 
capsules   about  4"  broad. 

Erjrthroxylon  Coca  Lam.,  Cocaine  Tree,  Peruvian,  of  the  related  family 
Erythroxylaceae,  a  small  glabrous  tree,  with  alternate,  oval  to  oval-obovate, 
short-petioled  stipulate  obtuse  simple  leaves  l'-3'  long,  dark  green  above, 
pale  and  with  two  faint  lines  nearly  parallel  with  the  margin  beneath,  small 
pedicelled  flowers  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils,  the  calyx  5-cleft,  the  corolla  of 
5  white  petals,  the  10  stamens  united  below  into  a  tube,  the  3-celled  ovary 
ripening  into  a  small  drupe,  was  represented  by  a  vigorous  plant  about  8° 
high  in  the  collection  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913.  The  drug,  cocaine, 
is  derived  from  its  leaves. 


Family  5.     OXALIDACEAE  Lindl. 

Wood-sorrel  Fa:mily. 

Leafy-stemmed  or  acaiilescent  herbs,  or  rarely  shnibs,  often  with  root- 
stocks  or  scaly  bulbs,  the  sap  sour.  Leaves  mostly  palmately  3-foliolate, 
in  some  tropical  species  pinnate,  or  entire  and  peltate;  stipules  com- 
monly present  as  scarious  expansions  of  the  petiole-bases;  leaflets  mostly 
obeordate.  Flowers  perfect,  in  umbel-like  or  forking-  cymes,  or  solitary-, 
sometimes  cleistogamous ;  peduncles  mostly  lonp:.  Sepals  5,  often  un- 
equal. Petals  5,  white,  pink,  purple  or  yellow.  Stamens  10-15.  Ovaiy 
5-celled,  5-lobed;  styles  united,  or  distinct;  ovules  2-many  in  each  cavity; 
fruit  a  loeulieidal  globose  or  columnar  capsule,  rarely  liaccate.     Embryo 


196 


OXALIDACEAE. 


straight,   in  fleshy  endosperm, 
chiefly  of  tropical  distribution. 


About   15   genera   and   over  300   species, 


Plants  acaulescent. 

Plantis   with  elongated  rootstocks. 

Plants  with  coated  bulbs. 
Plants  caulescent. 


1.  Bolboxalis. 

2.  lonoxalis. 

3.  Xanthoxalis. 


1.     BOLBOXALIS   J.  K.  Small. 

Perennial  acaulescent  herbs  with  bulblet-bearing  rootstocks.  Leaves  long- 
petioled,  3-foliolate,  the  leaflets  sessile.  Inflorescence  long-peduncled,  cymose, 
the  pedicels  subtended  by  scale-like  bracts.  Sepals  5,  each  with  2  tubercles  at 
the  apex.  Petals  5,  bright  yellow,  large.  Stamens  10;  filaments  united  at  the 
base,  the  longer  ones  appendaged.  Styles  slender.  Stigmas  capitate.  [Greek, 
bulbiferous  Oxalis.]-    About  6  African  species,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Bolboxalis  cernua  (Thunb.)  J. 
K.  Small.  XoDDiXG  Yellow  Wood- 
sorrel.  Bermlt)a  Buttercup.  (Fig. 
216.)  Scapes  16'  high  or  less,  erect, 
longer  than  the  leaves.  Leaflets 
broader  than  long,  deeply  obcordate, 
somewhat  pubescent  beneath,  1^ 
wide  or  less;  cyme  several-flowered; 
pedicels  pubescent,  ^'-1'  long;  flowers 
nodding,  about  li'  wide;  sepals  lan- 
ceolate, about  3"  long;  capsules  about 
4"  long.      [Oxalis  cernua  Thunb.] 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Escaped  from  cultivation.  Native  of 
South  Africa.  Flowers  in  winter  and 
spring.  Introduced  also  into  Florida  and 
Mexico.  A  showy,  yellow-flowered  spe- 
cies, much  planted  in  Bermuda  gardens. 


2.     lONOXALIS  J.  K.  Small. 

Perennial  acaulescent  herbs,  with  scaly  bulbs.  Leaves  basal,  the  petioles 
dilated  at  the  base;  the  blades  palmately  3-10-f oliolate ;  leaflets  notched  at  the 
apex  usually  with  orange  tubercles  in  each  sinus.  Scapes  erect,  usually  topped 
by  umbel-like  cymes.  Flowers  perfect,  heterogenous.  Sepals  5,  wdth  tubercles 
at  the  apex.  Petals  5,  rose-purple,  rose-violet  or  white,  much  longer  than  the 
sepals.  Stamens  10;  filaments  usually  pubescent,  united  at  the  base.  Cap- 
sule 5-celled.  Seeds  wrinkled,  grooved  or  tubercled.  [Greek,  purple  Oxalis.] 
Over  50  species,  natives  of  America.     Type  species:   Oxalis  violacea  Ij. 


Cymes  compound ;  leaflet-lobes  rounded. 
Cymes  simple  ;  leaflet-lobes  ovate. 


1.  I.  Martiana. 

2.  /.  intermedia. 


OXALIDACEAE. 


197 


1.  lonoxalis  Martiana  (Zucc.) 
J.  K.  Small.  Martius  '  Purple 
Wood-sorrel.  (Fig.  217.)  Scapes 
villous,  1°  high  or  less,  as  long  as  the 
leaves  or  longer;  bulb-scales  3-ribbed. 
Leaflets  3,  broadly  obovate-obcordate, 
l'-2V  broad,  broadly  cuneate  at  the 
ses'sile  base,  somewhat  pubescent,  their 
lobes  rounded,  the  petioles  loosely 
villous ;  cymes  several-many-flowered, 
compound;  pedicels  V-^¥  long;  sepals 
3"  long  or  less;  petals  violet  to  rose- 
purple,  6"-8"  long;  longer  filaments 
pubescent,  the  shorter  mostly  gla- 
brous. 

A  pernicious  weed  in  cultivated 
grounds,  difficult  to  eradicate.  Natural- 
ized. Native  of  Brazil.  Naturalized  in 
the  southern  United  States  and  in  the 
West  Indies.  Flowers  from  autumn  to 
spring.  [Oxalis  riohicea  of  Lefroy  and 
of  Reade  ;  Oxalis  Martiana  Zuccl  known 
locally  as  Sour-sop,  as  is  the  following 
species. 


2.  lonoxalis  intermedia  (A. 
Eich.)  J.  K.  Small.  Cuban  Purple 
Wood-sorrel.  (Fig.  218.)  Scapes 
1°  high  or  less,  glabrous  or  pubescent, 
as  long  as  the  leaves  or  longer ;  bulb- 
scales  several-ribbed.  Leaflets  3, 
much  broader  than  long,  sessile,  their 
lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  glabrous  above, 
more  or  less  pubescent  beneath,  the 
petioles  sparingly  pubescent;  cymes 
simple,  5-12-flowered;  pedicels  gla- 
brous, 5"-10"  long,  very  slender; 
sepals  ovate,  2"-3"  long;  petals 
violet,  5'-7"  long;  longer  filaments 
very  pubescent,  the  shorter  ones 
slightly  so.  [Oxalis  intermedia  A. 
Eichard.] 

Superabundal  as  a  weed  in  fields 
between  Castle  Harbor  and  Harrington 
Sound,  1012.  Native  of  Cuba.  Natural- 
ized in  the  Bahamas.  St.  rroix,  Guade- 
hipe  and  Martinique.  Flowers  from 
autumn  to  spring. 

3.  XANTHOXALIS  J.  K.  Small. 
Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs,  with  rootstocks.  Leaves  alternate; 
stipules  obsolete;  blades  palmately  3-foliolate;  leaflets  broadly  obcordate,  nearly 
sessile.  Flowers  perfect,  heterogonous  or  homogenous.  Sepals  5,  narrow,  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  yellow,  sometimes  with  a  darker  eye.  Petals  5,  surpassing  the 
sepals,  rounded  or  notched  at  the  apex.  Stamens  10 ;  filaments  glabrous  or  the 
longer  ciliate.  Capsule  more  or  less  elongated,  columnar  or  narrowed  upward, 
angled,  5-celled.    Seeds  several  in  each  cavity,  transversely  ridged  or  tuberculate 


198 


OXALIDACEAE. 


by   broken  ridges.      [Greek,   yellow    oxalis.]      About   50   species,   of   wide   dis- 
tribution.    Type  species:   Oxalis  corniculata  L. 

Stems  creeping,  like  the  branches,  with  scattered  lax  hairs.  1.  X.  corniculata. 

Stems  not  creeping,  like  the  branches,  closely  pubescent  with  ap 


pressed  hair 


2.  Xanthoxalis  stricta  (L.)  J. 
K.  Small.  Upright  Yellow  Wood- 
sorrel.  (Fig.  220.)  Stems  tufted 
on  woody  rootstocks,  or  sometimes 
from  annual  roots,  strigillose.  Leaves 
usually  numerous;  leaflets  bright 
green,  4"-8"  broad,  glabrous  or  with 
a  few  scattered  hairs;  pedicels  strigil- 
lose; sepals  oblong  or  linear-lanceo- 
late, 2"-3"  long,  sparingly  ciliate, 
more  or  less  pubescent  on  the  back; 
petals  3"-6"  long,  pale  or  yellow; 
longer  filaments  glabrous;  capsules 
stout,  columnar,  8"-15"  long.  [Ox- 
alis stricta  L. ;  0.  corniculata  stricta 
Sav. ;  ?0.  Dillenii  of  Eeade.] 


2.  X.  stricta. 
1.  Xanthoxalis  corniculata  (L.) 
J.  K.  Small.  Yellow  Procumbent 
Wood-sorrel.  Stem  branched  at 
the  base,  the  branches  2'-15'  long, 
creeping,  somewhat  pubescent  with 
spreading  or  loosely  appressed  hairs; 
leaflets  deep  green,  3"-6''  broad  or 
sometimes  larger,  ciliate  and  com- 
monly with  scattered  hairs  on  the 
surface;  pedicels  minutely  strigil- 
lose; sepals  oblong  to  oblong-lance- 
olate, ciliate  at  the  apex  or  only 
near  it;  petals  3"-5"  long;  filaments 
glabrous;  capsule  4"-7"  long.  [Ox- 
alis corniculata  L. ;  0.  micropliylla 
of  Lefroy;   0.  repens  of  Reade.] 

Abundant  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Introduced.  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  warm  and  tropical  regions. 
Probably  native  of  tropical  America. 
Flowers  from  autumn  to  summer. 


Occasional   in   waste   and    cultivated 
grounds,  flowering  in  spring  and  sum 
Native  of  temperate  North  America 


--  ^ 


Candoxalis  Bowieana  (Lodd.)  J.  K.  Small,  Bowie's  Wood  Sorrel,  South 
African,  a  very  decorative  species  with  orbicular-obovate  rounded  leaflets  and 
scapose  purple  flowers  lV-2'  wide,  its  rootstocks  bearing  distant  pointed 
tubers,  is  planted  in  many  gardens,  flowering  in  winter.  [Oxalis  Bowieana 
Lodd.] 

Michaux's  record  of  Oxalis  Acetosella  L.,  of  boreal  North  America  and 
Europe,  as  Bermudian,  is  manifestly  an  error. 


ZYGOPHYLLACEAE.  199 

Family  6.     ZYGOPHYLLACEAE  Lindl. 
Caltrop  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  the  branches  often 
jointed  to  the  nodes.  Leaves  mostly  opposite,  stipulate,  pinnate,  or  2-3- 
foliolate,  the  leaflets  entire.  Stipules  persistent.  Flowers  perfect,  axil- 
lary, peduncled.  Sepals  usually  5,  distinct,  or  united  by  their  bases. 
Petals  the  same  number  as  the  sepals,  or  none.  Stamens  as  many  as  the 
petals,  or  2-3  times  as  many,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the  receptacle,  the 
alternate  ones  sometimes  longer;  anthers  versatile,  longitudinally  dehis- 
cent; filaments  usually  with  a  small  scale  at  the  base  or  near  the  middle. 
Ovary  4-12-celled;  style  terminal;  stigma  usually  simple;  ovules  1-nu- 
merous  in  each  cavity,  pendulous  or  ascending.  Fruit  various.  About  20 
genera  and  160  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical  regions. 

Guaiacum  officinale  L.,  Lignum  Vitae,  West  Indian,  a  small  tree  with 
evenly  pinnate  leaves  of  few  broad  leaflets,  I'-IA'  long,  and  large  clusters  of 
blue  flowers,  is  occasional  in  gardens,  A  tree  at  Pembroke  Hall  Avas  about  30° 
high  in  1913, 

Zygophyllum  foetidum  Schrad.  &  Wendl.,  Bean  Caper,  South  African,  a 
low  shrubby  plant  with  2-foIiolate  leaves,  the  obovate  leaflets  glabrous,  the 
nodding  flowers  axillary  and  solitary,  is  mentioned  by  Eeade  as  growing  in  the 
Public  Park  prior  to  1883. 

Family  7.     MALPIGHIACEAE  Vent. 
Malpighia  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  shrubby  herbs,  wath  erect  or  climbing  stems. 
Leaves  mostly  opposite,  entire;  stipules  sometimes  present.  Flowers  usu- 
ally perfect,  solitary  or  in  temiinal  racemes,  coiymbs  or  umbel-like  clusters. 
Calyx  of  5,  usually  imbricated,  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  mostly  equal  clawed, 
convolute  petals,  or  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  5-10,  perfect  or  partly 
sterile;  filaments  often  united  at  the  base;  anthers  2-celled,  often  with 
enlarged  connectives.  Gynoecium  of  2-4,  or  usually  3  carpels;  ovar>'  1- 
celled,  sometimes  crested.  Ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity,  nearly  orthotro- 
pous.  Fruit  of  2-3  pulpy  or  hard  dilipes,  or  sometimes  capsular  or  nut- 
like. Seeds  pendulous;  endosperm  wanting;  embryo  with  thick  often  un- 
equal cotyledons.  About  60  genera  and  700  species,  in  warm  and  tropical 
regions.     Most  of  the  species  of  Malpighia  bear  stinging  hairs. 

Malpighia  punicifolia  L.,  French  Cherry,  West  Indian  Cherry,  of 
tropical  America,  a  shrub,  or  small  tree  up  to  15°  high,  with  rather  thin,  ob- 
long to  obovate,  obtuse,  short-petioled  leaves  l'-3'  long,  axillary  cymes  of 
small  pink  flowers,  followed  by  scarlet  or  red  drupes  5"-8"  in  diameter, 
pleasantly  acid  and  edible,  is  frequently  grown  in  gardens. 

Malpighia  setosa  Spreng.,  recorded,  with  doubt,  by  Lefroy.  has  similar 
flowers  and  fruit  but  its  leaves  are  abruptly  pointed,  undulate-dentate,  pubes- 
cent beneath.     It  is  native  of  Hispaniola  and  not  known  in  Bermuda  now. 

Malpighia  iirens  L.,  Stinging  Cherry,  West  Indian,  recorded  by  Jones, 
is  also  a  shrub  or  a  small  tree,  with  oblong  to  obovate,  entire  leaves,  pink 
flowers,  and  edible,  red  fruits  about  5"  in  diameter. 

Thryallls  glauca  (Cav.)  Kuntze,  Pale  Thryallis,  Central  American, 
seen  in  flower  at  Bellevue  in  1913,  is  a  slender  shrub  about  5°  high,  with 
thin  oblong,  slender-petioled  leaves  21'  long  or  less,  and  racemose  or  narrowly 
paniculate  showy  yellow  flowers  about  f  broad  on  slender  pedicels,  the  fruit 
3-lobed  capsules  2''-3"  long. 


200 


MALPIGHIACEAE. 


Family  8.     RUTACEAE  Juss. 

Rue  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  rarely  herbs,  with  heavy-seented  and  glandular-punc- 
tate foliage,  mainly  compound  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  or  polyg- 
amo-dioecious  flowers.  Sepals  4  or  5,  or  none.  Petals  4  or  5,  hypogy- 
nous  or  perigynous.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  or  twice  as  many, 
distinct,  inserted  on  the  receptacle ;  anthers  2-eelled,  mostly  versatile.  Disk 
annular.  Pistils  2-5,  distinct,  or  1  and  compound  of  2-5  carpels.  Fruit 
various.  Endosperm  generally  fleshy,  sometimes  none.  About  110  genera 
and  950  species,  most  abundant  in  South  Africa  and  Australia. 


1.  ZanthoxyUim. 

2.  Citrus. 


Leaves  pinnately  compound ;  fruit  capsular. 

Leaves  1-foliolate  ;  fruit  a  large  berry  with  a  rind. 

1.     ZANTHOXYLUM  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  odd-pinnate  leaves,  the  twigs  and  petioles 
commonly  prickly.  Flowers  axillary  or  terminal,  cymose,  whitish  or  greenish, 
mostly  small.  Sepals  4  or  5,  or  none.  Petals  imbricated.  Staminate  flowers 
with  4  or  5  hypogynous  stamens.  Pistillate  flowers  with  2-5  distinct  pistils, 
rarely  with  some  stamens.  Carpels  2-ovuled.  Pods  2-valved,  1-2-seeded.  Seeds 
short,  black  and  shining.  [Greek,  yellow-wood.)  (About  150  species,  of 
temperate  and  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Zanthoxylum  Clava-herculis  L. 

1.  Zanthoxylum  flavum  A'ahl., 
Yellow-wood.  Satix-wood.  (Fig. 
221.)  An  unarmed  evergreen  shrub 
or  smooth-barked  tree,  with  spread- 
ing branches,  its  twigs,  foliage  and 
inflorescence  tomentose,  or  glabrate 
in  age.  Leaf-blades  pinnately  com- 
pound, 4'-12'  long;  leaflets  5-11,  the 
blades  oblong  or  ovate,  or  the  ter- 
minal one  oval,  lJ'-3'  long,  obtuse, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  slightly  crenate 
or  nearly  entire,  inequilateral,  short- 
petioled,  shining  above,  pubescent  with 
stellate  hairs  when  young,  becoming 
glabrous;  panicles  3'-6'  long;  pedicels 
i"-li"  long;  flowers  in  terminal 
cym.es ;  calyx  about  I"  broad ;  sepals 
triangular-ovate,  acutish;  petals  5, 
oblong  or  oblong-ovate,  recurved, 
thickish;  stamens  longer  than  the 
petals ;  ovary  glandular-punctate ; 
carpels  obovoid,  3"  long,  glandular- 
punctate  ;  seeds  lenticular,  2"  broad, 
faintly  reticulated,  black.  [Zanthox-^ 
alum  aromaticitm  of  A'errill;  Z.  Clava-Herculis  of  Lefroy  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Rocky  woodlands  between  Harrington  Sound  and  Castle  Harbor.  Two  large 
trees  and  some  15  small  ones  known  only.  Native.  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers  in  autumn. 

The  large  tree  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  30-J-  inches  in  girth  about  1872,  was, 
in  December,  1912,  331  inches  (83  cm.)  in  girth;  it  bears  Lefroy 's  initials 
(RHL),  presumably  cut  by  himself;  it  had  thus  increased  less  than  3  inches 
in  girth  in  40  years.  This  tree  flowered  and  fruited  abundantly  in  September, 
1913.     The  species  was  much  more  widely  distributed  in  Bermuda  many  years 


EUTACEAE. 


201 


ago,  but  nearly  exterminated  by  cutting  for  its  valuable  lumber,  \Yhich  was 
exported  to  England;  this  business  was  restricted  by  gubernatorial  proclama- 
tion as  early  as  1632.  Old  records  prove  the  occurrence  of  large  trees  on 
Cooper's  Island  and  on  Ireland  Island  prior  to  1693. 

2.     CITRUS  L. 

Shrubs  and  trees,  with  more  or  less  spinescent  branches,  pervaded  by  a 

fragrant  volatile  oil.     Leaves  persistent,  1-foliolate,  leathery;  the  petiole  often 

winged.    Flowers  perfect,  regular,  axillary.    Sepals  united  into  a  cup-like  calyx. 

Petals   5    or   rarely  4-8,   white,   at  least   wathin,   deciduous.     Stamens    20-60 ; 

filaments  inserted  around  an  annular  or   cup-like  disk.     Ovary  several-celled, 

superior;    styles   united,    deciduous.      Ovules    several   in   each   cavity.     Berries 

with  a  bitter  oily  rind.     Seeds  pale,  several  in  each  cavity  (wanting  in  seedless 

races);    endosperm    none;    embryo    with    fleshy    cotyledons.      [Greek,    citron.] 

Some  30  described  species,  natives  of  Asia.     Type  species:   Citrus  medica  L. 

Petiole-wings  broad  ;   fruit  subglobose. 

1.   C  vulgaris. 
Petiole-wings  narrow  ;  fruit  oblong,  com- 
monly pointed.  2.   G.  Limonum. 

1.  Citrus  vulgaris  Eisso.  Bitter 
Orange.  (Fig.  222.)  A  tree,  up  to 
25°  high,  the  young  branches  armed 
with  thorns.  Leaflet  ovate,  2^-5' 
long,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  petiole 
broadly  winged;  flowers  in  cymes, 
fragrant,  the  oblong  petals  about  9" 
long;  fruit  subglobose,  3'-4'  long,  its 
thick  rind  bitter,  its  pulp  bitter  and 
sour.     [C.  iigaradia  Loisel.] 

"Woodlands  and  hillsides.  Natural- 
ized. Native  of  southern  Asia.  Natural- 
ized in  Florida  and  in  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


2.  Citrus  Limonum  (L.)  Eisso. 
Lemon.  (Fig.  223.)  A  tree  up 
to  20°  high,  the  branches  com- 
monly thorny.  Leaflet  ovate  or 
elliptic,  4'  long  or  less,  cronate, 
acute  or  rounded ;  petiole  nar- 
rowly winged;  flowers  solitary  or 
in  pairs  in  the  axils;  petals  usu- 
ally purplish  without ;  fruit  ob- 
long or  ellipsoid,  21'-4'  long,  usu- 
ally pointed,  the  rind  thin,  the 
pulp  sour.     [C.  Medica  Limon  L.] 

Woodlands  and  hillsides.  Spon- 
taneous after  cultivation  and  nat- 
uralized. Native  of  southern  Asia. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


202  EUTACEAE. 

Citrus  Aurantium  L.,  Sweet  Orange,  Asiatic,  Tvas  formerly  extensively 
planted.  It  has  entire  leaflets  with  narrowly  winged  or  merely  margined 
petioles  and  a  globose  orange  yellow  fruit  with  a  separable  rind  and  sweet 
pulp.  The  home  supply  of  oranges  does  not  nearly  meet  the  demand  for 
them,  scale-insects  being  destructive. 

Citrus  Lima  Lunan,  Lime,  Asiatic,  is  commonly  planted.  Its  toothed 
leaflets  have  wingless  and  marginless  petioles,  and  the  small  acid  fruit  is 
globose  or  oblong  with  a  very  thin  rind.  The  tree  has  become  almost  natural- 
ized locally.      [Citrus  Limetta  Risso.] 

Citrus  Medica  L.,  Citeon,  Asiatic,  is  also  planted.  Its  entire  leaflets  have 
wingless  and  marginless  petioles;  the  large  fruit  has  a  very  thick  rind^  used 
for  flavoring  and  for  preserves. 

Citrus  decumana  L.,  Grape-fruit,  Pomelo,  Shaddock,  East  Indian, 
planted  for  its  large,  acid  fruit,  has  hairy  twigs  and  pedicels,  broadly  winged 
petioles,  and  fruit  up  to  7'  in  diameter,  globular  or  nearly  so.  There  are 
many  varieties  or  races,  the  Forbidden  Fruit  being  one  of  them,  its  fruit 
smaller.     Lefroy  uses  the   name  Citrus  racemosus  for  the  Grape-fruit. 

Citrus  nobilis  Lour.,  Mandarin  Orange,  Chinese,  has  occasionally  been 
planted;  it  has  lanceolate,  slightly  erenate  leaflets,  the  petioles  little  winged, 
and  its  fruit  is  more  or  less  compressed,  2-2^'  broad,  the  rind  readily  separable 
from  the  sweet  pulp. 

Triphasia  trifolia  (Burm.  f.)  P.  Wilson,  Bergamot  Lime,  of  tropical 
Asia,  frequent  in  gardens,  is  a  spiny  shrub  about  6°  high,  its  short-petioled 
leaves  mostly  trifoliolate,  the  erenate  leaflets  IV  long  or  less,  its  fragrant 
white  flowers  about  1'  broad,  in  cymes  or  solitary,  its  fruit  a  red,  few-seeded 
oval  berry  about  V  long.  [Limonia  trifolia  Burm.  f . ;  T.  Aurantiola  Lour. ; 
Limonia  crenulata  of  Jones.] 

Chalcas  exotica  (L.)  Millsp.,  Martinique  Laurel,  Asiatic,  a  shrub  with 
small  pinnate  dark  green  leaves  of  about  5  entire  leaflets,  small  white  corymbose 
fragrant  flowers  with  five  petals  and  ten  stamens,  the  fruit  a  small  berry,  is 
commonly  planted  for  ornament.     [Murraya  exotica  L.] 

Ruta  graveolens  L.,  Garden  Rue,  European,  occasional  in  gardens,  is  an 
odorous  herb  l°-3°  high,  with  biternately  divided,  glandular-punctate  leaves, 
and  small  yellowish  flowers  in  terminal  panicled  cymes,  the  sepals  and  petals 
4  or  5,  the  fruit  4-lobed  or  5-lobed  capsules  about  5"  broad. 

Clausena  excavata  Burm.,  Wampee,  East  Indian,  a  tree,  with  pinnate, 
pubescent  leaves  of  15-30  ovate,  oblique  leaflets,  small  panicled  4-parted 
flowers,  the  berry-like,  oblong  fruit  about  8"  long,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  and 
by  Reade  as  seen  by  them  in  a  few  gardens.     [CooJcia  punctata  Retz.] 

Chloroxylon  Chloroxylon  (Eoxb.)  Britton,  Satinwood,  East  Indian,  a 
tree  with  pinnate  leaves  7'-10'  long,  of  11-21  small  short-stalked,  obliquely 
oblong  entire  punctate  leaflets,  and  small  pedicelled  flowers  in  large  terminal 
clusters,  the  fruit  oblong  large  capsules,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  introduced 
at  Mt.  Langton.     [Siuietenia  Chloroxylon  Roxb. ;   Chloroxylon  Sivietenia  DC] 

Glycosmis  pentaphylla  (Retz.)  DC,  Glycosmis,  East  Indian,  a  shrub 
4°-9°  high  with  thin  1-3-foliolate  oblong-lanceolate  to  ovate  leaves  3 J '-8' 
long,  small  white  axillary  flowers  in  short  panicles,  the  petals  4  or  5,  the 
stamens  8  or  10,  the  berries  whitish  or  pink,  about  5"  in  diameter,  is  grown 
in  a  few  gardens.     [Li^nonia  pentaphylla  Retz.;  G.  citrifolia  Lindl.] 

Spathelia  simplex  L.,  Pride-of-the-Mountain,  Jamaican,  is  a  remarkable 
tree  with  slender  unbranched  trunk  up  to  50°  high  scarred  by  the  bases  of 
fallen  leaves,  the  large  pinnate  finely  velvety  leaves  up  to  3°  long,  clustered 


RUTACEAE. 


203 


at  the  top,  with  45-81  sessile  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate 
crenate  leaflets;  at  maturity  a  very  large  terminal  panicle  of  showy  purple 
flowers  appears  above  the  leaves,  the  petals  about  3"  long,  and  the  3-\vinge(l 
fruits  are  about  1'  long.  The  tree  dies  after  ripening  its  fruit.  It  has  been 
planted  in  Bermuda. 

Correa  alba  Audr.,  White  Correa,  Australian,  taken  to  Mount  Langton 
from  the  Kew  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1913,  is  a  shrub  with  opposite,  simple, 
ovate  leaves,  pubescent  beneath,  blunt  at  the  apex,  l'-2'  long,  and  white' 
flowers  about  10"  broad,  clustered  mostly  in  4 's  at  the  ends  of  branches,  the 
fruit  a  leathery  capsule. 

Diosma  vulgaris  Schl.,  Common  Diosma,  South  African,  taken  to  Mt. 
Langton  from  the  same  source  in  1913,  is  a  low  shrub,  l°-2°  high,  with 
linear,  convex  acuminate  leaves  V  long  or  less,  and  small  white  corymbose 
flowers. 

Family  9.     SURIANACEAE  Lindi. 

SuEiANA  Family. 

Shrubs  of  tropical  coasts.  Leaves  alternate,  narrow,  rather  fleshy. 
Flowers  perfect,  solitary,  or  in  few-flowered  terminal  clusters.  Calyx  of '5 
persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  imbricated  petals  with  claws.  Stamens  10 ; 
filaments  slender,  those  opposite  the  petals  shorter,  or  sometimes  obsolete. 
Disk  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  calyx  or  obsolete.  Carpels  5,  distinct,  oppo- 
site the  petals,  pubescent,  1-celled ;  styles  filiform ;  stigmas  capitate.  Ovules 
2,  collateral,  ascending,  campylotropous.  Fruit  achene-like.  Seeds  with 
a  horseshoe-shaped  embrj^o  and  thick  incumbent  cotyledons.  Only  the 
following  monotypic  genus. 


Characters  of  the  family, 
seilles.] 


SURL^NA  L. 

[Dedicated  to  Joseph  Donat  Surian  of  Mar- 


1.  Suriana  maritima  L.  Tassel 
Plamt.  (Fig.  224.)  A  branched 
shrub  3°-8°  tall,  rarely  a  small 
tree,  with  softly  pubescent  foliage. 
Leaves  numerous  and  approximate, 
lineal -spatulate,  V-2"  long,  entire, 
nerveless;  flower-clusters  not  sur- 
passing the  leaves;  sepals  ovate, 
3"-4"  long,  acuminate;  petals  yel- 
low, broadened  upward,  about  as 
long  as  the  sepals;  fruit  4''-5" 
broad,  the  achene-like  carpels  finely 
pubescent. 

Common  on  beaches  and  coastal 
rocks.  Native.  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies.  Flowers  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer. Bermuda  is  the  type  locality 
for  this  species,  one  of  the  most 
characteristic  coastal  plants,  some- 
times   growing   in    large   colonies- 


204  SIMAROUBACEAE. 

Family  10.     SIMAROUBACEAE  DC. 

AiLAXTHUs  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  bitter  bark,  and  mainly  alternate  and  pinnate, 
not  punctate  leaves.  Stipules  minute  or  none.  Inflorescence  axillary, 
paniculate  or  racemose.  Flowers  regular,  dioecious  or  polygamous.  Calyx 
3-5-lobed  or  divided.  Petals  3-5.  Disk  annular  or  elongated,  entire  or 
lobed.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals,  or  twice  as  many; 
anthers  2-celled.  Ovaries  2-5,  or  single  and  2-5-lobed,  1-5-celled;  styles 
1-5.  Seeds  generally  solitary  in  the  cavities.  About  30  genera  and  150 
species,  natives  of  warm  or  tropical  regions.  There  are  no  native  nor 
naturalized  species  of  this  family  in  Bermuda. 

Ailanthus  glandulosa  Desf.,  Ailanthus,  Tree  of  Heaven,  a  large  smooth- 
barked  tree,  with  odd-pinnate  deciduous  leaves,  the  leaflets  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  the  small  greenish  dioecious  flowers  in  large  panicles  followed,  on 
the  pistillate  tree,  by  clusters  of  narrow  samaras,  is  commonly  planted  for 
shade  and  ornament. 

Quassia  amara  L.,  Bitterwood,  South  American,  a  large  tree  with  very 
bitter  wood,  pinnate  leaves  with  a  winged  rachis,  and  large  red  flowers  in 
terminal  clusters,  was  grown  at  Mount  Langton,  prior  to  1879,  but  its  subsequent 
disappearance  is  recorded  by  H.  B,  Small. 

Family  11.     MELIACEAE  Vent. 

Mahogany  Family. 

Shrubs,  trees,  or  sometimes  shrubby  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  without 
stipules,  pinnately  compound,  sometimes  thrice  pinnate.  Inflorescence 
paniculate.  Flowers  perfect  or  polygamo-dioecious,  regular.  Calyx  of  3-5 
imbricated  or  rarely  valvate  sepals.  Corolla  of  3-5  distinct  or  somewhat 
united  petals  which  are  sometimes  adnate  to  the  stamen-tube.  Stamens 
8-10,  or  rarely  fewer  or  more,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk,  filaments 
united  into  a  tube;  anthers  sessile  or  stalked.  Carpels  3-5,  united;  ovary 
3-5-eelled,  free;  styles  united.  Ovules  2-many  in  each  cavity,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  berry,  capsule  or  drupe.  Seeds  sometimes  winged;  endosperm 
wanting  or  fleshy;  embryo  with  leafy  cotyledons.  About  50  genera,  in- 
cluding some  700  species,  mostly  tropical. 

1.     MKLIA  L. 

Trees,  commonly  with  variegated  wood  and  scarred  branches.  Leaves 
alternate,  unequally  pinnate,  often  thrice  compound,  the  leaflets  often  numer- 
ous, the  blades  toothed.  Flowers  perfect,  white  or  purple,  in  ample  axillary 
much-branched  panicles.  Sepals  5-6,  imbricated.  Disk  annular.  Petals  5-6, 
distinct,  narrow,  contorted,  spreading.  Staminal  tube  nearly  cylindric,  dilated 
at  the  mouth,  10-12-lobed,  each  lobe  2-  or  3-cleft;  anthers  10-12,  erect.  Ovary 
subglobose,  3-6-celled;  stigma  3-6-lobed.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  pendulous, 
one  above  the  other.  Drupe  leathery-fleshy,  with  a  1-5-eelled  stone.  Seed 
solitary  in  each  cavity,  wingless;  endosperm  fleshy  or  very  thick.  [Greek, 
from  the  similarity  of  the  leaves  to  those  of  an  Ash.]  About  25  species,  natives 
of  Asia,  the  following  typical. 


MELIACEAE. 


205 


1.  Melia  Azedarach  L.  Pride  of 
India.  China  Tree.  (Fig.  225.)  A 
large  ornamental  tree,  reaching  a  height 
of  45°  and  sometimes  with  a  trunk 
diameter  of  nearly  6°,  its  branches 
spreading.  Bark  furrowed;  leaves 
twice  compound,  l°-3°  long,  petioled; 
leaflets  numerous,  the  blades  ovate, 
oval  or  elliptic,  l'-3'  long,  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  incised-serrate  or 
lobed,  acute  or  subcordate  at  the  base; 
panicles  long,  open,  about  as  long  as 
the  peduncles;  pedicels  2"-5"  long; 
sepals  elliptic  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute;  petals  purplish,  narrowly  ob*long 
or  oblanceolate,  about  5"  long,  obtuse, 
spreading;  drupes  subglobose,  7"-10" 
in  diameter,  yellow,  smooth;  seeds 
lobed,  very  rough,  wingless. 

Common  along  roads  and  on  hillsides. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Asia.  Widely  naturalized  in  the  southern  United  States 
and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  spring  and  summer.  The  tree  loses  its  leaves  for 
some  weeks  during  the  winter  ;  though  some  individuals  remain  leafy  much  longer 
than  others.     It  is  recorded  as  introduced  into  Bermuda  about  1780. 

Swietenia  Mahagoni  L.,  Mahogany,  Floridian  and  West  Indian,  is  a 
large  evergreen  tree  with  bark  separating  in  large  thin  scales,  its  pinnate 
leaves  composed  of  from  4  to  8  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate,  inequi- 
lateral leathery  leaflets;  the  small  flowers  are  panicled;  the  fruit  is  a  large 
woody  capsule,  5-valved  from  the  base,  with  a  woody  axis.  A  few  fine  trees 
exist  in  Bermuda,  the  old  one  at  the  Flatt's  being  one  of  the  most  elegant 
individuals  to  be  seen  anywhere. 

Svrietenia  macrophylla  King,  Broad-lea\t:d  Mahogany,  of  Honduras, 
recently  introduced,  has  much  larger  leaves,  the  leaflets  up  to  6'  long,  rather 
thin,  long-pointed;  no  trees  have  flowered  as  yet  in  Bermuda.  In  Porto  Rico 
it  is  of  more  rapid  growth  than  the  true  Mahogany. 

Cedrela  odorata  L.,  Spanish  Cedar,  West  Indian,  a  tall  tree,  with  nearly 
smooth  bark,  pinnate  leaves  with  10-20  pairs  of  oblong-lanceolate  entire 
acuminate  short-stalked  leaflets  5-7'  long,  the  small,  yellowish  flowers  in 
large  terminal  panicles,  the  woody  capsules  splitting  from  the  top,  has  been 
planted  for  shade  and  ornament.  An  elegant  tree,  about  40°  high,  in  the 
Public  Garden,  St.  George's,  had  not  flowered  up  to  the  spring  of  1914. 


Family  12.     EUPHORBIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Spurge  Family. 

Monoecious  or  dioecious  herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  acrid  often  milky 
sap.  Leaves  opposite,  alternate  or  vertieillate.  Flowers  sometimes  much 
reduced  and  subtended  by  an  involucre  which  somewhat  resembles  a 
calyx,  the  number  of  parts"^in  the  floral  whorls  often  different  in  the  stam- 
inate  and  pistillate  flowers.  Ovan^  usually  3-celled ;  ovules  1  or  2  in  each 
cavity,  pendulous;  styles  mostly  3,  simple,  divided,  or  many-cleft.  Fruit 
a  mostly  3-lobed   capsule,   separating,   often   elastically,   mto   3   2-valved 


206 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


carpels  from  a  persistent  axis.  Seeds  anatropoiis;  embryo  in  fleshy  or 
oily  endosperm^  the  broad  cotyledons  almost  filling  the  seed-coats.  About 
250  g-enera  and  over  4000  species,  of  wide  distribution. 


Flowers  not  in  an  involucre  ;  sepals  several. 
Ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity. 
Ovule  1  in  each  ovary-cavity. 
Plants   stellate-pubescent. 
Plants  with  simple  hairs,  or  glabrous. 

Flowers    spicate,    the    pistillate    basal,    or    plants    com- 
pletely dioecious. 
Sepals  partially  united. 
Sepals  3,  distinct. 
Flowers    racemose    or    panicled.    the    pistillate    ones    ter- 
minal,  or   inflorescence   cymose. 
Leaves  peltate  :  flowers  racemose. 
Leaves  not  peltate.  ♦ 

Flowers  cymose. 
Flowers  racemose  or  panicled. 
Flowers  in  an  involucre:  sepal  1,  a  mere  scale. 
Involucre  regular  or  nearly  so. 

Glands  of  the  involucre  with  petal-like  appendages. 
Glands  of  the  involucre  without   appendages. 

Inflorescence    of   cymes    in    a    terminal    umbel ;    stipules 

wanting. 
Cymes  clustered  :  stipules  gland-like. 
Involucre  irregular,  oblique. 


1.  Fhyllanthus. 

2.  Croton. 


3.  Acalypha. 

4.  Mercurialis 


Ricinus. 


6.  Jatropha. 

7.  Maniliot. 


8.  Chamaesyce. 


9.   Tithymahis. 

10.  Poinsettia. 

11.  Pedilanthus. 


1.  FHYLLANTHUS  L. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees).  Leaves 
alternate^  entire,  often  so  arranged  as  to  appear  like  the  leaflets  of  a  com- 
pound leaf.  Mowers  monoecious,  apetalous,  a  staminate  and  a  pistillate  one 
together  in  the  axils.  Calyx  mostly  o-6-parted,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Stamens 
usually  3.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity;  styles  3,  each  2-cleft.  [Greek,  leaf -flower, 
the  blossoms  in  some  species  being  seated  on  leaf-like  flattened  branches.] 
More  than  400  species,  natives  of  the  tropical  and  temperate  zones  of  both 
hemispheres.     Type  species:   Fhyllanthus  Niruri  L. 


1.  Fhyllanthus  Niruri  L.  Ni- 
ruri. (Fig.  226.)  Annual,  glabrous, 
Stems  erect  or  ascending,  4'-12'  tall, 
the  branches  spreading  or  recurving; 
leaves  alternate,  small,  thin,  oblong 
or  slightly  broadest  above  the 
middle,  li"-5"  long,  obtuse,  short- 
petioled,  approximate  on  the  branch- 
lets;  pedicels  about  V  long;  sepals 
orbicular  or  oval,  barely  1"  long,  the 
outer  ones  orbicular,  all  abruptly 
pointed;  capsules  3-lobed,  about  1" 
broad,  smooth;  seeds  about  V  long. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  in 
Florida,  the  West  Indies  and  tropical 
continental  America.  Old  World  tropics. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


207 


Phyllanthus  Emblica  L.,  Emblic  Myrobolax,  of  eastern  Asia,  a  hand- 
some specimen  of  which  was  seen  in  the  Public  Garden,  St.  George's,  in  1913, 
is  a  small  tree,  with  slender  branches,  bearing  numerous  2-ranked,  linear, 
light-green  leaves  7"-9"  long,  1*"  wide;  the  minute,  greenish  flowers  are  borne 
sessile  in  the  axils  and  followed  by  globose,  somewhat  fleshy  fruits  5"-8"  in 
diameter.  The  2-ranked  leaves  give  the  foliage  the  aspect  of  being  pinnately 
compound.  In  India  the  bark  and  leaves  are  used  in  tanning  and  ab-o  furnish 
a  brown-black  dye;  the  fruit  is  used  as  a  purgative  medicine  and  in  cooling 
drinks. 


2.     CTROTON  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  strong-scented,  stellate-pubescent.  Leaves  mostly  alter- 
nate, sometimes  with  2  glands  at  the  base  of  the  blade.  Flowers  often  spicate 
or  racemose.  Staminate  flowers  uppermost;  calyx  4-6-parted  (usually  o- 
parted)  ;  petals  usually  present,  but  small  or  rudimentary,  alternating  with 
glands;  stamens  5  or  more.  Pistillate  flowers  below  the  staminate;  calyx  5-10- 
parted;  petals  usually  wanting;  ovary  mostly  3-celled;  ovule  1  in  each  cavity; 
styles  once,  twice  or  many  times  2-cleft.  [The  Greek  name  of  the  Castor-oil 
plant.]  About  700  species,  mostly  of  warm  and  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the 
temperate  zones.     Type  species:   Croton  Tiglium  L. 

Perennial,   shrubby;   petals   none.  1.  C.  punctatus. 

Annual,  herbaceous  ;  petals  present  in  the  staminate  flowers.     2.  C.  monanthogynus. 


1.  Croton  punctatus  Jacq. 
Beach  Croton.  (Fig.  227.)  Per- 
ennial, li°-3°  tall,  the  branches 
gray  or  rusty  tomentose.  Leaves 
elliptic,  oblong  or  ovate,  V-2' 
long,  entire  or  merely  undulate, 
truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
pale  or  whitish,  puberulent  above, 
densely  scaly-tomentose  beneath ; 
racemes  few-flowered;  flowers 
monoecious  or  dioecious ;  stami- 
nate in  racemes  i'-l'  long,  short- 
pedicelled;  sepals  5-6,  triangular, 
nearly  equal;  petals  wanting  or 
rudimentary ;  stamens  normally  12  ; 
filaments  pubescent ;  pistillate 
flowers  1-3  in  a  raceme;  sepals  5, 
equal,  oblong  or  cuneate;  petals 
wanting;  ovary  3-celled;  capsules 
subglobose,  depressed,  2^"-4"  long; 
seeds   about   3"   long. 

Sand  dunes  and  sea  beaches, 
frequent.       Native.       Coast     of     the 

southeastern  United  States,  Cuba  and  Central  America.  Presumably  transported  to 
Bermuda  through  the  ocean.  It  is  locally  abundant  along  the  south  shores.  Flow- 
ers from  spring  to  autumn.      [C.  maritimus   Walt.] 


208 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


2.  Croton  monanthogynus  Michx. 

Single-fruited  Croton.  (Fig.  228.) 
Main  stem  slender,  4-10'  high,  topped 
by  a  3-5-rayed  leafy  umbel  with  rays 
forked  or  umbellately  branched; 
leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  V-l^'  long; 
staminate  flowers  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  erect  peduncles,  with  3-5 
unequal  calyx-segments,  the  same 
number  of  petals  and  scale-like  glands, 
and  3-8  stamens;  pistillate  flowers 
mostly  solitary,  on  recurved  pedicels, 
with  5  equal  calyx-segments,  no  petals, 
and  5  glands;  capsule  ovoid  or  ob- 
long-ovoid, 2"-2J"  long;  seeds  oval 
or  orbicular,  variegated,  minutely 
pitted,    shining. 

Abundant  in  cultivated  land,  Coop- 
er's Island,  1912.  Introduced.  Native 
of  the  southeastern  United  States. 
Flowers   in   summer  and  autumn. 


Croton  discolor  Willd.^  Yellowish  Croton,  West  Indian,  mentioned  by 
Jones  in  1873,  and  said  by  Reade  in  1883  to  have  been  introduced  on  account 
of  its  ornamental  foliage,  is  a  stellate-pubescent  shrub  3°-6°  high,  with  oblong 
leaves  about  1'  long,  yellowish  beneath,  its  flowers  spieate,  its  small  depressed- 
globose  capsules  rough. 

The  ornamental  garden  Crotons  belong  to  the  genus  Codiaeum  especially 
to  Codiaeum  variegatum.     (See  p.  219.) 


3.     ACALYPHA  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Stems  mostly  erect.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate. 
Flowers  in  spikes  or  spike-like  racemes,  the  staminate  cluster  peduncled,  each 
flower  in  the  axil  of  a  minute  bractlet,  with  a  4-parted  calyx  and  8-16  stamens 
united  at  their  bases.  Pistillate  flowers  subtended  by  a  foliaeeous  bract, 
which  often  equals  or  overtops  the  staminate,  the  calyx  3-5-parted;  stigmas 
fringed  or  lacerate;  petals  wanting  in  both  kinds  of  flowers;  capsule  usually 
of  3  2-valved  carpels,  each  1-seeded.  [Greek,  nettle.]  About  250  species, 
mostly  tropical  and  subtropical.     Type  species:   Acalypha  virginica  L. 


Acalypha  hispida  Burm.  f.,  Chenile  Plant,  Philippine  Medusa  Plant, 
East  Indian,  a  shrub  with  ovate,  toothed  leaves,  the  red  drooping  spikes  often 
10'  long,  is  planted  for  ornament. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


209 


1.  Acalypha  Wilkesiana  Muell. 
Arg.  Match-me-if-you-can.  Ja- 
cob's Coat.  (Fig.  229.)  A  shrub, 
up  to  8°  high,  the  twigs  appressed- 
pubescent.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate- 
oblong,  long-petioled,  4'-8'  long, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
subeordate  at  the  base,  finely 
bluntly  dentate,  nearly  glabrous; 
variously  colored;  staminate  spikes 
slender,  nearly  as  long  as  the  upper 
leaves,  the  pistillate  shorter,  their 
bracts  broadly  triangular,  deeply 
incised. 

Sparingly  escaped  into  waste 
grounds  from  hedges  and  gardens 
where  it  is  commonly  planted  for  its 
ornamental  foliage.  Native  of  the 
Fiji  Islands.  [A.  tricolor  of  Lefroy 
and  of  H.  B.  Small?;  Coleus  scutel- 
larioides  of  A.  H.  Moore.] 


4.  MERCURIAIilS  [Tourn.]  L. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  opposite,  entire  or 
often  toothed.  Flowers  mostly  dioecious,  apetalous.  Staminate  flowers  in 
more  or  less  elongated  spikes  or  racemes,  the  calyx  membranous,  of  3  valvate 
sepals;  stamens  8-20;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pis- 
tillate flowers  with  3  sepals;   ovary  2-celled;   styles  2,  distinct  or  nearly  so; 

stigmas  entire.  Ovules  solitary  in 
each  cavity.  Capsule  usually  2-lobed. 
Seed  solitary  in  each  cavity,  with 
a  smooth  or  tuberculate  crustaceous 
testa.  [The  herb  of  Mercury.]  About 
7  species,  the  following  typical,  all 
natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.  Mercurialis  annua  L.  Herb 
Mercury.  Mockery.  Stinkweed. 
(Fig.  230.)  Annual,  glabrous.  Stems 
8-2°  tall,  more  or  less  branched; 
leaf-blades  thinnish,  ovate  to  lanceo- 
late, acute  or  slightly  acuminate,  ser- 
rate with  rounded  teeth,  or  crenate; 
petioles  3"-8"  long;  staminate  flowers 
in  interrupted  spikes  which  surpass 
the  leaves;  pistillate  flowers  clustered 
in  the  axils;  capsules  2-lobGd,  2"-2i" 
broad,  hispid;  seeds  subglobose,  |" 
in  diameter,  pitted. 

Common  in  waste  and  ciiltivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe 
Naturalized  in  the  southern  United 
States.  Flowers  nearly  throughout  the 
year. 
15 


210 


EUPHOEBIACEAE. 


5.     RICINUS  L. 

A  tall  stout  monoecious  plant,  somewhat  woody,  glabrous  and  glaucous, 
with  alternate  large  peltate  palmately  lobed  leaves,  and  numerous  small 
apetalous  greenish  flowers  in  terminal  racemes,  the  pistillate  above  the  stami- 
nate.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  3-o-parted  calyx,  the  segments  valvate,  and 
numerous  crowded  stamens;  filaments  repeatedly  branched.  Pistillate  flowers 
with  a  caducous  calyx.  Capsule  subglobose,  or  oval,  separating  into  3  2-valved 
carpels.  Endosperm  fleshy  and  oily.  [The  Latin  name  of  the  plant.]  A 
monotypic  genus  of  the  warmer  parts  of  Africa  and  Asia. 


1.  Ricinus  communis  L. 

Castor-oil  Plant.  Castor- 
bean.  Palma  Christi.  (Fig. 
231.)  Stem  erect,  up  to  18° 
tall,  more  or  less  branched, 
becoming  tree-like  in  warm 
regions.  Leaves  nearly  or- 
bicular in  outline,  l°-2° 
broad,  6-11-palmately  lobed 
and  peltate,  the  lobes 
toothed,  acute  or  acuminate; 
capsule  6"-9"  in  diameter, 
usually  spiny;  seeds  shining, 
smooth,  black,  variegated 
with  white,  or  mottled  with 
gray    and   brown   markings. 

In  waste  places,  frequent. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  trop- 
ical regions.  Widely  natural- 
ized in  the  southern  United 
States  and  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the 
year. 


6.     JATROPHA  L. 


Monoecious  or  rarely  dioecious  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  entire, 
lobed  or  divided  leaves,  the  flowers  in  cymes.  Staminate  flowers  on  the  upper 
parts  of  the  cymes,  with  a  corolla-like  5-lobed  calyx,  5  petals  distinct  or 
united  or  none,  the  stamens  usually  numerous  (5-30).  Pistillate  flowers  in  the 
lower  forks  of  the  cymes ;  capsule  ovoid  or  subglobose,  separating  into  2- 
valved  carpels.  [Greek,  healing  nutriment.]  About  25  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed in  warm  and  -temperate  regions.     Type   species:    Jatropha  urens  L. 


EUPI10RBIAC?]AE. 


211 


1.  Jatropha  Curcas  L.  Physic-nut. 
(Fig.  232.)  A  tree,  up  to  15°  high  with  a 
stout  trunk  sometimes  8'  in  diameter,  the 
branches  glabrous,  the  young  twigs  some- 
what pubescent.  Leaves  suborbicular  in 
outline,  long-petioled,  3-6'  broad,  cordate 
at  base,  sharply  or  bluntly  3-5-lobed, 
rarely  entire,  dark  green,  glabrous  or  some- 
what puberulent;  cymes  terminal,  mostly 
shorter  than  the  leaves,  stalked;  bracts  and 
pedicels  pubescent,  the  calyx  slightly  hairy; 
petals  coherent,  greenish;  fruit  fleshy, 
about  IV  long,  tardily  separating  into  3 
or  2  carpels;  seeds  oblong,  about  f  long, 
purgative. 

Collected  by  Lefroy  about  1875  at  Payn- 
ter's  Vale  and  regarded  by  him  as  native 
there  which  seems  improbable.  West  Indies 
and  tropical  continental  America.  Lefroy's 
specimen  is  preserved  in  the  Kew  herbarium. 
The  plant  has  not  been  seen  in  Bermuda  by 
recent  collectors,  though  also  mentioned  as  at 
Walsingham  by  H.  B.  Small.  Flowers  in 
summer. 


Jatropha  multifida  L.,  Coral  Plant,  Coral  Bush,  a  shrub  4°  or  5" 
high,  with  leaves  very  deeply  cleft  into  7-9  narrow  laciniate  segments,  the 
scarlet  umbellate  flowers  on  coral-red  stalks,  is  commonly  cultivated  in  gar- 
dens for  ornament,  flowering  in  summer  and  autumn. 

Jatropha  podagrica  Hook.,  Gouty-stalked  Jatropha,  Central  American, 
a  species  with  a  much  swollen  stem  about  1°  high,  the  large  peltate  leaves 
orbicular  and  lobed,  the  purplish  flowers  in  flat  cymes,  the  capsules  ellipsoid, 
is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  introduced  in  1875. 

Jatropha  hastata  Jacq.,  Eose-flowered  Jatropha,  Cuban,  a  shrub  about 
5°  high  with  irregularly  lobed  fiddle-shaped  leaves  and  umbelled  scarlet 
flowers,  is  occasionally  grown  in  gardens.      [/.  panduraefolia  Andr.] 


7.     MANIHOT  Adans. 

Vigorous  monoecious  herbs  or  shrubs,  commonly  with  glaucous  and  gla- 
brous foliage.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  palmately  3-7-lobed  or  3-7-parted. 
the  segments  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  apetalous,  in  racemes  or  panicles,  the 
staminate  with  a  calyx  of  5  partially  united  sepals.  Stamens  10,  in  2  series; 
filaments  slender,  those  of  the  inner  series  attached  to  the  lobes  of  the  disk, 
the  anthers  opening  lengthwise.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  calyx  similar  to  that 
of  the  staminate  but  the  tube  often  shorter.  Ovary  3-celled;  styles  3,  slightly 
united  at  the  base.  Ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  3-celled.  Seeds 
solitary  in  each  cavity.  [South  American  name.]  About  SO  species,  natives 
of  South  America,  the  following  typical. 


212 


EUPHOEBIACEAE. 


1.  Manihot  Manihot  (L.)  Cockerell. 
Cassava.  (Fig.  233.)  Steins  S^-S"  taU, 
more  or  less  branclied.  Leaves  3-7- 
parted,  tlie  segments  linear  to  elliptic, 
or  slightly  broadest  above  tlie  middle, 
acute  or  acuminate,  entire;  petioles 
about  as  long  as  the  blades  or  longer; 
panicles  spreading;  bracts  shorter  than 
the  pedicels;  calyx  campanulate,  3"-4" 
high,  its  lobes  ovate,  obtuse,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  calyx  of  the  pistillate 
flowers  with  a  shorter  tube  than  that 
of  the  staminate;  fruit  subglobose,  about 
10"  in  diameter.  [Jatropha  Manihot  L. ; 
M.  utilissima  Pohl.] 


Spontaneous  after  cultivation.  Native  of  South  America.  Widely  cultivated 
and  more  or  less  spontaneous  in  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Its  large  tubers  con- 
tain much  starch,  the  tapioca  of  commerce,  an  important  food-product  prepared  by 
grinding,  washing  and  baking.  The  plant  is  propagated  by  cuttings  and  is  much 
planted  for  food. 


8.     CHAMAESYCE  S.  F.  Gray. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubs.  Stems  often  branched  at  the  base, 
the  branches  ascending  or  prostrate,  forking.  Leaves  opposite,  more  or  less 
oblique  at  the  base;  stipules  entire  or  fringed.  Involucres  solitary  in  the 
axils  or  in  axillary  cymes;  glands  4,  naked  or  usually  with  an  appendage, 
one  sinus  of  each  involucre  glandless.  Capsule  sometimes  pubescent,  the 
angles  sharp  or  rounded.  Seeds  angled,  white,  grey,  red  or  black,  the  faces 
smooth  or  transversely  wrinkled.  [Greek,  ground-fig.]  About  2'25  species,  widely 
distributed.  Locally  known  as  Tittimelly.  Most  of  the  species  are  low  and 
inconspicuous  plants  and  several  form  weeds  of  cultivation.  Type  species: 
Chamaesyce  maritima  S.  F.  Gray. 


lieaves  entire,  fleshy.  1.  C.  tuxifolia. 

Leaves   dentate,   not  fleshy. 
Capsules  glabrous. 

Leaves  5"  long  or  less,  sparingly  low-crenate.  2.  C.  Blodgettii. 

Leaves  larger,  up  to  IV  long,  dentate  or  denticulate. 

Leaves  red-blotched.  3.  G.  Preslii. 

Leaves  not  red-blotched. 

Leaves  ovate-oblong.  4.  C.  Tiypericifolia. 

Leaves    linear-oblong   to   oblong-lanceolate.  5.  C.  hyssopifolia. 

Capsules  pubescent. 

Involucres   axillary,   mostly  solitary. 

Capsules  pubescent  on  the  angles.  6.   C.  prostrata. 

Capsules  pubescent  all  over.  7.  C.  maculata. 

Involucres  in  peduncled  cymes.  8.  C.  Mrta. 


EUPHOEBIACEAE. 


213 


1.  Chamaesyce  buxifolia  (Lam.) 
J.  K.  Small.  Coast  Spurge.  (Fig.  234.) 
Perennial,  glabrous,  somewhat  fleshy. 
Stems  erect  or  decumbent,  8'-2°  long, 
branching,  leafy,  with  long  or  short 
internodes;  leaf -blades  ovate  to  broadly 
oblong  or  cuneate  near  the  base  of  the 
stem,  rather  fleshy,  4"-6"  long,  obtuse 
or  acutish,  involute,  rounded  or  subeor- 
date,  nearly  sessile;  involucres  campanu- 
late,  about  I"  high,  as  long  as  the  pe- 
duncles or  shorter;  glands  transversely 
oblong;  appendages  consisting  of  mere 
■whitish  borders;  capsules  li"  broad, 
glabrous,  the  angles  sharp ;  seeds  globose- 
ovoid.     [Euphorbiu  'buxifolia  Lam.] 

Common  on  sea  beaches  and  coastal 
rocks,  rarely  occurring  on  rocks  inland,  as 
on  Abbot's  Cliff.  Native.  Florida  and  the 
West  ■  Indies.  Flowers  nearly  throughout 
the  year. 


2.  Chamaesyce  Blodgettii  (Engelm.) 
J.  K.  Sjnall.  Blodgett's  Spurge.  (Fig. 
235.)  Glabrous  or  nearly  so,  branched 
at  the  base,  the  branches  few  or  numer- 
ous, 4'-16'  long,  usually  prostrate ;  leaves 
oblong  or  nearly  so,  lV'-5"  long,  minutely 
crehate  near  the  apex,  oblique  at  the 
base,  manifestly  petioled;  involucres 
campanulate,  less  than  i"  high,  short- 
peduncled;  glands  minute,  elevated;  ap- 
pendages irregular,  white  or  slightly  col- 
ored; capsules  I"  high,  about  as  broad, 
glabrous,  the  angles  rather  sharp;  seeds 
about  i"  long,  gray,  4-angled,  the  faces 
faintly  transversely  wrinkled.  [Euphor- 
hia  Blodgettii  Engelm.;  E.  bcnnudiana 
Millsp.] 

Common  in  rocky  and  sandy  soil. 
Native.  Florida.  Bahamas,  Cuba.  .Tamaic.a. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year.  This 
like  other  usually  prostrate  spocies  of  the 
genus,  sometimes  has  ascending  or  nearly 
erect  stems. 


214 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


3.  Chamaesyce  Prdslii  (Guss.) 
Arthur.  Large  or  Upright  Spotted 
Spurge.  (Fig.  236.)  Stem  8 '-2° 
high,  the  branches  mostly  spreading; 
leaves  opposite,  oblong,  or  linear-ob- 
long, varying  to  ovate  or  obovate, 
often  falcate,  oblique,  3-nerved,  un- 
equally serrate,  often  with  a  red 
blotch  and  red  margins;  involucres 
narrowly  obovoid,  V'  long,  bearing 
4  glands  subtended  by  orbicular  or 
reniform  white  or  red  appendages; 
capsule  glabrous,  1"  in  diameter; 
seeds  oblong-ovoid,  black,  4-angled, 
with  broken  transverse  ridges.  [Eu- 
phorbia Preslii  Guss.] 

Roadsides,  Walsingham,  1912.  Nat- 
uralized. Native  of  continental  North 
America.  Flowers  in  autumn.  [  lEu- 
phorMa  hypericifolia  liirsuta   of  Reade.j 


4.  Chamaesyce  hj^ericifdlia  (L.)  Millsp. 
Hypericum-leaved  Spurge.  (Fig.  237.)  An- 
nual, branched,  erect,  2°  high  or  less.  Leaves  ob- 
long or  oblong-lanceolate,  7"-15"  long,  obtuse  at 
the  apex,  oblique  at  the  base,  sharply  serrate 
above  the  middle,  glabrous  or  somewhat  pubes- 
cent; stipules  ovate,  dentate;  cymes  peduncled 
in  the  axils,  rather  densely  flowered;  involucre 
turbinate,  glabrous  without,  its  lobes  triangular- 
lanceolate,  lacerate;  glands  roundish;  appendages 
white,  nearly  orbicular;  capsule  glabrous,  its 
lobes  keeled;  seeds  red,  ovoid,  their  faces  trans- 
versely  rugose.     [Eupliorhia  hypericifolia  L.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  ground.  Nat- 
uralized. Native  in  tlie  southern  United  States, 
West  Indies  and  continental  tropical  America. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year.  This  is  one  of 
the  abundant  weeds  of  cultivation,  neglected  fields 
sometimes  being  overrun  by  it. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


215 


5.  Chamaesyce  hyssopifolia  (L.) 
J.  K.  Small.  Hyssop-leaved  Spurge. 
(Fig.  238.)  Annual,  perhaps  some- 
times of  longer  duration,  erect,  ascend- 
ing, or  spreading,  branched,  V^^  tigh 
or  less,  the  branches  very  slender. 
Leaves  oblong  or  linear-oblong,  6"- 
12"  long,  serrate,  pubescent  or  gla- 
brate,  obtuse  at  both  ends,  inequi- 
lateral; cymes  rather  loosely  few- 
flowered,  filiform-peduncled;  invo- 
lucre glabrous  without  and  within, 
its  lobes  triangular,  mostly  entire; 
glands  very  small,  stalked;  capsule 
glabrous;  seeds  ovoid,  black,  their 
faces  transversely  ridged.  [Euphor- 
bia hyssopifolia  L.] 

Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated 
ground.  Naturalized.  Native  in  Florida, 
tlie  West  Indies  and  tropical  continental 
America.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn. 


6.  Chamaesyce  prostrata  (Ait.)  J.  K. 
Small.  Prostrate  Spurge.  (Fig.  239.)  An- 
nual, more  or  less  pubescent,  or  glabrate, 
purplish.  Stems  branched  at  the  base,  the 
branches  prostrate,  2'-8'  long,  forking,  com- 
monly very  leafy;  leaf-blades  oval,  obovate 
or  oblong,  often  a  little  broadest  above  the 
middle,  2"-3"  long,  obtuse,  sparingly  serru- 
late at  the  apex,  oblique  at  the  base,  mani- 
festly petioled;  involucres  turbinate,  about 
i"high;  glands  minute;  appendages  narrow; 
capsules  V'  high,  somewhat  broader,  pubes- 
cent along  the  angles;  seeds  less  than  V' 
long,  transversely  wrinkled.  [Euphorbia 
prostrata  Ait.] 

Common  in  paths,  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  the  southern 
T'nited  States,  the  West  Indies,  continental 
tropical  America  and  in  the  Old  World  tropics. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year. 


216 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


7.  Chamaesyce  maculata  (L.) 
J.  K.  Small.  Spotted  or  Blotched 
Spurge.  (Fig.  240.)  Green,  puberu- 
lent  or  pilose.  Branches  slender, 
radiately  prostrate,  2'-]  6'  long,  often 
dark  red;  leaves  usually  blotched, 
oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  2"-8"  long, 
obtuse,  more  or  less  serrate,  the  base 
oblique,  subcordate;  involucres  soli- 
tary in  the  axils,  1"  long,  with  4  cup- 
shaped  glands,  the  appendages  nar- 
row, white  or  red;  capsule  ovoid- 
globose,  about  1"  in  diameter,  pu- 
bescent ;  seeds  ovoid-oblong,  obtusely 
angled,  minutely  pitted  and  trans- 
versely wrinkled.  [EuphorMa  macu- 
lata L.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  con- 
tinental North  America.  Flowers  from 
spring  to  autumn. 


8.  Chamaesyce  hirta  (L.)  Millsp. 
Hairy  Spurge.  (Fig.  241.)  Annual, 
pubescent;  stems  slender,  branched,  3'-15' 
long,  the  branches  diffuse,  ascending  or 
prostrate.  Leaves  oblong  to  ovate-lanceo- 
late, obliquely  inequilateral,  short-petioled, 
4"-12"  long,  acute,  serrate,  usually 
blotched;  involucres  in  rather  dense  sub- 
globose,  stalked,  terminal  and  axillary  clus- 
ters shorter  than  the  leaves;  glands  very 
small,  their  appendages  obsolete;  capsule 
pubescent,  3-lobed,  about  V  high;  seeds 
bluntly  angled,  their  faces  faintly  wrinkled 
transversely.  [EupJiorbia  hirta  L.;  Eu- 
phorbia  pilulifera   L.] 

Common  in  cultivated  ground.  Natural- 
ized. Native  of  the  West  Indies  and  tropical 
continental  America.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn. 

9.  TITHYMALUS  [Tourn.]  Adans. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  simple  or  branched 
stems,  topped  by  several-rayed  cyme-like  umbels.  Leaves  below  the  umbel 
usually  scattered  or  alternate,  without  stipules,  often  broadened  upward. 
Bracts  of  the  umbel  quite  different  from  the  stem-leaves,  entire  or  toothed. 
Involucres  sessile  or  peduncled,  axillary,  disposed  in  cymes,  their  lobes  often 
toothed.  Glands  4,  transversely  oblong,  reniform  or  crescent-shaped  by  the 
horn-like  appendages,  the  fifth  one  represented  by  a  thin  often  ciliate  lobe. 
Capsule  exserted,  smooth  or  tuberculate,  its  lobes  rounded,  sharp  or  keeled. 
Seeds  variously  pitted,  often  with  caruncles.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  milky 
juice  of  these  plants.]  About  250  species,  widely  distributed.  Type  species: 
Euphorbia  dendroides  L. 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


217 


1.  Tithymalus  Peplus  (L.)  Hill. 
Petty  Spurge.  (Fig,  242.)  Annual, 
bright  green,  glabrous.  Stem  erect  or 
assurgent.  4-12'  tall,  simple  or  branched 
from  the  base  or  above  and  topped  by  a 
3-5-rayed  umbel;  leaves  alternate,  ob- 
long or  obovate,  V-IV  long,  obtuse  or 
retuse,  entire,  more  or  less  crisped,  nar- 
rowed into  slender  petioles;  bracts  of 
the  rays  opposite,  ovate  or  triangular- 
ovate,  minutely  apiculate,  sessile;  in- 
volucres campanulate,  almost  sessile  in 
the  axils  of  the  bracts,  about  i"  high, 
bearing  4  crescent-shaped  glands  pro- 
duced into  subulate  horns;  capsules  glo- 
bose-ovoid, 1"-!^"  in  diameter,  smooth, 
the  3  lobes  2-keeled  on  the  back;  seeds 
f"  long,  whitish,  marked  with  1-4  series 
of  pits.     [Euphorbia  Peplus  L.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
ground.  Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  North  America.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn. 

10.  POINSETTIA  Graham. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  green  or  partially 
highly  colored  foliage.  Stems  simple  or  branched.  Leaves  alternate  below, 
opposite  above,  similar  throughout  or  very  various,  the  stipules  gland-like. 
Involucres  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes  or  solitary,  their  lobes  fimbriate. 
Glands  fleshy,  solitary,  or  rarely  3  or  4,  sessile  or  short-stalked,  without  ap- 
pendages, the  missing  ones  represented  by  narrow  lobes.  Capsule  exserted,  the 
lobes  rounded.  Seed  narrowed  upward,  tuberculate.  [In  honor  of  Joel  Roberts 
Poinsette  of  South  Carolina.]  About  12  species  mostly  of  tropical  America. 
Type  species:  Poinsettia  pulcherrima  (Willd.)  Graham. 


Perennial :    native. 
Annual   weed. 


1.  P.  Jirterophylla. 

2.  r.  ci/(itli()iilwni. 

1.  Poinsettia  heteroph^lla  (L.) 
Kl.  &■  Garcke.  Various-le.wed  Spurge. 
Joseph's  Coat.  (Fig.  243.)  Peren- 
nial, bright  green.  Stem  l°-4°  tall, 
slender,  nearly  solid,  the  branches  as- 
cending, or  the  lower  spreading,  leafy 
at  the  ends;  leaves  alternate,  very  vari- 
able, linear  to  nearly  orbicular,  entire, 
undulate,  sinuate  or  dentate,  the  upper- 
most often  fiddle-shaped  and  blotched 
with  red  and  white ;  involucres  clus- 
tered at  the  ends  of  branches,  IV'  long; 
lobes  5,  ovate  or  oblong,  laciniate.  the 
sinuses  bearing  1  or  several  sessile 
glands;  capsule  glabrous  or  minutely 
pubescent,  3"  in  diameter;  seeds  trans- 
versely wrinkled  and  tuberculate.  [Eu- 
phorbia heterophifUa  L.] 

Frequent  on  rocky  hanks,  cliffs  and 
hillsides,  sometimes  invading  cultivated 
grounds.  Native.  Southern  I'nited  Stiues. 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continental 
America.  Flowers  nearly  throughout  the 
year. 


218 


EUPHORBIACEAE. 


2.  Poinsettia  cyathophora 
(Murr.)  S.  Brown.  Annual  Poin- 
settia. (Fig.  244.)  Annual,  her- 
baceous, 2i°  higli  or  less,  pubescent. 
Stem  stout,  hollow,  simple,  or 
branched.  Leaves  clustered  at  the 
ends  of  the  stem  and  branches,  ovate 
to  obovate  in  outline,  coarsely  angu- 
lately  few-toothed,  acute  or  acuminate, 
green,  or  the  upper  with  whitish  bases ; 
involucres  in  dense,  broad,  terminal 
clusters;  capsule-valves  with  elevated 
margins.  [  EupJiorhia  cyathophora 
Murr.] 

Common  in  cultivated  ground.  Nat- 
uralized.    Native  of  tropical  America. 

Poinsettia  pulcherrima  (Willd.) 
Graham,  Garden  Poinsettia,  Mexi- 
can, a  shrub  up  to  10°  high,  with  thin 
ovate  lobed  or  entire,  slender-petioled, 
acute  leaves  4'-8'  long,  and  small, 
yellowish-green,  clustered  flowers,  sub- 
tended by  large,  lanceolate,  bright 
vermilion-red     bracts     2'-4'    long,     is 

widely  planted  for  ornament,  growing  readily  from  cuttings,  and  flowering  in 

the  winter.     [Euphorbia  pulcherrima  Willd.] 

11.  PEDILANTHUS  [Mill.]  Neck. 
Fleshy  shrub-like  plants,  with  copious  milky  sap,  alternate  entire  leaves 
and  very  irregular  oblique  involucres  in 
terminal  forking  cymes.  Involucre  2- 
lipped,  the  lower  lip  longer  than  the 
upper,  enclosing  several  staminate  flow- 
ers and  1  pistillate;  staminate  flowers 
of  a  single  stamen;  pistillate  flower 
stalked,  the  style  slender,  bearing  3  stig- 
mas. Capsule  splitting  into  3  segments. 
[Greek,  slipper-flower.]  About  30  species. 
Type  species :  Euphorbia  tithymaloides  L. 

1.  Pedilanthus  latifolius  Millsp.  & 

Britton.  Slipper-plant.  Fiddle-flower. 
(Fig.  245.)  Erect,  glabrous,  usually 
much  branched,  4°-6°  high,  the  branches 
zigzag.  Leaves  ovate,  V-2V  long,  acute 
at  the  apex,  obtuse  or  subcordate  at 
the  base,  the  midrib  not  flanged  beneath, 
the  petioles  very  short;  involucres  sev- 
eral or  numerous,  salmon-colored,  about 
6"  long,  on  slender  pedicels  2"-3"  long, 
glabrous. 

Hillside  on  Castle  Point.  Naturalized, 
1912.  Commonly  cultivated  in  gardens  for 
interest.  Original  habitat  unknown  ;  grown 
in  gardens  in  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers   in  summer  and  autumn. 


EUPHORBIACEAE.  219 

Pedilanthus  tithymaloides  (L.)  Poit.,  Slipper-flower,  of  tropical 
America,  is  similar  to  the  preceding  species,  but  has  nearly  straight  stems, 
ovate-lanceolate,  longer  leaves  with  the  midveiu  produced  into  a  flange  beneath. 
It  has  been  recorded  by  several  authors  as  grown  in  Bermuda,  but  all  the 
plants  seen  here  by  me  belong  to  P.  latifoUus. 

Codiaeum  variegatum  (L.)  Blume,  Garden  Crotons,  shrubs  with  ever- 
green, variously  colored  and  mottled  leaves  varying  from  linear  to  broadly 
ovate,  entire  or  lobed,  the  small  greenish  flowers  in  long  racemes,  are  grown 
in  a  great  number  of  races  for  ornament  and  thrive  luxuriantly.  A  very  in- 
teresting bud-sport  of  a  lanceolate-leaved  branch  on  a  linear-leaved  race  was 
observed  at  Harrington  House  in  1912.     [Croton  variegatus  L.] 

Euphorbia  lactea  Haw.,  Mottled  Candlestick  Tree,  East  Indian,  a 
fleshy,  nearly  leafless  plant  6°-12°  high,  the  spreading  3-angled  branches 
whitish  or  yellowish-blotched,  knobby,  with  a  short  double  spine  on  the  end 
of  each  knob,  is  grown  for  interest  in  many  gardens.  Its  copious  sap  is 
bright  white. 

Euphorbia  fulgens  Karwinsky,  Scarlet  Plume,  Mexican,  recorded  by 
Lefroy  as  introduced  in  1874,  is  a  slender  shrub  with  long  drooping  unarmed 
branches,  and  lanceolate,  long-petioled  leaves,  the  scarlet-bracted  involucres 
in  axillary  cranes. 

Euphorbia  splendens  Bojer,  Crowx-of-thorxs,  Madagascan,  a  shrub  with 
slender,  vinelike  branches,  copiously  armed  with  stout  spines  A'-l'  long,  the 
obovate  or  spatulate.  thin  leaves  3'  long  or  less,  the  involucres  in  terminal 
cymes,  subtended  by  2  bright-red,  ovate,  involucral  bracts,  is  grown  in  gardens 
for  ornament  and  interest. 

Euphorbia  Nivulia  Ham.,  LxVrge  Tubercled  Spurge,  East  Indian,  a 
milky-sapped,  fleshy  plant  6°  high  or  more  with  tubercled  stems  and  branches, 
the  tubercles  in  vertical  rows,  each  tipped  by  2  short  spines,  the  oblanceolate, 
thick,  obtuse,  concave,  short-petioled,  bright  green  leaves  3'-6'  long,  apparently 
veinless  when  fresh,  the  red  sessile,  staminate  involucres  solitary  or  few 
together  above  the  tubercles  and  about  3"  broad,  the  pistillate  3  together, 
is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament  and  interest.  The  very  old  plant  at 
Bishop's  Lodge,  from  w^hich  cuttings  were  taken  to  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden  in  1914,  is  this  species,  erroneously  recorded  by  H.  B.  Small,  Jones 
and  Verrill  as  Euphorbia  Candelabrum. 

Synadenium  Grantii  Hook.,  Grant's  Synadenium,  of  tropical  Africa, 
shown  by  a  fine  plant  at  the  Public  Garden,  St.  George's  in  1913,  is  a  fleshy, 
unarmed  plant  up  to  10°  high,  with  round  stems  and  branches,  the  obovate  or 
oblanceolate,  short-petioled,  pinnately  veined,  thick  leaves  3'-5'  long,  clustered 
at  the  ends  of  the  branches;  the  small  red  involucres  are  in  stalked  terminal 
forked  cymes. 

Aleurites  moluccana  (L.)  Willd.,  Otaheite  Walnut,  of  the  South  Sea 
Islands,  a  rather  large  tree,  with  large  broad  petioled  sharply  3-lobed 
leaves,  puberulent  panicles  of  small  whitish  monoecious  flowers  and  fleshy 
l_2-seeded  fruits  about  2'  thick,  is  occasionally  grown  on  lawns  and  in 
gardens  for  ornament  and  interest,  and  has  locally  become  abundant.  Often 
called  Butternut.     [Jatropha  moluccana  L. ;  A.  triloba  Forst.] 

Hura  crepitans  L.,  Sandbox-tree,  West  Indian,  a  large  tree  with  long- 
petioled  broadly  ovate  long-tipped  leaves,  the  flattened  round  fruits  3  or  4 
inches  across,  splitting  violently  and  noisily  into  many  thin  dry  crescent-shaped 
carpels,  is  occasional  in  gardens.  A  fine  old  specimen  may  be  seen  in  the 
Public  Garden  at  St.  George's  where  it  forms  the  center-piece. 

Triadica  sebifera  (L.)  J.  K.  Small,  Chinese  Tallow-tree.  Asiatic,  a 
tree  with  thin  slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  short-acuminate  leaves,  as  wide 
as  long  or  wider,  small  monoecious  flowers  without  petals,  in  narrow  panicles, 


220  EUPIiORBIACEAE. 

the    fruit    a    fleshy    capsule,    is    occasionally    grown    for    interest.      [Croton 
sthiferum  L.,  Stillingia  sebifera  BailL] 

Cicca  disticha  L.  [Phyllantlius  distichus  (L.)  Muell.  Arg.],  Otaheite 
Gooseberry,  of  the  Old  World  tropics,  is  a  tree  up  to  40°  high,  with  2-ranked 
ovate  leaves,  appearing  as  if  pinnate,  and  small  imperfect  flowers  fascicled  on 
the  upper  part  of  the  trunk,  its  yellow  fruits  edible ;  an  old  large  tree  stood 
near  the  border  of  Pembroke  Marsh  at  Mt.  Langton  in  1912. 

Brejmia  nivosa  (W.  G.  Smith)  J.  K.  Small,  Snow-bush,  of  the  South  Sea 
Islands,  a  shrub  with  oval  green,  white  and  pink  variegated  leaves,  and  small 
greenish  flowers,  is  common  in  gardens.     [Phyllanthu»  nivosiis  W.  G.  Smith.] 

Excaecaria  bicolor  Hassk.,  Crimson-leaved  Excaecaria,  Javan,  a  shrub 
4°-6°  high,  with  opposite  or  ternately  whorled,  lanceolate  acuminate  erenu- 
late,  short-petioled  leaves  about  4'  long,  green  above,  conspicuously  crimson 
beneath,  the  small,  greenish  monoecious  flowers  axillary,  the  fruit  a  capsule 
about  4"  broad,  is  a  beautiful  and  interesting  plant,  occasionally  grown  for 
ornament. 

Bischofia  trifoliata  (E-oxb.)  Hook.,  Kainfal,  East  Indian,  a  timber-tree, 
with  deciduous  3-foliolate,  long-petioled,  alternate  leaves,  the  stalked  serru- 
late, acuminate  leaflets  4'-6'  long,  the  numerous  minute  greenish  5-parted 
flowers  in  axillary  panicles  shorter  than  the  leaves,  was  shown  at  the  Agricul- 
tural Station  in  1915  by  a  fine  tree  about  20°  high.  [Andrachne  trifoliata 
Roxb.;  B.  javanica  Blume.] 

Order  19.     SAPINDALES. 

Mostly  trees  or  shrubs.     Petals  usually  present  and  separate.     Sepals 

mostly  distinct.     Stamens  rarely  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals, 

when  as  many  or  fewer,  opposite  them.    Ovary  superior,  compound.    Ovules 

pendulous,  with  the  raphe  away  from  the  axis  of  the  ovary,  or  erect  or 

ascending. 

Ovary  mostly  1-celled  ;  plants  with  resin-bearing  tissues.  1.  Anacardiaceae. 

Ovary   2-several-celled. 

Leaves  simple,  pinnately  veined. 

Ovule  1  in  each  ovary-cavity.  2.  Ilicaceae. 

Ovules  2  or  more  in  each  ovary-cavity. 

Flowers  with  a  disk  and  petals.  3.  Celastraceae. 

Disk  obsolete  :  corolla  wanting.  4.  Dodonaeaceae. 

Leaves  compound  :  fruit  various. 

Flowers  regular.  5.  Sapindaceae. 

Flowers  irregular.  6.  Melianthaceae. 

Family  1.     ANACARDIACEAE  Lindl. 

Sumac  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  acrid  resinous  or  milky  sap,  alternate  or  rarely 
opposite  leaves,  and  polygamo-dioecious  or  perfect,  mainly  regular  flowers. 
Calyx  3-7-cleft.  Petals  of  the  same  number,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  or 
rarely  none.  Disk  generally  annular.  Stamens  as  many  or  twice  as  many 
as  the  petals,  rarely  fewer,  or  more,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk;  fila- 
ments separate;  anthers  commonly  versatile.  Ovary  in  the  staminate 
flowers  1-celled.  Ovary  in  the  pistillate  flowers  1-  or  sometimes  4-5-eelled ; 
styles  1-3;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  generally  a  small  drupe.  Seed- 
coat  bony  or  erustaceous;  endosperm  little  or  none;  cotyledons  fleshy. 
About  60  genera  and  500  species,  most  abundant  in  warm  or  tropical 
regions,  a  few  extending  into  the  temperate  zones. 


ANACARDIACEAE. 


221 


1.  TOXICODENDRON  [Tourn.]  Mill. 
Trees,  shrubs,  or  vines,  poisonous  to  the  touch,  "uith  3-foliolate  or  pinnate 
leaves,  and  axillary  panicles  of  small  greenish  or  white,  polygamous  flowers. 
Calyx  5-cleft.  Petals  and  stamens  5.  Ovary  1-ovuled.  Drupes  glabrous,  or 
sparingly  pubescent,  the  stone  striate.  [Greek,  poison-tree.]  About  20 
species,  of  North  America  and  Asia.     Type  species:   Ehus  Toxicodendron  L. 

1.  Toxicodendron  radi- 
cans  (L.)  Kuntze.  Poison 
Ivy.  Poison  Oak.  (Fig. 
246.)  A  woody  vine,  climb- 
ing by  aerial  rootlets,  or 
shrubby.  Leaves  petioled ; 
leaflets  ovate  or  rhombic,  V- 
4'  long,  entire  or  sparingly 
dentate  or  sinuate,  acute  or 
short-acuminate,  the  lateral 
sessile  or  short-stalked,  in- 
equilateral, the  terminal 
ones  stalked;  flowers  green, 
Ih"  broad,  in  loose  axillary 
panicles.  [Blius  radicans 
L. ;  Bhiis  Blodgettii  Kear- 
ney; E.  Toxicodendron  of 
Michaux,  Jones,  Reade,  Le- 
froy,  Hemsley  and  H.  B. 
Small.] 

Frequent  on  hillsides  and 
on  the  borders  of  marshes. 
Native.  Eastern  United  States. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer. This  plant  is  the  only 
wild  species  of  Bermuda  at  all 
poisonous  to  the  touch  ;  many 
people  are  not  affected  by  it, 
while  others  may  be  seriously 
inconvenienced. 

Manglfera  indica  L.,  Mango,  Asiatic,  a  tree  with  simple  long  lanceolate 
entire  leaves,  and  yellow  edible  ovoid  somewhat  flattened  fruit  '2'-4'  long 
with  a  large  fibrous-coated  stone,  is  frequently  planted,  but  no  considerable 
amount  of  fruit  is  produced  in  Bermuda,  although  a  few  trees  bear  abun- 
dantly. It  is  native  of  the  East  Indies  and  widely  naturalized  in  tropical 
America.     The  STiiall  greenish  flowers  are  borne  in  large  terminal  panicles. 

Sehinus  molle  L..  Pepper-tree,  Spanish  Pepper,  South  American,  a 
small  tree  with  pinnate  leaves  of  many  lanceolate  acute  entire  leaflets  l'-2' 
long,  small  greenish  dioecious  flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  the  pistillate  trees 
bearing  panicles  of  smooth  shining  globular  drupes  about  4"  in  diameter,  is- 
occasionally  planted;   it  has  become  naturalized  in  California  and  in  Mexico. 

Rhus  incisa  L.  f..  Cut-leaved  Sumac,  South  African,  introduced  at  Mt. 
Langton  by  Lefroy  prior  to  1874.  is  a  low  shrub  with  pinnatifid  leaflets  1' 
long  or  less,  the  panicles  of  small  flowers  den:-ely  tomentose. 

Rhus  juglandifolia  H.B.K.,  Walnut-leaved  Sumac,  South  American, 
also  brought  to  Mt.  Langton  by  Lefroy,  disappeared  prior  to  1901. 

Spondias  purpurea  L.,  Spanish  Plum,  tropical  American,  is  a  tree  with 
alternate  pinnate  leaves  of  7-2.3  obovate,  or  oblong,  entire  or  shallowly  toothed 
leaflets  about  1'  long,  small,  greenish  flowers  in  mostly  lateral  panicles,  the 
purple,  obovoid  fruits  l'-2'  long.  A  tree  on  the  Chapman  Estate,  St. 
George's,  observed  in  1913,  was  about  30°  high,  spreading  some  oO°. 


222 


ANACARDIACEAE. 


Spondias  Mombin  L.,  Hog  Plum,  West  Indian,  a  large  or  middle-sized 
tree,  rough-barked  when  old,  the  alternate  pinnate  leaves  of  7-17  ovate  or 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  leallets  2'-4'  long,  the  small,  yellowish-white 
flowers  in  large  terminal  panicles,  the  fruit  a  yellow  ovoid  large-stoned  drupe 
l'-2'  long,  is  occasionally  planted.      [S.  Ivtea  L.] 

Anacardium  occidentale  L.,  Cashew-nut,  of  Tropical  America,  recorded 
by  Jones  in  1873  as  grown  in  Bermuda,  is  not  mentioned  by  other  authors. 
It  is  a  tree  up  to  25°  high,  with  spreading  branches,  obovate  or  elliptic, 
simple,  entire,  petioled  leaves  4'-6'  long,  panicled  small  greenish  flowers,  and 
leathery  fruits,  deeply  notched,  about  1'  long,  on  greatly  enlarged  pedicels. 

Family  2.     ILICACEAE  Lowe. 
Holly  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  watery  sap,  and  alternate  petioled  simple  leaves. 
Flowers  axillary,  small,  white,  mainly .  polygamo-dio€cious,  regular.  Stip- 
ules minute  and  deciduous,  or  none.  Calyx  3-6-parted,  genei'ally  persistent. 
Petals  4—6  (rarely  more),  separate,  or  slightly  united  at  the  base,  hypogy- 
nous,  deciduous,  imbricated.  Stamens  hypog^mous,  as  many  as  the  petals, 
or  sometimes  more;  anthers  oblong,  cordate.  Disk  none.  Ovary  1, 
superior,  3-several-celled ;  stigma  discoid  or  capitate;  style  short  or  none; 
ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  small  berry-like  drupe,  enclosing 
several  nutlets.      Seed  pendulous ;   endosperm  fleshy ;   embryo   straight. 

Three  genera  and  about  300  species,  of  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 

1.     ILEX  L. 

Leaves  minutely  stipulate.  Flowers  cymose  or  solitary,  perfect  or  polyg- 
amous. Calyx  small,  4-5-cleft  or  4-5-toothed.  Petals  4-9,  somewhat  united  at 
the  base,  oblong,  obtuse.  Stamens  of  the  same  number,  adnate  to  the  base 
of  the  corolla.     Berry-like  drupe  globose,  with  4-8  bony  or  crustaceous  nutlets. 

[Ancient  name  of  the  Holly  Oak.] 
About  280  species,  mostly  of  America. 
Type  species:   Ilex  Aquifolium  L. 

1.  Ilex  vomitoria  Ait.  Cassexa. 
Yaupon.  Holly.  Box.  South  Sea 
Tea.  (Fig.  247.)  A  shrub,  or  small 
tree  up  to  20°  high,  the  bark  smooth. 
Petioles  and  young  twigs  puberulent; 
leaves  ovate-oblong  or  elliptic,  ever- 
green, *'-lA'  long,  4"-9"  wide,  ob- 
tuse at  both  ends,  crenate,  glabrous, 
pale  beneath,  dark  green  above; 
petioles  l"-2"  long;  staminate  cymes 
several-flowered,  short-peduncled;  fer- 
tile Cannes  sessile,  1-3-flowered;  drupe 
red,  2"-3"  in  diameter.  [Ilex  Cassine 
of  Lefroy,  H.  B.  Small  and  Verrill.] 

Hillsides  and  borders  of  marshes, 
especially  in  the  central  parishes.  Nat- 
uralized. Native  of  the  southeastern 
United  States.  Recorded  as  introduced 
from  Virginia  in  the  18th  century. 
Used  for  decorations  at  holiday  time. 

Ilex  Aquifolium  L.,  European  or  English  Holly,  with  evergreen  ovate 
spiny-serrate  leaves  and  red  fruit,  was  in  a  garden  at  St.  George  's  about  1875. 


CELASTRACEAE. 


223 


Family  3.     CELASTRACEAE.  Lindl. 

Staff-Tree  Family. 

Trees  or  .shrubs,  often  climbing.  Leaves  simple.  Stipules,  when  pres- 
ent, small  and  caducous.  Flowers  regular,  generally  perfect,  small.  Pedi- 
cels commonl}^  jointed.  Calyx  4— 5-lobed  or  -parted,  persistent,  the  lobes 
imbricated.  Petals  4  or  5,  spreading.  Stamens  inserted  on  or  under  the 
disk.  Disk  flat  or  lobed.  Ovary  sessile,  mostly  3-5-celled;  style  short, 
thick;  stigma  entire  or  3-5-lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  anatropous. 
Fruit  various.  Seeds  arilled;  embryo  large;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  About 
45  genera,  and  375  species,  widely  distributed. 

Flowers  5-parted  ;  ovary-cells  2-ovuled.' 
Flowers  mostly  4-parted  ;  ovary-cells  1-ovuled. 


1.  Elaeodcndron. 

2.  Rhacoinu. 


1.  ELAEODENDRON  Jacq.  f. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  or  alternate  coriaceous  leaves,  the  very 
small  stipules  caducous,  and  small,  often  dioecious  greenish  or  white  flowers  in 
small  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  5-parted.  Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  5.  in- 
serted under  the  disk;  filaments  short;  anthers  globose.  Ovary  adnate  to  the 
disk,  2-5-celled;  style  short;  stigma  2-5-lobed;  ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity. 
Fruit  a  rather  large  drupe.  [Greek,  Olive-wood,  the  fruit  resembles  an  olive.] 
About  35  species,  natives  of  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Elaeodendron 
orientale  Jacq. 

1.  Elaeodendron  Lanea- 
num  A.  H.  Moore.  Bermuda 
Olive-wood  Bark.  (Fig.  248.) 
An  evergreen  tree  up  to  45° 
high,  the  usually  short  trunk 
sometimes  20°  high,  and  up  to 
20'  in  diameter,  main  branches 
nearly  erect;  twigs  very 
densely  leafy;  outline  of  the 
tree  ovate  when  isolated  and 
bearing  branches  to  the 
ground.  Leaves  erect-ascend- 
ing, nearly  equally  dark  green 
on  both  sides,  somewhat  con- 
vex, thick  and  firm,  some- 
what shining  above,  dull  be- 
neath, oblanceolate,  2i'-4' 
long,  1^'  wide  or  less,  acute 
at  apex,  cuneate  at  base,  mid- 
vein  impressed  above,  promi- 
nent beneath;  veins  diverging 
at  about  45°  from  the  mid- 
vein,  and  6  to  9  on  each  side,  ultimate  venation  obscure,  delicately  reticu- 
lated; margin  of  leaf  horny,  distantly  low-serrate  to  below  the  middle,  the 
teeth  tipped  by  black  conic  prickles  about  V  long;  petioles  rather  stout, 
nearly  terete,  2i"-4"  long;  flowers  clustered  in  the  axils,  dioecious,  about 
3"  broad;  sepals  oval  to  oblong  or  oblong-spatulate,  about  as  long  as 
the  elliptic  petals;  fruits  solitary  or  2-4  together,  stalked,  yellowjsh-white, 
ovoid  to  globose,  shining,  obtuse  and  rounded,  V-V  long,  Y-f,'  thick,  the 
white  flesh  2"-3"  thick,  sweet;  stone  oblong,  bluntly  angled,  pointed  at  earh 
end,  about  twice  as  long  as  thick,  only  one  cavity  seminiferous  in  specimens 
examined;  seed  lenticular,  brown,  about  1"  thick.  \E.  a-j/docarpum  of  Rein, 
Hemsley,  Verrill  and  Lefroy;  E.  xylocarputn  lermudense  Urban.] 


224 


CELASTRACEAE. 


Rocky  hillsides,  frequent  from  Tucker's  Town  to  Joyce's  Dock  and  on  Abbot's 
Cliff.  Native.  Endemic.  Flowers  in  late  winter  and  spring.  The  tree  is  occa- 
sionally planted  for  ornament.  Nearest  related  to  Elaeodendron  attenuatum  A. 
Rich.,  of  the  Bahamas  and  Cuba,  which  has  pale  green  leaves  and  yellow-green  fruit, 
and  from  which  the  Bermuda  plant  probably  originated  through  drifted  fruits.  The 
wood  is  very  dense  and  the  tree  is  of  slow  growth.  Very  few  seedlings  exist,  for  the 
fruits  are  eaten,  presumably  by  rats,  as  fast  as  they  fall.  Its  bark  was  used  for 
tanning  in  the  early  days  of  the  colony.  Seeds  taken  to  New  York  in  1912  germi- 
nated promptly  in  a  greenhouse. 

2.  RHACOMA  L. 
Shrubs  or  low  trees,  with  coriaceous  small  evergreen  leaves,  and  small  per- 
fect greenish  axillary  flowers.  Calyx  4-5-lobed.  Disk  depressed,  4-o-lobed. 
Petals  4  or  5,  inserted  under  the  disk.  Stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary  4-celled; 
stigmas  4;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity  of  the  ovary,  erect.  Drupe  with  a  fleshy 
thin  exoearp  and  a  bony  stone.  [Name  used  by  Pliny  for  some  Old  World 
plant.]     About  12  species  of  warm  and  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  E-hacoma     Crossopetalum     L. 

Rhacoma.  (Fig.  249.)  A  shrub  or 
tree  up  to  25°  high  with  smooth  grey 
bark  and  angular  twigs.  Leaves  oppo- 
site or  whorled,  elliptic  to  oblong  or 
obovate,  short-petioled,  A'-li'  long, 
somewhat  crenate,  glabrous,  acutish  or 
blunt  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
paler  green  beneath  than  above;  flowers 
clustered  in  the  axils;  calyx  ureeolate, 
with  4  obtuse  lobes;  petals  4;  disk  4- 
lobed;  stamens  4,  inserted  between  the 
lobes  of  the  disk;  ovary  4-celled;  drupe 
about  3"  long  slightly  oblique,  red. 
[Myginda   Rhacoma   Sw.] 

Found  by  Lefroy  in  Southampton 
Parish  about  1875.  Not  found  by  subse- 
quent collectors.  Native.  Florida  and  the 
West  Indies.  Fruit  ripe  in  January.  Flow- 
ers presumably  in  spring,  that  being  its 
flowering  time  in  the  Bahamas. 

Euonymus  japonicus.  L.,  Japanese 
Spindle-teee,  an  evergreen  shrub,  4°- 
8°  high,  with  short-petioled,  elliptic  to 
obovate  crenate  obtuse  leaves  l'-2i' 
long,  the  greenish  4-parted  small  flow- 
ers in  forked  cymes,  the  subglobose  cap- 
sules pink,  was  occasional  in  gardens. 

Family  4.  DODONAEACEAE  H.B.K. 
DoDONAEA  Family. 
Shrubs  or  trees,  commonly  sticky  with  a  resinous  excretion.  Leaves  alter- 
nate, simple,  without  stipules.  Flowers  clustered,  polygamous  or  polygamo- 
dioecious.  Sepals  3-5,  nearly  equal.  Corolla  and  disk  wanting.  An- 
droecium  of  5-8  regularly  inserted  stamens;  filaments  distinct;  anthers 
4-angled.  Gynoecium  of  3  or  4  united  carpels,  wholly  superior.  Ovary 
3_4.eelled;  styles  united.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  balf-anatropous,  often 
superposed,  the  upper  one  ascending  and  the  lower  one  pendulous.  Cap- 
sule membranous  or  leathery,  reticulated,  2-6-angled,  the  angles  obtuse,  or 
winged,  opening  septicidally  by  2-6  valves.  Seed  subglobose  or  flattened, 
without  an  aril ;  endosperm  none ;  embryo  spiral.    Only  the  following  genus. 


DODOXAEACEAE. 


225 


1.     DODONAJEVA   [L.]   Jacq. 
Cliaracters  of  the  family,  as  given  above.     [In  honor  of  Rembert  Dodoena, 
1518-1585,  Dutch  herbalist.]     About  50  species,  tropical  and  subtro])ical.    Type 
species:  Dodonaea  viscosa  Jacq. 

1.  Dodonaea  jamaicensis  D€. 
Broom.  Dogwood.  (Fig;  250.)  A 
shrub,  or  sometimes  a  tree  up  to  20° 
high,  the  slender  branches  nearly 
erect,  the  bark  rough  in  irregular 
ridges.  Leaves  linear-oblong'  to  nar- 
rowly oblanceolate,  chartaceous,  shin- 
ing, pinnately  veined,  2'-4'  long,  3"- 
6"  wide,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  attenuate  at  base  into  short 
petioles ;  racemes  short,  few-flowered, 
much  shorter  than  the  leaves;  pedi- 
cels slender,  2"-4"  long;  sepals 
broadly  ovate,  green,  about  IV'  long; 
capsule  6"-8'''  broad,  its  wings  mem- 
branous; seeds  black.  [D.  viscosa  of 
Lefroy,  Jones,  H.  B.  Small,  Verrill 
and  Moore ;  D.  Burmanniana  of  Reade  ; 
D.  viscosa  var.  angustifolia  of  Hems- 
ley;  D.  angustifolia  of  Grisebach.] 

Common  on  hillsides  over  most  of 
the  area.  Native.  Florida,  Cuba,  Ja- 
maica. Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 
The  largest  trees  seen  were  on  the  talus 
of  Abbot's  ClifC,  in  1912,  reaching  a 
height  of  about  20  feet.  This  species  is  not  at  all  characteristic  of  the  sea-side  ; 
D.  viscosa  L.,  for  which  it  has  been  mistaken,  is,  however,  a  halophyte,  widely 
distributed  in  the  West  Indies. 

Family  5.     SAPINDACEAE  R.  Br. 

Soapberry  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  watery  sap,  rarely  herbaceous  vines.  Leaves 
alternate  (opposite  in  one  exotic  genus),  mostly  pinnate  or  palmate,  with- 
out stipules.  Flowers  polygamo-dioecious,  regiilar  or  slightly  irregular. 
Sepals  or  calyx-lobes  4  or  5,  mostly  imbricated.  Petals  3-5.  Disk  fleshy. 
Stamens  5-l5  (rarely  fewer  or  more),  generally  inserted  on  the  disk. 
Ovary  1,  2-4-lobed  or  entire,  2-4-celled;  ovules  1  or  more  in  each  cavity. 
Fruit  various.  Seeds  globose  or  compressed;  embryo  mainly  convolute; 
endosperm  none.  About  125  genera,  including  over  1,000  species,  widely 
distributed  in  tropical  and  warm  regions. 

1.     CARDIOSPERMUM  L. 

Vines,  with  alternate  bipinnate  or  decompound  leaves  and  small  axillary 
tendril-bearing  corymbe  of  slightly  irregular  polygamo-dioecious  flowers. 
Tendrils  2  to  each  corymb,  opposite.  Pedicels  jointed.  Sepals  4.  the  2 
exterior  smaller.  Petals  4,  2  larger  and  2  smaller.  Disk  1-sided,  undulate. 
Stamens  8;  filaments  unequal.  Ovary  3-celled;  style  short,  3-cleft;  ovules  1 
in  each  cavity.  Capsule  inflated,  3-lobed.  Seeds  arilled  at  the  base;  cotyle- 
dons conduplicate.  [Greek,  heart-seed.]  About  15  species,  of  warm  and 
temperate  regions.     Type  species:   Cardiospermum  Halicacahum  L. 

16 


226 


SAPINDACEAE. 


1.  Oardiospermum  micro- 
carpum  H.B.K.  Small-fruited 
Balloon  Vine.  (Fig.  251.)  Climb- 
ing to  a  length  of  5°-10°,  branched 
finely  pubescent,  slender,  the  stem 
grooved.  Leaves  thin,  biternately 
compound,  slender-petioled,  3'-6' 
long  and  about  as  broad  as  long, 
the  ultimate  segments  ovate  to 
lanceolate  in  outline,  coarsely 
lobed,  cleft  or  incised;  peduncles 
slender,  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  corymbs  several-flowered; 
flowers  white,  about  2"  broad,  the 
upper  petals  3  times  as  long  as  the 
sepals;  capsule  subglobose,  3- 
lobed,  pubescent,  veiny,  depressed 
at  the  top,  about  5"  thick.  [C. 
Ealicacahum  of  Reade,  Lefroy 
and   Moore.] 

Common  in  thickets  between 
Castle  Harbor  and  Harrington  Sound, 
occasional  elsewhere.  Native.  Florida 
and  the  West  Indies,  tropical  con- 
tinental America.  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year. 

Cardiospermum  Halicacabum  L.,  Balloon  Vine,  of  tropical  regions, 
planted  for  ornament  and  interest,  has  larger  flowers  and  globose  capsules  1' 
long,  rounded  at  the  top. 

Cardiospermum  grandiflorum  Sw.,  Large-flowered  Balloon-vine,  West 
Indian,  with  flowers  about  5"  wide,  and  oblong  pointed  pods  nearly  2'  long, 
the  thin  leaflets  coarsely  toothed,  is  occasionally  grown  for  ornament  and 
interest. 

Melicocca  "bijuga  L.,  Genip,  Tropical  American,  a  tree  with  evenly  pin- 
nate leaves  of  two  pairs  of  sessile  ovate  pointed  entire  leaflets  2i'-5'  long, 
terminal  panicles  of  small  fragrant  whitish  flowers,  the  calyx  4-parted,  the 
petals  4  and  stamens  8,  the  fruits  fleshy  edible  green  berries  about  1'  in 
diameter,  is  occasionally  planted.  A  tree  at  Dunbarton,  about  40  years  old, 
was  about  30°  high  in  1914,  with  a  trunk-circumference  of  21';  it  had  not 
been  known  to  flower. 

Litchi  Litchi  (Lour.)  Britton,  Lee  chee,  Asiatic,  a  large  tree  with  evenly 
pinnate  leaves  of  3  or  4  pairs  of  oblong  leaflets,  large  panicles  of  small 
apetalous  greenish  partly  dioecious  flowers,  the  pulpy  fruit  about  1'  in 
diameter,  with  a  thin,  rough  shell,  is  commonly  grown  in  parks  and  gardens 
and  bears  delicious  edible  fruit  ripe  in  autumn.  [Nephelium  Litclii  Camb.; 
Dimocarpiis  Litchi  Lour.] 

Euphoria  Longana  Lam.,  Longan,  East  Indian,  similar  to  Litclii,  but 
with  petaliferous  flowers  and  smaller  fruit,  was  represented  by  a  young  tree 
at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913.      [Nephelium  Longana  Camb.] 

Sapindus  Saponaria  L.,  Soapberry,  West  Indian,  a  fine  tree  with  pinnate 
leaves,  the  rachis  often  wing-margined,  the  lanceolate,  falcate  leaflets  2  to  4  pairs, 
the  globose  fruit  V  in  diameter,  its  pulp  saponifying,  has  been  grown  success- 
fully in  gardens,  flowering  in  late  autumn  or  winter.  According  to  J.  M. 
Jones  trees  formerly  grew  in  Bermuda  from  drifted  fruits.  Lefroy  records 
the  planting  of  Sapindus  longifolius  Vahl,  at  Mt.  Langton. 

Blighia  sapida  Korn.,  Akee,  West  African,  a  large  tree  with  pinnate 
leaves  of  3  or  4  pairs  of  oblong  short-stalked  entire  leaflets  21'-4'  long,  the 


SAPINDACEAE.  227 

small  white  flowers  in  piiberulent  axillary  panicles,  with  5  petals  and  8  stamens, 
the  fruit  a  fleshy  capsule  3'-4'  long,  bluntly  3-angled,  splitting  and  exposing 
the  black  seeds  which  have  a  white,  edible  aril,  is  occasionally  planted.  A 
tree  about  30°  high  was  seen  at  Bellevue  in  1913.  Eeade  erroneously  classed 
this  tree  in  the  Myrtle  Family. 

Cupania  paniculata  Camb.,  Panicled  Cupaxia,  South  American,  a  tomen- 
tose  shrub,  with  evenly  pinnate  leaves  of  3-5  pairs  of  oval,  dentate  leaflets, 
panicled,  axillary  flowers,  the  fruit  3-lobed  capsules,  was  represented  by  a 
single  tree  at  Spanish  Point  about  1875,  as  recorded  by  Lefroy.  \C.  fulva 
Mart.] 

Koelreuteria  paniculata  Laxm.,  Varnish-tree,  Chinese,  a  tree  up  to  30° 
high,  with  deciduous  pinnate  leaves  of  9-15  ovate,  toothed  leaflets,  panicled 
yellow  flowers,  and  large  bladdery  pods,  is  listed  by  Lefroy,  as  observed  by 
him  somewhere  in  Bermuda,  but  no  tree  has  been  seen  there  by  me.  It  is 
unlikely  that  it  would  thrive,  as  it  grows  luxuriantly  only  in  regions  subject 
to  frost  during  the  winter.     Verrill  states  that  it  is  not  common. 

Aesculus  Hippocastanum  L.,  Horsechestnut,  Asiatic,  a  large  tree  with 
opposite  digitately  compound  leaves,  large  clusters  of  white  mottled  flowers, 
the  spiny  fruit  enclosing  one  or  two  large  shining  seeds,  is  mentioned  by 
Reade,  but  does  not  appear  to  be  represented  now  in  Bermuda.  It  belongs  to 
the  related  family  Aesculaceae.  The  record  by  Lefroy  of  a  Pavia  in  a  Hamil- 
ton garden,  has  not  been  verified. 

Acer  palmatum  Thunb.,  Japanese  Maple,  Japanese,  a  small  tree  of  the 
related  family  Aceraceae,  was  represented  by  a  plant  at  Bellevue  in  1914, 
which  was  not  vigorous.  The  leaves  of  this  species  are  very  deeply,  palmately 
cleft  into  5-9  lanceolate,  serrate,  acuminate  lobes,  and  its  fruit,  like  that  of 
other  maples,  is  of  2  samaras  joined  at  the  base. 

Acer  Negundo  L.,  Ash-leaved  Maple,  North  American,  a  species  with 
pinnate  leaves,  was  observed  as  a  young  potted  plant  with  variegated  foliage, 
at  Mount  Hope,  in  1914.  This  variegated  race  is  widely  planted  for  orna- 
ment in  Europe. 

Family  6.     MELIANTHACEAE  Endl. 

Honey-flower  Faisiily. 

Trees  or  shnibs  with  alternate,  stipulate,  unevenly  pinnate  leaves  and 
irregular  flowers  in  terminal  or  lateral  racemes.  Calyx  r)-parted  or  5-rleft, 
the  segments  imbricated.  Petals  5,  veiy  unequal,  or  only  4.  Disk  thick- 
ened. Stamens  4.  Ovary  mostly  4-eelled;  style  slender,  curved.  Fruit  a 
4-celled  capsule.     Two  genera,  ^vith  about  10  species,  natives  of  Africa. 

Melianthus  major  L.,  Honey-flower,  South  African,  occasionally  grown 
for  ornament  and  interest,  is  a  glabrous  shrub  up  to  10°  in  height,  with 
leaves  8'-15'  long,  the  connate  pointed  clasping  stipules  l'-2'  long,  the  9  or 
11  oblong, ^coarsely  serrate,  sessile  leaflets  2-4'  long,  the  reddish-brown  flowers 
about  V  broad  in  dense  racemes  often  1°  long,  the  papery  4-lobed  capsules 
V-IV  long,  with  2  shining,  black  seeds  in  each  cavity.  It  is  sometimes  called 
Sumac,  erroneously. 

Order  20.  RHAMNALES. 
Shrubs,  vines,  or  small  trees,  wath  nearly  always  alternate  leaves. 
Flowers  small,  regular.  Sepals  mostly  more  or  less  united.  Petals  dis- 
tinct or  wanting.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals  or  calyx-lobes,  and  alter- 
nate with  them,  opposite  the  petals' when  these  are  present.  Ovar\'  com- 
pound, superior;  ovules  erect. 


228  RHAMNACEAE. 

Shrubs,  small  trees,  or  vines ;  petals  4  or  5,  or  none ;  fruit  a  drupe  or  capsule. 

Fam.    1.    RHAMNACEAE. 

Vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  rarely  shrubs ;  petals  caducous ; 

fruit  a  berry.  Fam.  2.   Vitaceae.. 

Family  1.     RHAMNACEAE  Diimort. 

Buckthorn  Family. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs,  or  small  trees,  often  thorny.  Leaves  sim- 
ple, stipulate,  mainly  alternate,  often  3-5-nerved.  Stipules  small,  decidu- 
ous. Inflorescence  commonly  of  cymes  or  panicles.  Flowers  small,  reg- 
ular, perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx-limb  4-5-toothed.  Petals  4^5,  inserted 
on  the  calyx,  or  none.  Stamens  4-5,  inserted  with  the  petals  and  opposite 
them;  anthers  short,  versatile.  Disk  fleshy.  Ovary  sessile,  free  from  or 
immersed  in  +he  disk,  2-5-  (often  3-)  celled;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  anat- 
ropous.  Fruit  often  3-celled.  Seeds  solitary  in  the  cavities,  erect;  endo- 
sperm fleshy,  rarely  none;  embryo  large;  cotyledons  flat.  About  50  genera 
and  600  species,  of  temperate  and  warm  regions. 

Colubrina  asiatica  Brongn.,  an  Asiatic  shrub  6°-10°  high,  with  slender 
branches,  ovate  dentate  acuminate  leaves,  and  small  axillary  clusters  of 
greenish  flowers  followed  by  globose  fruits,  was  found  prior  to  1879  on  St. 
David's  Island,  according  to  Lefroy;  it  has  not  been  seen  there  recently. 

Under  the  name  Phylica  odorata  Cass.,  Lefroy  records  a  plant  identified 
in  1873,  without  record  of  locality;  this  is  not  a  published  species,  and  I  am 
unable  to  determine  what  he  had  in  mind. 

A  species  of  Ceanothus,  presumably  from  California,  was  growing  well  at 
Wood  Haven  in  1914. 

Family  2.     VITACEAE  Lindl. 

Grape  Family. 

Climbing  or  erect  shrubs,  with  copious  watery  sap,  nodose  joints, 
alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  small  regular  greenish  perfect  or  polygamo- 
dioecious  flowers,  in  panicles,  racemes  or  cymes.  Calyx  entire  or  4—5- 
toothed.  Petals  4-5,  separate  or  coherent,  valvate,  caducous.  Filaments 
subulate,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  disk  or  between  its  lobes;  disk  some- 
times obsolete  or  wanting;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  1,  generally  immersed 
in  the  disk,  2-6-celled;  ovules  1-2  in  each  cavity,  ascending,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  1-6-celled  berry  (commonly  2-c3lled).  Seeds  erect;  testa  bony; 
raphe  generally  distinct ;  endosperm  cartilaginous ;  embryo  short.  About 
10  genera  and  over  500  species,  widely  distributed. 

Hypogynous  disk  of  the  flower  cup-shaped  ;   leaves  1-3-foliolate.     1.  Cissiis. 
Hypogynous  disk  none  ;  leaves  digitately  5-7-foliolate.  2.  Parthenocissus. 

1.    cissus  L. 

Mostly  climbing  vines  with  fleshy  foliage.  Leaves  1-3-foliolate  or  simple, 
when  compound  the  leaflets  commonly  separating  in  drying.  Flowers  mostly 
perfect.  Petals  usually  4,  spreading.  Disk  cup-shaped,  adnate  to  the  base 
of  the  ovary,  mostly  4-lobed.  [Greek,  ivy.]  A  large  genus  of  over  225 
species,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:   Cissus  vitaginea  L. 


VITACEAE. 


229 


1.  Cissus  sicyoides  L.  West 
Indian  Cissus.  (Fig.  252.)  A 
pubescent  high-climbing  vine,  with 
striate  branches.  Leaves  fleshy, 
simple,  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  1'- 
4'  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  dis- 
tantly serrate  with  bristle-tipped 
teeth,  truncate  or  cordate  at  the 
base;  petioles  ^'-ll'  long;  flower- 
clusters  umbel-like,  peduncled ;  ber- 
ries subglobose,  about  5"  in  diam- 
eter, black;  seeds  solitary,  2"-2^" 
long,  acute  at  the  base. 

Paget  Marsh,  1905  ;  Par-la-Ville, 
Hamilton,  1912.  Native.  Florida, 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continen- 
tal America.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn.  Its  seeds  presumably 
brought  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 

Cissus  discolor  Bl.,  Mottled 
Cissus,  Asiatic,  an  interesting  and 
beautiful  climber  with  ovate  mot- 
tled leaves,  is  occasional  in  gardens. 


2.     PARTHENOCISSUS  Planch. 

Woody  vines,  the  tendrils  often  tipped  with  adhering  expansions  (disks), 
or  sometimes  merely  coiling,  our  species  with  digitately  compound  leaves. 
Flowers  perfect,  or  polygamo-monoecious,  in  compound  cymes  or  panicles. 
Petals  5,  spreading.  Stamens  5.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity; 
style  short,  thick.  Berry  1-4-seeded,  the  flesh  thin,  not  edible.  About  10 
species,  natives  of  North  America  and  Asia,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Parthenocissus  quinquefo- 
lia  (L.)  Planch.  ViivGIXIa  Creeper. 
American  Ivy.  (Fig.  253.)  Ten- 
drils usually  numerous,  and  pro- 
vided with  terminal  adhering  ex- 
pansions, the  vine  sometimes  sup- 
ported also  by  aerial  roots;  leaflets 
oval,  elliptic,  or  oblong-lanceolate. 
2'-6'  long,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
coarsely  toothed,  at  least  above 
the  middle,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
pubescent;  panicles  ample,  erect 
or  spreading  in  fruit ;  berries  blue, 
about  5"  in  diameter;  peduncles 
and  pedicels  red.  [Jlcdera  quin- 
qucfoJia  L. ;  Ampelopsis  quinquc- 
folia  Michx.] 

Rocky  thickets  between  Castle 
Ilnrhor  and  Harrington  Sound,  and 
locally  elsewhere  on  walls  and  fences. 
Now  nowhere  abundant  in  Bernuida, 
l)ecause  much  collected  under  the 
name  S.vhsaparill.v.  Native.  East- 
ern North  America.  Bahamas  and 
Cuba.  Lefrov's  record  of  Awprlopsii 
tridnttato,  copied  by  II.  B.  Small,  is 
obscure,  as  there  appears  to  be  no 
species    published    under    that    name. 


230  VITACEAE. 

Parthenocissus  tricuspidata  (Sieb.  &  Zucc.)  Plancli.,  Japanese  or  Bos- 
ton Ivy,  of  eastern  Asia,  climbs  tigli  on  walls  by  short  disc-bearing  tendrils; 
its  shining,  cordate,  glabrous  leaves  are  2'-5'  broad,  variously  3-lobed  and 
toothed,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate;  its  small  green  flowers  are  in  short  clus- 
ters.    [Ampelopsis  tricuspidata  Sieb.  &  Zucc;  Ampelopsis  Veitchii  MacNab.] 

Vitis  vinifera  L,,  European  Grape,  European,  is  commonly  planted,  and 
grapes  of  good  quality  are  produced.  Its  leaves  are  nearly  or  quite  glabrous 
on  both  sides.     The  vine  was  brought  to  Bermuda  as  early  as  1616. 

Vitis  Labrusca  L.,  in  the  derivative  races  Concord  and  others,  North 
American,  is  also  commonly  planted  and  fruits  abundantly.  Its  leaves  are 
whitish-wooly  beneath. 

Order  21.     MALVALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple,  mostly  alternate  leaves.  Flowers 
regular,  usually  perfect.  Sepals  separate,  or  more  or  less  united,  valvate. 
Petals  separate,  very  rarely  wanting.  Stamens  usually  numerous.  Ovary 
superior,  compound,  the  placentae  united  in  its  axis.  Disk  inconspicuous 
or  none. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  or  more. 

Stamens  in  several  sets ;  anthers  2-celled  ;  embryo  straight. 

Fam.   1.  TiLiACEAE. 
Stamens     monadelphous ;     anthers      1-celled ;      embryo 
curved. 
Style  branches  as  many   or  twice   as   many  as   the 

carpels  or  ovary-cavities.  Fam.  2.  Malvaceae. 

Style    entire,    or   merely    lobed.  Fam.   3.   Bombacaceae. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  sepals.  Fam.  4.   Sterculiaceae. 

Family  1.     TILIACEAE  Juss. 

Linden  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  herbs,  with  alternate  (rarely  opposite)  simple  leaves, 
mostly  small  and  deciduous  stipules,  and  generally  eymose  or  paniculate 
flowers.  Sepals  5,  rarely  3  or  4,  valvate,  deciduous.  Petals  of  the  same 
number,  or  fewer,  or  none,  mostly  imbricated  in  the  bud.  Stamens  °c, 
mostly  5-10-adelphous.  Ovary  1,  sessile,  2-10-celled;  ovules  anatropous. 
Fruit  1-10-celled,  drupaceous,  dry,  or  baccate.  Cotyledons  ovate  or  orbic- 
ular; endosperm  fleshy,  rarely  wanting.  About  35  genera  and  275  species, 
widely  distributed. 

1.  TRIUMTETTA  [Plumier]  L. 
Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  entire,  toothed  or  3-5-lobed.  Flowers 
perfect,  in  panicled  cymules,  axillary  or  opposite  the  leaves.  Sepals  5,  nar- 
row, often  mucronate.  Petals  yellow,  5,  convolute,  with  a  pit  at  the  base,  or 
wanting.  Stamens  numerous  or  rarely  only  twice  as  many  as  the  sepals,  in- 
serted on  an  elongated  receptacle  above  5  glands;  filaments  filiform,  unequal; 
anthers  introrse.  Ovary  2-5-celled,  in  the  cup-shaped  top  of  the  receptacle; 
stigma  2-5-lobed.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  subglobose,  echinate, 
commonly  separable  into  2-5  carpels.  Seeds  solitary  or  2  in  each  cavity. 
Embryo  with  flat,  entire  cotyledons.  [In  honor  of  G.  B.  Triumfetti  an  Italian 
botanist.]  About  70  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions.  Type 
species:    Triumfetta  Lappula  L. 


TILIACEAE. 


231 


Petals  present,  cuneate-spatulate. 
Petals  none. 

1.  Triumfetta  semitriloba  Jacq. 
Burr  Bush.  (Fig.  254.)  Annual,  stel- 
late-tomentulose.  Stems  2i°-4°  tall, 
branched;  leaves  ovate,  rhombic  or  sub- 
orbicular  in  outline,  l'-4'  long,  serrate, 
angulate  or  often  3-lobed,  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  base;  petioles  as  long  as 
the  blades  or  shorter;  panicles  narrow, 
elongated;  sepals  lanceolate,  about  3" 
long,  appendaged  below  the  apex;  petals 
cuneate-spatulate,  slightly  pubescent  at 
the  base;  stamens  often  15;  fruit  about 
2A"  in  diameter,  '2-celled,  copiously 
prickly,  the  prickles  about  as  long  as  the 
diameter  of  the  body,  hooked  at  the 
apex.     [T.  althaeoides  Lam.] 

Hillsides  and  waste  grounds.  Native. 
Florida,  West  Indies,  continental  tropical 
America.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
Hemsley  remarks  that  it  is  called  "  Box 
Bush." 


1.  T.  semitriloba. 

2.  T.  Lappula. 


2.  Triumfetta  Lappula  L.  Apetalous 
Burr  Bush.  (Fig.  255.)  Similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  stellate-tomentulose,  2°- 
5°  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate  to  subor- 
bicular,  serrate,  sometimes  lobed;  flowers 
in  narrow  panicles;  petals  none;  stamens 
described  as  10;  fruit  subglobose,  the 
prickles  about  equalling  its  diameter. 

Bermuda  is  the  type  locality  of  this  species, 
cited  by  Linnaeus  from  Plukenet's  "  Alma- 
gestum  Botanicum  "  of  IGOl,  and  Ilemsley 
states  that  this  specimen  is  preserved  in  the 
Sloane  Herbarium.  It  is  listed  by  Lefroy,  and, 
according  to  Ilemsley,  was  collected  in  Ber- 
muda by  Moseley  and  by  Lefroy.  but  It  has 
not   been   found    by   subsequent    collectors. 


Berrya  Ammonilla  Roxb.,  Trincomali  Wood,  East  In<lian,  a  large  tree, 
with  durable  wood,  broadly  ovate  entire  cordate  long-petioled  leaves  4-8' 
long,  small  panicled  flowers  with  5  spatulate  petals,  the  fruit  3-4-valved,  each 
valve  with  2  thin  wings  nearly  1'  long,  is  recorded  by  Jones  as  grown  in 
Bermuda  in  1873. 


232  MALVACEAE. 

Family  2.    MALVACEAE  Neck. 

Mallow  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  (sometimes  trees  in  tropical  regions),  with  alternate 
leaves.  Stii3ules  small,  deciduous.  Flowers  regular,  usually  perfect,  often 
large.  Sepals  5  (rarely  3  or  4),  more  or  less  united,  usually  valvate;  calyx 
often  bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  convolute.  Stamens  °o, 
hypogynous,  forming  a  central  colamn  around  the  pistil,  united  with  the 
bases  of  the  petals;  anthers  1-celled.  Ovary  several-celled;  styles  united 
below,  distinct  above,  and  generally  projecting  beyond  the  stamen-column, 
mostly  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary.  Fruit  capsular  (rarely  a 
berry),  several-celled,  or  the  carpels  falling  away  entire,  or  loculicidally 
dehiscent.  Seeds  reniform,  globose  or  obovoid;  embryo  cun^ed;  cotyledons 
large,  plicate  or  conduplicate.  About  45  genera  and  900  species,  widely 
distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions  both  of  the  Old  World  and 
the  New.     Many  jolants  of  the  family  are  mucilaginous. 

Fruit  of  several  radially  arranged  carpels,  separating  from  each  other  when  ripe. 
Carpels  as  many  as  the  stigmas. 
Carpels  2-several-seeded. 

Carpels  1-celled  ;  involucel  none.  1.  Ahutilon. 

Carpels  2-celled  ;   involucel   of  3  bractlets.  2.  Modiola. 

Carpels  1-seeded. 

Stigmas   decurrent  on   the  styles.  3.  Malva. 

Stigmas  terminal,   capitate. 

Involucel  of  2  or  3  bractlets.  4.  Malvastrum. 

Involucel  none.  5.  Sida. 

Carpels  half  as  many  as  the  stigmas,  spiny.  6.  Pavonia. 

Fruit   a  capsule,   or   indehiscent. 

Styles  distinct ;   capsules  dehiscent. 

Capsule-cavities    1-seeded.  7.  Kosteletzkya. 

Capsule-cavities  2-many-seeded. 

Herbs  ;  or  shrubs  :  involucel-bracts  distinct.  8.  Hibiscus. 

Trees  ;  involucel  8-10-toothed.  9.  Pariti. 

Styles  united;  fruit  indehiscent.  10.   Thespesia. 


1.     ABUTTLON   [Tourn.]   Mill. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  sometimes  trees  in  tropical  countries,  mostly  soft- 
pubeseent,  with  cordate  angular  or  lobed  leaves  and  axillary  flowers.  Involu- 
cels  none.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-oo,  3-9-ovuled.  Style- 
branches  the  same  number  as  the  ovary -cavities,  stigmatic  at  the  apex;  carpels 
2-valved,  often  rostrate,  falling  away  from  the  axis  at  maturity.  Seeds  reni- 
form, the  upper  ascending,  the  lower  pendulous  or  horizontal.  [Name  given 
by  the  celebrated  Arabian  physician  Avicenna  (Ibn  Sina),  died  1037.]  About 
100  species,  natives  of  warm  and  tropical  regions,  the  following  typical.  The 
genus  contains  a  number  of  ornamental  species,  grown  for  their  flowers.  The 
following  naturalized  species  is  a  tall  coarse  weed. 


MALVACEAE. 


233 


1.  Abutilon  AbutUon  (L.) 
Rusby.  Velvet  Leaf.  Indian 
Mallow.  (Fig.  256.)  Annual, 
stout,  3°-7°  high,  densely  velvety- 
pubescent.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
cordate,  ovate-orbicular,  4'-12' 
wide,  dentate,  or  nearly  entire, 
acuminate,  the  point  blunt;  flow- 
ers yellow,  about  10"  broad;  pe- 
duncles shorter  than  the  petioles; 
head  of  fruit  10''  in  diameter  or 
more;  carpels  12-15,  pubescent, 
dehiscent  at  the  apex,  each  valve 
beaked  by  a  slender  awn.  [Sida 
AbutUon  L. ;  AbutUon  Avicennae 
Gaertn.] 

Cultivated  ground.  Abundant 
near  Spanish  Point  in  1909  and 
1913,  occasional  elsewhiere.  Natur- 
alized. Native  of  southern  Asia. 
^yidely  naturalized  as  a  weed  in  the 
United  States.  Flowers  in  summer 
and  autumn. 


Abutilon  striatum  Dicks.,  Garden  Abutilon,  Brazilian,  is  a  tall  slender 
nearly  glabrous  shrvib  with  slender-petioled,  nearly  orbicular,  sharply  3-5-lobed, 
dentate,  cordate  leaves  3-5'  broad,  and  drooping  long-peduncled  red  orange 
red-veined  flowers  about  IV  long.  Lefroy  records  it  as  common  in  gardens  at 
his  time,  but  it  is  not  much  grown  now.  Several  different  races  and  hybrids- 
are  in  cultivation. 


2.     MODIOLA  Moench. 

Prostrate  or  ascending  herbs,  with  palmately  cleft  or  divided  loaves,  and 
small  axillary  peduncled  red  flowers.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  3,  distinct. 
Calyx  5-cleft.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  oo,  2-3-ovuled.  Style-branches  stigmatic 
at  the  summit ;  carpels  5-20,  septate  between  the  seeds,  dehiscent  into  2  valves 
with  awn-pointed  tips,  and  aristate  on  the  back.  [Latin,  from  the  likeness  of 
the  fruit  to  the  small  Roman  measure,  modiolus.]  A  monotypic  American 
genus. 


234 


MALVACEAE. 


1.  Modiola  caroliniana  (L.)  G. 
Don.  Bristly-fruited  Mallow.  (Fig. 
257.)  Annual  or  biennial,  more  or  less 
pubescent;  stems  6'-2°  long.  Leaves 
nearly  orbicular,  i'-^V  wide,  petioled, 
3-o-cleft,  the  lobes  dentate  or  incised, 
or  sometimes  simply  dentate;  flowers 
3"-5"  broad,  red;  peduncles  at  length 
elongated ;  fruit  depressed-orbicular, 
the  carpels  bristly.  [Malva  caroliniana 
L. ;  Modiola  multifida  Moench.] 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Intro- 
duced. Native  of  tropical  and  warm-tem- 
perate America.  Flowers  nearly  through- 
out the  year.  It  is  an  occasional  weed  in 
Bermuda. 


3.  MAIiVA  [Tourn.]  L. 
Pubescent  or  glabrate  herbs,  with  dentate  lobed  or  dissected  leaves,  and 
axillary  or  terminal,  solitary  or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Bractlets  of 
the  involucels  3  (rarely  none).  Petals  5.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  several  or 
numerous,  1-ovuled ;  style-branches  of  the  same  number,  linear,  stigmatic  along 
the  inner  side.  Carpels  arranged  in  a  circle,  beakless,  indehiscent.  Seed 
ascending.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  emollient  leaves.]  About  30  species,  natives 
of  the  Old  World.     Type  species:  Malva  sylvestris  L. 

1.  Malva  parviflora  L.  Small- 
flowered  Mallow.  (Fig.  258.)  An- 
nual, sparingly  pubescent,  branched,  the 
branches  spreading,  ascending  or  nearly 
erect,  6'-18'  long.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
nearly  orbicular  in  outline  or  somewhat 
broader  than  long,  crenate  and  with 
about  7  rounded  lobes,  cordate  at  the 
base,  l'-4'  broad;  flowers  short-pedi- 
celled,  clustered  in  the  axils  of  the 
leaves;  bractlets  linear,  shorter  than  the 
calyx;  calyx  reticulate-veined,  with  5 
triangular  lobes;  petals  small,  pink; 
fruit  nearly  flat,  about  4"  broad,  its 
carpels  reticulated  on  the  back,  pubes- 
cent   or   glabrous.      [M.   pusilla   Smith.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  the  Old 
World.  Naturalized  in  the  United  States. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


MAIiVACEAE. 


236 


Malva  rotundifolia  L.,  the  Low  Mallow,  also  an  Old  World  species,  dif- 
fers in  having  larger  leaves,  and  carpels  pubescent  and  not  reticulated  on  the 
back.  It  has  been  recorded  as  found  in  Bermuda  by  Reade,  by  11.  B.  Small 
and  by  Millspaugh,  but  the  records  probably  refer  to  the  preceding  species. 

Malva  sylvestris  L.,  the  High  Mallow,  European,  an  erect  species  with 
flowers  I'-IV  broad,  the  petals  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  is  recorded  by  Reade 
as  escaped  from  gardens  prior  to  1883,  and  mentioned  by  II.  B.  Small  as 
escaped  and  fairly  naturalized,  has  not  been  seen  by  us  in  Bermuda. 

4.  MALVASTEUM  A.  Gray. 
Herbs,  with  entire,  toothed,  cordate  or  divided  leaves,  and  solitary  or 
racemose,  short-pedicelled  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  5-cleft.  Bractlets  of  the 
involueels  small,  1-3  or  none.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-x,  1-ovuled.  Style- 
branches  of  the  same  number,  stigmatic  at  the  summit  only,  forming  capitate 
stigmas;  carpels  indehiscent  or  imperfectly  2-valved,  falling  away  from  the 
axis  at  maturity,  their  apices  pointed  or  beaked.  Seed  ascending.  [Greek, 
star-mallow.]  About  75  species,  natives  of  America  and  South  Africa.  Type 
species:  Malvastrum  coccineum   (Pursh)   A.  Gray. 


1.  Malvastrum  coromandelianum  (L.) 
Garcke.  False  Mallow.  (Eig.  259.) 
Perennial,  strigose-pubescent,  branched,  1°- 
3°  high.  Leaves  ovate  to  oblong-ovate, 
slender-petioled,  I'-SV  long,  acute,  sharply 
serrate;  flowers  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils, 
on  peduncles  shorter  than  the  petioles;  in- 
volueels of  3  small  bractlets;  calyx-lobes 
triangular,  acute,  longer  than  its  tube ; 
petals  pale  yellow,  somewhat  longer  than 
the  calyx,  obliquely  truncate;  carpels  8-12, 
hirsute  on  top,  with  a  beak  near  the  in- 
flexed  apex  and  2  beaks  on  the  back.  [Malva 
coromandeliana  L. ;  Malvastrum  america- 
num  Torr. ;  Malvastrum  tricuspidatum  A. 
Gray;  Sida  glomerata  of  Hemsley.] 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Introduced. 
Native  of  the  southern  Ignited  States  and  trop- 
ical America.     Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


5.     SIDA  L. 

Herbs,  with  serrate  crenate  or  lobed  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers.  Bractlets 
of  the  involueels  none.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Cavities  of  the  ovary  5-», 
1-ovuled;  style-branches  of  the  same  number,  stigmatic  at  the  summit.  Carpels 
indehiscent,  or  at  length  2-valved  at  the  apex.  Seed  pendulous.  [Greek,  used 
by  Theophrastus.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  the  warmer  parts  of  America, 
Asia,  Africa  and  Australasia.     Type  species:   Sida  aini folia  L. 


Leaves  rhombic  to  oblanceolate  ;  peduncles  elongated. 
Leaves  ovate  to  lanceolate  ;  peduncles  short. 


i*?.  rhomhifoJia. 
S.  carpinifolia. 


236 


MALVACEAE. 


1.  Sida  rhombifolia  L.  Ehombic-leaved 
SlDA.  (Fig.  260.)  Annual,  puberulent  to  gla- 
brate.  Stems  erect,  li-"-^-!"  tall,  branching; 
leaves  rhombic,  elliptic-obovate  or  oblanceolate, 
V-SV  long,  acute  or  obtuse,  serrate  except  near 
the  base,  pubescent  with  pale  hairs  beneath; 
petioles  l^"-'^"  long;  peduncles,  at  least  those 
arising  from  the  stem,  much  longer  than  the 
petioles,  mostly  V-'^V  long;  calyx  puberulent, 
its  tube  finally  5— 10-ribbed,  its  lobes  triangular, 
acuminate,  about  as  long  as  the  tube;  petals 
pale  yellow,  3"-4"  long,  sometimes  blotched 
with  red  at  the  base;  carpels  10  or  12,  subulate- 
beaked. 

Cultivated  land  between  Harrington  Sound 
and  Castle  Harbor.  Introduced.  Native  of  the 
southern  United  States  and  tropical  America. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


2.  Sida  carpinifolia  L.  f.  Hornbeam -leaved 
Sida.  Wire-weed.  (Fig.  261.)  Puberulent  or 
glabrous.  Stems  erect,  l^-S"  tall,  branching; 
leaves  lanceolate,  oblong-ovate  or  ovate,  l'-4'  long, 
acute  or  acuminate,  irregularly  serrate,  obtuse  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles  lA"-4"  long; 
stipules  conspicuous,  narrowly  linear  to  lanceolate, 
surpassing  the  petioles;  peduncles  mostly  shorter 
than  the  pedicels,  V-2>V  long;  calyx  5-10-ribbed, 
its  lobes  triangular,  slightly  acuminate,  about  as 
long  as  the  tube;  petals  yellow  to  white,  3"-6" 
long;  carpels  reticulate-wrinkled,  2-beaked.  {Sida 
spinosa  of  Millspaugh;  S.  antillensis  Urban.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  ground.  Intro- 
duced. Native  of  the  southern  United  States  and 
tropical  America.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Lefroy  remarks  that  this  weed  is  mentioned  in  Ber- 
muda laws  as  early  as  1669.  Both  broad-leaved  and 
narrow-leaved  races  are  found. 


6.     PAVONIA  Cav. 

Shrubs  or  shrubby  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  stipulate,  angled  or  lobed. 
Flowers  perfect,  commonly  solitary  on  axillary  peduncles.  Involucel  of  5-15 
bractlets.  Sepals  5,  partially  united.  Petals  5.  Carpels  5,  1-celled.  Styles  10. 
Stigmas  10,  capitate.  Ovules  solitary.  Mature  carpels  separating  from  the  axis, 
1-3-beaked  on  the  back  or  beakless,  more  or  less  deeply  2-valved.  Seeds  soli- 
tary, ascending.  [In  honor  of  Joseph  Pavon,  Spanish  botanist  and  explorer.] 
Sixty  species  or  more,  mostly  of  tropical  distribution,  the  following  typical. 


MALVACEAE. 


237 


1.  Pavonia  spinifex  (L.)  Cav.  Pavo- 
NIA.  (Fig.  262.)  A  branching  shrub,  2°-9° 
tall,  hirsute  and  strigillose.  Leaves  ovate  or 
oblong-ovate,  2'-4'  long,  acute  or  somewhat 
acuminate,  doubly  crenate-dentate,  truncate 
or  subcordate  at  the  base;  the  petioles 
densely  pubescent;  peduncles  axillary,  much 
longer  than  the  petioles;  bractlets  of  the 
involucel  5,  linear  to  lanceolate,  acute,  nearly 
5"  long;  calyx  about  as  long  as  the  bract- 
lets,  its  lobes  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate ; 
petals  yellow,  V  long,  cuneate;  carpels  2V'- 
3"  high,  with  1  medial  and  2  lateral  re- 
trorsely  barbed  awns.  [Hibiscus  spinifex 
L.] 

Collected  by  Lefroy  in  Southampton 
Parish,  prior  to  1879 ;  his  specimen  is  pre- 
served in  the  herbarium  of  the  Royal  Gardens 
at  Kew.  Reade  records  that  it  grew  near  the 
lighthouse.  Introduced.  Native  of  Florida 
and  tropical  America.  Not  found  in  Bermuda 
by  recent  collectors. 

7.     KOSTELETZKYA  Presl. 
Perennial,  scabrous  or  pubescent  herbs 
or   shrubs,   with  hastate   or   angular   leaves, 

and  showy,  axillary  or  paniculate  flowers.  Bractlets  several,  linear.  Calyx 
5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Stamen-column  anther-bearing  below  for  nearly  its  entire 
length.  Ovary  5-celled,  the  cavities  1-ovuled;  style-branches  of  the  same  num- 
ber, stigmatic  at   the  capitate  summits.     Capsule  depressed,  5-angled.     Seeds 

reniform,  ascending.  [Named  in 
honor  of  V.  F.  Kosteletzky.  a  bot- 
anist of  Bohemia.]  About  8  spe- 
cies, natives  of  warm  and  tem- 
perate America.  Type  species: 
KosteletzTcya  liastata  Presl. 

1.  Kosteletzkya  virginica 
(L.)  A.  Gray.  Virginia  Koste- 
letzkya. (Fig.  263.)  Erect,  2°- 
4"  high,  somewhat  stellate-pubes- 
cent and  scabrous.  Leaves  ovate, 
or  hastate,  truncate  or  cordate  at 
the  base,  2'-4r  long,  unequally 
dentate  and  often  3-lobed  bolow, 
acute;  flowers  pink,  lV-2r  broad, 
in  loose  terminal  leafy  panicles; 
bractlets  8  or  9,  linear,  shorter 
than  the  lanceolate  acute  calyx-seg 
ments;  carpels  5,  hisjiid-pubescent. 
[Tlibiscus  virginicHS  L. ;  Althaea 
officinalis  of  Reade,  of  H.  B. 
Small  and  of  Jones.] 

Pembroke,  Devonshire  and  War- 
wick marshes.  Native.  Southeastern 
United  States.  Flowers  in  late  sum- 
mer and  autumn. 


238 


MALVACEAE. 


8.     HIBISCUS  L. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  in  tropical  regions  even  small  trees,  with  dentate  or 
lobed  leaves,  and  showy,  mostly  campanulate  flowers.  Bractlets  numerous, 
narrow.  Calyx  5-cleft  or  5-toothed.  Column  of  stamens  anther-bearing  below 
along  much  of  its  length.  Ovary  5-celled,  the  cavities  3-several-ovuled ;  style 
branches  5,  stigmatic  at  the  capitate  summit.  Capsule  5-valved.  Seeds  reni- 
form.  [An  ancient  name,  used  by  Dioscorides  for  the  Marsh  Mallow.]  About 
180  species,  widely  distributed.     Type  species:  Hibiscus  Trionum  L. 

1.  Hibiscus  Eosa-sinensis  L.  Chi- 
nese EosE.  Shoeblack  Plant.  (Fig. 
264.)  A  shrub,  rarely  forming  a  small 
tree,  up  to  12°  or  15°  high,  the  young 
parts  sparingly  pubescent  or  glabrate. 
Leaves  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acute  at 
the  apex,  rounded  or  abruptly  narrowed 
at  the  base,  3'-8'  long,  coarsely  unequally 
dentate;  bractlets  narrowly  linear,  about 
half  as  long  as  the  calyx;  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  pubescent,  especially  within; 
petals  rose-red,  purple  or  white,'  4'-6' 
long ;  capsule  about  1'  long.  [H.  Cooperi 
of  gardeners.] 

Extensively  planted  for  ornament  in  a 
variety  of  races,  and  occasional  in  waste 
places.  Introduced.  Native  of  China. 
Widely  naturalized  in  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies.     Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 

Hibiscus  Amottianus  A.  Gray,  Ha- 
WAiAN  Hibiscus,  a  beautiful  species  en- 
demic  in    the    Sandwich    Islands,    grown 
in  1913  in  gardens  at  St.  Georges',  has 
broadly    ovate    leaves    4-5'    long,    their    margins    crenulate,    and    pure    white 
flowers  about  4'  long,  the  bractlets  only  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the  narrow 
calyx. 

Hibiscus  mutabilis  L.,  Changeable  Eose,  East  Indian,  a  tall  shrub  with 
large,  broad,  angulately-lobed,  cordate,  stellate-pubescent  leaves,  the  large  red 
flowers  changing  to  white,  is  considerably  planted  in  gardens  and  hedges.  It 
blooms  in  summer  and  late  autumn. 

Hibiscus  syriacus  L.,  Shrubby  Althaea,  Eose-of-Sharon,  of  western 
Asia,  a  shrub  with  ovate,  coarsely  toothed  or  lobed  leaves  and  axillary,  short- 
stalked,  purple  or  white  flowers  2-3'  wide,  is  occasionally  grown  for  ornament. 
The  flowers  are  often  double. 

Hibiscus  spiralis  Cav.,  Bancroft's  Hibiscus,  of  tropical  America  and 
Florida,  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  grown  at  the  public  buildings  and  elsewhere 
prior  to  1877  and  also  mentioned  by  Verrill,  is  a  low  shrub,  3°  high  or  less,  with 
ovate  to  triangular,  serrate  leaves  l'-3'  long,  and  slender-peduncled,  red  flowers 
about  1'  long.     [H.  Bancrofiianus  Macf.] 

Hibiscus  grandiflorus  Michx.,  Large-flowered  Hibiscus,  North  Ameri- 
can, recorded  by  Jones,  by  Lefroy  and  by  Verrill  as  formerly  grown  in  Ber- 


MALVACEAE. 


239 


muda,  is  a  velvety  perennial  up  to  6°  high,  with  ovate  to  lanceolate,  serrate 
leaves  4-8'  long,  its  pink  petals  crimson-blotched  at  the  base,  4'-5'  long. 

Hibiscus  diversifolius  Jacq.,  Prickly  Hibiscus,  African,  f^een  in  the 
garden  at  Dunbarton  in  1914,  is  a  prickly  shrub  about  5°  high,  with  variously 
lobed,  long-petioled  leaves  3'-6'  broad,  and  short-pedicelled,  large,  yellowish  or 
purplish  flowers. 


9.     PARITI  Adans. 

Trees,  with  broad  cordate  petioled  leaves,  large  deciduous  stipules,  and 
large,  terminal  or  axillary  flowers,  solitary  or  few^  together,  the  petals  yellow 
or  changing  to  red.  Involucre  8-10-toothed.  Calyx  o-toothed.  Style  pubescent 
above,  5-cleft,  the  stigmas  broad.  Capsule  loculicidally  5-celled,  many-seeded, 
the  cells  vertically  partitioned  by  a  dissepiment,  which  splits  at  dehiscence  into 
two  membranes.  [Name  said  to  be  Malabaric]  A  few  species  of  tropical 
regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Pariti  tiliaceum  (L.)  Juss. 
Mahoe.  (Fig.  265.)  A  tree,  some- 
times 50°  high,  the  young  foliage  vel- 
vety-tomentose.  Leaves  long-petioled, 
the  blades  3'-8'  broad,  nearly  orbicu- 
lar, cordate  at  base,  abruptly  acumi- 
nate at  apex,  shallowly  dentate  or  sub- 
entire,  the  venation  prominent  beneath ; 
involucre  10-cleft,  about  J'  long;  petals 
yellow,  obovate,  2'-2J'  long;  calyx  about 
10"  long;  capsule  ovoid,  tomentose, 
7"-9"  long;  seeds  glabrous  or  minutely 
downy.     [Hihiscus  tiliaceus  L.] 

Border  of  a  mangrove  swamp  near  the 
west  end  of  the  causeway  a  large  tree 
observed  in  1913  ;  apparently  not  planted. 
Lefroy  records  that  a  tree  was  grown 
from  seed  washed  ashore  about  1825, 
and  that  prior  to  1879  there  was  a  large 
tree  at  Somerville,  Smith's  Parish.  Oc- 
casionally planted  for  shade.  Flowers 
in  summer  and  autumn.  Naturalized. 
Erroneously  called  Tulip-tree  in  Bermuda. 


10.     THESPESIA  Soland. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  merely  angulately  lobed, 
commonly  large,  usually  cordate,  petioled.  Flowers  perfect,  showy.  Involucel 
of  3-5  narrow^  deciduous  bractlets.  Calyx  truncate  or  nearly  so.  Petals  5. 
Ovary  sessile,  5-celled;  styles  5,  united  or  rarely  distinct;  stigmas  decurrent  on 
the  styles.  Ovules  few  in  each  cavity.  Capsule  firm,  woody-leathery,  5-celled, 
indehiscent.  Seeds  several  in  each  cavity,  glabrous  or  pubescent.  [Greek, 
marvellous.]      About  8  tropical  species,  the  following  typical. 


240 


MALVACEAE. 


1.  Thespesia  populnea  (L.)  Soland. 
Seaside  Mahoe.  (Fig.  266.)  An  ever- 
green shrub  or  a  low  tree.  Leaves 
leathery,  ovate,  2'-6'  long,  acute  or 
acuminate,  undulate,  cordate;  petioles 
shorter  than  the  blades ;  peduncles  stout, 
shorter  than  the  subtending  petioles; 
bractlets  of  the  involucels  linear,  early- 
deciduous;  calyx  cup-shaped,  entire; 
petals  2'-3'  long,  yellow  with  a  purple 
base;  capsule  about  IV  wide;  seeds 
veiny,  appressed-pubescent.  [Hihiscus 
popuhieus  L.] 

Recorded  by  Lefroy  as  growing  prior 
to  1879  in  tlie  cove  at  Clarence  Hill  and 
elsewliere  and  by  Hemsley  as  found  at 
St.  George's.  A  tree  20°  liigh  was  ob- 
served in  1913  at  Holly  Lodge.  Intro- 
duced. Native  of  tropical  America,  where 
it  is  a  common  seashore  tree ;  no  evidence 
is  at  hand  to  show  that  it  exists  in  Ber- 
muda now  except  as  planted  trees. 


Abelmoschus  esculentus  (L.)  Moench,  Okra,  Gumbo,  African,  commonly 
cultivated  for  its  pods,  is  a  somewhat  hairy  annual,  4°-9°  high,  with  petioled, 
lobed  and  serrate  leaves  4'-8'  broad,  solitary  peduncled  axillary  yellow 
flowers  with  a  red  center,  the  petals  about  2'  long,  and  ribbed,  pointed  pods  5'- 
10'  long,  mucilaginous  when  cooked.      [Hibiscus  esculentus  L.] 

Althaea  rosea  (L.)  Cav.,  Hollyhock,  Chinese,  is  grown  to  some  extent  as 
a  garden  flower,  principally  in  double-flowered  kinds,  its  petals  of  nearly  all 
colors.  It  has  wandlike  stems  4°-8*'  high,  rough  cordate  suborbicular  angu- 
lar-lobed,  long-petioled  leaves  often  6'  broad,  the  upper  smaller,  and  sessile 
axillary  flowers  3'-5'  broad.      [Alcea  rosea  L.] 

Gossypium  herbaceum  L.,  Cotton,  unknown  in  a  truly  wild  condition,  but 
regarded  by  Sir  George  Watt  as  probably  indigenous  originally  in  Arabia  and 
Asia  Minor,  was  cultivated  and  spun  in  Bermuda  early  in  the  history  of  the 
colony.  Cotton  plants  may  still  occasionally  be  seen  in  gardens,  but  no  culti- 
vation is  attempted. 

Malvaviscus  mollis  DC,  Vel\^ty  Malvaviscus,  Mexican,  a  stellate- 
velvety  shrub  about  3°  high,  Avith  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  crenate  and  often 
3-lobed  leaves  3'-5'  long,  axillary  peduncled  flowers  about  lA'  long,  the  narrow 
sepals  4"-6"  long,  the  corolla  red,  is  often  grown  in  gardens,  and  is  some- 
times seen  about  old  houses. 

Lavatera  trimestris  L.,  Herbaceous  Lavatera,  of  the  Mediterranean 
region,  a  branching,  hairy-stemmed  annual  2°-5°  high,  with  somewhat  pubes- 
cent, slender-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  angular-lobed  and  serrate,  acute  leaves 
2-3'  long,  and  axillary  peduncled  rose-colored  flowers  24'-4'  broad,  the 
receptacle  of  the  fruit  expanded  into  a  disk  above  the  row  of  finely  ridged 
carpels,  was  grown  in  gardens  at  St.  George's  and  on  St.  David's  Island  in 
1914. 


Plagianthus  pulchellus   (Willd.)  A.  Gray,  Pretty  Plagianthus,  Austra- 
lian, a  large  shrub,  with  lanceolate,  crenate  leaves  about  3'  long,  acuminate 


BOMBACACEAE.  241 

at  the  apex,  cordate  at  the  base,  the  small  flowers  in  axillary  dense  racemes, 
the  white  petals  only  2"-3"  long,  the  carpels  in  a  single  row,  is  recorded  by 
Lefroy  as  uncommon  in  gardens,  called  Sweet,  or  White  Abutilon.  [Abuti- 
lon  pulchellum  Sweet;  Sida  pulchella  Willd.] 

Family  3.     BOMBACACEAE   Schumann. 

BoMBAx  Family. 

Trees,  mostly  with  palmately  compound  leaves  and  laro:e  and  showy 
perfect  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-toothed.  Petals  5.  Stamens  com- 
monly very  numerous,  with  long  filaments  and  short  anthers.  Ovary  2-5- 
celled;  style  simple;  stigmas  as  many  as  the  ovary-cavities.  Fruit  various, 
dry  or  fleshy.  Seeds  usually  woolly.  About  20  genera  and  over  100 
species,  natives  of  tropical  regions. 

Ceiba  pentandra  (L.)  Gaertn.^  Silk-cottox  Tree,  a  very  large  tree 
with  spreading  branches,  native  of  tropical  America  and  tropical  Asia,  has  a 
trunk  armed  with  spines,  its  base  with  large  buttresses.  The  long-petiolcd 
palmately  compound  leaves  have  5  or  7  lanceolate  leaflets  4'-6'  long;  the 
large  flowers  are  in  stalked  lateral  or  axillary  clusters,  and  the  5-celled  cap- 
sules enclose  many  seeds  enveloped  in  wool.  [Eriodendroti  aufraciuosum  DC; 
Bombax  pentandrum  L. ;  Bombax  Ceiba  of  Lefroy  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Two  of  the  trees  mentioned  by  Lefroy  as  planted  at  Mount  Langton  by 
Governor  Eeid  in  1845  existed  there  in  1914,  having  attained  great  size  at  the 
base  of  the  hill;  the  straight  columnar  trunks  were  then  over  five  feet  in 
diameter  and  at  least  sixty  feet  in  height.  A  few  smaller  trees  may  be  seen 
in  other  places;  one  at  Orange  Valley,  seen  in  1914,  was  then  about  2^°  in 
trunk  diameter. 

Ochroma  Lagopus  Sw.,  Corkwood,  of  tro])ic'al  America,  represented  in 
1913  by  a  young  plant  at  the  Agricultural  Station,  is  a  large  tree  with  orbicu- 
lar cordate  long-petioled,  entire  or  lobed  leaves  often  1°  broad,  more  or  less 
stellate-pubescent,  large  terminal  flowers,  and  large  5-cellcd  capsules  contain- 
ing many  seeds  covered  with  brown  wool.     Its  wood  is  very  light  in  weight. 

Bombax  aquaticum  (Aubl.)  Schum.,  Bombax,  planted  experimentally  at 
the  Public  Garden,  St.  George's,  in  1914,  is  a  South  American  tree  with 
petioled,  palmately  compound  leaves  of  5-9  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets,  the 
large  and  showy  flowers  with  5  oblong,  yellowish  petals  and  very  numerous 
red  stamens.     [Pachira  aquatica  Aubl.;  Carolinea  princeps  L.  f.] 

Family  4.     STERCULIACEAE  ILB.K. 

Chocolate  Fa:mily. 

Shrubs,  trees  or  herbs.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  entire  or  toothed. 
Flowers  mostly  perfect,  regular,  in  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  of  5 
distinct  or  nearly  distinct  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  petals,  or  wanting. 
Androecium  of  as  many  fertile  stamens  as  there  are  sepals  and  alternate 
with  them,  or  numerous;  filaments  sometimes  in  groups,  the  anthers  with 
parallel  sacs,  opening  extrorsely.  Gynoecium  of  5  united  carpels  or  rarely 
of  1  carpel;  ovarv  5-celled  or'l-celied;  styles  distinct  or  united.  Ovules 
few  or  several,  ascending  or  horizontal.     Fruit  a  capsule  or  follicle.     About 

17 


242 


STERCULIACEAE. 


50  genera  and  over  700  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tropical  and  warm 
temperate  regions. 

1.     WAIiTHERIA  L. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  stellate  and  simple  pubescence.  Leaves 
toothed;  stipules  narrow.  Flowers  small,  perfect,  usually  in  axillary  clusters  or 
small  cymes.  Involucel  of  3  deciduous  bractlets.  Sepals  5,  united  at  the  base 
into  a  turbinate  lO-nerved  tube.  Petals  5,  spatulate,  convolute,  withering- 
persistent.  Stamens  5;  filaments  united  below,  not  accompanied  by  staminodia; 
anthers  with  parallel  sacs.  Ovary  1-celled,  sessile;  style  simple,  not  central; 
stigma  club-shaped  or  brush-like.  Ovules  2  in  a  cavity.  Follicles  1-celled,  2- 
valved  lengthwise.  Seed  solitary,  ascending.  Endosperm  fleshy.  Embryo 
straight,  axile.  [Tn  honor  of  A.  F.  Walther,  professor  in  Leipzig.]  About 
35  American  species,  mostly  tropical,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Waltheria  americana  L.  Waltheria. 
(Fig.  '267.)  Foliage  tomentose.  Stems  2°- 
4°  tall,  stiff;  leaves  ovate  to  oblong,  l'-3' 
long,  serrate,  rounded  or  cordate  at  the  base, 
stout-petioled;  flowers  in  dense  sessile  or 
peduncled  axillary  clusters;  sepals  subulate, 
about  2V'  long,  villous-hirsute,  similar  to  the 
bractlets;  petals  yellow,  slightly  longer 
than  the  sepals;  follicles  about  li"  long, 
j)ubescent  at  the  top. 

Abundant  on  a  hillside  near  Port  Royal, 
1905.  Recorded  by  Lefroy  as  growing  in 
Pembroke  Marsh  and  on  the  hillside  prior  to 
1879.  Native.  Florida  and  tropical  America. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  Its  seed  pre- 
sumably brought  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 

Sterculla  apetala  (.Tacq.)  Karst.,  Ster- 
CULIA,  a  large  widely  spreading  tree  up  to 
50°  high,  with  nearly  orbicular,  5-lobed, 
peltate,  stout-petioled  leaves  often  1°  broad, 
the  apetalous  unisexual  flowers  in  large  ter- 
minal panicles,  with  a  yellowish,  purple- 
flecked,  stellate-pubescent,  campanulate,  5- 
cleft  calyx  f '  broad,  the  stamens  in  a  column 
tipped  by  10-20  anthers,  the  fruit  5  large 
leathery  follicles,  has  been  planted  for 
shade  and  ornament.  A  fine  specimen  on 
the  Wood  Estate,  Spanish  Point,  was  studied 
in  1913.  [Helicteres  apetala  Jacq.;  Ster- 
culia  carthaginensis  Cav.] 

Guazuma  Guazuma  (L.)  Cockerell,  Bastard  Cedar,  West  Indian,  was 
represented  by  a  healthy  tree  in  the  officer's  garden,  St.  George's,  about  1874, 
recorded  by  Lefroy,  and  a  large  tree,  said  to  flower  but  not  to  bear  fruit,  was 
seen  at  The  Stocks,  St.  David's  Island,  in  1914,  when  it  had  a  trunk  circum- 
ference of  five  feet  and  one  inch.  In  the  West  Indies  it  becomes  50°  high;  its 
oblong  to  ovate,  oblique,  serrate  leaves  are  about  3'  long,  its  axillary  flowers  in 


STERCULIACEAE.  243 

corymbs,  its  subglobose  to  oblong,  tubercled,  woody  fruit  about  1'  long.     [Theo- 
broma  Guazuma  L.J 

Melochia  odorata  L.  f.,  Fragrant  Meix)C'hja,  of  Tanna  Island,  recorded 
by  Hemsley  as  found  by  Lefroy  in  Pembroke  Marsh,  is  a  tree  with  thin  broadly 
ovate,  petioled  serrate  subcordate  leaves  3'-4'  long,  its  small  flowers  in  axillary 
peduncled  corymbs. 

Firmiana  platanifolia  (L.)  Schott  &  Endl.,  Chinese  Parasol  Tree,  of 
eastern  Asia,  occasionally  planted,  is  a  trge  becoming  40°  high,  with  sub- 
orbicular  cordate  5-lobed  leaves  often  1°  broad  or  more,  loosely  pubescent 
beneath,  the  lobes  acute  or  acuminate,  the  sinuses  rounded  or  obtuse,  the  rather 
small  greenish  apetalous  flowers  in  large  terminal  panicles,  the  calyxdobes 
narrow.     \^Sterculia  platanifolia  L.] 

Order  22.     HYPERICALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  the  flowers  mostly  complete,  perfect  and  refriilar 
(irregular  in  Violaceae).  Sepals  distinct,  or  more  or  less  united,  imbricated 
or  convolute.  Petals  almost  always  present  and  distinct.  Stamens  usually 
numerous.     Ovary  compound,  superior;  placentae  mostly  parietal. 

Styles  none;  trees  or  shrubs  with  small  imbricated  leaves.  Fam.   1.   Tamakicaceae. 
Styles   present,   separate   or   united. 
Styles  separate  or  partly  united. 

Stigmas  not  brush-like  ;  endosperm  little  or  none. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves.  Fam.   2.   Tiieaceae. 

Leaves  opposite  or  verticillate. 

Herbs  or  low  shrubs,  rarely  trees  ;  flowers 

perfect.  Fam.  3.  IIypericacbae. 

Trees   or   shrubs   with   dioecious   or   polyg- 
amous flowers.  Fam.  4.  Clusiaceae. 
Stigmas  brush-like  ;  endosperm  copious.                        Fam.   5.   Turxeraceae. 
Styles  completely  united  ;  endosperm  fleshy. 
Corolla   regular. 

Petals    mostly    4    or    5 ;    anthers    opening   by 

pores  or  valves.  Fam.  G.   Bixaceae. 

Petals  mostly  wanting;  anthers  longitudinally 

dehiscent.  Fam.  7.   Flacgurtiaceae. 

Corolla   irregular.  Fam.  8.  Violaceae. 

Family  1.     TAMARICACEAE  Lindl. 

Tamarix  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  relatively  small  or 
scale-like,  entire,  often  imbricated.  Flowers  mainly  perfect,  regular,  usu- 
ally in  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx  of  5,  or  rarely  4  or  6,  imbricated  sepals. 
Corolla  of  5,  or  rarely  4  or  6,  distinct  imbricated  petals.  Disk  10-lobed  or 
obsolete.  Stamens  5  to  many;  filaments  distinct,  free;  anthers  o]iening 
lengthwise.  Ovary  1-celled,  superior,  with  3-o  basal  placentae.  Stigmas 
3-5,  distinct.  Ovules  2-many  on  each  placenta.  Fruit  a  capsule.  Seeds 
erect,  each  terminating  in  a  coma.  Four  genera  and  about  100  species, 
natives  of  the  Old  World. 

1.     TAMARIX  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  irregularly  and  widely  branching  stems,  the  wood  firm. 
Leaves  small,  scale-like,  clasping  or  sheathing.  Flowers  in  dense  ?pikes, 
racemes  or  panicles.  Sepals  4-5,  or  rarely  6,  distinct.  Petals  small,  white  or 
pink,  inserted  under  the  lobed  disk,  distinct.  Stamens  5-10;  filaments  not 
adnate  to  the  corolla.     Ovary  with  basal  placentae.     Stigmas  2-5,  short.     Fruit 


244 


TAMAEICACEAE. 


capsular.     Seeds  numerous;    endosperm   wanting, 
species,  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 


[Latin   name.]      About   60 


1.  Tamarix  gallica  L.  Tamarisk. 
(Fig.  268.)  A  shrub  or  a  small  tree,  with 
slender  spreading  branches,  the  branchlets 
very  numerous,  approximate  or  clustered, 
completely  clothed  with  the  imbricated 
scale-like  acute  leaves  which  are  1"  long  or 
less;  spikes  numerous,  in  conspicuous 
panicles;  sepals  triangular,  about  V'  long; 
petals  white  or  pinkish;  capsule  pyramidal, 
about  1"  long. 

Commonly  planted  as  a  screen  along 
coastal  roads  and  elsewhere  and  completely 
naturalized.     Known  locally  as  Spruce. 

The  related  family  Cistaceae  (Eock- 
ROSE  Family),  was  represented  in  Ber- 
muda by  three  species  of  CisUis  (C.  lauri- 
folius  L.,  C.  salvifolius  L.  and  C.  monspe- 
lieiisis  L.),  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  intro- 
duced, presumably  at  Mt.  Langton,  in  1874, 
and  remaining  alive  until  1877,  but  not  ap- 
pearing to  flourish,  and  not  to  be  seen 
there  now. 


Family  2.     THEACEAE  DC. 

Tea  Family. 

Trees  or  shnibs  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  mainly  estipiilate 
leaves,  and  large  regular  mostly  perfect  flowers.  Sepals  5  (rarely  4-7), 
imbricated.  Calyx  often  2-bracted  at  the  base.  Petals  5  (rarely  4-9), 
hypogynous,  imbricated,  crenulate.  Stamens  <^,  numerous,  hypogynous, 
more  or  less  united  at  their  bases.  Ovary  sessile,  2-several-celled ;  ovules 
2  or  more  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  3-5-celled  generally  woody  capsule. 
Endosperm  little  or  none;  embryo  large,  with  conduplicate  cotyledons. 
About  16  genera  and  160  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions. 

Camellia  japonica  L.,  Camellia,  of  Japan  and  China,  is  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament,  but  does  not  succeed  very  well.  Usually  a  shrub,  it  may, 
under  favorable  conditions,  develop  into  a  tree  up  to  40°  high;  the  evergreen 
thick  ovate-elliptic,  serrate  leaves  are  2'-4'  long,  shining  dark  green  on  the 
upper  side,  and  the  white  or  red  flowers,  often  double,  are  mostly  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  twigs  or  in  the  axils,  sometimes  up  to  5'  broad,  the  petals  rounded. 

Family  3.     HYPERICACEAE  Lindl. 

St.  Johx's-wort  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  opposite  or  rarely  whorled,  without 
stipules,  pellucid-punctate,  entire  or  nearly  so.  Flowers  perfect,  regnlar 
or  nearly  so,  in  cymes.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  herbaceous  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or 
5  yellow  or  flesh-colored  petals.  Stamens  few  or  many,  commonly  col- 
lected in  3  or  5  groups,  sometimes  accompanied  by  interposed  glands.    Fila- 


HYPERICACEAE. 


245 


merits  slender.  Anthers  2-celled,  versatile.  Ovary  sessile,  1-celled,  with 
parietal  placentae,  or  3-7-celled,  with  axile  placentae.  Stigmas  often  cajji- 
tate.  Fruit  a  septicidally  dehiscent  capsule  seated  in  the  persistent  calyx. 
Seeds  small,  without  endosperm.  About  10  genera  and  300  species,  widely 
distributed. 

1.  ASCYRUM  L. 
Leafy  glabrous  low  shrubs,  with  narrow  leaves  and  yellow  flowers.  Sepals 
4,  in  2  pairs,  the  exterior  ones  broad  and  round,  the  interior  smaller  and  nar- 
rower. Petals  4,  oblique  or  slightly  contorted,  deciduous.  Stamens  oo,  dis- 
tinct, or  united  in  clusters.  Ovary  1-celled,  with  2-4  parietal  placentae;  styles 
2-4.  Capsule  1-celled,  2-4-valved,  dehiscent  at  the  placentae.  [Greek,  not 
rough.]  About  6  species,  of  North  and  Central  America  and  the  West  Indies. 
Type  species:  Ascyrum  Jiypericoides  L. 

1.  Ascyrum  macrosepalum  S. 
Brown.  Bermuda  St.  Andrew's 
Cross.  (Fig.  269.)  An  erect  shrub, 
1°-2|°  high,  with  slender  leafy 
branches.  Leaves  linear-oblong,  ses- 
sile, 5"-7"  long,  V'-W  wide,  dull 
green,  obtusish,  but  minutely  apicu- 
late  at  the  apex,  narrowed  to  the 
base,  copiously  punctate,  the  midvein 
prominent  beneath;  cymes  terminal, 
1-f e-w-flowered ;  outer  sepals  broadly 
ovate,  obtuse,  5'-6"  long,  U"-4.l" 
wide,  subcordate;  petals  oblique, 
spreading  in  2  nearly  parallel  pairs, 
linear-oblong,  acute,  5"-6"  long,  li"- 
2"  wide,  fugacious,  bright  yellow; 
capsule  oblong,  narrowed  at  both 
ends,  apiculate,  about  as  long  as  the 
outer  sepals,  twice  as  long  as  the 
narrow,  inner  ones;  seeds  greenish- 
brown,  oblong,  obtuse  at  each  end, 
about  4"  long  and  1"  thick.  {Ascy- 
rum Crux-andreae  of  Lefroy;  A. 
Jiypericoides  of  Reade,  H.  B.  Small, 
Hemsley,  Moore  and  Verrill;  Hy- 
pericum?    of   Jones.] 

Frequent  in  marshes  and  on  hill- 
sides. Endemic.  Its  nearest  relative 
is  A.  llnlfolUim  Spach,  of  the  south- 
eastern United  States  and  the  Bahamas. 

from  which  it  differs  bv  larger  leaves:  larger,  broadly  ovate  cordate  sepals;  and  In 
its  seeds.  These  features  were  first  recorded  in  .Journal  of  fhr  ^rlr  ^  ork  Botamcal 
Garden  13:  192,  1912.  The  species  presumably  originated  in  Bermuda  from  seeds  of 
A.  linifoUuni  transported  by  the  wind. 

Hypericum  perforatum  L.,  Shrubby  St.  ,Tohn 's-wort,  European,  is 
mentioned  by  Reade  as  rare  in  waste  grounds  prior  to  1883.  It  has  not  been 
seen  by  any  of  the  recent  collectors,  and,  being  of  northern  distribution  in 
Europe  and  naturalized  in  North  America,  would  not  be  likely  to  become 
naturalized  in  these  islands.  The  plant  is  an  erect  perennial  herh  with  blunt 
narrow  leaves  and  cymose  yellow  flowers,  the  o  petals  black-dotted.  Reade 's 
statement  of  its  occurrence  is  copied  by  H.  B.  Small. 

Vismia  guianensis  (Aubl.)  Pers.,  Guiana  Vismia.  South  American, 
recorded  bv   Jones   in    1873,   is   a   shrub   with   quadrangular   twigs,   opposite, 


246 


CLUSIACEAE. 


petioled,  ovate-elliptic,  acuminate  leaves  4'-6'  long,  and  numerous  small  flowers 
in  terminal  panicles,  the  five  petals  hairy,  the  fruit  berry-like.  H.  B.  Small 
regarded  the  determination  of  this  plant  as  doubtful. 

Family  4.     CLUSIACEAE  Lindl. 

Clusia  Family. 

Trees,  with  resinous  sap,  opposite,  entire,  leathery  leaves,  the  mostly 
dioecious  or  polygamous  flowers  in  cymes  or  solitary.  Sepals  2-6,  imbri- 
cated. Corolla  of  1-9  hypogynous  petals.  Stamens  numerous  in  the  stam- 
inate  flowers,  in  the  pistillate  flowers  usually  represented  by  staminodes; 
fllaments  usually  more  or  less  united  into  a  tube.  Ovaflry  1-several-celled ; 
styles  stout,  or  wanting  in  some  genera ;  ovules  one,  several  or  many,  borne 
on  axile  placentae.  Fruit  baccate,  drupaceous  or  capsular.  Endosperm 
none.    About  40  genera  and  some  500  species,  natives  of  tropical  regions. 


Jacq. 

270.) 
high, 
base. 


1.     CALOPHYLLUM  L. 

Trees  with  short-petioled,  coriaceous,  pinnately  striate-veined  leaves,  and 
lateral,  axillary  or  terminal,  polygamous  flowers  in  racemes  or  panicles.  Sepals 
2-4;  petals  1-4,  or  wanting.  Stamens  many,  distinct,  or  their  bases  united; 
filaments  short;  anthers  ovate  or  oblong.  Ovary  1-celled;  style  long  or  short, 
the  stigma  peltate;  ovule  1,  erect.  Fruit  a  drupe.  [Greek,  beautiful-leaved.] 
About  25  species,  mostly  of  tropical  Asia,  a  few  in  tropical  America,  the  fol- 
lowing typical. 

1.  Calophyllum      Calaba 

Galea.  Saxta  Marl\.  (Fig. 
A  tree,  becoming  at  least  60° 
often  branched  nearly  to  the 
Leaves  elliptic  or  oblong-elliptic,  3'- 
6'  long,  glabrous,  dark  green,  rounded 
or  slightly  emarginate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  or  obtuse  at  the  base,  shin- 
ing, the  midvein  rather  prominent, 
the  lateral  veins  very  numerous  and 
close  together;  racemes  lateral  or 
axillary,  few-flowered,  much  shorter 
than  the  leaves;  pedicels  rather  stout, 
2"-5"  long;  flowers  white,  fragrant, 
the  few  petals  about  twice  as  long  as 
the  orbicular  sepals,  or  petals  want- 
ing; staminate  flowers  with  about  50 
stamens;  pistillate  flower  w^ith  a 
short  style,  a  globose  ovary  and 
many  staminodes;  drupe  nearly  V  in 
diameter,  the  endocarp  crustaceous. 

Hillsides,  hedges,  and  planted  along  roads.  Introduced  from  the  West  Indies 
and  naturalized.      Flowers  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 

Mammea  americana  L.,  Mammee  Apple,  West  Indian,  is  represented  by 
a  few  trees  in  gardens;  a  fine  tree  may  be  seen  at  Par-la-Ville.  It  has  thick, 
leathery,  oblong-obovate  leaves  4'-8'  long,  few  or  solitary,  large  white  axillary 
flowers,  and  large,  russet-colored  drupes  3'-6'  in  diameter. 

Garcinia  Xanthochymus  Hook,  f.,  East  Indian,  is  a  small  tree,  related  to 
the  Mangosteen,  A  tree  12°  high,  called  ''Lemon  Squash."  was  observed  at 
Belle\Tie  in  1913;   it  has  leathery  oblong  pointed  entire  leaves  about  10'  long 


GLUSIACEAE. 


247 


and   4'    wide,    shining   above,    dull   beneath,    and   ovoid    pointed    fleshy    fruits 
about  2'  long. 

Garcinia  Livingstone!  T.  Anders.,  Livingstone's  Garcinia,  of  tropical 
Africa,  an  old  plant  of  which  was  seen  at  Montrose  in  1914,  is  another  relative 
of  the  Mangosteen,  with  elliptic,  very  obtuse,  crenulate  \ein\  short-petioled 
leaves  3'-6'  long,  1^^'  wide,  and  edible  fruit  about  1'  in  diameter. 


Family  5.     TURNERACEAE  H.B.K. 

TuRXERA  Family. 

Perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  sometimes 
with  2  glands  at  the  base.  Flowers  mostly  perfect,  regular,  axillary.  Calyx 
of  5  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  convolute  deciduous  petals.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  with  or  near  the  petals;  filaments  distinct;  anther-sacs  opening 
lengthwise.  Gynoecium  compound,  of  3  united  carpels.  Ovary  free, 
1-celled.  Styles  3.  Stigmas  dilated  or  usually  many-cleft.  Ovules  nu- 
merous in  2  rows  on  the  3  parietal  placentae,  these  opposite  the  three  styles. 
Capsule  1-celled,  3-valved.  Seeds  slightly  curved.  Embryo  straight  in  the 
copious  fleshy  endosperm.  Six  genera  and  about  90  species,  mostly  of 
trojDical  distribution. 

1.     TURNERA  L. 

Shrubs  or  shrubby  plants,  with  glabrous  or  pubescent  foliage.  Leaves  few, 
alternate,  entire,  toothed  or  pinnatifid.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  or 
sometimes  in  clusters.  Sepals  5,  more  or  less  united,  imbricated.  Petals  5, 
usually  yellow,  convolute,  inserted  at  the  throat  of  the  calyx-tube.  Stamens  5, 
inserted  near  the  petals;  filaments  somewhat  flattened,  distinct;  anthers  2- 
celled.  Stigmas  3,  brush-like.  Capsule  3-valved.  Seeds  curved,  with  a  pitted 
or  rough  testa.  [In  honor  of  William  Turner,  English  botanist.]  About  60 
species,  all  but  one  of  them  native  of  tropical  and  subtropical  America,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Tumera  ulmifolia  L.  Tur- 
NERA.  (Fig.  271.)  A  shrub,  l°-3° 
high,  the  slender  branches  ascending, 
pubescent.  Leaves  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  rather  thin  in  texture,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  li'-4'  long,  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  gland-bearing  base  of  the  blade, 
sharply  serrate,  the  pubescent  petioles 
V  long  or  less;  peduncles  adnate  to 
the  petioles;  bracts  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate; petals  obovate,  bright  yellow, 
much  longer  than  the  sepals;  capsule 
subglobose  to  ovoid,  pubescent,  about 
3"  long,  many-seeded,  the  seeds  cylin- 
drie. 

In  thickets  between  Castle  Harbor 
and  Harrington  Sound,  Abbot's  Cliff  and 
Knapton  Hill.  Native.  Florida  ;  West 
Indies.  Its  seeds  brought  to  Bermuda, 
presumably,  by  a  bird  or  by  winds. 
Occasionally  grown  in  gardens.  Flow- 
ers in  summer   and   autumn. 


248  BIXACEAE. 

Family  6.     BIXACEAE  Reiehenb. 

Annatto  Family. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees.  Leaves  alternate,  simple,  toothed,  lobed  or  entire. 
Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  of  4  or  5  usually  imbricated  sepals.  Corolla  want- 
ing, or  of  as  many  petals  as  the  sepals,  deciduous.  Stamens  few  or  many. 
Anthers  opening  by  apical  chinks.  Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  2-several 
parietal  placentae  which  are  sometimes  well  intruded.  Styles  as  many  as 
the  placentae,  but  united.  Ovules  2-many  on  each  placenta.  Fruit  a 
valvate  capsule,  the  valves  bearing-  the  placentae.  Seeds  numerous,  often 
hairy.     Four  genera  with  about  20  species,  of  tropical  regions. 

Bixa  Orellana  L.,  Annatto,  Arnotto,  of  tropical  America,  occasionally 
grown  for  interest,  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree,  up  to  12°  high,  with  glabrous, 
slender-petioled,  ovate,  entire  leaves  4'-7'  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex  and 
cordate  at  the  base ;  its  white  or  pink  flowers  are  in  terminal  corymbs,  with  5 
deciduous  sepals,  5  petals  about  8"  long,  many  stamens  and  a  single  pistil,  the 
ovary  ripening  into  a  2-valved,  soft-spiny,  ovoid  capsule  about  1'  long  containing 
many  obpyramidal  seeds,  which  yield  the  yellow  dye. 

Family  7.     FLACOURTIACEAE  Lindl. 

Flacourtia  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  estipulate  petioled  simple  leaves,  and 
small,  often  dioecious,  regular  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  clusters.  Sepals 
usually  4  or  5  and  imbricated.  Petals  present,  or  wanting.  Stamens 
hypogynous,  usually  numerous;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  superior,  1-sev- 
eral-celled;  style  mostly  short.  Fruit  baccate,  drupaceous  or  capsular. 
About  70  genera  and  many  species,  of  tropical  distribution.  There  are  no 
native  nor  naturalized  species  in  the  Bennuda  Flora. 

Flacourtia  Ramontchi  L'Her.,  Madagascar  Plum,  Governor's  Plum,  of 
Madagascar,  occasionally  planted,  is  a  tree  up  to  30°  high  or  more,  with  thin, 
ovate  to  elliptic,  pointed,  crenate  leaves  2'-3'  long,  small  racemose  yellowish 
flowers  without  petals,  mostly  dioecious,  and  globose  nearly  black  berry-like 
fruits  about  A'  in  diameter. 

Lefroy  records  the  introduction  of  Flacourtia  prunifdlia  H.B.K.,  of 
northern  South  America,  at  Mt.  Langton,  prior  to  1877,  and  remarks  that  it 
did  not  appear  to  thrive ;  Jones  also  mentions  it,  and  H.  B.  Small  records  its 
disappearance  prior  to  1901. 

Aberia  Caffra  Harv.  &  Sonder,  Kei  Apple,  South  African,  a  shrub  or  small 
tree,  armed  with  stout  thorns  2'-3'  long,  the  obovate-cuneate,  entire  obtuse 
glabrous  leaves  l^'-3'  long,  the  small  clustered  apetalous  axillary  flowers 
dioecious,  the  fruit  depressed-globose,  I'-li'  in  diameter,  has  occasionally  been 
planted. 

Family  8.     VIOLACEAE  DC. 
Violet   Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  rarely  trees,  with  basal  or  alternate,  simple,  lobed  or 
entire  stipulate  leaves  and  solitary  or  clustered,  perfect,  mostly  irregular 
flowers.  Sepals  5.  Petals  5,  hypogynous,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  the 
lower  one  larger  or  with  a  posterior  spur.     Stamens  5;  anthers  erect,  con- 


VIOLACEAE.  249 

nivent  or  syngenesious.  Ovary  simple,  l-eelled,  with  3  parietal  placentae. 
Fruit  usually  a  loculiciclal  capsule.  Seeds  anatropous.  About  15  genera 
and  325  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

1.     VIOLA   [Tourn.]    L. 

Acaulescent  and  scapose  or  leafy-stemmed  herbs,  the  flowers  solitary  or 
rarely  2 ;  early  flowers  petalif erous,  often  sterile,  usually  succeeded  by  apetalous 
or  cleistogamous  flowers  which  are  abundantly  fertile.  Petals  spreading,  the 
lowermost  one  spurred  or  saccate;  stamens  5,  the  two  inferior  ones  spurred. 
Capsule  3-valved,  elastieally  dehiscent.  About  200  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Type  species:   Viola  odorata  L. 

1.  Viola  odorata  L.  English 
OR  Sweet  Violet.  (Eig.  272.) 
Stolons  rooting  at  the  nodes;  leaves 
pubescent  or  glabrate,  the  blades 
orbicular  or  broadly  ovate,  cordate, 
obtuse,  crenate,  l'-2'  wide;  scapes 
equalling  the  foliage;  flowers  fra- 
grant, 10"-20"  broad;  sepals  ob- 
long, obtuse;  petals  beardless;  cap- 
sules from  cleistogamous  flowers 
borne  on  short  decumbent  peduncles. 

Occasionally  escaped  from  gar- 
dens, where  it  is  commonly  grown. 
Native  of  Europe. 

Viola  tricolor  L.,  Pansy, 
Hearts-ease,  also  European  in 
origin,  is  grown  in  flower  gardens 
in  a  variety  of  races. 


Order  23.     PASSIFLORALES. 

Herbs,  tendril-bearing  vines,  shrubby  i)lants,  or  succulent  trees  with  a 
milky  sap.  Leaves  alternate,  entire  or  lobed.  Flowers  perfect,  or  when 
dioecious,  the  staminate  and  pistillate  very  different.  Calyx  of  5  more  or 
less  united  sepals.  Corolla  of  5  distinct  or  partially  united  petals,  some- 
times accompanied  by  a  fringed  crown.  Stamens  5  or  10  in  2  unequal  rows. 
Ovary  superior,  1-celled,  with  3-5  parietal  placentae.  Stigmas  entire, 
notched  or  forked.    Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 

Corolla  not  accompanied  by  a  crown  ;  flowers  mainly  dioecious,  the  staminate  and 
pistillate   different.  ^        ^^^-   ^-  ^akkaceae. 

Corolla  accompanied  by  a  crown  (corona)  ;  flowers  perfect.  ^^    pxssiflor\ceae 

all  alike.  ram.   _.      .  .  . 


250 


CARICACEAE. 


Family  1.     CARICACEAE  Dumort. 

Papaw  Family. 

Shnibs  or  trees,  with  milky  sap.  Leaves  ample,  broad,  palmately  7-9- 
lobed.  Flowers  unisexual  or  rarely  perfect.  Calyx  short.  Staminate 
flowers  with  a  salver-shaped  corolla,  its  tube  slender,  the  lobes  5,  valvate 
or  convolute.  Stamens  10,  inserted  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments 
short;  anthers  adnate  to  the  filaments,  2-celled.  Pistillate  flowers  with  5 
distinct  petals  and  no  staminodia.  Ovary  compound,  1-celled,  or  some- 
times spuriously  5-celled,  free,  sessile;  stigmas  5,  sessile;  ovules  numerous, 
in  two  or  many  series  on  the  5  placentae.  Fruit  a  large,  fleshy  berry. 
Seeds  numerous,  flattened,  with  a  roughened  testa;  endosperm  fleshy;  em- 
bryo axile.  There  are  two  genera,  the  following,  composed  of  about  25 
species  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribution,  and  Jacaratia  of  tropical 
Africa  and  America. 


].     CARICA  L. 

Characters  of  the  family.  [Named  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  the 
fruit  to  that  of  the  Fig.]      Type  species:  Carica  Papaya  L. 

1.  Carica  Papaya  L.  Cus- 
tard Apple.  Papaw.  (Fig. 
273.)  A  small  tree,  with  a  simple 
wand-like  stem,  8°-15°  tall,  leafy 
at  the  top.  Leaves  large,  thick, 
suborbiciilar  in  outline,  10'-20' 
broad,  mostly  palmately  7-lobed, 
I^ale  or  glaucous  beneath,  each  lobe 
pinnately  lobed,  the  segments  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  or  the  larger  ones 
acuminate;  petioles  stout;  stami- 
nate flowers  in  slender  panicles 
often  2°  long;  calyx  of  the  stami- 
nate flowers  about  1"  high,  that 
of  the  pistillate  flowers  3"-5" 
high,  the  lobes  longer  than  the 
tube;  corolla  yellow,  that  of  the 
staminate  flowers  aljout  1'  long, 
its  tube  slender,  dilated  near  the 
top,  its  lobes  lanceolate  or  elliptic- 
lanceolate,  barely  one  half  as  long 
as  the  tube;  corolla  of  the  pistil- 
late flowers  longer,  the  petals  dis- 
tinct, lanceolate,  twisted ;  fruit 
oblong  to  subglobose,  2'-6'  long, 
yellow  or  orange,  with  a  milky 
juice,   often  larger   in   cultivation. 

Hillsides,  waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  the  West  In- 
dies and  souttiern  Florida.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  Cutlivated  for  its 
valuable  edible  fruit,  from  which  papain  is  obtained.  In  Bermuda  many  staminate 
trees  have  fertile  flowers  below  the  staminate  and  sometimes  bear  small  fruits 
abundantly.     Recorded  as  introduced  in   1616. 


PASSIFLORACEAE. 


251 


Family  2.     PASSIFLORACEAE  Dumort. 

Passiox-flower  Family. 

Woody  vines,  climbing  by  tendrils,  or  erect  herbs,  with  petioled  usually 
palmately-lobed  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx-tube  persistent. 
Petals  usually  5,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx,  distinct,  or  in  some 
species  united.  Stamens  5.  Throat  of  the  calyx  crowned  with  a  double  or 
triple  fringe.  Filaments  subulate  or  filiform,  monadelphous,  or  separate. 
Ovai-y  free  from  the  calyx,  1-celled;  placentae  3-5,  parietal;  styles  1-5. 
Fruit  a  berry  or  capsule,  usually  many-seeded.  About  18  genera  and  325 
species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions,  most  abundant  in  South  America. 


1.     PASSIFLORA  L. 

Climbing  tendril-bearing  vines,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite  leaves,  and 
axillary  flowers,  on  jointed,  often  bracted  j)eduncles.  Calyx-tube  mostly  cup- 
shaped  or  campanulate,  4-5-lobed,  the  lobes  narrow,  imbricated  in  the  bud,  its 
throat  crowned  with  a  fringe  called  the  corona.  Petals  4  or  5  (rarely  none), 
inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx.  Ovary  oblong,  stalked.  Filaments  mona- 
delphous in  a  tube  around  the  stalk  of  the  ovary,  separate  above;  anthers  nar- 
row, versatile.  Fruit  a  many-seeded  berry.  Seeds  pulpy-arilled,  flat,  ovate; 
endosperm  fleshy.  [Flower  of  the  Cross,  or  Passion,  as  emblematic  of  the 
crucifixion.]  About  300  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America,  a  few  in  Asia 
and  Australia.     Type  species :  Passiflora  incarnata  L. 


Flowers  small;  without  an  involucre  or  corolla;  low  short  vine. 
Flowers  large  ;  involucre  of  3  bracts  ;  long  vines. 

Involucre-bracts  entire. 

Involucre-bracts   pectinate. 

1.  Passiflora  suberdsa  L.  Small 
Passion-flower.  Ink  Berry.  (Fig. 
274.)  A  vine,  with  glabrous  or  pubes- 
cent foliage.  Leaves  ovate  in  outline, 
2'-6'  long,  ciliate,  5-nerved  at  the 
broadly  cuneate  or  cordate  base,  en- 
tire, toothed,  or  3-lobed  to  'above  the 
middle,  the  lobes  ovate  or  triangular, 
acute  or  acuminate,  the  middle  one 
much  the  larger ;  petioles  each  with 
2  glands  at  or  above  the  middle;  pe- 
duncles surpassing  the  petioles,  com- 
monly in  pairs;  calyx  greenish,  8"- 
12"  broad;  sepals  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate;  corolla  wanting;  crown- 
filaments  purjfle  at  the  base,  shorter 
than  the  sepals;  berries  subglobose  or 
oval,  purple  to  black,  4"-6"  in  diam- 
eter.    [P.  minima  L.] 

Frequent  on  shaded  rocks,  on  walls 
and  in  thickets.  Native.  Florida  and 
the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  summer 
and  autumn.  This  is  evidently  the 
small  species  mentioned  by  Lefroy  as 
undetermined  by  him. 


1.   P.  ftuhrrofia. 


2.  P.  incditiiitd. 

3.  P.  inctinuta. 


252 


PASSIFLORACEAE. 


2.  Passiflora  incarnata  L. 

Passion-flower.  Passiox-vine. 
(Fig.  275.)  Stem  glabrous,  or 
glightly  pubescent  above.  Peti- 
oles i'-2'  long,  with  2  glands 
near  the  summit;  leaves  nearly 
orbicular  in  outline,  glabrous,  or 
often  somewhat  pubescent,  2V- 
5'  broad,  somewhat  cordate  at 
the  base,  the  lobes  ovate  or 
oval,  acute  or  aeutish,  finely 
serrate;  flowers  solitary,  li'-2' 
broad;  peduncles  usually  3- 
bracted  just  below  the  flowers; 
calyx-lobes  linear;  berry  ovoid, 
nearly  2'  long,  glabrous,  yellow. 

Climbing  on  trees  near  Payn- 
ter's     Vale,      1905.        Introduced. 
Native  of  the  southeastern  United 
States.      Flowers   in   summer   and 
autumn.      The   vines    observed   in 
1905    had'  disappeared    from    the 
locality  in  1912.     Perhaps  others 
exist   elsewhere   in   Bermuda. 
3.  Passiflora    pectinata     Griseb.      Pecti- 
nate    Passion-flower.       (Fig.     276.)       Gla- 
brous, high-climbing  or  trailing.    Leaves  ovate, 

rather  firm  in  texture  lV-3'  long,  crenate,  5-7- 

nerved,   somewhat  contracted  near  the  middle, 

cordate    at    the    base,    acute    or    blunt    at    the 

apex,  with  minute  glands  at  the  ends  of  the 

veins,  the  petioles  1'  long  or  less,  eglandular; 

tendrils    slender,    as    long    as    the    leaves,    or 

longer;    flowers    solitary    in    the    upper    axils, 

about  2J'  broad,  on  peduncles  longer  than  the 

petioles;    involucre    of    3    linear,    pectinate    or 

pinnatifid  bracts   about   1'  long;    crown   about 

one  half  as  long  as  the  oblong,  white  sepals; 

fruit    ellipsoid,    red,    slightly    fleshy,    about    1' 

long;   seeds  rough.     [P.  ciliata  of  Lefroy  and 

of  Verrill.]    ' 

On  cliffs,  Walsingham  and  Abbot's  Cliff,  and 
on  Hall  s  Island,  Harrington  Sound.  Native  Ba- 
hamas. Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn  The 
fruits  are  known  as  "  apricots."  The  seeds  were 
perhaps  brought  to  Bermuda  by  a   bird. 

Passiflora  laurifolia  L.,  Water  Lemon,  West  Indian,  a  high-climbing 
species  with  thick  entire  evergreen  ovate  leaves,  3-4*'  long,  the  short  petioles 
2-glandular  near  the  base  of  the  blade,  the  solitary  axillary  flowers  about  2^' 
broad,  variegated,  the  crown  violet,  the  edible  berry  ellipsoid,  about  3'  long,  is 
occasionally  planted. 

Passiflora  coeriilea  L.,  South  American,  a  long  glabrous  vine  with  terete 
or  slightly  angled  stems,  deeply  5-7-lobed  thin  leaves  3-5'  broad,  their  lobes 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate  and  acute,  the  flowers  about  3'  wide,  the  petals 
white  or  pale  rose,  the  white  crown  purplish  at  base  and  apex,  the  yellow  berry 
about  lA'  long,  is  grown  for  ornament. 


PASSIFLORACEAE.  253 

Passiflora  malifomiis  L.,  Water  Lemon,  of  tropical  America,  mentioned 

by  Lefroy  as  fountl  in  gardens,  is  a  high-climbing,  glabrous  vine,  with  ovate 
thin  entire  acuminate  leaves  3'-6'  long,  the  slender  petioles  bearing  2  round 
nearly  flat  glands;  its  large  variegated  flowers  are  subtended  by  3  pointed 
membranous  whitish  bracts  about  1'  long;  the  globose  fruit  is  about  IV  hi 
diameter. 

Passiflora  quadrangularis  L.,  Graxadilla,  tropical  American,  a  long 
glabrous  vine  with  sharply  4-angled  stems,  broadly  ovate,  entire  petioled 
short-acuminate  leaves  3-6'  long,  the  petioles  bearing  2  or  3  pairs  of  small 
sessile  glands,  the  large  ovate  stipules  membranous  and  acute,  the  axillary, 
involucrate  flowers  3'-5'  broad  with  rose-colored  petals  and  violet  crown,  the 
berry  about  A'  thick,  has  been  planted  for  ornament. 

Passiflora  edulis  Sims,  Water  Lemon,  Brazilian,  a  vine  with  3-lobed 
leaves,  3'-5'  broad,  the  lobes  acute  and  irregularly  serrate,  the  petioles  with 
2  glands  at  the  apex,  the  axillary  flowers  purplish,  l^'-2'  broad,  involucrate  by 
2  small  glandular-serrate  bracts,  the  fruit  a  purple  oblong  edible  berry,  about 
2J'  long,  is  frequently  planted  and  fruits  abundantly. 

Passiflora  princeps  Todd.,  a  species  with,  showy  crimson  flowers  in  long 
racemes,  and  deeply  lobed  leaves,  was  grown  by  Lefroy  in  a  greenhouse  at  Mt. 
Langton,  prior  to  1877,  and  flowered  profusely. 

Passiflora  stipulata  Aubl.,  South  American,  is  a  long  glabrous  vine  with 
angled  stems,  deeply  3-lobed  leaves  3'-5'  broad,  subcordate  at  the  base,  the 
foliaceous,  subulate-tipped  stipules  V  long  or  more,  the  petiole  with  1  or  2 
sessile  glands;  the  showy  flowers  are  3'-4'  broad,  with  rose-purple  petals,  the 
crown  violet  above,  purple  below,  with  3  bands  of  white  spots,  the  stamens 
orange.  This  vine  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament;  its  reference  to  P. 
stipulata  Aubl.  is  not  wholly  satisfactory. 

Another  Passion-flower,  a  slender  vine  with  deeply  5-parted  leaves,  their 
segments  linear,  2'-3'  long,  the  slender  petiole  bearing  2  small,  sessile  glands 
at  the  middle,  seen  without  flowers  at  Paget  Eectory  in  1914.  has  not  been 
determined  specifically. 

Lefroy  records  failure  in  growing  two  species  of  Tacsonia  at  Mt.  Langton. 

Order  24.     BEGONIALES. 

Herbs,  mostly  succulent,  some  slightly  woody,  a  few  species  climbing. 
Leaves  alternate,  entire,  toothed  or  lobed,  inequilateral;  stipules  2,  distinct, 
usually  caducous.  Flowers  cymose,  monoecious,  asymmetric,  cymose  on 
axillary  peduncles,  bracted,  mostly  white  or  rose.  Staminate  flowers  usually 
with  2  opposite  sepals,  the  petals,  when  present,  imbricated;  stamens 
numerous,  the  anthers  continuous  with  the  filaments;  ovary  rudimentary  or 
wanting.  Pistillate  flowers  usually  with  2-5  perianth-segrments  and  without 
stamens;  ovary  commonly  3-celled;  styles  2-5,  commonly  2-cleft;  ovules 
very  numerous,  anatropous.  Fruit  capsular,  dehiscent,  or  rarely  baccate. 
Seeds  many,  minute,  reticulated,  with  little  endosperm  or  none.  Only  one 
family. 

Family  1.     BEGONIACEAE  Lindl. 
Begoxia  Family. 

Two  genera  comprising,  perhaps,  400  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions. 


254  BEGONIACEAE. 

1.     BEGONIA  L. 

A  number  of  kinds  of  Begonias  are  grown  in  gardens  and  in  greenhouses. 

Begonia  fuchsioides  Hook.,  Fuchsia-like  Begonia,  of  Northern  South 
America,  is  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  abouit  2°  high,  with  small  green  elliptic- 
ovate,  finely  serrate  leaves  I'-li'  long,  and  scarlet  flowers  in  drooping  clusters. 

Begonia  heracleifolia  Cham.  &  Schl.,  Cow-parsnip  Begonia,  Mexican,  has 
palmately-lobed,  long-petioled  leaves  12'  broad  or  less,  the  stout  petioles  long- 
hairy,  the  leaf-lobes  variously  toothed,  the  long,  upright  peduncles  bearing 
numerous,  slender-pedicelled,  white  or  pinkish  flowers. 

Begonia  goegoensis  BroAATi,  Fire-king  Begonia,  Sumatran,  is  glabrous, 
with  long-petioled,  broadly  ovate,  short-acuminate,  entire  peltate  radiate- 
veined,  usually  blotched  and  rugose  leaves  4'-7'  long,  and  long-peduncled  clus- 
ters of  pinkish  flowers. 

Begonia  ulmifolia  Willd.,  Elm-leaved  Begonia,  of  Trinidad  and  South 
America,  recorded  by  Lefroy,  is  a  leafy  species,  2°-5°  high,  pubescent  with 
brownish  hairs,  the  obliquely  elliptic,  doubly  serrate,  pinnately-veined  leaves  3'— 
8'  long,  the  white  or  pinkish  flowers  in  much-branched  clusters. 

Begonia  hydrocotylifolia  Otto,  Marsh-Pennywort  Begonia,  Mexican,  also 
recorded  by  Lefroy,  is  pubescent  all  over,  with  nearly  orbicular,  cordate,  short- 
petioled  leaves  2'  broad  or  less,  the  peduncles  about  1°  high,  bearing  rose-red 
flowers. 

Begonia  minor  Jacq.,  Jamaica  Begonia,  of  Jamaica,  a  glabrous  branched 
species  2°-4°  high,  with  very  obliquely  ovate,  subcordate,  acuminate  nearly 
entire  leaves  2'^'  long,  and  numerous  white  flowers  in  large  cymes,  is  occa- 
sionally grown. 

Begonia  Rex  Putz,  Rex  Begonia,  of  Assam,  has  short  fleshy  rootstocks, 
differing  in  this  feature  from  all  the  preceding  species,  which  have  fibrous 
roots;  its  long-petioled,  obliquely  ovate,  cordate  pubescent  leaves  are  basal, 
green  with  a  silvery-grey  zone,  and  undulate-margined;  its  showy  rose-colored 
flowers  are  2'  broad  or  less. 

Order  25.     OPUNTIALES. 

Fleshy  plants,  with  continuous  or  jointed  stems,  leafless,  or  with  small 
leaves  {PeresJcia  has  normal  leaves),  generally  abundantly  spiny,  the  spines 
developed  from  cushions  of  wool  or  minute  bristles  (areolae).  Flowers 
mostly  solitary,  sessile,  perfect,  regular,  showy.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  many-lobed.  Petals  numerous,  imbricated  in  several  rows, 
mostly  distinct.  Stamens  numerous,  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  calyx. 
Filaments  filiform;  anthers  small.  Ovary  1-celled;  ovules  numerous,  anat- 
ropous,  borne  on  several  parietal  placentae.  Style  terminal,  elongated; 
stigmas  numerous.  Fruit  a  berry,  mostly  fleshy,  sometimes  nearly  dry. 
Seeds  smooth,  or  tubercled,  the  testa  usually  crustaceous  or  bony;  endo- 
sperm little,  or  copious.     Only  one  family. 

Family  1.     CACTACEAE  Lindl. 

Cactus  Family. 

Characters  of  the  order.  About  100  genera  and  at  least  1000  species, 
nearly  all  natives  of  America. 


CACTACEAE. 


255 


Corolla  rotate,  without  a  tube  ;  joints  of  the  plant  flat  or  cylindric  ;  day-floworing. 

1.  Opuntia. 
Corolla  funnelform,  with  a  long  tube ;  joints  trigonous  ;  night-flower- 
ing. 2.   Ilylocercus. 

1.  OPUNTIA  Mill. 
Succulent  plants,  with  jointed  branching  stems,  the  joints  flat,  or  cylindric, 
and  small  mostly  subulate  deciduous  leaves,  the  areolae  axillary,  often  spine- 
bearing.  Flowers  usually  lateral;  Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary, 
its  lobes  spreading.  Petals  numerous,  slightly  united  at  the  base.  Stamens 
very  numerous.  Ovary  cylindric,  exserted;  style  cylindric,  longer  than  the 
stamens;  stigma  2-7-rayed.  Berry  pear-shaped,  often  spiny.  [Named  from 
a  town  in  Greece  where  some  species  grew.]  About  200  species,  natives  of 
America.     Type  species :  Cactus  Opuntia  L. 

1.  Opuntia  Dillenii  (Ker.)  Haw. 
Prickly  Pear.  (Fig.  277.)  Bushy- 
branched,  14°-5°  high,  often  forming 
masses  6°  in  diameter.  Joints  green, 
glabrous,  mostly  obovate  and  5'-10' 
long,  about  4"  thick,  crenate,  the 
areoles  I'-li'  apart,  somewhat  ele- 
vated, bearing  1-4  stout  yellow 
spines  J'-li'  long,  or  spineless,  the 
numerous  glochides  yellowish  to 
brownish,  3"  long  or  less;  flowers 
solitary  at  the  areoles,  often  abun- 
dant, bright  yellow,  about  3'  broad ; 
ovary  obovoid,  with  glochide-bearing 
areoles;  petals  obovate;  stamens 
much  shorter  than  the  petals;  fruit 
pyrif  orm,  red-purple,  edible,  2'-3'  long. 
[Cactus  Dillenii  Ker;  Opuntia  Tuna 
of  Lefroy,  Jones,  H.  B.  Small,  Hems- 
ley,  Verrill  and  Moore;  0.  vulgaris 
of  Eeade,  Kemp,  H.  B.  Small  and 
Harshberger;  Cactus  Opuntia  of 
Michaux.] 

Common  in  sandy  soil  near  the  coasts,  and  occasional  on  hillsides  inland. 
Native,  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  The  only 
native  cactus.  In  shade,  the  joints  greatly  elongate  and  are  proportionately  nar- 
rower, sometimes  1°  long  and  only  2Y  wide,  spineless,  or  nearly  so. 

Opuntia  pes-corvi  LeConte,  a  low,  brown-spined  species  of  Georgia  and 
Florida,  with  small  joints  readily  separating,  is  recorded  as  Bormudian  by 
Eein  and  Lefroy  and  admitted  by  Hemsley  and  by  Verrill,  in  all  probability 
erroneously,  as  it  has  not  been  found  by  subsequent  collectors. 

Opuntia  tomentosa  Salm-Dyck,  Tall  Velvety  Prickly  Pear,  Mexican,  is 
grown  for  interest,  attaining  a  height  of  15°-20°  with  a  roughish  trunk  up  to 
nearly  a  foot  in  diameter.  A  fine  specimen  existed  in  1014,  on  a  bank  near  the 
roadside,  approaching  St.  George's.  The  joints  of  this  species  are  dull  green 
and  finely  velvety,  and  the  flowers  small  and  rose-colored. 

Opuntia  Ficus-indica  (L.)  Mill.,  Tall  Smooth  Prickly  Pear,  tropical 
American,  with  large,  nearly  or  quite  smooth  and  often  spineless  joints,  is 
occasionally  grown;  its  oblong  yellowish  fruits  are  about  3'  long. 

Opuntia  leucotricha  DC,  Aaron's  Beard,  Mexican,  a  tall  broad-jointed 
species,  covered  with  long,  whitish  stiff  hairs,  is  occasionally  planted  for  in- 
terest. Fine  specimens  were  seen  at  Whitehall  and  Caledonia  Park,  st 
George's,  in  1913. 


256 


CACTACEAE. 


Several  other  species  of  Opuntia  were  planted  at  Mount  Langton  by 
Lefroy;  in  1914  ten  species  were  sent  to  Paget  Eectory  from  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden.  The  plant  recorded  by  H.  B.  Small  as  Opuntia  candelabra 
has  not  been  identified. 

Nopalea  cochinellifera  (L.)  Salm-Dyck,  Cochineel  Cactus,  a  nearly 
smooth  flat-jointed'  shining  cactus,  differing  from  Opuntia  in  having  the 
stamens  much  longer  than  the  small  petals,  is  commonly  grown  in  gardens. 
This  plant  supports  the  cochineel  insect  in  tropical  America,  where  it  is 
abundant.      [Opuntia  cochinellifera  Mill.] 

Seven  species  of  the  Mexican  genus  Pereskiopsis,  cacti  with  broad  leaves, 
similar  to  PeresMa,  were  planted  at  Paynter's  Vale  in  1912  and  were  growing 
well  in  1913. 

2.     HYLOCEREUS  Britton  &  Eose. 

Climbing  or  trailing  cacti,  with  3-winged  or  3-angled,  mostly  stout  stems 
and  branches  emitting  aerial  roots,  but  bearing  no  leaves,  the  areoles  borne  on 
the  wings  or  angles  and  armed  with  few  or  several  short  spines.  Flowers 
nocturnal,  very  large,  regular,  the  ovary  and  tube  bearing  large,  ovate  to 
linear-lanceolate  scales,  the  perianth-segments  numerous,  linear  or  narrowly 
lanceolate,  widely  spreading,  the  outer  green,  the  inner  mostly  bright  white. 
Stamens  very  many.  Fruit  a  scaly  berry,  not  spiny  nor  bristly.  [Greek, 
forest-cereus.]  About  20  species,  native  of  tropical  America.  Type  species: 
Hylocereus  triangularis  (L.)   Britton  S  Eose. 

1.  Hylocereus  undatus  (Haw.) 
Britton  &  Eose.  Night-blooming 
Ceeeus.  (Fig.  278.)  Stems  stout, 
fleshy,  glabrous,  sometimes  20°  long, 
often  climbing  on  trees,  the  branches 
l°-4°  long,  green,  3-winged,  the 
wings  flat,  V-V  broad,  coarsely  cre- 
nate,  their  margins  with  a  narrow 
horny  border;  spines  2-5  at  each 
areole,  brownish,  li"-2"  long;  flow- 
ers about  1°  long,  the  tube  about  IV 
thick,  rather  shorter  than  the  limb, 
bearing  several  linear-lanceolate 
scales  li'-3'  long;  ovary  l'-2'  long, 
bearing  several  ovate,  acute  scales  1' 
long  or  less;  style  stout,  about  as 
long  as  the  stamens;  berry  oblong, 
red,  pulpy,  about  3'  long,  covered 
with  ovate  scales.  [Cereus  tricosta- 
tus  Gosselin;  C.  undatios  Haw.; 
Cereus  triangularis  of  Lefroy,  Eeade 
and    Jones;     Cereus     compressus    of  Moore.] 

Banks  and  thickets,  escaped  from  cultivation  ;  common  in  gardens.  Native  of 
Mexico.     Naturalized  in  Florida  and  tne  West  Indies. 

Selenicereus  grandifidrus  (L.)  Britton  &  Eose,  Queen  of  the  Night, 
West  Indian,  a  climbing  species,  with  round  fluted  prickly  stems,  its  large 
white,  bell-shaped,  hairy  flowers  opening  at  night,  is  commonly  planted. 
[Cactus  grandiflorus  L.] 

Epiphyllum  latifrons  Zucc,  Broad  Epiphtllum,  Mexican,  a  large,  entirely 
spineless  flat-stemmed  cactus,  with  large  white  nocturnal  funnelform  flowers, 
is  occasional  in  gardens.     [Phyllocactus  latifrons  Link.] 


CACTACEAE.  257 

Cactus  Melocactus'L.,  Turk's  Cap,  Jamaican,  a  globose  cactus  a  foot  or 
more  in  diameter  with  numerous  strongly  spiny  ribs,  and  a  woolly  top  bearing 
small  pink  or  rose  flowers  and  narrowly  pyriform  pink  fruits,  is  mentioned  by 
Eeade  and  by  Lefroy  as  commonly  grown  prior  to  1879,  and  is  now  occasionally 
seen.     [Melocactus  communis  DC] 

Pereskia  grandifolia  Haw.,  Bush  Pereskia,  South  American,  a  s-piny  shrub 
with  oval  or  oblong,  smooth  entire  leaves  and  terminal  clusters  of  rose- 
colored  or  purple  flowers,  is  occasional  in  gardens,  planted  for  ornament.  The 
genus  Pereskia  differs  from  other  Cacti  in  having  normal  leaves.  [P.  Bleo 
of  Reade  and  of  Lefroy.] 

Pereskia  Pereskia  (L.)  Karsten,  Barbadoes  Gooseberry,  tropical 
American,  a  high-climbing  spiny  vine,  with  similar  leaves  to  those  of  the 
preceding  species,  but  smaller,  and  large  clusters  of  white  or  cream-colored 
fragrant  flowers,  followed  by  leafy  edible  yellowish  berries,  is  also  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament.      \^Cactus  Pereskia  L. ;  P.  aculeata  Mill.) 

Zygocactus  truncatus  (Haw.)  Schumann,  Crab  Cactus,  Brazilian,  grown 
in  greenhouses,  is  spineless,  about  1°  long,  with  flat  jointed  stems  V-V  broad, 
the  thin,  oblong  joints  l-i'-2'  long,  united  only  through  the  middle,  bearing 
2  or  3  ascending,  prominent  teeth  on  both  margins;  the  red  to  rose-colored, 
irregular  flowers  are  about  3'  long.     [Epiphyllum  truncatum  Haw.] 

The  following  cacti  were  sent  to  Paget  Rectory  from  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  in  1914. 

Cereus  lepidotiis  Salm-Dyck,  Venezuelan. 

Nyctocereus  serpentinus   (Lag.  &  Rodr.)   Britton  &  Rose,  Mexican. 

Acanthocereus  pentagonus  (L.)  Britton  &  Rose,  Tropical  American. 

Cephalocereus  leucocephalus   (Poselg.)   Britton  &  Rose,  Mexican. 

Cephalocereiis  Brooksianus  Britton   &  Rose,  Cuban. 

Lemaireocereus  griseus  (Haw.)  Britton  &  Rose,  South  American. 

Lemaireocereus  Hystrix   (Salm-Dyck)   Britton  k  Rose,  West  Indian. 

Harrisia  portoricensis  Britton,  Porto  Rican. 

Harrisia  gracilis  (Mill.)  Britton,  Jamaican. 

Harrisia  eriophora  (Pfeiff.)  Britton,  Cuban. 

Echinocereus  enneacanthus  Engelm.,  Texan. 

EcJiinocactus  pemviamos  Schumann,  Peruvian. 

Mamillaria  nivosa  Link,  West  Indian. 

Order  26.     MYRTALES. 

Herbs,    shrubs    or   trees,    unarmed,    sometimes    aquatic    or    amphibious. 

Leaves  alternate  or  opposite.     Flowers  regailar  or  irregular,  complete,  and 

often  showy,  or  reduced  to  a  stamen  and  pistil  adnate  to  the  hypanthium. 

Hypanthium  merely  enclosing  the  ovary  or  adnate  to  it.     Stamens  few  or 

many.     Anthers  opening  by  slits  or  pores.     Stigma  terminating  the  style, 

or  sessile.    Fruit  capsular  or  baccate,  or  resembling  an  achene. 

Style  present,  simple  or  compound ;   stigma  terminal. 

Anthers  opening  by  pores.  Fam.    1.    Mki.astomaceae. 

Antliers   opening  by  longitudinal   valves. 

Hypanthium  merely  enclosing  the  ovary.  Fam.   2.   I.vthb.vceae. 

Hypanthium  adnate  to  the  ovary  or  mainly  so. 
Cotvledons  spirally  convolute  in  the  embryo, 
bvarv  several-celled  ;  ovules  numerous,  not 

pendulous.  Fam.  8.   Pimcaceae. 

Ovary  1-celled  ;  ovules  2-5.  pendulous.  Fam.  4.  1>;rminai.i.\ceae. 

Cotyledons  not  spirally  convolute. 

Sepals  imbricated  or  united  and  the  calyx  _ 

falling  away  as  a  cap.  Fam.  ...   Mvrtaceae. 

18 


258  MELASTOMACEAE. 

Sepals  valvate. 

Leaves  stipulate  ;  sepals  leathery,  Fam,  6,  Rhizophoraceae. 

Leaves     not     stipulate ;     sepals     mem- 
branous or  herbaceous.  Fam.   7.   Oxagraceae. 
Style  wanting ;  stigmas  sessile.  Fam.  8.  Haloragidaceae. 

Family  1.     MELASTOMACEAE  R.  Br. 

Meadow-Beauty  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  3-9-nerved  leaves,  and  regular 
perfect  often  shoA^y  but  rarelj^  odorous  flowers.  Stipules  none.  Calyx- 
tube  usually  4r-5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated.  Petals  as  many  as  the  lobes 
of  the  calyx,  and  inserted  on  its  throat,  imbricated.  Stamens  twice  as 
many,  or  equal  in  number  to  the  petals,  often  inclined  or  declined,  the  alter- 
nate ones  sometimes  shorter.  Ovary  2-several-celled  (often  4-celled) ;  style 
terminal,  simple;  ovules  oo,  anatropous.  Capsule  included  in  the  calyx- 
tube,  irregularly  or  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  mainly  small,  with  no 
endosperm.  About  150  genera  and  2500  species,  widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical regions,  most  abundant  in  South  xVmerica. 

Medinilla  magnifica  Lindl.,  Eed  Medinilla,  of  the  Philippine  Islands, 
seen  at  Bellevue  in  1914,  is  a  shrub  ^vith  stout  4-angled  branches,  thick  dark 
green,  strongly  3-13-nerved,  broadly  ovate  or  elliptic,  acute  sessile  leaves  6-10' 
long,  and  elegant  panicles,  often  1°  long,  of  red  flowers  about  1'  across. 

Family  2.     LYTHRACEAE  Lindl. 
Loosestrife  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  often  trees  in  the  tropics.  Leaves  mostly  opposite, 
usually  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  clustered.  Calyx-tube  en- 
closing the  ovarj^,  but  free ;  calyx-lobes  mostly  4—6,  commonly  accompanied 
by  accessory  teeth.  Corolla  of  4  to  6  petals,  or  wanting.  Filaments  mostly 
filifoiTti;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  2-6-celled,  or  rarely  1-celled.  Styles 
united.  Stigmas  entire  or  rarely  2-lobed.  Ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a 
thin-walled  or  firm  capsule  enclosed  in  the  hypanthium.  Seeds  variously 
marked  or  roughened.     Embryo  straight. 

Lagerstroemia  indica  L.,  Queen  of  Shrubs,  Crape  Myrtle,  Asiatic, 
grown  for  ornament,  is  a  tall  .shrub  or  small  tree,  with  rather  small  entire 
mostly  opposite  leaves  and  showy,  pink  or  sometimes  white  flowers  in  terminal 
clusters;  the  floAxers  have  6  clawed  crisped  petals,  and  many  long  filaments; 
the  fruit  is  a  leathery  3-6-valved  capsule.  The  plant  blooms  from  spring  to 
early  autumn. 

Parsonsia  micropetala  (H.B.K.)  Britton,  Small-petaled  Parsonsia,  Mex- 
ican, seen  at  Paget  Eectory  in  1914,  is  a  somewhat  rough  shrub  2°-3i°  high, 
with  opposite  petioled  oblong-lanceolate  leaves  2-4'  long,  or  the  upper  alter- 
nate, smaller,  and  racemose  leafy-bracted  flowers,  the  tubular  calyx  about  1' 
long,  12-nerved  and  12-toothed,  scarlet  at  base,  yellow  above,  the  6  petals 
minute,  the  stamens  red.     [Cuphea  micropetala  H.B.K. ] 

Family  3.     PUNICACEAE  Horan. 
Pomegraxate  Family. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  terete  branches.  Leaves  opposite  or  nearly 
so,  entire.  Flowers  perfect,  showy,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  axils,  short- 
peduncled.  Calyx  leatheiw,  turbinate,  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  lobes  5-7. 
Corolla  of  5-7  petals  inserted  at  the  throat  of  the  calyx-tube,  wrinkled. 


PUNICACEAE. 


259 


Stamens  numerous  in  many  series  on  the  ealj'x-tube;  filaments  filiform; 
anthers  versatile.  Ovary  several-celled,  inferior;  styles  united;  stigma 
slightly  lobed.  Ovules  numerous,  superposed  in  2  series.  Fruit  a  several- 
celled  berry  crowned  with  the  calyx,  with  a  leathery  coat,  its  septa  mem- 
branous. Seeds  angled,  in  a  watery  pulp,  with  a  leathery  testa.  Embryo 
with  spirally  convolute  cotyledons,  each  auricled  at  the  base.  Only  the 
following  genus  containing  the  one  typical  species  and  perhaps  one  other. 


Characters  of  the  family, 
where  the  fruit  was  obtained.] 


1.     PUNICA  L. 
[Latin,  from  the  Roman  name  for  Carthage, 


1.  Punica  Granatum  L.  Pomegranate. 
(Fig.  279.)  A  shrub,  or  a  tree  reaching  a 
height  of  20°.  Foliage  glabrous;  leaves 
leathery,  oval,  elliptic  or  oblong,  varying  to 
broadest  slightly  above  or  below  the  middle, 
I'-SV  long,  obtuse  or  acute,  or  rarely  retuse, 
flat,  short-petioled ;  peduncles  stout,  1-several- 
flowered;  calyx  tube  turbinate,  becoming 
campanulate,  later  subglobose;  lobes  trian- 
gular or  triangidar-lanceolate,  much  shorter 
than  the  tube,  acute,  finally  deciduous;  petals 
scarlet,  their  blades  suborbicular  or  orbicular- 
obovate,  1'  long  or  less,  short-clawed;  fruit 
subglobose  or  spheroidal,  2V-5'  in  diameter. 

Commonly  planted,  and  locally  escaped  from 
cultivation  and  naturalized.  Native  of  Persia. 
Recorded  as  grown  in  Bermuda  as  early  as  1621. 


Family  4.     TERMINALIACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

White  Mangrove  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  vines  in  tropical  regions.  Leaves  alternate  or  oppo- 
site, simple,  leathery^ ;  stipules  wanting.  Inflorescence  racemose  or  capitate. 
Flowers  often  apetalous,  regular,  perfect  or  polygamous.  Calyx  with  4 
or  5  valvate,  deciduous  or  rarely  persistent  sepals.  Corolla  of  4  or  5  petals, 
inserted  at  the  base  of  the  calyx,  or  wanting.  Stamens  twice  as  nuniy  as 
the  petals  or  more;  filaments  distinct;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  1-celled; 
style  terminal;  stigma  entire  or  nearly  so.  Ovules  few,  suspended,  anat- 
ropous.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  beriy-like,  indehiscent,  often  crowned  with 
the  accrescent  calyx.  Seed  solitary,  filling  the  cavity;  endosperm  none; 
embryo  straight,  with  convolute  cotyledons.  About  15  genera  and  285 
species,  tropical  in  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the  Old  World. 


1.  CONOCARPUS  L. 

A  shrub  or  tree  of  the  seaeoast,  with  alternate  entire  leathery  leaves,  the 
petioles  2-glandular,  the  small  greenish  perfect  flowers  in  spicate  or  panicled 


260 


TERMINALIACEAE. 


heads.  Calyx- tube  flattened,  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary;  sepals  5,  de- 
ciduous. Petals  none.  Stamens  mostly  5,  with  slender  elongated  filaments 
and  cordate  anthers.  Style  pubescent.  Ovules  2.  Drupes  scale-like,  densely 
aggregated.  Seeds  flat;  cotyledons  convolute.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  cone- 
like heads  of  fruit.]     A  monotypic  American  genus. 

1.  Conocarpus  erecta  L.  Sea  Mul- 
berry. Bark.  Buttoxvtood.  Button 
Alder.  (Fig.  279.)  A  glabrate  or  silky- 
pubescent  shrub  or  tree,  sometimes  30° 
tall,  sometimes  less  than  3°  high,  with 
angled  or  winged  twigs.  Leaves  l'-2' 
long,  elliptic  to  oval,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  both  ends,  entire,  short-petioled ; 
racemes  l'-2'  long,  peduncled;  heads  2-i"- 
4"  in  diameter  at  flowering  time ;  calyx- 
tube  funnel-like,  greenish,  a  little  over 
i"  long;  sepals  triangular-ovate,  about 
as  long  as  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  finely 
pubescent;  stamens  and  style  5"-7"  long; 
drupes  scale-like,  2-winged,  '2"-3-J"  long. 
[C.  prociimhens  of  Eeade;  Laguncularia 
racemosa  of  Lefroy,  the  error  copied  by 
Yerrill;  Cephalanthus  occidentalis  of 
Jones;    Conocarpus  racemosus  of  Jones.] 

Common  along  the  coasts,  in  sheltered 
situations  erect,  where  wind-swept  prostrate. 
Native.  Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers  in  autumn  and  winter.  Its  seeds 
doubtless  reached  Bermuda  by  floating.  Its 
bark  was  formerly  used  for  tanning. 

Terminalia  Catappa  L.,  West  Indian  or  Demarara  Almond,  a  tropical 
Malayan  tree  sometimes  50°  tall,  with  widely  spreading  branches,  alternate, 
oval  to  obovate,  entire  short-petioled  leaves  6-12'  long,  slender  spikes  of  small 
greenish-white  flowers  without  petals,  and  elliptic  2-edged  flattened  drupes 
about  2V  long,  is  occasionally  planted  for  shade  and  ornament,  and  might 
well  be  more  used. 

Terminalia  Arjuna  Beddome,  Arjun,  East  Indian,  a  tree  reaching  80°  in 
height,  with  smooth  bark,  subopposite  glabrate  short-petioled  oblong  obtuse 
leaves  3'-6'  long,  small  flowers  in  panicled  spikes,  the  obovoid-oblong,  5- 
winged  fruits  l'-2'  long,  was  seen  at  Dunbarton  in  1914,  as  a  tree  about  40"^ 
high  with  a  trunk  20'  in  circumference,  raised  from  seed  from  Ceylon. 

Quisqualis  indica  L.,  Eangoon  Creeper,  from  the  Old  World  tropics,  a 
long  woody  vine,  with  opposite  short-stalked  elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  acuminate  leaves  3'  or  4'  long,  terminal  drooping  spikes  of  elongated 
flowers,  the  very  slender  calyx-tube  about  3'  long,  its  short  lobes  triangular, 
the  5  red  petals  oblong-oblanceolate,  obtuse,  8"  or  9"  long,  the  leathery  capsules 
5-angled,  is  grown  on  walls  for  ornament. 


MYRTACEAE. 


261 


Family  5.     MYRTACEAE  R.  Br. 

Myrtle  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  abounding  in  pungent  and  aromatic  volatile  oil.  Leaves 
opposite,  or  rarely  alternate  or  whorled,  simple,  pellueid-punctate.  Stipules 
wanting.  Flowers  perfect,  regular.  Calyx  with  4,  5  or  many  valvate  or 
imbricated  persistent  sepals,  or  cap-like  and  deciduous.  Petals  inserted 
on  the  margin  of  a  disk,  or  sometimes  wanting.  Stamens  numerous  or  very 
rarely  as  many  as  the  sepals ;  filaments  distinct  or  partially  united ;  anthers 
opening  longitudinally.  Ovary  inferior  or  partly  so,  in  a  fleshy  disk, 
1-many-celled.  Styles  terminal  or  rarely  lateral,  united.  Stigma  usually 
terminal,  entire.  Ovules  solitary  or  numerous.  Fruit  often  crowned  with 
the  calyx.  Seeds  straight,  often  angled;  testa  membranous  or  crustaceous; 
endosperm  wanting.  A  large  family,  consisting  of  about  70  genera  and 
some  2700  species,  mostly  tropical. 

1.     EUGENIA  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  usually  glabrous  foliage.  Leaves  opposite,  commonly 
leathery,  pinnately  veined,  the  flowers  axillary,  solitary,  or  in  umbel-like 
raceme-like  or  congested  clusters.  Calyx-lobes  4  or  5.  Petals  4  or  5,  white. 
Stamens  numerous;  filaments  filiform,  distinct  and  in  several  series,  or  aggre- 
gated into  4  groups  and  slightly  united.  Ovary  sessile,  2-3-celled.  Ovules 
several  in  each  cavity.  Berries  crowned  by  the  calyx-lobes.  Seeds  often  1— i. 
Embryo  with  thick  cotyledons  and  a  short  radicle.  [Named  in  honor  of 
Prince  Eugene  of  Savoy  (1663-1736)  a  patron  of  botany  and  horticulture.] 
About  600  species,  of  tropical  distribution.     Type  species:  Eugenia  uniflora  L. 

Flowers  glomerate  in  the  axils,  short-pedicelled  :  fruit  black,  smooth.      1.  /;.  axillaris. 
Flowers  solitary   or  few  together,  long-pedicelled  ;  fruit  red,   ribbed.      2.   E.  uni flora. 

1.  Eugenia  axillaris  (Sw.) 
Willd.  White  Stopper.  (Fig. 
281.)  A  shrub  or  tree,  reaching  a 
height  of  20°,  with  a  maximum 
trunk  diameter  of  about  10',  the 
bark  shallowly  fissured,  the 
branchlets  terete.  Leaves  elliptic- 
ovate  or  nearly  elliptic,  unpleas- 
antly odorous,  14'-3'  long,  i-evo- 
lute-margined,  paler  beneath  than 
above  and  black-dotted;  the  peti 
oles  l"-3"  long,  margined ;  racemes 
cluster-like,  axillary ;  pedicels  short, 
pubescent;  calyx-lobes  4,  rounded; 
corolla  about  2"  broad;  petals  4, 
surpassing  the  calyx-lobes,  gland- 
ular-punctate ;  fruit  depressed- 
globose,  5"-6"  in  diameter,  black, 
smooth,  glandular-punctate,  sweet. 
[Myrtus  axillaris  Sw. ;  E.  monti- 
cola  of  Reade,  Verrill,  Hemsley 
and  Millspaugh.] 

Abundant  on  the  south  side  of  St.  David's  Island  ?nd  on  Cooper's  Island  ;  fre- 
quent between  Castle  Harbor  and  Harrington  Sound  :  Hall  s  Island  ^^^^/^^ts  Cliff . 
Boaz  Island.  Native.  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn.     Its  seed  was  probably  brought  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 


262 


MYRTACEAE. 


2.  Eugenia  uniflora  L.  Surinam 
Cherry.  (Fig.  282.)  A  shrub  or 
small  tree  up  to  15°  high,  with  slen- 
der branches.  Leaves  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  dark  green  and  shining 
above,  paler  beneath,  bluntly  acute  or 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  rounded  at 
the  base,  dotted,  thin  in  texture,  1'- 
2V  long;  pedicels  solitary  or  few  to- 
gether, glabrous,  about  1'  long ;  calyx- 
lobes  obtusish;  petals  about  twice  as 
long  as  the  calyx-lobes;  fruit  sub- 
globose,  furrowed,  4"-5"  in  diameter, 
bright-red,  spicy,  edible.  [E.  Michelii 
Lam. ;  E.  Ugni  of  Reade  and  of  H.  B. 
Small;  E.  hrasiliensis  of  Eeade?] 

Thickets  and  hillsides.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  South  America.  Flowers  in 
spring.  Its  fruit  is  much  used  for  pre- 
serves and  jellies,  but  as  it  harbors  the 
fruit  fly.  the  tree  has  been  largely  cut 
out  in  recent  years. 

Eugenia  floribunda  West,  Guava-berry,  West  Indian,  occasionally  planted 
for  interest  and  for  its  fruits,  is  a  small  slender  tree,  with  short-petioled, 
ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  leaves  1-2*'  long,  clustered,  axillary  or  lateral, 
nearly  sessile  small  white  flowers  and  globose  fruits  about  1'  in  diameter. 


2.     PSIDIUM  L. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  pinnately-veined  leaves  and  large  axillary  or  lateral, 
solitary  or  clustered  flowers.  Calyx-tube  somewhat  prolonged  beyond  the 
ovary,  its  4  or  5  lobes  often  united  in  the  bud,  irregularly  parting  at  anthesis. 
Petals  4  or  5,  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  with  filiform  filaments  in  sev- 
eral series.  Ovary  4-5-celled ;  ovules  several  or  many  in  each  cavity.  Embryo 
curved,  with  small  cotyledons  and  a  long  radicle.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
edible  fruit.]     About  100  species,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Psidium  Guajava  L.  Guava. 
(Fig.  283.)  A  shrub,  or  a  small 
tree  sometimes  15°  tall,  with  pubes- 
cent 4-angled  branchlets.  Leaves 
firm-leathery,  oblong  or  nearly  so, 
li'-4'  long,  mostly  obtuse,  pubes- 
cent beneath,  with  prominent  rib- 
like nerves,  short-petioled;  calyx- 
lobes  5"-7"  long,  united  in  tHe 
bud;  petals  7"-10"  long;  berries 
globular  or  pyriform,  V-2V  in 
diameter.      [P.  pomiferum  L.) 

Commonly  planted.  Locally  es- 
caped from  cultivation  and  natural- 
ized. Native  of  tropical  America. 
Flowers  in  summer.  Its  fruits  much 
used  for  the  well-known  guava  jelly. 


MYETACEAE. 


263 


Psidium  Cattleyanum  Sabine,  Purple  Guava,  Strawberry  Guava,  Bra- 
zilian, occasionally  planted  for  its  fruit,  which  is  pulpy,  purplish,  globose, 
about  1'  long,  has  obovate  leaves,  wedge-shaped  at  the  base,  calyx-lobes 
separate  in  the  bud,  smaller  flowers,  and  is  a  small  tree  with  terete  branches. 
Yerrill  uses  the  common  name  ''Guava  Berry"  for  this  plant  and  cites  Le- 
froy's  record,  but  this  name  belongs- to  Eugenia  floriiunda  West,  of  the  West 
Indies.  A  fine  plant  at  Paget  Eectory  was  about  10°  high  in  1914,  the  trunk 
12'  in  girth. 

Psidium  amplexicaCQe  Pers.  [P.  cordatum  Sims.],  Mountain  Guava,  of 
the  Virgin  Islands,  a  shrub  with  orbicular  subcordate  short-petioled  leaves, 
recorded  by  Lefroy  as  grown  at  Somerville,  died  some  years  ago. 


3.  PIMENTA  Lindl. 
A  tree  with  nearly  smooth  bark,  oblong  or  elliptic,  petioled  aromatic 
pinnately-veined  leaves,  and  small  white  4-parted  flowers,  borne  in  compound 
cymes  in  the  upper  axils.  Calyx-tube  campanulate,  its  lobes  spreading,  per- 
sistent. Petals  spreading.  Stamens  numerous,  in  several  series.  Stigma  pel- 
tate; ovary  2-celled;  ovules  mostly  solitary  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  berry-like, 
aromatic.  Seeds  few,  subglobose;  embryo  spiral.  [Greek,  rich  in  oil.]  A 
monotypic  genus  of  the  West  Indies  and  Central  America. 


1.  Pimenta  Pimenta  (L.)  Cockerell. 
Allspice.  Pimento.  (Fig.  284.)  Becoming 
40°  high  or  more,  glabrous,  except  the  puberu- 
lent  inflorescence.  Leaves  coriaceous,  3'-6' 
long,  mostly  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  with  petioles  about  A'  long,  the  veins 
rather  prominent  beneath;  cymes  stalked, 
many-flowered;  flowers  about  3"  broad;  calyx- 
lobes  blunt;  ovary  puberulent;  berries  sub- 
globose,  about  3"  in  diameter,  usually  2- 
seeded.  [Myrtus  Pimenta  L. ;  P.  officinalis 
Lindl.;  P.  vulgaris  Lindl.] 


Hillsides.  Very  abundant  in  Warwick.  Nat.- 
uralized.  Native  of  Jamaica,  Cuba  and  Central 
America.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  Com- 
monly planted. 

Myrtus  communis  L.,  Myrtle,  Sv^eet 
Myrtle,  of  southern  Europe,  is  a  shrub  3°-10° 
high,  with  opposite,  nearly  sessile,  oblong  to 
lanceolatenacute,  aromatic  leaves  1-2^  long,  the  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils  on 
peduncles  about  as  long  as  the  leaves;  the  peduncles  bear  2  narrow  bractlets, 
and  the  fruit  is  a  small  black  berry.  It  is  not  uncommonly  planted  for  orna- 
ment and  interest. 

Amomis  caryophyllata  (Jacq.)  Krug  &  Urban,  Bay  or  Bay  Bum  Tree, 
West  Indian,  a  tree  up  to  25°  high,  with  leathery,  elliptic  to  obovate,  obtuse 
short-petioled  leaves  2-5'  long,  bright  green  and  shining  above,  dull  beneath, 
finely  reticulate-veined,  the  small  white  5-parted  flowers  in  large  conii>ound  cymes, 
the  ovoid  fruits  about  5"  long,  is  planted  for  ornament  and  for  its  aromatic 
leaves.  There  is  a  perfect  specimen  on  the  lawn  at  Mt.  Langton.  [Miirius 
caryophyllata  Jacq.;   M.  acris  Sw. ;    Pimenta  acris  Kostel.] 

Anamomis  fragrans  (Sw.)  Griseb.,  Fragrant  An  amomis.  Jamaican, 
recorded  by  Jones  in  1873  as  grown  in  Bermuda,  is  a  tree,  up  to  25°  high,  with 


264  MYBTACEAE. 

oval  or  obovate,  short-petioled,  rather  thick  leaves  about  2'  long,  and   small, 
Tvhite  flowers  in  cymes.     [Myrtus  fragrans  Sw.] 

Jambos  Jambos  (L.)  Millsp.,  Eose-apple,  East  Indian,  but  widely 
naturalized  in  the  West  Indies,  is  a  tree  up  to  40°  high,  with  firm  glabrous 
oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate,  short-petioled  leaves  5'-8'  long,  about 
1'  wide  or  less,  and  terminal  corymbs  of.  few  large  white  flowers,  with  many 
stamens  I'-li'  long,  much  surpassing  the  petals;  its  subglobose  fruits  are  about 
1'  long.  This  tree  is  occasional  in  gardens;  the  fine  specimen  at  Par-la- Ville 
flowered  in  1914.     [Eugenia  jambos  L. ;  Jamhosa  vulgaris  DC] 

Jambos  malacensis  (L.)  DC,  Malay  Apple,  also  East  Indian,  recorded 
by  Lefroy  as  fruiting  at  Par-la- Ville  in  1878,  has  broader  leaves  and  lateral 
corymbs  of  smaller  purple  flowers,  the  top-shaped,  red  fruit  about  4'  long. 
[Eugeiiia  malacensis  L.] 

Syzygium  jambolanum  (Lam.)  DC,  Java  Plum,  Jambolan,  of  south- 
eastern Asia,  a  tree  up  to  50°  high,  with  evergreen  firm  closely-veined,  oval 
slender-petioled  leaves  3'-6'  long,  not  glandular-dotted,  the  small  white  flowers 
in  terminal  panicled  cymes,  the  4  or  5  petals  cohering  in  a  cap,  the  edible 
berries  g'-f  long,  is  not  uncommonly  planted.  Large  trees  were  seen  at 
Montrose  and  at  Bellevue  in  1914.      [Eugenia  jamdolana  Lam.] 

Eucalyptus  globulus  Labill.,  Australian  Blue  Gum,  Australian,  com- 
monly planted,  is  a  tall,  nearly  smooth-barked  tree,  attaining  200°  or  more  in 
its  native  forests.  Like  some  other  species  of  the  genus  the  leaves  of  shoots 
are  quite  different  from  the  mature  foliage;  in  this,  the  shoot-leaves  are  oppo- 
site, thin,  ovate,  cordate-clasping  or  connate  at  the  base,  whitish-waxy  beneath, 
3'-6'  long;  the  later  leaves  are  alternate,  thick,  petioled,  narrowly  lanceolate, 
acuminate  and,  somewhat  curved;  the  flowers  are  axillary,  the  obconic  calyx- 
tube  and  its  lid  verrucose,  waxy. 

Eucalyptus  robusta  Smith,  Swamp-mahogany  Gum,  Australian,  occa- 
sionally planted,  is  a  tree,  becoming  up  to  100°  high,  with  roughish  bark,  its 
mature  leaves  broadly  lanceolate,  thick,  long-acuminate,  finely  pinnately-veined, 
5'-7'  long,  their  stout  petioles  about  ^'  long;  its  clustered  large  white  flowers 
are  axillary,  the  calyx-lid  with  a  conic  tip. 

Eucalyptus  resinifera  Smith,  King  Eucalyptus.  Eed  AustFvAlian  Gum, 
also  planted,  is  tall,  roughish-barked,  with  slender-petioled  lanceolate  curved 
acuminate  leaves  4'-6'  long,  small  flowers  and  fruits,  the  calyx-lid  conic,  longer 
than  the  calyx-tube.    Lefroy  notes  that  this  species  resisted  the  wind. 

Eucalyptus  coriacea  Cunn.,  Australian  White  Gum,  mentioned  by  Le- 
froy as  making  poor  growth,  does  not  appear  to  exist  here  at  the  present  time. 

Eucalyptus  polyanthemos  Sehauer,  Eed  Box-tree,  Australian,  a  tree  which 
becomes  150°  high  with  a  roughish  brown  bark,  and  has  orbicular  or  broadly 
ovate,  slender-petioled  mature  leaves  V-2V  broad,  its  small  white  flowers 
panicled,  the  calyx-lid  short,  was  grown  from  seed  at  the  Agricultural  Station, 
where  a  quantity  of  young  plants,  about  3°  high,  were  seen  in  1913. 

Eucaljrptus  saligna  Smith,  NARROw^-LEA\rED  Australian  Gum,  seen  at  the 
Agricultural  Station  in  1913,  has  linear-lanceolate  leaves  with  spreading  veins, 
small,  capitate  flowers,  the  bluntly  conic  lid  longer  than  the  calyx-tube,  the 
fruit  about  4"  in  diameter. 

Eucalyptus  rostrata  Schlecht.,  Eed  Australian  Gum,  also  seen  at  the 
Agricultural  Station,  reaches  a  height  of  200°  in  Australia,  has  narrowly 
lanceolate,  more  or  less  curved  leaves  5'-7'  long,  with  ascending  veins,  umbel- 
late flowers,  the  usually  beaked  lid  as  long  as  the  calyx-tube  or  longer,  the 
globose  fruit  2A"-3"  in  diameter. 

Callistemon  lanceolatus  (Smith)  DC,  Bottle  Brush,  Australian,  also  in 
the  collection  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913,  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree  with 
thick  lanceolate  acute  leaves  l'-3'  long,  the  showy  flowers  in  cylindric  spikes 
about  4'  long,  the  numerous  red  long-exserted  stamens  about  I'long. 


RHIZOPHORACEAE. 


266 


Family  6.     RHIZOPHORACEAE  Lindl. 

]Mangrove  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  terete  branches  and  usually  glabrous  foliage. 
Leaves  usually  opposite,  leatherj^,  with  stipules.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary 
in  the  axils  or  in  spikes,  racemes,  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  with  3  or  4  val- 
vate  sepals.-  Petals  as  many  as  the  sepals,  2-cleft  or  lacerate.  Stamens 
twice  or  four  times  as  many  as  the  petals,  or  rarely  of  the  same  number, 
inserted  at  the  base  of  a  disk ;  filaments  short  or  elongated ;  anthers  2-celled, 
opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  inferior,  or  partly  inferior,  usually  2-5-celled 
or  rarely  1-celled;  styles  united;  stigmas  sometimes  lobed.  Ovules  2  or 
rarely  4  or  more  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  leathery,  crowned  with 
the  calyx,  indehiscent  or  tardily  septicidal.  The  family  consists  of  about 
15  genera,  containing  some  50  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
regions. 

1.     RHIZOPHORA  L. 

Evergreen  maritime  trees,  with  an  astringent  bark,  and  stout  pithy  branch- 
lets.  Leaves  opposite,  entire;  stipules  elongated,  interpetiolar,  caducous. 
Flowers  cream-colored  or  yellow,  2  or  several  on  forking  peduncles.  Calyx- 
tube  short,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  ovary,  the  4  lobes  leathery.  Petals  4, 
emarginate,  leathery.  Stamens  4-12,  alternate  with  the  petals;  filaments 
short.  Ovary  2-eelled,  half-inferior,  produced  into  a  fleshy  cone.  Stigma  2- 
lobed.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  pendulous,  1-eelled,  leathery.  Seed 
solitary,  germinating  in  the  persistent  fruit,  the  elongating  radicle  sometimes 
reaching  the  ground  before  the  fruit  falls.  Endosperm  wanting.  [Greek, 
root-bearing.]  Three  known  species,  the  following  typical,  the  others  natives 
of  the  Old  World  tropics. 

1.  Rhizophora  Mangle  L.  Man- 
grove. (Fig.  285.)  A  shrub  or  tree, 
reaching  a  height  of  30°  or  more,  form- 
ing impenetrable  thickets  by  the  greatly 
elongating  radicles  of  the  embryo  and 
the  numerous  roots.  Leaves  2'-6'  long, 
leathery,  elliptic  or  elliptic-obovate,  ob- 
tuse, with  a  stout  midrib;  petioles  2"-8" 
in  length;  peduncles  J'-IA'  long,  2-3- 
flowered;  pedicels  stout,  2"-5"  long; 
bractlets  scale-like ;  calyx-tube  fleshy,  tur- 
binate or  campanulate,  the  lobes  lanceo- 
late, about  5''  long,  involute,  keeled 
within,  very  firm,  recurved  at  maturity; 
petals  pale  yellow,  linear  or  nearly  so, 
cleft  at  the  tip,  involute  above  the  middle, 
cobwebby  along  the  edges;  anthers 
clustered  around  the  style;  fruit  about 
y  long,  curved,  the  radicle  protruding 
as  a  narrowly  clavate  pendent  body. 

Common   on  the   borders   of  salt-ponds,  ,  .     ,  ^.        ,    , 

bays  and  lagoons.  Native.  Florida,  the  West  Indies  and  tropica  continental 
America.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  The  plant  doubtless  reached  Bermuda 
by  floating  Reproductions  of  photographs  in  the  great  mangrove  swamp  at  Hungry 
Bay  are  published  on  plates  22,  23  and  2h  Fifteenth  Report  Missouri  Botanical 
Garden. 


ONAGKACEAE. 


Family  7.     ONAGRACEAE  Dumort. 

Evening-Primrose  Family. 

Herbs,  or  rarely  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules 
or  mere  glands  in  their  places,  and  generally  perfect  flowers.  Calyx-tube 
adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  2-6-lobed  (usually  4-lobed).  Petals  2-9 
(usually  4),  convolute  in  the  bud,  rarely  none.  Stamens  usually  as  many 
or  twice  as  many  as  the  jDetals.  Ovary  1-6-celled  (usually  4-celled) ;  styles 
united;  stigina  capitate,  discoid  or  4-lobed;  ovules  generally  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  capsule  or  small  nut.  Endosperm  very  little  or  none.  Forty  genera 
and  about  350  species  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in 
America. 


Calyx-tube  not  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;   aquatic  plants. 
Calyx-tube  prolonged  beyond  the  ovary ;   land  plants. 

Stamens  all  of  equal  length. 

Alternate  stamens  longer. 


1.  Isnardia. 


2.  Raimannia. 

3.  Hartmannia. 


1.     ISNARDIA  L. 

Succulent  herbs,  mostly  glabrous,  aquatic  or  uliginous.  Stems  creeping 
or  floating;  leaves  opposite,  relatively  few,  petioled.  Flowers  axillary,  not 
yellow.  Calyx-segments  4,  shorter  than  the  tube  or  slightly  longer.  Petals 
4,  small,  or  wanting.  Filaments  very  short.  Ovary  very  short;  styles  often 
almost  wanting.  Capsule  obovoid  or  turbinate,  straight.  [In  honor  of  Antoine 
Dante  Isnard,  a  French  botanist,  and  a  member  of  the  Academy  of  Sciences, 
died  1724.]  About  4  species  in  Europe,  Asia,  continental  North  America, 
Mexico  and  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:   Isnardia  paluMris  L. 


Fruit  l*"-2"  long. 
Fruit  3"-4"  long. 


1.  /.  palustris. 

2.  I.  repens. 

1.  Isnardia  palustris  L. 

Marsh  Purslane.  (Fig. 
286.)  Stems  branching,  4'- 
20'  long.  Leaves  oval,  ovate 
or  spatulate,  6"-12"  long, 
narrowed  into  slender  peti- 
oles; flowers  solitary,  about 
1"  broad;  bractlets  at  base 
of  the  calyx  usually  none; 
calyx-lobes  triangular,  acute ; 
petals  small,  reddish,  or 
often  wanting;  capsule  4- 
sided,  slightly  longer  than 
wide,  about  IV'  high,  slightly 
or  somewhat  exceeding  the 
calyx       lobes.  [Ludivigia 

palustris  Ell.] 

Pembroke  Marsh,  1905. 
Native.  North  temperate  zone 
and  Santo  Domingo.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn.  Its 
seeds  were,  presumably,  trans- 
ported to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 


ONAGRACEAE. 


267 


2.  Isnardia  repens  (Sw.)  DC.  Larger 
Marsh  Purslane.  (Fig.  287.)  Stems  2°  long 
or  less,  branched  or  simple.  Leaves  elliptic, 
oval,  or  obovate,  l'-2-|'  long,  acute  or  blunt  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  tlie  base  into  rather 
slender  petioles;  flowers  solitary,  sessile  or 
short-peduncled;  bractlets  linear,  acute,  shorter 
than  the  fruiting  calyx;  calyx-lobes  4  or  5, 
sharply  triangular,  acute,  longer  than  the 
petals;  capsule  3"-4"  long,  bluntly  tetragonal, 
narrowed  at  the  base,  3  times  as  long  as  the 
calyx-lobes.  [Ludwigia  repeals  Sw.;  L.  natans 
Ell.] 

Frequent  in  fresh-water  marshes.  Native. 
Southeastern  and  southern  United  States  and  the 
West  Indies.  Its  seeds  were,  presumably,  bird- 
transported. 


2.     RAIMANNIA  Rose. 

Usually  low  caulescent  herbs.  Leaves  al- 
ternate, sinuate  or  pinnatifid.  Flowers  yel- 
low, axillary,  or  sometimes  in  terminal  spikes,  nocturnal;  buds  erect. 
Calyx-tube  sometimes  filiform;  calyx-segments  deciduous.  Ovary  4-celled, 
elongated;  ovules  in  2  rows,  ascending.  Capsules  usually  narrowly  cylindric, 
sometimes  slightly  tapering,  spreading  or  ascending.  Seeds  terete,  crowned  by 
a  tubercle.  [In  honor  of  Rud.  Raimann,  a  monographer  of  this  family.] 
About  20  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species:  Eaimannia  laciniata 
(Hill)  Rose. 

Silvery-pubescent  with  appressed  or  ascending  hairs;  seeds  striate.     1.  R  humifu/^n. 
Glabrous  or  sparingly   hirsute-pubescent ;   seeds   pitted.  2.  R.  laciniata. 


1.  Raimannia  humifusa  (Nutt.)  Rose. 
Seaside  Evexixg-primrose.  (Fig.  288.) 
Spreading  and  decumbent,  or  ascending, 
branched  from  the  base;  stems  8-20' 
long.  Leaves  aeutish  or  sometimes  ob- 
tuse at  the  apex,  V-2'  long,  repand-den- 
ticulate,  the  lower  pinnatifid;  flowers 
axillary,  yellow,  6"'-12"  broad;  calyx- 
lobes  somewhat  spreading;  capsule  linear, 
6"-12"  long,  about  I*"  thick,  very  pubes- 
cent; seeds  striate  longitudinally.  [Oeno- 
thera humifusa  Nutt.] 

Sand  hills  and  sandy  shores,  St.  David's 
Island,  Castle  Point,  near  Tucker's  Town 
and  Southampton.  Native.  Atlantic  coast 
of  the  United  States.  Flowers  in  summer 
and  autumn. 


268 


ONAGRACEAE. 


2.  Raimannia  laciniata  (Hill.) 
Rose.  Sinuate-leaved  Evening- 
primrose.  (Eig.  289.)  Decumbent 
or  ascending,  sometimes  branched, 
4'— 20'  high,  glabrous  or  sparingly 
hirsute-pubescent.  Leaves  oval-lan- 
ceolate, oblong,  or  oblanceolate,  acute 
or  obtusish  at  the  apex,  sinuate-dentate 
or  often  pinnatifid,  l'-2'  long;  flow- 
ers axillary  (or  on  small  plants  some- 
times solitary  and  terminal),  6"-15" 
broad;  calyx-lobes  reflexed;  capsule 
linear,  I'-IJ'  long,  more  or  less  pu- 
bescent ;  seeds  strongly  pitted.  [Oeno- 
thera laciniata  Hill;  Oenothera  sinu- 
ata  L. ;  Oenothera  sinuata  hirsuta  of 
Moore.] 

Frequent  in  sandy  fields  near  the 
South  Shores,  and  in  cultivated  lands 
on  St.  David's  Island.  Native.  Eastern 
United  States.  Flowers  in  spring  and 
summer.  The  seeds  of  this  and  the  pre- 
ceding species  were,  presumably,  brought 
from  the  continent  by  birds. 


Reade  records  one  of  the  true  Evening-primroses,  under  the  name  Oeno- 
thera longiflora,  as  not  uncommon  in  waste  land  as  an  escape  from  cultivation, 
prior  to  1883,  and  Lefroy  also  records  a  plant  under  this  name,  and  another 
as  Oenothera  biennis.  The  genus  Oenothera  differs  from  Raimannia  in  habit 
and  by  having  prismatic-angled  seeds.  None  of  its  species  have  been  found 
wild  in  Bermuda  by  recent  collectors. 

Oenothera  Lamarckiana  Ser.,  Lamarck's  Evening  Primrose,  a  tall  herb 
with  bright  yellow  flowers  up  to  4'  broad,  opening  at  dusk  has,  it  is  said,  been 
grown  in  gardens.  Reade 's  description  of  the  plant  observed  by  him  might 
apply  to  this  kind,  and  H.  B.  Small's  record  of  Oenothera  longiflora  points  to 
the  same  plant. 


3.     HARTMANNIA  Spach. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  with  branched  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  com- 
monly pinnatifid  or  lyrate;  buds  drooping.  Flowers  white,  red,  or  purple, 
diurnal,  in  terminal  spikes  or  racemes.  Calyx-tube  funnelform.  Ovary  elon- 
gated; ovules  numerous  on  slender  stalks,  in  many  rows.  Capsules  club- 
shaped,  4-winged.  Seeds  not  tuberculate.  [In  honor  of  Emanuel  Hartmann, 
a  resident  of  Louisiana.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species: 
Eartmannia  faux-gaura  Spach. 


Petals  4' 
Petals  1' 


-6*"  long. 
-1*'  long. 


1.  n.  rosea. 

2.  H.  speciosa. 


ONAGRACEAE. 


269 


1.  Hartmannia  rosea  (Ait.) 
G.  Don.  Rosy  Primrose.  (Fig. 
290.)  Stems  slender,  puberulent, 
erect  or  ascending,  8'-2°  tall, 
branched  at  the  base  or  through- 
out; basal  leaves  with  oblanceo- 
late  blades  l2'-2'  long;  stem- 
leaves  often  numerous,  ovate-lan- 
ceolate or  oblong,  i'-2'  long,  ob- 
tuse or  acute,  entire  or  distantly 
toothed,  the  lower  ones  sometimes 
pinnatifid  at  the  base;  spikes 
much  interrupted,  with  leaf-like 
■  bracts;  calyx  3"-4J"  long;  petals 
purple  or  rose,  suborbicular,  4"- 
6|"  long,  entire;  capsules  club- 
shaped,  the  body  2V'-5"  long, 
the  angles  winged,  the  faces 
prominently  ridged,  the  pedicel- 
like base  usually  longer  than  the 
body.     [Oenothera  rosea  Ait.] 

Fields,  roadsides  and  waste 
grounds.  Introduced.  South-central 
United  States  to  South  America. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 
Erroneously  recorded  by  Rein  as 
Gaura  coccinea  Pursh,  a  very  differ- 
ent plant  of  central  North  America, 
and  his  error  copied  by  subsequent 
authors. 


2.  Hartmannia     speciosa 

(Nutt.)  Small.  Showy  Primrose. 
(Fig.  291.)  Erect,  ascending  or 
decumbent,  branched,  l°-3°  high, 
puberulent  or  finely  pubescent. 
Stem-leaves  lanceolate  or  linear- 
lanceolate,  acutish,  sinuate  or  pin- 
natifid, 2'-3'  long;  basal  leaves 
oval  or  oval-lanceolate,  repand  or 
pinnatifid  at  the  base ;  flowers 
white  or  pink,  l^'-3'  broad ;  petals 
emarginate;  calyx-lobes  ovate-lan- 
ceolate, about  r  loug,  arumiiiate; 
capsule  strongly  4-ribbed,  4-wiiiged, 
pubescent,  (i"-9"  long.  [Omothcrd 
speciosa  Nutt.] 

Fields  and  waste  grounds.  In- 
troduced. Native  of  the  southern 
United  States  and  Mexico.  Flowers 
freely  in  spring. 


Species  of  Fuchsia,  tropical  American,  are  grown  in  flower-gardens,  but 
these  plants  have  not  attained  great  luxuriance  in  Bermuda. 


270 


HALORAGIDACEAE. 


Family  8.     HALORAGIDACEAE  Kl.  &  Garcke, 

Water-jMilfoil  Family. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual  herbs,  mainly  aquatic,  with  alternate  or  ver- 
ticillate  leaves,  the  submerged  ones  often  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Flowers 
perfect,  or  monoecious,  or  dioecious,  axillary,  in  interrupted  spikes,  solitary 
or  clustered.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  entire  or  2-4-lobed. 
Petals  small,  2-4,  or  none.  Stamens  1-8.  Ovary  ovoid-oblong,  or  short- 
cylindric,  2-8-ribbed  or  winged,  1-4-celled ;  styles  1-4 ;  stigmas  papillose  or 
plumose.  Fruit  a  nutlet,  or  dnipe,  compressed,  angular,  rbibed  or  winged, 
indehiscent,  of  2-4  1-seeded  carpels.  Endosperm  fleshy ;  cotyledons  minute. 
Eight  genera  and  about  100  species,  of  wide  distribution. 


1.     PROSERPINACA  L. 

Aquatic  herbs,  with  simple  stems.  Leaves  alternate,  lanceolate,  dentate 
or  pectinate-pinnatifid.  Flowers  perfect.  Tube  of  the  calyx  adnate  to  the 
triquetrous  ovary,  the  limb  3-4-parted.  Petals  none.  Stamens  3  or  4.  Styles 
3  or  4,  eylindric  or  conic-subulate,  stigmatic  above  the  middle.     Fruit  bony, 


3-4-celled,    with    1    seed   in    each    cavity. 
Four  known  species,  natives  of  eastern  N. 
the  following  typical. 


[Middle    Latin,    forward-creeping.] 
Am.,  extending  to  the  West  Indies, 

1.  Proserpinaca  palustris  L. 

Mermaid-weed.  (Fig,       292.) 

Glabrous,  simple  or  sometimes 
branched,  l°-2°  long.  Emersed 
leaves,  1-2'  long,  l'-6"  wide, 
sharply  serrate,  the  submerged 
ones  pectinate-pinnatifid  into  stiff 
linear  acute  segments  which  are 
often  serrulate,  bearing  a  minute 
black  spine  in  their  axils;  flowers 
solitary  or  several  together,  ses- 
sile in  the  axils  of  the  emersed 
leaves;  fruit  about  2"  long,  the 
faces  concave,  smooth  or  rugose. 

In  water,  Pembroke  and  Devon- 
shire Marslies.  Native.  Eastern 
United  States.  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year.  Probably 
brought  from  the  continent  by  a  bird. 


Order  27.     AMMIALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  almost  always  with  petaliferous  flowers.  Calyx- 
segments  and  petals  usually  5.  Stamens  4  or  5.  Ovary  inferior,  adnate 
to  the  calyx,  compound ;  ovule  1  in  each  cavity. 


ARALIACEAE.  271 

Stamens  5  ;  styles  2-5,  rarely  united  ;  flowers  umbellate,  capitate  or  panicled. 

Fruit  a  fleshy  berry  or  drupe.  Fam.  1.  Auamaceae. 

Fruit  dry  when  mature,  splitting  into  two  mericarps.  Fam.   2.   Am.miaceae. 

Stamens   4 ;   style   1  ;    stigma    1  ;   shrubs   and   trees ;    flowers 

not  umbellate.  Fam.  3.  Cornaceae. 

Family  1.     ARALIACEAE  Vent. 

GiNSEXG  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  or  vertioillate  (rarely  opposite) 
leaves,  and  flowers  in  umbels,  heads,  or  panicles.  Calyx-tnbe  adnate  to  the 
ovary.  Petals  usually  5,  sometimes  cohering  together,  inserted  on  the 
margin  of  the  calyx.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  and  alternate  with 
them  (rarely  more),  inserted  on  the  epigynous  disk;  anthers  introrse. 
Ovary  inferior,  1-several-celled ;  stvles  as  many  as  the  cavities  of  the  ovary; 
ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Seeds  flattened,  or  some- 
what 3-angled,  the  testa  thin;  endosperm  copious,  fleshy;  embryo  small,  near 
the  hilum;  cotj'ledons  ovate  or  oblong.  xVbout  52  genera  and  400  species, 
widely  distributed.  There  are  no  native  nor  naturalized  species  in  the  Ber- 
muda Flora. 

Hedera  Helix  L.,  European  Ivy^  is  commonly  grown  on  walls  and  on 
trees,  and  has  been  reported  as  occasionally  occurring  outside  of  cultivation. 
The  leaves  are  various;   the  small  green  flowers  are  borne  in  umbels. 

Gastonia  cutispongia  Lam.,  of  Mauritius,  was  represented  by  two  fine 
trees  about  18°  high  at  Bellevue  in  1914.  It  has  pinnate  leaves  up  to  2*" 
long,  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  witli  thick  petioles  and  5  or  7 
broadly  ovate  to  elliptic,  obtuse  entire  short-stalked  leaflets  o'-S'  long;  the 
yellowish  flowers  are  in  panicled  umbels,  the  panicles  somewhat  shorter  than 
the  leaves. 

Aralia  Guilfoylei  Cogn.  &  March.,  Variegated  Aralia,  of  New  Hebrides, 
commonly  planted  for  ornament,  is  a  pinnatedeaved  tree,  with  ovate,  toothed 
or  incised,  usually  white-margined  or  blotched  leaflets. 

Tetrapanax  papyrifer  (Hook.)  K.  Koch,  Eice-paper  Tree,  of  Formosa, 
seen  at  Cedar  Lodge,  in  1914,  is  a  shrub  about  5°  high,  which  spreads  freely 
by  suckers;  its  nearly  orbicular  lobed  cordate  leaves  are  8-15'  broad,  green 
above,  white-cottony  beneath;  its  small  white  flowers  are  borne  in  dense 
panicled  umbels.  [Aralia  papyrifera  Hook.;  Fatsia  papyrifera  Benth.  & 
Hook.] 

Polyscias  obtusa  (Blume)  Harms,  Cut-leaved  Polyscias,  Javan,  planted 
for  ornament,  is  a  small  tree  10°-12°  high,  with  glabrous  bipinnately  com- 
pound, slender-petioled  leaves,  their  ultimate  segments  suborbicular,  sharply 
toothed  or  incised,  sometimes  variegated.      [Panax  ohtusiim  Blume.] 

Family  2.     AMMIACEAE  Presl. 

Carrot  Family. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  decompound  compound  or  sometimes  simple 
leaves,  the  petioles  often  dilated  at  the  base.  Stipules  none,  or  rarely  pres- 
ent and  minute.  Flowers  small,  generally  in  com]iound  or  simide  umbels, 
rarely  in  heads.  Umbels  and  umbellets  commonly  involucrate  or  involucel- 
late.  ^  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  margin  truncate  or  5-toothed.  the 


272  AMMIACEAE. 

teeth  seldom  conspicuous.  Petals  5,  usually  with  an  inflexed  tip,  often 
emarginate  or  2-lobcd,  those  of  the  outer  flowers  sometimes  larger  than 
those  of  the  inner.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  epigynous  disk;  filaments 
filiform;  anthers  versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  2-celled;  styles  2,  filiform,  per- 
sistent, often  borne  on  a  conic  or  depressed  stylopodium;  ovules  1  in  each 
cavity,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Fruit  dry,  composed  of  2  carpels  (meri- 
carps),  which  generally  separate  from  each  other  at  maturity  along  the 
plane  of  their  contiguous  faces  (the  commissure).  Fruit  either  flattened 
laterally  (at  right  angles  to  the  commissure),  or  dorsally  (parallel  to  the 
commissure),  or  nearly  terete  (not  flattened).  Carpels  after  parting  from 
each  other  supported  on  the  summit  of  a  slender  axis  (the  carpophore), 
each  with  5  primary  ribs  in  their  pericarps  (rarely  ribless),  and  in  some 
genera  with  4  additional  secondary  ones,  the  ribs  or  some  of  them  often 
winged.  Pericarp  usually  containing  oil-tubes  between  the  ribs,  or  under 
the  ribs  and  on  the  commissural  sides,  sometimes  irregularly  scattered,  some- 
times none.  Seeds  1  in  each  carpel;  seed-coat  thin;  endosperm  cartilag- 
inous; embrj^o  small,  placed  near  the  hilum.  About  250  genera  and  prob- 
ably 2000  species,  of  wide  distribution.  The  mature  fruit  is  necessary  for 
the  certain  determination  of  most  of  the  genera  and  many  of  the  species. 

Leaves  simple. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  not  anastomosing.  1.  Hydrocotylc. 

Ribs  of  the  fruit  anastomosing.  2.   Centella. 

Leaves  compound  or  decompound. 

Fruit  with  both  primary  and  secondary  ribs,  the  latter  armed 

with  hooked  prickles.  3.   ToriUs. 

Fruit  with  primary  ribs  only. 

Flowers  yellow  or  greenish-yellow. 

Involucre   of  2-4  linear  bracts.  4.  Apium. 

Involucre  none. 

Fruit  terete  or  nearly  so;   leaf -segments   filiform.  5.  Foeniculum. 
Fruit  flattened;   leaf-segments  broad.  6.  Smyrnium. 

Flowers  white. 

Umbels  terminal.  7.   Ammi. 

Umbels,  at  least  the  lower,  opposite  the  leaves. 

Perennials  ;  leaf-segments  broad.  8.  Celeri. 

Annuals  ;  leaf-segments  filiform.  9.  Helosciadium. 


1.     HYDROCOTYLE  L 

Perennial  herbs,  prostrate  and  commonly  rooting  at  the  joints,  with 
palmately  lobed  or  veined,  often  peltate  leaves,  the  bases  of  the  petioles  with 
2  scale-like  stipules,  and  small  white  flowers  in  umbels  opposite  the  leaves. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  few,  or  none.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Petals  entire.  Disk 
flat.  Fruit  laterally  compressed,  orbicular  or  broader  than  high.  Carpels  with 
5  primary  ribs,  the  lateral  ones  usually  curved ;  no  large  oil-tubes,  but  an  oil- 
bearing  layer  of  tissue  beneath  the  epidermis.  [Greek,  water-cup.]  About 
75  species  of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:   Hydrocotyle  vulgaris  L. 


AMMIACEAE. 


273 


1.  Hydrocotyle  verticillata 
Thunb.  Whorled  Marsh-pexxy- 
WORT.  (Fig.  293.)  Inflores- 
cence proliferous,  ^\'-2'  long;  ver- 
ticils 2-6-flowered;  pedicels  usu- 
ally less  than  J"  long;  fruit  about 
1"  long,  l^"-2"  broad,  rounded 
or  truncate  at  each  end;  inter- 
mediate ribs  not  corky-thickened, 
the  dorsal  one  acute. 

Frequent  in  fresh-water  marshes, 
and  occasional  near  shaded  borders 
of  salt  water  lagoons.  Native.  I']ast- 
ern  United  States  and  West  Indies. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  fall. 

Hydrocotyle  umbellata  L., 
which  differs  in  having  a  single 
umbel  with  slender  pedicels  2"- 
6"  long,  is  recorded  as  Bermudian 
by  Rein,  Reade,  Lefroy,  H.  B. 
Small  and  Hemsley,  but  careful 
search  of  the  marshes  has  failed 
to  reveal  its  existence  in  Bermuda; 
its  leaves  are  scarcely  distinguish- 
able from  those  of  H.  verticillata, 
for  which  it  may  have  been  mis- 
taken. 

2.  CKNTELLA  L. 
Perennial  herbs  (some  African  species  shrubby),  ours  with  prostrate  stems 
rooting  and  sending  up  tufts  of  long-petioled  leaves  at  the  nodes,  together  with 
1-3  long-rayed  umbellets  of  small  white  flowers,  the  true  umbel  sessile.  Petiole- 
bases  sheathing.  Bracts  of  the  involucels  2-4,  mostly  prominent.  Calyx-teeth 
none.  Disk  flat,  or  slightly  concave.  Styles  filiform.  Fruit  somewhat  flat- 
tened laterally,  rather  prominently  ribbed,  the  ribs  mostly  anastomosing;  oil- 
tubes  none.  [Latin,  diminutive  of 
centrum,  a  prickle.]  About  20  spe- 
cies, most  abundant  in  South  Africa. 
Type  species:  Centclla  villosa  L. 

1.  Centella  asiatica  (L.)  Urban. 
Ovate-leaved  Marsh-pexxywort. 
(Fig.  294.)  Stem  l'-6' long.  Petioles 
2'-10'  long,  sometimes  pubescent; 
blades  ovate,  rather  thick,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  broadly  cordate  at  the  base, 
not  peltate,  A'-2'  long,  repand-dentate; 
pedicels  much  shorter  than  the  leaves, 
V-.2'  long;  umbellets  capitate,  2-4- 
flowered,  subtended  by  2  ovate  bracts ; 
flowers  nearly  sessile;  fruit  2"-2i" 
broad,  about  IV'  high,  prominently 
ribbed  and  reticulated.  [Hi/drocotyle 
asiatica  L. ;  II.  repanda  Pers. ;  Cen- 
tella rcpanda  J.   K.  Small:] 

Common  in  marshes  and  locally  on 
hillsides.  Native.  Southeastern  United 
States.  West  Indies.  Old  World  tropics. 
Flowers  from   spring  to  autumn. 


274 


AMMIACEAE. 


3.     TORILIS  Adans. 

Annual,  hispid  or  pubescent  herbs,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  and 
compound  umbels  of  white  or  reddish  flowers.  Calyx-teeth  prominent,  acute. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  few  and  small  or  none.  Involucels  of  narrow  bracts. 
Petals  .mostly  2-lobed.  Stylopodium  thick,  conic.  Fruit  ovoid  or  oblong. 
Primary  ribs  5,  filiform.  Secondary  ribs  4,  winged,  each  bearing  a  row  of 
barbed  or  hooked  bristles  or  tubercles.  Oil-tubes  solitary  under  the  secondary 
ribs,  2  on  the  commissural  side.  [The  Greek  name.]  About  20  species,  of  the 
northern  hemisphere.     Type  species:  Tordylium  Anthriscns  L. 


Umbels  short-stalked  or  sessile,  capitate,  opposite  the  leaves. 
Umbels  pedimcled,   slender-rayed,   compound. 


1.  Torilis  nodosa  (L.)  Gaertn. 
Knotted  Hedge-parsley.  (Fig.  295.) 
Decumbent  and  spreading.  Leaves  bi- 
pinnate,  the  segments  linear-oblong, 
acute;  rays  1-3,  very  short;  fruit  sessile, 
ovoid,  about  IJ"  long,  the  outer  with 
barbed  prickles  on  the  secondary  rib 
the  inner  with  tubercles.  [Tordylium 
nodosum  L. ;   Caucalis  nodosa  Huds.] 

In  waste  places,  and  cultivated  ground, 
rather  common.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in  the  United 
States.      Flowers   in   spring. 


1.  T.  nodosa. 

2.  T.  Anthriscus. 


2.  Torilis    Anthriscus 

(L.)  Gmel.  Erect  Hedge- 
parsley.  (Fig.  296.)  Erect, 
2°-3°  high.  Leaves  bipin- 
nate,  or  the  uppermost  sim- 
ply pinnate,  the  segments 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  dentate  or 
pinnatifid ;  umbels  slender- 
peduncled ;  pedicels  l"-2" 
long  in  fruit;  rays  3-8, 
about  5"  long;  fruit  ovoid- 
oblong,  densely  bristly, 
about  2"  long,  [Tordylium 
Anthriscus  L. ;  Caucalis  An- 
thriscus Huds.] 
A  weed  in   cultivated  grounds.  Agricultural   Station,    1911,   abundant   there  and 

observed  elsewhere  m  Paget  in  1914.     Native  of  Europe.  Adventive  in   the  eastern 

United    btates.     Flowers    in    spring    and    summer. 


AMMIACEAE. 


275 


.1.  Pctrosclinum 
A.  ptrcgrinum. 


4.  APIUM  [Tourn.J  L. 
Annual  or  biennial  herbs,  with  1-3-pinnate  leaves,  and  yellow  or  yellowish 
flowers  in  compound  umbels.  Caiyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  short-conic. 
Fruit  ovate.  Carpels  with  5  filiform  ribs.  Oil-tubes  sohtary  in  the  intervals, 
2  on  the  commissural  side.  A  genus  of  5  European  species.  Type  species: 
Apium  Petroselinum  L. 

Segments  of  basal  leaves  cuneate-obovate,  deeply  incised. 
Segments  of  basal  leaves  rhombic-obovate,  dentate. 

1.  Apium  Petroselinum 

L.  Parsley.  (Fig.  297.) 
Usually  biennial,  l°-3°  high, 
glabrous.  Leaves  bipinnate, 
the  segments  ovate  to  cune- 
ate-obovate, incised,  or  those 
of  the  upper  leaves  linear- 
oblong  and  entire;  umbels 
peduncled,  l'-2^'  broad,  15- 
20-rayed;  pedicels  about  lA" 
long ;  involucre  of  2-4  linear 
bracts;  bractlets  of  the  in- 
volucels  subulate ;  flowers 
yellow;  fruit  glabrous,  about 
2"  long,  the  ribs  prominent. 
{Petroselinu  m  sat  i  vu  m 
Hoffm. ;  P.  hortense  Hofi'm.] 

Extensively  grown  for  ex- 
port. Locally  naturalized  in 
moist  grounds  and  shaded  situ- 
ations. Native  of  Europe. 
Flowers  in  spring  and  sum- 
mer. Reade  erroneously  de- 
scribes  the   flowers   as   white. 


2.  Apium  peregrinum  (L.)  Crantz. 
Wild  Parsley.  (Fig.  298.)  Similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  branched,  glabrous,  2° 
high  or  less.  Segments  of  the  petioled  basal 
leaves  rhombic-ovate,  4"-7"  long,  3"-4'' 
wide,  acute  or  acutish,  serrate  or  somewhat 
incised;  segments  of  the  nearly  sessile,  few 
and  distant  upper  leaves  much  narrower; 
umbels,  involucre  and  involucels  similar  to 
those  of  A.  Petroselinum,  but  the  flowers 
yellowish;  fruit  about  2"  long.  [Ligiisticnm 
peregrinum  L. ;  Petroselinum  perepri»i/w 
Lag.] 

Rocky  hillsides,  St.  Georges  Island,  lOOS. 
Introduced.  Native  of  southern  Europe.  Flow- 
ers in  spring.  Erroneously  recorded  as  F'im- 
pincUa  Anisum  L.  (Proc.  Acad,  Nat.  Scl.  Phila. 
1909:    489). 


276 


AMMIACEAE. 


5.  FOENICULUM  Mill. 
Erect  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnately  decompound  leaves,  the  segments 
linear  or  capillary,  and  compound  umbels  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  and 
involucels  none.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Stylopodium  large,  conic.  Fruit 
linear-oblong,  glabrous,  terete,  or  nearly  so.  'Carpels  little  .angled,  dorsally  flat- 
tened, prominently  ribbed;  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals.  Seed-face  flat, 
or  slightly  concave.  [Latin,  diminutive  of  foenum,  hay,  from  its  odor.] 
About  4  species,  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Foeniculum 
Foeniculum  (L.) 
Karst.  Eennel. 
(Fig.  299.)  Per- 
ennial, 2°-4°  high. 
Leaves  dissected 
into  capillary  seg- 
ments; petioles 
broad,  clasping; 
umbels  large,  9- 
25-rayed,  the  rays 
rather  stout,  some- 
what glaucous,  1'- 
3A'  long  in  fruit; 
pedicels  l"-4" 
long;  fruit  about 
3"  long.  [Anethum 
Foeniculum  L.; 
Foeniculum  vul- 
gare  Gaertn. ;  F. 
dulce  MiU.l 


Fields,  marshes  and  waste  grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe.  First 
grown  in  Bermuda  as  a  garden  herb,  now  widely  distributed  as  a  weed.  Escaped 
from  gardens  in  the  United  States.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  This  is,  ap- 
parently, the  plant  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  Ferula  communis  L. 

Anethum  graveolens  L.,  Dillweed,  May-vteed,  also  European,  similar 
to  Fennel,  but  annual  or  biennial  with  somewhat  flattened  fruity  is  recorded 
by  Lefroy  as  naturalized  and  common  in  his  time,  and  is  said  by  H.  B,  Small 
to  have  been  a  common  and  troublesome  Meed. 


6.  SMYRNTUM  [Tourn.]  L. 
Erect  glabrous  biennial  herbs  with  ternately  or  biternately  compound 
leaves,  their  segments  broad,  and  compound  umbels  of  greenish-yellow  flowers, 
mostly  without  involucres  or  involucels.  Calyx-teeth  minute.  Petals  with 
inflexed  tips.  Stylopodium  conic.  Fruit  ovate,  often  as  broad  as  long, 
laterally  flattened.  Carpels  ovoid,  rather  prominently  3-ribbed,  the  oil-tubes 
numerous.  Seed  furrowed  on  the  inner  side.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  myrrh- 
like  odor  of  the  seeds.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World,  the  fol- 
lowing typical. 


AMMIACEAE. 


277 


1.  Smyrnium  Olusatrum  L.  Alex- 
anders. (Fig.  300.)  Stem  stout,  2°-4° 
higli.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  often  1° 
long  or  more,  twice  or  sometimes  thrice 
ternately  compound,  long-petioled,  the 
upper  once  ternate,  shortpetioled  or 
nearly  sessile;  leaf -segments  ovate  or 
oval,  V-2,y  long,  obtuse  or  acutish  at 
the  apex,  cordate  to  cuneate  at  the  base, 
crenate  and  often  few-lobed;  umbels 
several-many-rayed,  2'-4'  broad,  pe- 
duncled,  the  rays  l'-2'  long;  pedicels 
filiform,  2"-4"  long;  flowers  numerous; 
mature  fruit  2"-3"  long,  the  carpels 
strongly  ribbed,  black,  somewhat  fleshy. 

Hillsides  and  waste  grounds.  Natural- 
ized. Native  of  western  Europe  and  the 
Mediterranean  region.     Flowers  in  spring. 


7.  AMMI  [Tourn.]  L. 
Annual  or  perennial,  glabrous  erect  branching  herbs,  with  ternately  de- 
compound leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of  white  flowers.  Involucre  of  several 
divided  bracts.  Involucels  of  several  narrow  entire  bracts.  Calyx-teeth 
minute  or  none.  Petals  dilated  above.  Stylopodium  depressed.  Style  long. 
Fruit  oblong,  flattened  laterally,  the  carpels  5-angled,  the  primary  ribs  promi- 
nent, the  oil-tubes  solitary  m  the  intervals.  [Name  said  to  be  of  Egyptian 
origin.]  About  7  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region  and  the  At- 
lantic Islands,  the   following  typical. 


1.  Ammi  majus  L.  May-weed. 
Bishop 's-WEED.  (Fig.  301.)  Annual, 
l°-2i°  high.  Lower  leaves  4-10'  long, 
ternately  decompound,  long-petioled, 
the  ultimate  segments  oblong  to  ob- 
long-obovate,  obtuse  or  acutish,  finely 
crenate-serrate,  ^'-2'  long,  V  wide  or 
less ;  upper  leaves  much  smaller,  short- 
j)etioled  or  sessile,  their  segments  nar- 
rowly linear;  umbels  '2-4'  mde,  the 
rays  nearly  filiform,  I'-li'  long;  umbel- 
lets  numerous,  the  involucel-bracts 
about  as  long  as  the  pedicels;  fruit 
about  ly  long. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe 
and  Africa.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn.      Introduced    in   Texas. 


278 


AMMIACEAE. 


8.     CELERI   Adans. 

Annual  or  perennial  glabrous  herbs,  with  pinnate  or  pinnately  compound 
leaves,  and  white  flowers  in  compound  umbels.  Calyx-teeth  obsolete.  Petals 
ovate,  mostly  inflexed  at  the  apex,  Stylopodium  depressed,  or  short-conic. 
Fruit  ovate,  or  broader  than  long,  smooth,  or  tuberculate.  Carpels  mostly  with 
prominent  ribs,  somewhat  5-angled;  oil-tubes  mostly  solitary  in  the  intervals, 
2  on  the  commissural  side.  Seed  terete,  or  nearly  so.  [The  common  name,] 
Four  or  five  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World,  southern  South  America  and 
Australasia,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Celeri  graveolens  (L.) 
Britton.  Celery.  (Fig.  302.) 
Glabrous;  stem  1^-3°  high. 
Leaves  pinnate;  leaf-segments 
3  or  5,  thin,  broadly  ovate  to 
oval,  coarsely  toothed' and  often 
incised;  umbels  3-7-rayed;  in- 
volucre and  involucels  small, 
or  none;  flowers  small,  short- 
pedicelled;  fruit  oval,  scarcely 
V'  long,  the  ribs  somewhat 
winged;  oil-tubes  mostly  soli- 
tary in  the  intervals  and  2  on 
the  commissural  side.  [Apiiim 
graveolens  L.] 

Extensively  planted  along 
fresh  water  marshes,  now  one 
of  the  most  important  crops, 
and  more  or  less  persistent  after 
cultivation.  Native  of  Europe. 
Flowers   in  spring. 


9.     HELOSCIADIUM  Koch. 

Low  herbs,  with  decompound  or  dissected  leaves,  and  compound  umbels  of 
small  white  flowers  mostly  opposite  the  leaves.  Involucre  and  involucels  want- 
ing in  the  following  species.  Calyx-teeth  very  small  or  obsolete.  Petals  entire. 
Stylopodium  depressed.  Style  short.  Fruit  ovate  or  oblong,  laterally  com- 
pressed. Carpels  with  5  filiform  ribs,  the  oil-tubes  solitary  in  the  intervals, 
2  on  the  commissural  side.  [Greek,  marsh-parasol,  some  of  the  species  inhab- 
iting marshes.]  Six  species  or  more,  natives  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species 
Helosciadium  nodiflorum  (L.)   Koch. 


AMMIACEAE. 


279 


1.  Helosciadium  Ammi  (L.)  Brit- 
ton.  Fine-lea\t;d  Marsh  Parsley. 
(Fig.  303.)  Slender,  glabrous,  much 
branched,  5-2°  high.  Leaves  ter- 
nately  pinnatisecteil,  the  ultimate  seg- 
ments narrow,  often  incised;  umbels 
V-IV  broad,  opposite  the  leaves;  fruit 
broad,  glabrous,  about  1"  long,  the  ribs 
equal  and  prominent.  [Sison  Ammi 
L.;  Helosciadium  leptophyUinn  DC; 
Ayium  leptophyllum  F.  Muell.;  Pim- 
pinella  lateriflora  Link;  Apium  Ammi 
Urban.] 

Cultivated  and  waste  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  tropical  and 
warm-temperate  regions.  Flowers  In 
spring.  Widely  naturalized  in  the 
southern  United  States. 

Angelica  Archangelica  L.,  Angelica,  European,  has  been  grown  in  gar- 
dens; it  is  a  biennial  tall  herb,  with  finely  divided  leaves,  the  lower  with 
long,  round  stalks,  which  are  candied;  its  roots  are  aromatic,  its  small  white 
flowers  in  compound  umbels. 

Cerefolium  Cerefolium  (L.)  Britton,  Garden  Chervil,  Beaked  Parsley, 
European,  grown  as  a  garden  herb,  has  linear  beaked  smooth  fruits,  white 
flowers  and  ternately  decompound  leaves.  [Scandix  Cerefolium  L. ;  Chaero- 
phyllum  sativum  Lam.] 

Anthriscus  Anthriscus  (L.)  Karst.,  Bur-chervil,  European,  is  recorded 
by  Lefroy  as  a  common  weed  in  his  time,  but  it  has  not  been  found  by  recent 
collectors,  and  is  not  mentioned  by  Eeade  in  his  book  published  in  1883.  It 
is  a  white-flowered  plant  with  decompound  leaves  and  ovoid,  short-beaked, 
muricate  fruits.      {A.  vulgaris  Pers.] 

Lefroy  records  the  introduction  of  Ferula  glauca  as  an  ornamental  species 
in  1874. 

Coriandrum  sativum  L.,  Coriander,  European,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as 
quite  naturalized  prior  to  1877  in  some  fields  at  Point  Shares  but  it  is  not 
known  to  grow  there  at  the  present  time,  and  it  is  not  mentioned  in  Eeade 's 
''Plants  of  Bermuda"  published  in  1883,  although  Hemsley  cites  it  from 
Lefroy,  and  H.  B    Small  records  it  as  not  uncommon. 

Daucus  Carota  L.,  Carrot,  European,  is  grown  as  a  field  and  garden  crop, 
but  it  is  not  naturalized  as  a  field  weed  as  it  is  on  the  continent. 

Pastinaca  sativa  L.,  Parsnip,  European,  is  also  grown  as  a  field  and 
garden  crop,  but  not  naturalized  as  a  weed  as  in  the  United  States.  The 
flowers  are  yellow,  the  fruit  flat  and  winged,  the  large  pinnate  leaves  with 
ovate  sessile  toothed  or  incised  segments. 

Didiscus  coeruleus  (Graham)  Hook.,  Didiscus,  Australian,  a  roughish- 
hairy  annual  about  2°  high,  with  ternately  divided  leaves  and  long-stalked 
umbels  of  bright  blue  flowers,  the  involucre  of  many,  narrowly  linear,  pilose 
bracts,  the  flat  fruits  notched  at  base  and  apex,  -^as  grown  at  Eose  Cottage  in 
1911.      [Trachymene  coerulea  Graham.] 


280  COENACEAE. 

Family  3.     CORNACEAE  Link. 
Dogwood  Family, 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  simple  opposite,  verticillate  or  alternate,  usually 
entire  leaves,  and  regular  flowers  in  cymes,  heads  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  4-5-dentate,  or  none.  Petals  generally 
4  or  5,  sometimes  wanting,  valvate  or  imbricate,  spreading,  inserted  at  the 
base  of  the  epigynous  disk.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  petals  or  more 
numerous,  inserted  wdth  them;  filaments  subulate  or  flat.  Ovary  inferior, 
1-2-celled  in  our  species;  style  1,  short  or  elongated;  ovules  1  in  each 
cavity,  pendulous,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Seeds  oblong;  embryo 
nearly  as  long  as  the  endosperm;  cotyledons  foliaceous.  About  16  genera 
and  85  species,  most  abundant  in  the  northern  hemisphere. 

My  only  knowledge  of  the  existence  of  any  of  this  family  in  Bermuda,  is 
the  record  by  Lefroy  of  the  introduction,  prior  to  1876,  of  a  species  of  a 
North  American  Cornus  at  Mount  Langton,  which  appeared  to  thrive  and 
which  was  referred  to  in  1901  by  H.  B.  Small  as  Cornus  stricta  Lam.,  and  by 
the  same  author,  the  planting  there  of  Benthamia  fragifera  Lindley,  Hima- 
layan, which  did  not  appear  to  flourish. 

Series  2.     GAMOPETALAE. 

Petals  partly  or  wholly  united,  rarely  separate  or  "wanting. 

The  coherence  of  the  petals  is  sometimes  slight  or  they  are  quite 
separate,  as  in  some  Ericaceae,  Primulaceae,  Asclepiadaceae,  Ole- 
aceae  and  Cucurbitaceae.  From  this  condition  the  coherence  varies 
through  all  stages  to  the  tubular  or  funnelform  corollas  of  some 
Convolvulaceae,  Caprifoliaceae  and  Compositae. 

t  Ovary  superior. 

Stamens  mostly  free  from  the  corolla,  or  adnate  merely 
to  its  base,  as  many  as  the  lobes  and  alternate  with 

them,  or  twice  as  many.  Order  1.   Ericales. 

Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and 
opposite  them,   or  twice  as   many,    or  more. 
Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees  ;  ovary  1-celled.  Order  2.   Primulales. 

Shrubs  or  trees  :  ovary  several-celled.  Order  3.   Ebexales. 

Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its  lobes  or 
fewer,  and  alternate  with,  them   (in  our  species  of 
Fraxinus  and  Forestiera  of  the  Oleaceae  there  is 
no   corolla). 
Corolla  not  scarious.  nerved. 

Ovaries  2,  distinct  (except  in  some  Loganiaceae, 
and  in  Gentianaceae  in  which  the  ovary  is 
compound  with  2  cavities  or  rarely  more,  or 
with  1  cavity  and  2  placentae  :  flowers  regular  ; 
stamens  mostlv  adnate  to  only  the  lower  part 

of  the  corolla  ;  leaves  mostly  opposite.  Order  4.  Gextianales, 

Ovary  1,  compound  (2-divided  in  Dichondra;  in 
Boraginaceae  and  Lamiaceae  mostly  deeply 
4-lobed  around  the  style)  ;  flowers  regular  or 
irregular  ;  stamens  mostly  adnate  to  the  middle 
of  the  corolla-tube  or  beyond ;   leaves   opposite 

or  alternate.  Order  5.  Polemoniales. 

Corolla    scarious,    nerveless.  Order  6.  Plantaginales. 

tt  Ovary  inferior. 
Anthers  distinct. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  cojrol  la -lobes  and  alternate 
with  them  or  twice  as  many ;  ovary  compound, 
with  1  ovule  or  more  in  each  cavity  ;  leaves  oppo- 
site or  verticillate.  Order  7.  Ribiales. 


ERICACEAE.  281 

Stamens  mostly  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes  ;   ovary 
1-celled   with   1   pendulous   ovule,   or  3-celled  with 

2  of  the  cavities  without  ovules.  Order  8.  Valerianales. 

Anthers  united    (except  in  Ambrosiaceae).  Order  9.  Campanulales. 

Order  1.     ERICALES. 

Flowers  complete,  regular.  Calyx  toothed,  lobed,  or  divided,  superior, 
except  in  Vacciniaceae.  Corolla  mainly  gamopetalous.  Stamens  free  from 
the  corolla,  or  adnate  only  to  its  base,  as  many  as  its  lobes  and  alternate 
with  them,  or  twice  as  many.     Ovary  compound. 

Family  1.     ERICACEAE  DC. 

Heath  Family. 

Shrubs,  perennial  herbs,  or  trees,  with  simple  estipulate  leaves,  and 
mostly  perfect  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  -i-o-parted  or  4-5-cleft. 
Corolla  regular,  or  rarely  somewhat  2-lipped,  usually  4— 5-toothed,  -lobed  or 
-parted.  Stamens  hypogynous,  usually  as  many  or  twice  as  many  as  the 
corolla-lobes,  teeth  or  petals;  anthers  2-celled,  attached  to  the  filaments  by 
the  back  or  base,  the  sacs  often  prolonged  upwardly  into  tubes.  Ovary 
2-5-celled ;  stigma  peltate  or  capitate ;  ovules  usually  numerous,  anatropous. 
Fruit  a  capsule,  berry  or  drupe.  Seeds  usually  numerous  and  minute,  or 
sometimes  only  1  in  each  cavity;  endosperm  fleshy.  About  60  genera  and 
1100  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

Lefroy  records  bringing  an  Azalea  and  a  Bhododendron  to  Mount  Lang- 
ton  and  having  them  flower  in  a  conservatory  there.  No  native  nor  naturalized 
plants  of  the  family  exist  in  the  Bermuda  flora. 

A  species  of  Erica  was  growing  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914,  recently  planted. 
Soils  containing  much  lime  are  not  suited  to  plants  of  this  family. 

Order  2.     PRIMULALES. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees.  Corolla  usually  present,  gamopetalous.  Calyx 
mostly  free  from  the  ovary.  Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla,  as  many  as  its 
lobes,  or  twice  as  many,  or  more. 

style  1  ;  fruit  a  capsule  ;  herbs.  Fam.  1.  Pbimulaceae. 

Styles  5  ;  fruit  an  achene  or  utricle  :  herbs.  Fam.   2.   Plumbaginaceae. 

Style  1  ;  shrubs  or  trees,  the  fruit  drupaceous.  Fam.  3.  Myrsixaceae. 

Family  1.     PRIMULACEAE  Vent. 

Primrose  Family. 

Herbs,  with  perfect  regular  flowers.  Calyx  free  from  the  ovary,  usually 
5-parted.  Corolla  gamopetalous  in  our  species,  usually  5-cleft,  deciduous. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  opposite  them,  inserted  on  the 
corolla;  filaments  distinct,  or  connate  at  the  base;  anthers  introrse,  2-celled, 
the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  obsolete,  or  none.  Ovary  superior, 
1-celled;  placenta  central,  free;  ovules  anatropous,  or  amphitropous;  style 


282 


PEIMULACEAE. 


1;  stigma  simple,  capitate,  entire.  Capsule  1-eelled,  2-6-valved;  rarely 
circumscissile  or  indehiscent.  Seeds  few  or  several,  the  testa  adherent  to 
the  fleshy  or  horny  copious  endosperm;  embryo  small,  straight;  cotyledons 
obtuse.    About  28  genera  and  400  species,  of  wide  distribution. 

1.  ANAGALLIS  [Tourn.]  L. 
Herbs,  with,  opposite  or  verticillate  (rarely  alternate)  sessile  or  short- 
petioled  leaves,  entire  or  nearly  so,  and  small  axillary  peduncled  flowers. 
Calyx  5-parted,  the  lobes  lanceolate  or  subulate,  persistent.  Corolla  deeply 
o-parted,  rotate,  the  segments  entire  or  erose,  convolute  in  the  bud,  longer  than  the 
calyx.  Stamens  5;  filaments  puberulent,  or  pubescent,  distinct,  or  united  into 
a  narrow  ring  at  the  base;  anthers  oblong,  obtuse.  Ovary  globose;  ovules 
numerous;  stigma  obtuse.  Capsule  globose,  circumscissile,  many-seeded:  Seeds 
minute,  flat  on  the  back.  [Greek,  delightful.]  About  15  species,  mostly  of 
the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Anagallis  arvensis  L.  Bed 
OR  Scarlet  Pimpernel.  Poor 
Man's  or  Shepherd's  Weather- 
glass. (Fig.  304.)  Annual,  dif- 
fuse; branches  4'-12'  long,  4- 
sided.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
membranous,  sessile  or  somewhat 
clasping,  3"-6"  long,  black-dotted 
beneath;  peduncle"  filiform,  i'-lf 
long,  recurved  in  fruit;  calyx-lobes 
keeled,  slightly  shorter  than  the 
crenate  glandular-ciliate  corolla- 
segments;  flowers  scarlet,  blue  or 
sometimes  white,  usually  with  a 
darker  center,  2"-3"  broad,  open- 
ing only  in  bright  weather;  cap- 
sule glabrous,  about  2"  in  diameter. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in  North 
America.  Flowers  from  winter  to 
summer  and  sparingly  in  autumn. 
The  blue-flowered  race  is  frequent  on 
St.  David's  Island. 

Primula  sinensis  Sabine,  Chinese  Primrose,  grown  in  flower-gardens, 
is  a  softly  pubescent  nearly  or  quite  stemless  species,  with  long-petioled,  lobed 
leaves  and  showy  flowers,  umbelled  on  scapes,  the  corolla  of  various  colors. 

Family  2.     PLUMBAGINACEAE  Lindl. 

Plumbago  Family. 

Perennial  mostly  acaulescent  erect  herbs,  mostly  with  basal  tufted  leaves, 
and  small  perfect  and  regular  clustered  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosepal- 
ous,  5-toothed,  plaited  at  the  sinuses,  the  tube  5-15-ribbed.  Corolla  of  5  hy- 
pogynous  clawed  segments  connate  at  the  base,  or  united  into  a  tube. 
Stamens  5,  opposite  the  corolla-segments,  hypogynous ;  anthers  2-celled,  at- 
tached by  their  backs  to  the  filaments,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Disk  none.     Ovary  superior,  1-celled;  ovule  solitary,  anatropous,  pendu- 


PLUMBAGINACEAE. 


283 


lous;  styles  5.  Fruit  a  utricle  or  achene,  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  rarely  a 
dehiscent  capsule.  Seed  solitary;  testa  membranous;  endosperm  mealy, 
or  none;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  entire.  About  10  genera  and  350 
species,  of  wide  distribution,  mostly  in  saline  situations. 

1.  LIMONIUM  Adans. 
Herbs,  mostly  perennial,  and  with  flat  basal  leaves,  and  numerous  small 
flowers  cymose-paniculate  on  bracted  scapes,  in  1-3-flowered  bracteolate  clus- 
ters, forming  one-sided  spikes.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  the  limb 
scarious,  5-toothed,  the  tube  usually  10-ribbed.  Petals  5,  clawed.  Stamens 
adnate  to  the  bases  of  the  petals.  Styles  5,  separate  in  our  species,  stigmatic 
along  the  inner  side.  Fruit  a  utricle.  [Ancient  name  of  the  wild  beet.] 
About   120   species,   widely   distributed.     Type    species:    Statice   Limonium  L. 

1.  Limonium  carolinianum  (Walt.)  Brit- 
ton.  Sea  Lavender.  Marsh  Rosemary. 
Canker-root.  (Fig.  305.)  Glabrous,  fleshy ; 
rootstock  thick,  fusiform  or  branched; 
scape  terete,  striate,  paniculately  branched 
above,  l°-2h°  high.  Leaves  oblanceolate, 
narrowed  into  margined  petioles,  entire,  or 
slightly  undulate,  3'-10'  long,  shorter  than 
the  scapes,  the  midvein  prominent,  the  lat- 
eral veins  very  obscure;  .flowers  erect,  about 
2"  high;  calyx  5-toothed,  sometimes  with  as 
many  minute  intermediate  teeth  in  the 
sinuses;  corolla  pale  purple;  petals  spatu- 
late;  styles  filiform.  [Statice  caroliniana 
Walt.;  Statice  Lefroyi  Hemsl. ;  Limonium 
Lefroyi  Britton.] 

Salt  marshes  and  borders  of  -  mangrove 
swamps  at  several  points  on  the  shores  of 
Castle  Harbor.  Native.  Atlantic  coast  of  North 
America.  Flowers  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 
The  plant  probably  reached  Bermuda  by  float- 
ing. 

Limonium  australe  (Spreng.)  Kuntze,  Yellow  Chinese  Limonium,  of 
China,  resembling  the  preceding  species,  but  with  yellow  flowers  in  dense  short 
panicled,  1-sided  spikes,  was  grown  in  flower-gardens  at  the  Agricultural 
Station  in  1913.      [Statice  australe  Spreng.;  S.  Fortuni  Lindl.] 

Plumbago  capensis  Thunb.,  Blue  Plumbago,  of  South  Africa,  extensively 
grown  for  ornament,  is  a  leafy  slender  half-climbing  shrub,  3°-5°  high  with 
oblong  to  spatulate  entire  leaves  l'-3'  long,  and  large  blue  flowers  in  terminal 
puberulent  spikes,  the  narrowly  cylindric,  glandular  calyx-tube  about  -J'  long, 
the  slender,  glabrous  corolla-tube  about  IV  long,  the  limb  about  1'  broad,  with 
5  obovate  lobes.     The  plant  is  very  luxuriant  in  Bermuda. 

Plumbago  rdsea  L.,  Red  or  Scarlet  Plumbago,  Asiatic,  similar  to  the 
preceding  species,  but  glabrous,  leaves  ovate-lanceolate  or  elliptic,  and  scarlet 
flowers  in  elongated  spikes,  the  slender  corolla-tube  1'  long  or  less,  is  occa- 
sionally grown  for  ornament.     [P.  coccinea  Boiss.] 

Family  3.     MYRSINACEAE  Lindl. 

Myrsine  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees.  Leaves  mostly  alternate,  leathery,  entire,  punctate; 
stipules  none.     Inflorescence  racemose,   corymbose,   or  cymose.     Flowers 


284  MYRSINACEAE. 

regular,  perfect  or  polygamo-dioieous.  Calyx  persistent;  sepals  4-6, 
rarely  more.  Corolla  salverform  or  rotate,  white,  pink  or  yellowish,  its 
tube  very  short,  the  lobes  spreading,  refiexed  or  even  curled  back,  some- 
times glandular-spotted  like  the  sepals.  Stamens  4-7,  adnate  to  the  corolla- 
tube  or  borne  at  the  base  of  the  corolla-lobes.  Filaments  sometimes  form- 
ing a  tube.  Staminodia  wanting.  Gynoecium  of  4-7  united  carpels.  Style 
one.  Stigma  capitate,  truncate  or  somewhat  foliaceous.  Ovules  immersed 
in  the  fleshy  placenta.  Fruit  drupaceous,  often  tipped  with  the  base  of 
the  style.  Seed  solitary,  filling  the  fruit-cavity.  About  20  genera  contain- 
ing 500  species  or  more,  of  tropical  distribution.  There  are  no  native  nor 
naturalized  plants  of  this  family  in  the  Bermuda  Flora. 

Icacorea  humilis  (A^ahl.)  Britton,  Asiatic,  was  established  at  Mount 
Langton  by  Lefroy  in  1873,  and  a  fine  plant  was  studied  there  in  1913.  It 
is  a  shrub,  up  to  6°  high,  with  alternate  coriaceous  oblong  to  oblanceolate, 
short-petioled  leaves  4-6'  long,  acute  at  each  end,  and  small  short-pedicelled 
greenish-purple  flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal  umbels,  the  corolla-segments 
lanceolate,  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx.     [Ardisia  humilis  Vahl.] 

Lefroy  records  the  establishment,  at  the  same  place  and  date,  of  Icacorea 
guianensis  Aubl.  {Ardisia  acuminata  WiUd.)  of  the  southern  West  Indies  and 
northern  South  America,  and  this  is  mentioned  by  Jones,  but  it  has  disap- 
peared. 

Icacorea  solanacea  (Roxb.)  Britton,  Asiatic,  seen  in  Devonshire  Church- 
yard in  1912,  is  a  shrub  or  small  tree  up  to  12°  high,  with  obovate,  acuminate 
leaves  7'  long  or  less  and  purplish,  slender-peddcelled  flowers  in  lateral  and 
axillary  umbels.      {Ardisia  solanacea  Roxb.] 

Order  3.     EBENALES. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate  simple  leaves,  the  flowers  mostly  regular. 

Calyx  free  from  the  ovary  (inferior)  or  more  or  less  adnate  to  it.     Corolla 

gamopetalous  or  sometimes  polypetalous.     Stamens  borne  on  the  tube  or 

base   of  the   corolla,  as  many   as  its  lobes,   and  opposite  them,   or  more 

numerous. 

Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes.  Fam.  1.   Sapotaceae. 

Stamens  twice  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  more.  Fam.  2,  Ebenaceae. 

Family  1.     SAPOTACEAE  Reichenb. 

Sapodilla  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  mostly  with  a  milky  juice.  Leaves  entire,  mostly 
coriaceous  and  estipulate.  Flowers  small,  regular  and  perfect,  in  axillary 
clusters.  Calyx  inferior,  the  sepals  usually  4-7,  much  imbricated.  Corolla 
gamopetalous,  the  tube  4-7-lobed,  the  lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  some- 
times with  as  many  or  twice  as  many  lobe-like  appendages  on  the  throat. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  proper  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  inserted  on  its 
tube;  staminodia  usually  present,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes;  anthers 
2-eelled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-5-celled,  or  rarely 
many-celled;  ovules  solitary  m  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous; 
stigma  simple.  Fruit  a  fleshy  berry.  Seeds  large,  the  testa  bony  or  crus- 
taeeous;  embryo  straight;  endosperm  fleshy,  or  none.  About  35  genera 
and  425  species,  mostly  of  tropical  regions.  There  are  no  native  nor  natural- 
ized species  in  Bermuda. 


SAPOTACEAE.  285 

Chrysophyllum  Cainito  L.,  Star-Apple,  tropical  American,  occasionally 
planted,  is  a  large  tree  with  oblong  or  oval,  petioled,  pointed  leaves  2'-6'  long, 
green  above,  yellow-brown  and  densely  pubescent  beneath;  the  small  purplish 
or  whitish  flowers  are  in  sessile  axillary  clusters  on  slender  pedicels  about  5" 
Jong,  the  corolla  deeply  5-7-lobed,  the  purplish  globose  fruit  1^-4'  in  diameter, 
8-10-celled,  several-seeded. 

Sapota  achras  Mill.,  Sapodilla,  West  Indian,  also  occasionally  planted,  is 
a  large  tree  with  oblong-lanceolate  petioled  glabrous  coriaceous  leaves,  green 
on  both  sides,  3'-5'  long,  the  whitish  flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  on  rather 
stout  peduncles  as  long  as  the  pedicels  or  shorter,  the  5-6-lobed  corolla  about 
as  long  as  the  pubescent  sepals;  the  well-known  fruit  is  a  globular  brown, 
rough-skinned  berry  SV  in  diameter  or  less,  usually  containing  several  large 
black  shining  seeds, 

Sideroxylon  foetidissimum  Jacq.,  Masticbully,  West  Indian,  a  large 
tree,  Avith  oblong  or  ovate-oblong,  evergreen  rather  thin,  slender-petioled 
leaves  8'  long  or  less,  the  small  yellowish  pedicelled  flowers  in  lateral  or 
axillary  clusters,  the  nearly  rotate  corolla  5-parted,  the  oval  drupe  nearly 
1'  long,  containing  a  single  large  seed,  the  pulp  thin,  grew  in  1913  in  a  Paget 
garden,  the  only  tree  of  this  species  known  to  me  in  Bermuda.  [S.  masticho- 
dendron  Jacq.] 

Calocarpum  mammosum  (L.)  Pierre,  Mammee-Sapota,  of  tropical 
America,  recorded  by  Jones  in  1873  as  ''Mammee  Apple,"  is  a  large  tree 
with  obovate  leaves  6'-9'  long,  greenish-white  flowers  about  6"  wide,  short- 
pedicelled  on  the  twigs,  the  rough  oblong  fruit  5'^6'  long,  usually  containing 
a  single  large  seed.     [Achras  mammosa  L.] 

A  tree  of  a  species  of  Lucuma,  about  25°  high,  was  observed  at  Bellevue 
in  1913 ;  it  is  probably  L.  multiflora  A.  DC,  West  Indian,  but  its  fruit  has 
not  been  obtained.  The  oblanceolate  to  elliptic  pointed  short-petioled  leaves 
are  3'-5'  long,  the  axillary,  short-peduncled  flowers  have  a  white  fugacious 
tubular   corolla  about   3"  long. 

Family  2.     EBENACEAE  Vent. 

Ebony  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs  with  very  hard  wood,  entire  estipulate  leaves,  and  dioe- 
cious polygamous  or  rarely  perfect  regular  flowers,  solitary  or  cymose  in 
the  axils.  Calyx  inferior,  3-7-lobed,  commonly  accrescent  and  persistent. 
Corolla  gamopetalous,  deciduous,  3-7-lobed,  the  lobes  usually  convolute  in 
the  bud.  Stamens  2-3  times  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  in  the 
sterile  flowers,  and  inserted  on  its  tube,  usually  some  imperfect  ones  in  the 
pistillate  flowers;  anthers  introrse,  erect.  Disk  none.  Ovary  superior, 
several-celled ;  in  the  staminate  flowers  rudimentary  or  none ;  ovules  1-3  in 
each  cavity,  suspended;  styles  2-S,  distinct,  or  united  below^;  stigmas 
terminal,  sometimes  2-parted.  Fruit  a  berry.  Seeds  oblong,  the  testa  bony ; 
endosperm  copious,  cartilaginous;  embryo  small;  cotyledons  large,  folia- 
ceous.    About  6  genera  and  275  species,  mostly  tropical. 

1.     DIOSPYROS  L. 

Flowers  lateral,  cymose,  racemose  or  solitary,  th-e  pistillate  commonly 
solitary,  the  staminate  usually  clustered.  Calyx  4-6-cleft.  Corolla  ureeolate 
in  our  species,  4-6-lobed.  Stamens  8-20  in  the  sterile  flowers.  Styles  2-6 
in  the  pistillate  flowers;  ovary  globose  or  ovoid,  its  cavities  twice  as  many  as 
the  styles.  Berry  large,  pulpy,  containing  4-12  flat  hard  seeds.  [Greek,  Zeus' 
wheat.]  About  160  species,  abund^ant  in  Asia.  Type  species:  Diospyros 
Lotus  L. 


286 


EBENACEAE. 


1.  Diospyros     virginiana     L. 

Persimmox.  Date-plum.  (Fig. 
306.)  A  tree;  bark  hard,  dark, 
furrowed.  Leaves  ovate  or  oval, 
deciduous,  pubescent  when  young, 
acute  or  acuminate,  dark  green 
above,  pale  beneath,  2'-5t|'  long; 
petioles  loosely  jointed  with  the 
twigs,  the  leaves  falling  away  in 
drying;  flowers  mostly  4-parted; 
corolla  greenish  yellow;  stamens 
of  the  sterile  flowers  about  16, 
those  of  the  pistillate  8  or  few^er; 
fruit  globose,  about  1'  long,  red- 
dish-yellow and  sweet  when  ripe, 
astringent  when  green. 

Along  the  border  of  Warwick 
Marsh,  1905,  spreading  by  suckers 
and  well  established.  Lefroy  notes 
its  establishment  at  Somerville  prior 
to  1877  and  that  it  became  a  nui- 
sance at  Mt.  Langton  by  sending  up 
suckers.  Native  of  the  eastern 
United  States.  It  is  not  uncom- 
monly planted  :  a  tree  at  Somerville, 
now  destroyed,  is  said  to  have 
reached  75°  in  height. 

Diospyros  kaki  L.  f.,  Kaki,  Chinese  Persimmon,  Chinese,  occasionally 
planted,  is  a  tree  which  becomes  40°  high  under  favorable  conditions;  it  has 
nearly  orbicular  to  ovate,  short-petioled,  often  subcordate  leaves  3'-5'  broad, 
densely  pubescent  beneath,  its  fruits  2'  in  diameter,  depressed-globose  and 
yellow,  the  .persistent  calyx-lobes  triangular-ovate,  about   8"   long. 

Diospyros  discolor  "Willd.,  Mabolo,  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  was  repre- 
sented at  Pembroke  Hall  in  1914,  by  a  fine  tree  about  50°  high.  It  is  a  nar- 
row tall  tree  with  somewhat  pubescent  young  twigs;  the  leathery  oblong 
sharply  acute  leaves  are  8-12'  long,  2'-4'  wide,  the  midvein  prominent,  the 
lateral  veins  delicate  and  obscure,  the  upper  surface  bright  green  and  shining, 
the  under  side  pale  and  dull;  the  fragrant  flowers  are  in  small  clusters,  the 
calyx  and  white  corolla  silky;  the  velvety  fruit  is  globose,  about  3'  m  diameter. 
Lefroy  notes  that  a  plant  imported  by  him  did  not  thrive,  but  the  tree  at 
Pembroke  Hall  has  grown  luxuriantly.      [D.  Mabola  Eoxb.] 

Diospyrus  Lotus  L.,  Lotus  Persimmon,  Asiatic,  seen  in  a  garden  near 
Flatts  in  1914,  as  a  tree  about  15°  high,  attains  a  height  of  40°  or  more,  has 
thin,  sparingly  pubescent,  elliptic  acuminate  petioled  leaves  2i'-4'  long,  small 
reddish  flowers  about  5"  broad,  and  globose,  nearly  black  fruit  6"-9"  in 
diameter. 

Order  4.  GENTIANALES. 
Herbs,  shnibs,  vines  or  trees.  Leaves  opposite,  or  rarely  alternate. 
Flowers  regular.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  rarely  polypetalous,  ners'ed,  want- 
ing in  Forestiera  of  the  Oleaceae.  Stamens  mostly  borne  on  the  lower  part 
of  the  corolla  when  this  is  present,  as  many  as  its  lobes  or  fewer  and  alter- 
nate with  them.  Ovaries  2,  distinct,  or  1  with  2  cavities  (rarely  more),  or  2 
placentae. 

a.   Stamens    (usually  2),  fewer  than  the  corolla-lobes,  or  corolla  none. 

Fam.  1.  Oleaceae. 
b.   Stamens  as  many   as  the  corolla-lobes. 
Stigmas   distinct :   juice  not  milky ;   ovary   1,   compound. 
Ovarv  2-celled  ;   leaves  stipulate,  or  their  bases  con- 
nected by  a  stipular  line.  Fam.  2.  Loganiaceae. 


OLEACEAE. 


287 


Ovary  1-celled,  leaves  not  stipulate. 
Stigmas  united  ;  juice  milky  ;  ovaries  2  in  our  species. 

Styles  -united;    stamens    distinct;    pollen    of    simple 

grains.  Fam 

Styles  distinct ;  stamens  mostly  monadelphous ;   pol- 
len-grains united  into  waxy  masses.  Fam 


Fam.  3.  Gentianaceae. 
-t.  Apocynaceae. 

5.    ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


Family  1.     OLEACEAE  Lindl. 

Olive  Family. 

Trees,  vines,  or  shrubs  (a  few  genera  almost  herbaceous)  with  opposite 
or  rarely  alternate  simple  or  pinnate  estipulate  leaves  and  regular  2-4- 
parted  flowers  in  panicles,  cymes  or  fascicles.  Calyx  inferior,  usually 
small,  sometimes  none.  Stamens  2-4;  filaments  separate;  anthers  ovate, 
oblong  or  linear,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior, 
2-celled;  ovules  few  in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous ;  style 
usually  short  or  none.  Fruit  a  capsule,  samara,  berry  or  -drupe.  Endo- 
sperm fleshy,  horny  or  wanting;  embryo  straight,  rather  large;  radicle  usu- 
ally short.  About  21  genera  and  525  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 


Corolla  tubular  with  a  spreading  limb  ;  fruit  didymous. 
Corolla  small   or  none ;   fruit  drupaceous. 

Corolla  none  :  shrubs  or  trees. 

Corolla  rotate,  white  ;  trees. 


1.  Jasminum. 


2.  Forestiera. 

3.  Olea. 


1.     JASMINUM   [Tourn.]  L. 

Shrubs  or  woody  vines,  with  mostly  opposite,  simple  or  compound  leaves, 
and  large,  clustered  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  lobed  or  parted.  Corolla 
salverform,  its  tube  cylindric,  its  limb  lobed  or  parted,  the  lobes  imbricated. 
Stamens  2,  included;  filaments  short;  anthers  laterally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2- 
eelled ;  style  very  slender ;  stigma,  capitate  or  2-lobed ;  ovules  mostly  2  in  each 
cavity.  Fruit  didymous,  fleshy.  Seeds  without 
endosperm.  [Ancient  name,  of  Arabic  origin.] 
About  100  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World. 
Type  species:    Jasminum  officinale  L. 

1.  Jasminum  simplicifolium  Forst.  f. 
Simple-leaved  Jasmine.  (Fig.  307.)  A  gla- 
brous woody  vine,  attaining  a  length  of  30° 
or  more,  climbing  on  trees  and  forming  dense 
thickets.  Leaves  opposite,  simple,  dark  green, 
somewhat  shining,  subcoriaceous,  ovate  to  el- 
liptic, y-2V  long,  aeutish  or  blunt  at  the  apex, 
obtusre  at  the  base  faintly  veined,  the  petioles 
2"_4' ■  long ;  flowers  few  in  terminal  corymbs ; 
pedicels  slender;  calyx  campanulate,  about  IV' 
long,  its  teeth  very  short;  corolla  white,  its 
tube  about  V  long,  its  limb  star-like,  6"-8" 
broad;  fruits  black,  didymous,  each  of  the  two 
lobes  globose,  about  3"  in  diameter,  eaten  by 
birds  and  the  seeds  thus  scattered.  [Jasmimim 
gracile  Andr.] 

Overrunning  trees  and  rocks  nearly  through- 
out the  land  between  Harrington  Sound  and  Castle 
Harbor,  and  locally  elsewhere.  A  pernicious  weed, 
most  difficult  to  exterminate.  Native  of  Austral- 
asia. Introducea  about  1840.  Flowers  in  early 
summer  and,  sparingly,  in  autumn,  the  flowers 
fragrant 


288  OLEACEAE. 

Jasminum  Sambac  (L.)  Ait.,  Arabian  Jasmine,  East  Indian,  is  a  shrub 
up  to  5°  high,  with  slender,  pubescent,  often  straggling  branches,  ovate  entire 
nearly  glabrous  leaves  IJ'-S'  long  Avith  short  pubescent  petioles,  the  white 
fragrant,  often  double  flowers  about  f  long  in  short  terminal  racemes,  the 
calyx  with  about  8  linear-subulate  lobes,  the  corolla-lobes  broadly  oval  or 
nearly  orbicular.  It  is  commonly  planted  for  ornament.  [J.  calophyllum  of 
A.  H.  Moore?] 

Jasminum  htimile  L.,  Italian  Yellow  Jasmine,  of  tropical  Asia,  is  a 
glabrous  vine-like  shrub,  with  branches  sometimes  15°  long,  the  petioled  pin- 
nate leaves  4'-7'  long,  the  leaflets  3-7  (mostly  5)  ovate  to  lanceolate,  acute, 
short-stalked;  the  bright  yellow  flowers  are  in  loose  terminal  corymbs,  slender- 
pedicelled,  the  smaU  calyx  5-toothed,  the  corolla  about  1'  long  with  obtuse 
lobes.  It  is  freely  planted  for  ornament.  [J.  revolutum  Sims;  J.  fruticans 
of  Lefroy  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Jasminum  grandiflorum  L.,  Eoyal  Jasmine,  of  the  East  Indies,  also 
vine-like,  with  slender  branches,  petioled  pinnate  leaves  6'  long  or  less,  with  5 
or  7,  elliptic  or  ovate  leaflets  V-1'  long,  the  lateral  ones  mostly  obtuse  and 
mucronate,  the  terminal  one  acute  or  acuminate,  the  loosely  corymbose, 
slender-pedicelled,  white  flowers  with  a  slender  corolla-tube  about  1'  long,  the 
limb  about  V  broad,  the  subulate  calyx-teeth  about  one-fourth  as  long  as  the 
corolla-tube,  is  commonly  planted  for  ornament. 

Jasminum  officinale  L.,  Poet's  Jasmine,  Asiatic,  similar  to  J.  grandi- 
florum but  with  all  the  leaflets  acute  or  acuminate,  the  corolla  somewhat 
smaller  and  the  calyx-teeth  longer,  is  occasionally  cultivated. 

Jasminum  primulinum  Hemsl.,  Primrose  Jasmine,  Chinese,  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament,  is  a  slender-stemmed  glabrous  vine,  with  short-petioled, 
3-foliolate  leaves,  the  leaflets  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  acute  or  bluntish, 
V-2i'  long,  and  large  showy  axillary  and  solitary  flowers,  about  IJ'  broad, 
their  peduncles  several-bracted.  The  plant  grows  vigorously  but  does  not 
flower  profusely. 

Jasminum  undulatum  Ker,  Hairy  White  Jasmine,  of  India,  a  climbing 
vine,  with  simple  short-petioled  ovate-lanceolate  acuminate  leaves  about  2' 
long,  glabrous  and  shining  above,  pubescent  beneath,  the  flowers  in  small 
terminal  cymes,  the  linear-filiform  calyx-teeth  densely  pubescent,  the  white 
corolla  with  a  narrow  tube  about  1'  long,  its  narrow,  acute  lobes  ^'-f  long,  is 
occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

2.     FORESTrERA  Poiret. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  the  leaves  opposite,  deciduous,  simple.  Flowers  incon- 
spicuous, mainly  polygamo-dioecious,  in  small  lateral  clusters  or  racemes  on  the 
branchlets  of  the  preceding  year.  Calyx  usually  present  but  small,  its  tube 
very  short,  the  lobes  4-6,  unequal.  Corolla  wanting,  or  rarely  of  1  or  2  decid- 
uous petals.  Stamens  2-4;  anthers  rather  extrorse.  Ovary  2-celled;  stigmas 
thick,  sometimes  2-lobed.  Ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  pendulous  Drupe  subglobose 
to  oblong.  Seeds  solitary  or  rarely  2,  the  testa  membranous,  the  endosperm 
fleshy.  [In  honor  of  Charles  Le  Forestier,  a  French  physician.]  About  15 
species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species:  Forestiera  acuminata  (Michx.) 
Poiret. 


OLEACEAE. 


289 


1.  Forestierasegregata  (Jacq.) 

Krug  &  Urban.  West  Indian 
FoRESTiERA.  (Fig.  308.)  A  gla- 
brous shrub,  or  small  tree,  reach- 
ing a  maximum  height  of  about 
20°  with  a  trunk  6'  in  diameter, 
usually  smaller.  Leaves  oblong  to 
elliptic,  firm  in  texture,  l'-3'  long, 
3"-12"  wide,  variable  in  shape 
and  size  but  those  of  individual 
bushes  nearly  all  similar,  acutish 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short 
petioles,  copiously  punctate  when 
dry;  flowers  very  small;  corolla 
none;  stamens  yellowish;  drupes 
oblong,  slightly  fleshy,  about  V 
long  and  2"  thick,  apiculate,  some- 
what oblique,  borne  on  short  slen- 
der pedicels.  [Myrica  segregata 
Jacq.;    Forestiera  porulosa  Poir.] 

Rocky  hillsides ;  very  abundant 
on  the  south  side  of  St.  David's 
Island  and  on  Cooper's  Island ;  be- 
tween Castle  Harbor  and  Harring- 
ton Sound ;  Abbot's  ClifE ;  Wreck 
Hill  ;  Boaz  Island.  Native.  Florida 
and  the  northern  West  Indies. 
Flowers  in  autumn  and  winter. 
Leaves  falling  in  November.  The 
largest  individual  observed  was  seen 

near   Bailey's   Bay   in   1912.       No   local   name   has   been   found   associated  with   this 
plant. 

3.  OLEA  [Tourn.]  L. 
Trees,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  terminal  or 
axillary  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  4-cleft  or  4-toothed.  Corolla  nearly  rotate, 
the  tube  short,  the  4  lobes  induplicate-valvate.  Stamens  2,  borne  on  the  corolla- 
tube,  the  filaments  short,  the  anthers  ovate.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each 
cavity;  style  short;  stigma  capitate  or  2-lobed.     Drupe  oblong  or  globose,  the 

endocarp  bony.  [Ancient  name  of  the  olive.] 
About  35  species,  natives  of  warm-temperate 
and  tropical  regions  of  the  Old  World,  the 
following  typical. 

1.  Olea  europaea  L.  Olive.  (Fig.  309.) 
An  evergreen  tree,  becoming  60°  high  or  more, 
with  a  trunk  up  to  3^°  in  diameter,  the  slen- 
der twigs  densely  leafy,  angular.  Leaves  cori- 
aceous, oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate,  l'-3'  long, 
3"-6"  wide,  dark  green  and  more  or  less  lepi- 
dote  above,  densely  silvery-lepidote  beneath, 
acute  or  obtuse  and  mucronulate  at  the  apex, 
narrowed  into  short  petioles ;  panicles  axillary, 
shorter  than  the  leaves ;  pedicels  mostly  shorter 
than  the  calyx;  calyx  broadly  obconic,  about 
1"  long,  with  4  minute  teeth ;  corolla  white, 
about  24"  broad,  its  lobes  spreading;  drupe 
oblong  or  subglobose,  black,  shining. 

Frequent  on  hillsides  and  locally  naturalized, 
flowering  in  spring,  its  fruit,  sparingly  produced 
in  Bermuda,  ripe  in  late  summer  and  autumn. 
Probably  native  of  the  Levant ;  widely  culti- 
vated  in   the  Mediterranean  region. 


290  OLEACEAE. 

The  Olive  appears  to  have  been  introduced  prior  to  1612,  being  one  of  the 
first  Old  World  trees  brought  to  Bermuda.  In  1661  the  Bermuda  Company 
ordered  it  widely  planted,  but  it  never  became  the  basis  of  an  industry. 
Lefroy  states  that  some  of  the  trees  planted  in  1661  were  still  standing  about 
1875;  this  remark  may  very  well  apply  to  the  ancient  tree  still  in  perfect 
condition  at  Norwood,  and,  perhaps  to  one  at  Walsingham.  The  fruit  pro- 
duced in  Bermuda  is  small  and  of  inferior  quality,  averaging  only  about  V 
in  length. 

Fraxinus  excelsior  L.,  European  Ash,  of  Europe  and  Asia,  a  large  tree 
with  glabrous  pinnate  leaves  1°  long  or  more,  the  lanceolate  or  oblong-lance- 
olate, sessile  serrate  acuminate  leaflets  9-15,  the  small  greenish  apetalous 
flowers  in  fascicled  clusters,  the  fruit  flat  blunt  narrowly  oblong  samaras  f'-l' 
long,  was  represented  at  Mount  Langton  in  1914  by  a  tree  about  30°  high. 

Ligustrum  vulgare  L.,  Privet,  European,  a  shrub,  with  smooth  dark 
green,  indistinctly  veined,  lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  l'-2'  long,  and  small 
white  perfect  flowers  in  terminal  panicles  with  funnelform  corolla  and  2 
stamens,  followed  by  small  black  1-3-seeded  berries,  has  also  been  introduced 
as  a  hedge  plant,  but  does  not  thrive  vigorously,  the  climate  being  too  warm 
for  it,  or  the  rainfall  insufiicient. 

Ligustrum  ovalifolium  Hassk.,  California  Privet,  Japanese,  a  glabrous 
shrub  up  to  15°  high,  with  upright  branches,  oblong  or  elliptic,  short-petioled, 
somewhat  shining  leaves  l5'-2V  long,  narrowed  at  both  ends,  the  white 
flowers  nearly  sessile  in  terminal  panicles,  the  corolla-tube  about  3  times  as 
long  as  the  limb,  is  successfully  grown  for  hedges. 

Ligustrum  Ibota  Sieb.,  Ibota  Privet,  of  China  and  Japan,  of  which  a 
young  plant  was  seen  at  Cedar  Lodge  in  1914,  becomes,  under  favorable  cir- 
cumstances, a  shrub  about  10°  high;  its  young  twigs  are  densely  pubescent,  its 
oblong  obtuse  or  acute  leaves  are  l'-2'  long,  its  white  flowers  in  small  droop- 
ing panicles,  short-pedicelled,  the  corolla-tube  about  twice  as  long  as  the  limb. 

Ligustrum  coriaceum  Carr.,  Thick-leaved  Privet,  origin  unknown,  is  a 
densely  leafy,  glabrous  shrub,  becoming  5°-6°  high,  with  evergreen,  orbicular 
to  ovate,  dark  green  and  shining  obtuse  leaves  l*'-2*'  long,  the  flowers  sessile 
in  terminal  panicles,  the  corolla-tube  about  as  long  as  the  limb;  a  plant  ap- 
parently of  this  species,  about  4°  high,  was  seen  at  Cedar  Lodge  in  1914. 

Osmanthus  Aquifolium  Sieb.,  Holly  Osmanthus,  Japanese,  a  shrub  or 
small  tree,  with  opposite  short-petioled  evergreen  elliptic  spiny-serrate  acu- 
minate holly-like  leaves  2'-4'  long,  and  very  fragrant  white  flowers  in  axillary 
clusters,  the  blunt  corolla-lobes  imbricated  in  the  bud,  is  grown  in  a  few 
gardens. 

Syringa  vulgaris  L.,  Lilac,  European,  seen  at  the  Public  Garden,  St. 
George's,  in  1914,  is  a  glabrous  shrub,  growing  up  to  about  9°  high,  with 
long-petioled  ovate  pointed  leaves  2-5'  long,  the  lilac  or  white  fragrant 
flowers  in  terminal  panicles,  with  a  salverform  corolla  about  V  long,  the  cap- 
sular fruit  nearly  V  long. 

A  species  of  Forsythia,  Golden  Bells,  Asiatic,  was  observed  in  the 
garden  at  Water  Ville  in  1914,  which  did  not  appear  to  be  enduring  the 
climate. 

Family  2.     LOGANIACEAE  Dumort. 

Logania  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines  or  some  tropical  g-enera  trees,  with  opposite  or 
vertieillate  simple  stipulate  leaves,  or  the  leaf -bases  connected  by  a  stipular 
line  or  membrane,  and  regular  perfect  4-5-parted  flowers.  Calyx  inferior, 
the  tube  campanulate,  sometimes  short  or  none,  the  segments  imbricated, 


LOGANIACEAE. 


291 


at  least  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  funnelform,  eampanulate,  or 
rarely  rotate.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers 
2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent;  pollen-grains  simple.  Disk  usu- 
ally none.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled  (rarely  3-5-celled)  ;  ovules  anatropous 
or  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  2-valved  capsule  in  our  species.  Embryo  small, 
usually  straight;  endosperm  copious;  radicle  terete  or  conic.  About  30 
genera  and  400  species,  widely  distributed  in  warm  and  tropical  regions. 


1.     BUDDLEIA  L. 

Mostly  tomentose  shrubs  or  trees,  with  cymose,  panicled  or  capitate,  small 
flowers.  Calyx  eampanulate^  4-toothed.  Corolla  tubular  to  eampanulate,  its 
4  lobes  spreading.  Stamens  4  nearly  sessile.  Style  thickened  at  the  apex; 
ovules  in  several  series.  Capsule  septicidally  2-valved.  -Seeds  numerous,  ob- 
long, with  fleshy  endosperm.  [Commemorates  Adam  Buddie,  an  English  plant- 
lover.]  About  75  species,  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the 
temperate    zones.     Type    species:    Buddleia   americana   L. 


1.  Buddleia     madagascariensis     Lam. 

Madagascar  Buddleia.  (Fig.  310.)  Snufp- 
PLANT.  A  vine-like  shrub  10°-15°  high, 
with  long  round  slender  white-tomentose 
branches.  Leaves  oblong-lanceolate  to 
ovate-lanceolate,  4-6'  long,  about  IV  wide, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  obtuse  at  the  base, 
entire  or  very  nearly  so,  dark  green  and 
glabrous  above,  densely  white-tomentose 
beneath,  the  tomentose  petioles  1'  long  or 
less;  flowers  in  terminal  thyroid  panicles 
6'-12'  long,  white-tomentose;  corolla  tubu- 
lar, purplish,  about  3"  long.  [B.  Neemda 
of  Lef roy  and  of  H.  B.  Small ;  B.  americana 
of  Eeade,  Jones,  Verrill  and  Harshberger.] 

Roadsides,  escaped  from   cultivation.     Na- 
tive of  Africa.     Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


Family  3.     GENTIANACEAE  Dumort. 

Gentian  Family. 

Bitter  mostly  glabrous  herbs,  with  opposite  (rarely  verticillate)  estipu- 
late  entire  leaves,  reduced  to  scales  in  Bartonia,  and  regular  perfect  flowers 
in  clusters,  or  solitary  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  or  branches.  Calyx  inferior, 
persistent,  4-12-lobed,  -toothed  or  -divided  (of  2  sepals  in  Obolaria),  the 
lobes  imbricated  or  not  meeting  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  often 
marcescent,  4-12-lobed  or  -parted.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the 
corolla,  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat ;  anthers  2-celled, 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  none,  or  inconspicuous.  Ovary  superior  in 
our  genus,  1-celled  or  partly  2-celled ;  ovules  numerous,  anatropous  or 
amphitropous;  stigma  entire,  or  2-lobed,  or  2-cleft,     Capsule  mostly  de- 


292 


GENTIANACEAE. 


hiseent  by  2  valves.     Endosperm  fleshy,  copious;  embryo  small,  terete  or 
conic.    About  70  genera  and  700  species,  widely  distributed. 


1.  CENTAURIUM  Hill. 
Herbs,  mostly  annual  or  biennial,  with  sessile  or  amplexicaul  leaves,  and 
pink  white  or  yellow  flowers  in  cymes  or  spikes.  Calyx  tubular,  5-4-lobed 
or  -divided,  the  lobes  or  segments  narrow,  keeled.  Corolla  salverform,  5-4' 
lobed,  the  lobes  spreading,  contorted,  convolute  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5  or  4, 
inserted  on  the  corolla-tube;  filaments  short-filiform;  anthers  becoming  spirally 
twisted.  Ovary  1-celled,  the  placentae  sometimes  intruded;  style  filiform; 
stigma  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seed-coat  reticulated.  [Greek,  red,  the 
color  of  the  flowers  in  some  species.]  About  25  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World  and  western  North  and  South  America.  Type  species:  Gentiana 
Centaurium  L. 

1.  Centaurium  pulchellum  (Sw.) 
Druce.  Branching  Centaury.  (Fig. 
311.)  Glabrous,  much  branched,  3'-8' 
high.  Leaves  oval,  ovate  or  lanceolate, 
the  lower  mostly  obtuse,  3"-8"  long;  no 
basal  tuft  of  leaves;  flowers  pink,  cy- 
mose-paniculate,  all  or  nearly  all  of 
them  pedicelled,  5"-6"  long;  tube  of  the 
corolla  li-2  times  longer  than  the  calyx- 
segments,  its  lobes  oblong,  obtuse,  li"- 
2"  long;  stigma  oval.  [Gentiana  pul- 
chella  Sw.;  Erythraea  pulchella  Fries; 
E.  Centaurium  of  Reade,  Lefroy,  H.  B. 
Small  and  Kemp;  E.  texensis  of  Hems- 
ley.] 

Frequent   in   waste   grounds.      Natural- 
ized.      Native   of    Europe.       Naturalized    in 
the  eastern  United  States.     Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn,     ^'i-f  'Zl!a   ^'''■" 
This  is,  probably,  the  plant  recorded  by  Michaux,  m  1806,  as  Gentiana  nana. 

Family  4.     APOCYNACEAE  Lindl. 

Dogbane  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  mostly 
with  an  acrid  milky  juice,  with  simple  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular 
5-parted  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  the  lobes  imbricated  m  the 
bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  its  lobes  convolute  m  the  bud  and  otten 
twisted.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla,  alternate  with  them, 
inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat;  anthers  2-celled;  pollen-grams  simple. 
Ovary  superior,  or  its  base  adherent  to  the  calyx,  of  2  distinct  carpels,  or 
1-celled,  with  2  parietal  placentae,  or  2-celled;  ovules  anatropous  or  am- 
phitropous;  style  simple,  or  2-divided;  stigma  simple.  Fruit  usually  ot  J 
follicles  or  drupes.  Seeds  often  appendaged;  endosperm  Aesby ''  ^i^^!^^ 
straight;  radicle  terete,  usually  shorter  than  the  cotyledons.  About  IdU 
genera  and  1100  species,  very  widely  distributed,  mostly  m  tropical  regions. 


APOCYNACEAE. 


293 


Fruit  follicular  ;  seeds  comose. 

Fruit  a  flattened   drupe ;   seeds   fleshy,   unappendaged. 


1.  Nerium. 

2.  Cerhera. 


1.  NERIUM  L. 
Large  shrubs,  with  whorled  or  opposite,  entire  leathery  narrow  leaves, 
and  large,  white  to  crimson  flowers  in  terminal  cymes.  Calyx  gland-bearing 
within  near  the  base ;  corolla  salverf orm  with  a  narrowly  cylindric  tube,  a  cam- 
panulate  throat,  and  a  spreading,  5-lobed  limb,  the  lobes  dextrorsely  twisted. 
Stamens  borne  at  the  top  of  the  corolla-tube,  included,  the  filaments  short,  the 
anthers  sagittate,  long-appendaged  at  the  apex,  connivent  around  the  stigma, 
their  basal  lobes  also  appendaged.  Ovary  of  2  separate  carpels;  ovules  numer- 
ous; style  slender;  stigma  with  a  membranous  reflexed  5-lobed  ring.  Follicles 
linear,  straight,  elongated.  Seeds  oblong,  villous,  appendaged  by  a  caducous 
coma.  [Greek,  name  of  the  Oleander,  said  to  refer  to  its  native  habitat  in 
moist  grounds.]  Two  or  three  known  species,  natives  of  Asia  and  of  the 
Mediterranean  region,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Nerium  Oleander  L.  Oleander. 
(Fig.  312.)  A  shrub  8°-20°  high,  the 
twigs  and  leaves  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 
Leaves  opposite,  or  whorled  in  3's,  nar- 
rowly oblong-lanceolate,  dull  dark  green 
above,  paler  green  beneath,  3'-5'  long, 
^'-f  wide,  sharply  acute  or  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base  into  short 
petioles,  the  midvein  prominent  beneath, 
the  lateral  veins  very  many,  transverse; 
cymes  several-many-flowered,  somewhat 
pubescent;  flowers  scarcely  odorous;  calyx 
pubescent,  about  4"  long;  corolla  l5'^2' 
broad,  often  double  ,white  to  purple;  pods 
4'-7'  long,  about  4"  thick,  drooping. 

In  nearly  all  situations  except  saline  ones. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  the  Orient.  Recorded 
as  introduced  to  Bermuda  in  1790,  now  one  of 
its  most  beautiful  floral  features,  blooming 
more  or  less  throughout  the  year,  most  freely 
in  spring  and  summer. 

Catharanthus  roseus  (L.)  G.  Don.,  Eed  Periv^^inkle,  a  somewhat  woody, 
herbaceous  plant  about  2°  high,  with  smooth  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  large 
pink,  or  sometimes  white,  axillary  flowers,  the  corolla  salverf  orm,  the  cylindric 
pubescent  follicles  about  1'  long,  is  common  in  flower-gardens.  It  is  native 
of  the  Old  World  tropics,  and  naturalized  in  Florida,  the  West  Indies  and 
tropical  continental  America.     [Vinca  rosea  L.] 


2.     CERBERA  L. 

Glabrous    trees    or    shrubs,    with    alternate    narrow    often    apparently    1- 

nerved  leaves,  and  large  yellow  flowers  in  terminal   cymes.     Calyx   5-parted, 

glandular  within  at  the  base.     Corolla   funnelform,  the  tube  cylindric  below, 

abruptly  enlarged  into  a  campanulate  throat,  the  spreading  limb  5-lobed,  the 


294 


APOCYNACEAE. 


broad  lobes  somewhat  twisted.  Stamens  borne  at  tlie  top  of  the  corolla- 
tube;  anthers  lanceolate,  unappendaged.  Ovary  2-lobed,  2-celled;  ovules  2  in 
each  cavitj;  style  filiform;  stigma  disk-like.  Drupe  flattened,  broader  than 
long,  the  bony  endocarp  2-celled.  [Named  for  Cerberus,  the  fabled  watch 
dog  of  the  infernal  regions.]  Seven  species  or  more,  natives  of  tropical 
regions,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Cerbera  Thevetia  L.,  Frexch  Trumpet- 
flower.  Lucky-nut.  (Fig.  313.)  A  small 
tree,  or  shrub,  up  to  20°  in  height,  its  branches 
densely  leafy.  Leaves  linear,  dark  green  and 
shining  above,  pale  green  beneath,  3'-6'  long, 
3"-5"  wide,  attenuate  at  both  ends,  the  mid- 
vein  prominent  beneath,  the  lateral  venation 
very  obscure;  cymes  several-flowered;  pedicels 
slender;  caJyx-segments  lanceolate,  acuminate, 
spreading,  about  3"  long;  corolla  2V-3'  long, 
the  cylindric  part  6"-8"  long;  drupe  com- 
pressed-triangular, I'-li'  broad,  about  f  high 
and  J'  thick,  the  flesh  thin.  [Thevetia  nerei- 
folia  Juss.] 

Frequently  escaped  from  gardens  and  planta- 
tions where  it  is  common.  Native  of  the  West 
Indies.     Flowers  during  most  of  the  year. 

Plumiera  alba  L.,  White  Trumpet- 
FX,ow^ER,  West  Indian,  was  represented  in  1913 
by  a  very  old  tree  about  30°  high,  at  Pem- 
broke Hall.  It  has  linear  to  linear-oblong 
leaves  4-10'  long,  densely  white-tomentulose 
and  reticulate-veined  beneath,  and  terminal 
cymes  of  white  flowers  1'  broad  or  more,  the 
corolla  with  a  yellow  eye. 

Plumiera  rubra  L.,  Frangipanxi,  Eed  Jasmine,  frequently  planted  for 
ornament,  is  a  tree  up  to  15°  high,  abounding  in  milky  sap,  wuth  very  stout 
twigs;  the  large  oblong  leaves  are  3'-8'  long  and  clustered  at  the  ends  of  the 
twigs;  the  pink  to  red  flowers  are  in  terminal  cymes,  the  corolla  about  '2' 
broad  with  oval  lobes  longer  than  the  tube,  the  follicles  about  6'  long. 

Allamanda  Hendersoni  Bull,  Henderson's  Allamanda,  South  American, 
a  high-climbing  woody  vine,  occasionally  planted  for  ornament,  is  glabrous, 
the  leaves  whorled  in  4's,  elliptic  to  oblong,  3-5'  long,  short-petioled,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  and  acuminate  at  the  apex;  the  showy  bright  orange-yellow 
flowers  are  about  4'  broad,  the  corolla  with  a  slender  tube,  its  throat  spotted. 

Allamanda  Schottii  Pohl,  Schott's  Allamanda,  also  South  American, 
mentioned  by  Lefroy  as  grown  under  glass  at  Mt.  Langton,  is  similar,  but 
slightly  pubescent  with  lanceolate  leaves,  the   corolla-throat  striped. 

Tabemaemontana  coronaria  (Jacq.)  Willd.,  Crape  Jasmine,  origin  un- 
known, a  glabrous  shrub,  with  thin  bright  green  opposite  short-petioled 
elliptic  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acuminate  leaves  3'-6'  long,  and  cymose  white, 
usually  double  flowers  about  IV  broad,  is  frequently  planted  for  ornament. 
[Nerium  coronarium  Jacq.] 

Tabemaemontana  citrifolia  Jacq.,  Small-flowered  Tabernaemontana, 
West  Indian,  a  shrub  up  to  6°  high,  with  oblong  or  oblong-obovate  leaves  3'-5' 


APOCYNACEAE.  295 

long,  white  floAvers  about  8"  broad,  in  terminal  compound  cymes,  the  corolla- 
lobes  about  as  long  as  the  tubC;  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  common  in  gardens 
prior  to  1877. 

TalDernaemontana  Cumingiana  A.  DC,  of  the  Philippine  Islands,  a  shrub 
up  to  5°  high,  with  elliptic-lanceolate  or  oblong  leaves  2'-5'  long,  narrowed  at 
both  ends,  few-flowered  cymes  of  white  flowers  in  the  upper  axils,  the  slender 
corolla-tube  7"-9"  long,  longer  than  the  lobes,  was  represented  at  Mt.  Lang- 
ton  by  a  vigorous  plant  in  1913. 

Arduina  grandiflora  E.  Meyer,  Natal  Plum,  South  African,  a  glabrous 
shrub  5°  high  or  higher,  with  strong  forked  spines  l'-2'  long,  thick  ovate 
entire  mucronate  short-petioled  leaves  l'-3'  long;  few-flowered  terminal 
cymes,  the  white  corolla  with  a  short  tube  and  5  oblong  lobes  about  1'  long 
overlapping  to  the  left,  the  ovoid  pointed  red  berry  l'-2'  long,  is  planted  for 
ornament  and  for  its  edible  fruit.  It  is  a  good  hedge-plant  with  fragrant 
flowers. 

Trachelospermum  divarlcatum  (Thunb.)  K.  Schum.,  Star  Jessamine, 
Chinese,  a  pubescent  woody  climbing  vine  up  to  15°  long,  with  oval  or 
elliptic,  short-petioled,  acute  or  short-acuminate  leaves  2'-3'  long,  and  axillary 
cymes  of  white  or  pinkish  flowers  about  1'  broad,  the  linear  follicles  4'-7' 
long,  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament.      [T.  jasminoides  Lemaire.] 

Beaumontia  grandiflora  Wall.,  Beaumontia,  East  Indian,  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament,  is  a  woody  vine  with  opposite  short-petioled  elliptic  to 
obovate  leaves  6'-8'  long,  the  apex  abruptly  acuminate,  and  very  large  white 
fragrant  clustered  flowers,  the  5  ovate  acute  sepals  about  V  long,  the  cam- 
panulate,  5-lobed  corolla  4-5'  long. 

Family  5.     ASCLEPIADACEAE  Lindl. 

IMiLKWEED  Family. 

Perennial  herbs,  vines  or  shrubs,  mostly  wdth  milky  juice,  with  estipu- 
late  leaves,  and  mostly  umbellate  perfect  reg-ular  flowers.  Calyx  inferior, 
its  tube  very  short,  or  none,  its  segments  imbricated  or  separate  in  the  bud. 
Corolla  campanulate,  urceolate,  rotate  or  funnelform,  5-lobed  or  5-cleft, 
the  segments  commonly  reflexed.  A  5-lobed  or  5-parted  crown  (corona) 
between  the  corolla  and  the  stamens  and  aclnate  to  one  or  the  other.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  on  the  corolla;  filaments  short,  stout,  mostly  monadelphous,  or 
distinct ;  anthers  attached  by  their  bases  to  the  filaments,  introrsely  2-celled, 
connivent  around  the  stigma,  or  more  or  less  united  with  each  other;  anther- 
sacs  tipped  with  an  inflexed  or  erect  searious  membrane,  or  unappendaged 
at  the  top,  sometimes  appendaged  at  the  base;  pollen  coherent  into  waxy 
or  granular  masses,  one  or  rarely  t-vvo  such  masses  in  each  sac,  connected 
with  the  stigma  in  pairs  or  fours,  by  5  glandular  corpuscles  alternate  with 
the  anthers.  Disk  none.  Ovaiy  of  2  carpels ;  styles  2,  short,  connected  at 
the  summit  by  the  peltate  discoid  stigma;  ovules  numerous  in  each  carpel, 
mostly  anatropous,  pendulous.  .  Fruit  of  2  follicles.  Seeds  compressed, 
usually  appendaged  by  a  long  coma;  endosperm  cartilaginous;  embrv^o 
nearly  as  lonp*  as  the  seed;  cotyledons  flat.  About  220  genera  and  2000 
species,  of  wid6  distribution. 


296 


ASCLEPIADACEAE. 


Corona-hoods  with  an  incurved  horn. 
Corona-hoods  hornless. 


1.  Asclepias. 

2.  Gomphocarpus. 


1.     ASCLEPIAS  L. 

Perennial  herbs  with  entire  leaves,  and  middle-sized  or  small  flowers  in 
umbels.  Calyx  5-parted  or  5-divided,  usually  small,  the  segments  or  sepals 
acute,  often  glandular  within.  Corolla  deeply  5-parted,  the  segments  mostly 
valvate,  reflexed  in  anthesis.  Corona-column  generally  present.  Corona  of  5 
concave  hoods,  each  bearing  within  a  slender  or  subulate  incurved  horn.  Fila- 
ments connate  into  a  tube;  anthers  tipped  with  an  inflexed  membrane,  winged, 
the  wings  broadened  below  the  middle;  pollen-masses  solitary  in  each  sac, 
pendulous  on  their  caudicles.  Stigma  nearly  flat,  5-angled  or  5-lobed.  Pol- 
licles  usually  thick,  acuminate.  Seeds  comose  in  all  but  one  species.  [Dedi- 
cated to  ^sculapius,]  About  95  species,  mostly  natives  of  the  New  World. 
Type  species:  Asclepias  syridca  L. 

1.  Asclepias  curassavica  L.  Wild 
Ipecac.  Blood-flowepw  Butterfly  Weed. 
(Fig.  314.)  Stems  somewhat  woody  at  the 
base,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent  above, 
l°-3°  high;  leaves  opposite,  2.'-6'  long, 
oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  commonly  acu- 
minate; umbels  terminal  and  lateral,  5-10- 
flowered;  pedicels  5"-10"  long;  corolla- 
lobes  deep  red-purple,  about  3"  long,  ovate- 
oblong;  column  distinct;  hoods  orange, 
erect,  2"  high,  ovate,  obtuse,  laterally  com- 
pressed, shorter  than  the  flat  attenuate 
curved  horn;  follicles  erect  on  erect  fruit- 
ing pedicels,  li'-4'  long,  slender-fusiform, 
acuminate,  glabrous  or  minutely  pubescent 
and  slightly  glaucous;  seeds  3"  long,  rather 
thin;    coma  l"-li"  long. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  tropical  America.  Nat- 
uralized in  the  southern  United  States.  Flow- 
ers  in   summer   and   autumn. 

Asclepias  nivea  L,,  White  Milkweed,  West  Indian,  which  is  similar  to 
A.  curassavica  but  has  white  corollas  and  usually  broader  leaves,  came  up  in 
some  soil  from  the  West  Indies  at  Mount  Langton,  as  recorded  by  Lefroy,  who 
states  that  it  established  itself  at  that  time,  but  it  has  not  been  observed 
subsequently,  and  H.  B.  Small  indicates  that  it  did  not  persist. 

Asclepias  Linaria  Cav.,  Eanstead  Milkweed,  Mexican,  a  white-flowered, 
narrow-leaved  species,  was  in  cultivation  in  gardens,  prior  to  1883,  according  to 
Eeade. 

2.     GOMPHOCARPUS  R.  Br. 

Shrubs  or  large  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  the  flowers  similar  in  struc- 
ture to  those  of  Asclepias,  but  the  hoods  of  the  corona  without  horns,  unap- 
pendaged.  Follicles  inflated.  [Greek,  club-fruit.]  About  75  species,  mostly 
African.     Type  species:   Asclepias  arborescens  L. 


ASCLEPIADA€EAE. 


297 


1.  Gomphocarpus  physocarpus  E. 

Meyer.  Large-fruited  Gompho- 
carpus. (Fig.  315.)  Shrubby, 
branched,  pubescent  above,  4°-6° 
high,  rather  densely  leafy.  Leaved 
thin,  linear-lanceolate,  short-petioled, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  2'— 4'  long,  V  wide  or  less; 
umbels  few,  several-flowered;  pedi- 
cels very  slender,  puberulent,  V-IV 
long;  corolla  white,  about  V  broad, 
its  ovate,  acutish  segments  soon  re- 
flexed;  follicles  ovoid,  about  2'  long, 
I'-IJ'  thick,  loosely  covered  with 
weak  slender  processes  about  3"  long. 
[Asclepias  pJiysocarpa  Schlechter.] 

Roadside,  St.  David's  Island,  1909. 
Flowers  in  spring.  Native  of  South 
Africa.      Naturalized  in  Jamaica. 

Hoya  caraosa  E.  Br.,  Wax-plant, 
of  tropical  Asia  and  Australia,  occa- 
sionally planted  in  gardens  and  grown 
luxuriantly  under  glass,  is  a  vine 
with  thick  fleshy  entire  ovate  leaves, 
and  umbelled  fragrant  flowers,  the  white  rotate  corolla  with  a  crown  spreading 
like  a  star;  the  fruits  are  smooth  follicles. 

Stephanotis  floribunda  A.  Brongn.,  Stephanotis,  Madagascan,  is  an  ele- 
gant high-climbing,  glabrous  vine,  with  thick  shining  elliptic  petioled  leaves 
2'-4'  long,  and  large  white  fragrant  flowers  in  stalked  axillary  umbels,  the 
short  calyx  5-parted,  the  salverform  corolla  l'-2'  long,  with  5  spreading 
lobes  and  a  crown  of  5  scales,  the  fleshy  pod  about  4'  long;  it  is  commonly 
planted  on  walls  and  grows  luxuriantly.      [Marsdeiiia  floribufida  Schlechter.] 

Stapelia  maculosa  (Haw.)  Donn,  Carrrion-flower,  South  African,  occa- 
sionally grown  for  interest,  is  a  fleshy  leafless  plant  3'-4'  high,  the  stems  4- 
angled,  the  stalked  purplish  mottled  flowers  3'-4'  wide,  their  odor  very 
offensive.      [Orhaea  maculosa  Haw.] 

Cryptostegia  grandiflora  R.  Br.,  Cryptostegia,  a  woody  vine,  containing 
much  milky  sap,  and  yielding  some  india  rubber,  grown  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914, 
has  oblong  entire  thickish  leaves  3'-4'  long,  and  large  purplish  flowers,  the 
corolla  about  2'  broad  with  a  corona  of  5  scales  deep  down  in  its  tube. 

Order  5.     POLEMONIALES. 

Mostly  herbs;  rarely  shrubs  or  trees.  Corolla  almost  always  gamo- 
petalous,  regular  or  irregular.  Stamens  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube  usually 
to  the  middle  or  beyond,  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  or  fewer  and  alter- 
nate with  them.  Ovary  1,  superior,  compound  (in  Boraginaceae  and 
Lamiaceae  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style). 


a.   Corolla  regular. 
Ovary  not  4-lobed,  the  carpels  not  separating  as  distinct  nutlets  at  maturity. 

Ovary    2-celled,    rarely    3-4-celled ;    style    1,    entire,  2-cleft,    or    2-parted ;    mostly 
twining    vines. 

Ovary  2-4-celled.  Fam.      1.   Convolvdlaceae. 

Ovary  2-divided.  Fam.     2.  Dichondrackae. 

Ovary  3-celled ;  stigmas  3,  linear.  Fam.     3.  Polemoniaceae. 


298  CONYOLVULACEAE. 

Ovary    1-ceIled ;    style    1,    2-lobed,    or    2-parted ; 

herbs  not  twining.  Fam.     4.  Htdeophyllaceae. 

Ovary  deeply  4-lobed  around  the  style,  or  not  lobed 
{Heliotropium). 
Style  arising  from  between  the  ovary-lobes.  Fam.     5.   Boraginaceae. 

Ovary  not  lobed ;  styles  terminal.  Fam.     6.  Ehretiaceae. 

b.  Corolla  irregular,  more  or  less  2-lipped   (regular  in  Solanaceae,  in  Mentha  of  the 
Lamiaceae,  and  nearly  or  quite  so  in  Verhena  and  Callicarpa  of  the  Verhenaceae). 
1.   Carpels   1-2-seeded. 
Ovary  not  lobed,  2-4-celled,  the  style  apical ;  carpels 

separating  into  1-seeded  nutlets.  Fam.     7.  Yeebenaceae. 

Ovary  4-lobed  around  the   style,   the  lobes   ripening 

into  1-seeded  nutlets.  Fam.     8.  Lamiaceae. 

2.  Carpels  several-many-seeded    (2-seeded   in   some   Acanthaceae). 
t  Fruit  a  berry,  or  more  commonly  a  capsule  which  is  1-2-celled,  2-valved,  circum- 

scissile,  or  irregularly  bursting,  not  elastically  dehiscent. 
Placentae  axile. 

Flowers     regular ;     fertile     stamens     5      (4     in 

Petunia)  ;  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule.  Fam.     9.   Sola>-aceae. 

Flowers  more   or   less  irregular ;   fertile  stamens 

2  or  4   (5  in  Verbascum)  ;  fruit  a  capsule.  Fam.  10.  Scrophdlaeiaceae. 

Placentae  parietal. 

Trees,   shrubs,   or  woody  vines;   capsule  2-celled.        Fam.  11.  Bignoniaceae. 
Herbs  or  shrubs  ;  capsule  1-celled.  Fam.  12.  Gesxeeiaceae. 

±1  Capsule    completely    2-celled,    elastically    loculicidally    dehiscent ;    opposite-leaved 
herbs  ;    placentae   axile.  Fam.   13.  Acanthaceae. 

3.  Ovary  2-celled  with  1  ovule  in  each  cavity  ;  trees  or  shrubs  with  alternate  leaves. 

Fam.   14.  Myopoeaceae. 

4.  Ovary  and  fruit   1-celled  with   1   erect  orthotropous   ovule   and  seed ;   herb   with 

spicate  flowers  and  reflexed  fruits. 

Fam.   15.   Pheymaceae. 

Family  1.     CONVOLVULACEAE  Vent. 

MORNIXG-GLOKY  FAMILY. 

Herbs  or  vines,  some  tropical  species  shrubs  or  trees,  with  alternate 
estipulate  leaves,  and  regular  perfect  axillary  cymose  or  solitary  flowers. 
Calyx  inferior,  5-parted  or  5-divided,  usually  persistent,  the  segments  or 
sepals  imbricated.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  limb  5-ang"led,  5-lobed  or 
entire.  Stamens  5,  inserted  low  down  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alter- 
nate with  its  lobes,  all  anther-bearing,  the  filaments  filiform,  or  dilated  at 
the  base;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  annular 
or  none.  Ovai^y  superior,  sessile,  2-3-celled,  with  2  ovules  in  each  cavity, 
or  falsely  4-6-celled  with  a  single  ovule  in  each  cavity,  entire  or  2-4- 
divided;  styles  1-3,  terminal,  or  arising  from  between  the  ovary-divisions; 
ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  2-4-valved  capsule  or  of  2-4  distinct  carpels, 
in  our  species.  Seeds  erect,  the  testa  villous,  pubescent  or  glabrous;  em- 
bryo plaited  or  crumpled;  cotyledons  foliaceous;  endosperm  fleshy  or  car- 
tilaginous, usually  scanty.  About  45  genera  and  probably  1000  species,  of 
wide  distribution. 


Capsule  dehiscent,  several-seeded.  1.  Ipot 

Fruit  woody,  indehiscent,  mostly  1-seeded.  2.  Turbina. 

1.     IPOMOEA  L. 

Twining  trailing  or  rarely  erect  herbs  with  large  showy  axillary  flowers. 
Corolla  funnelform  or  campanulate,  the  limb  entire,  5-angled  or  5-lobed,  the 
tube  plaited.  Stamens  included.  Ovary  entire,  2-4-eelled,  4-6-ovuled;  style 
filiform,  included;  stigmas  1  or  2,  capitate  or  globose.  Capsule  usually  septi- 
fragally  2-4-valved,  2-4-seeded.  [Greek,  worm-like.]  About  400  species,  of 
wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Ipomoea  Pes-tigrinis  L. 


CO^^VOLVULACEAE. 


299 


Sepals  linear  or  lanceolate,   long;    ovary  mostly  3-celled. 
Bases  of  the  sepals  with  long  spreading  hairs. 
Sepals   glabrous,   or   sparingly   short-pubescent. 
Leaves    silky-pubescent. 
Leaves   glabrous   or  nearly   so. 
Sepals  oblong  to  ovate,  short;  ovary  mostly  2-ceIled  or  4-celled. 
Stems  creeping ;  leaves  obtuse  or  emarginate,   entire,  fleshy. 
Stems  climbing  or  twining. 
Flowers  purple. 

Sepals  obtuse ;  leaves  sagittate. 

Sepals  acute,  cuspidate  ;  leaves  variously  lobed  or  entire. 
Flowers  white  with  a  purple  throat ;   leaves  digitately  di- 
vided,  the   segments  toothed. 


1.  Ipomoea  Nil  (L.)  Roth.  Blue 
Morning-glory.  (Fig.  316.)  Stems 
loosely  pilose-pubescent,  2°-6°  long, 
prostrate  or  twining.  Leaves  more  or  less 
pilose,  the  blades  lV-5'  broad,  cordate 
at  the  base,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  acute  or 
acuminate;  peduncles  short  or  elongated, 
1-3-flowered;  sepals  narrowly  linear,  8"- 
12"  long,  their  bases  somewhat  broad- 
ened and  densely  long-pubescent;  corolla 
blue,  fading  purple,  its  tube  I'-IV  long, 
the  limb  2'-2^'  broad;  ovary  and  cap- 
sule 3-celled;  capsule  about  4"  long. 
[Convolvulus  Nil  L.;  Pharhitis  Nil 
Choisy;  I.  Jiederacea  of  Verrill,  as  to 
the   name.] 

Occasional  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Introduced.  Native  of  tropical 
regions.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
Not,  as  stated  by  Verrill,  the  most  abun- 
dant species,  at  least  at  present. 


1.  /.  mi. 

2.  /.  villosa. 

3.  /.  cathartica. 

4.  /.  Pes-caprae. 


5.  /.  sar/ittata. 

6.  /.  Batatas. 

7.  /.  dissecta. 


2.  Ipomoea    villosa    E.    &    P. 

Villous  Morning-glory.  (Fig.  317.) 
Pubescent,  twining,  sometimes  as- 
cending trees  to  a  height  of  40°  or 
more.  Leaves  thin,  slender-petioled, 
the  blades  3'-6'  long,  pubescent  on 
both  sides,  entire  or  3-lobed,  long- 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  deeply  cor- 
date at  the  base ;  peduncles  1-4- 
flowered,  axillary,  as  long  as  the 
petioles  or  shorter;  bracts  linear- 
lanceolate,  8"-12"  long;  sepals  lan- 
ceolate, acuminate,  pubescent,  about 
I'long;  corolla  purple,  about  3' long. 
[Ipotiwea  jamaicensis  of  Rein,  Le- 
froy,  Hemsley  and  Moore;  Iponwea 
purpurea  of  Lefroy,  Harshberger, 
Verrill  and  H.  B.  Small;  Pharbitis 
dealhata  and  P.  triloba  of  Mills- 
paugh.] 

Common  in  marshes  and  in  waste 
grounds.  Introduced.  Native  of  South 
Americn.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn. 


300 


COXYOLVULACEAE. 


Thickets,    woodlands    and    roadsides. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


3.  Ipomoea     cathartica 

Poir.  Purple  Morning- 
glory.  (Fig.  318.)  Peren- 
nial, minutely  strigillose  or 
glabrate.  Stems  more  or 
less  twining,  branching ; 
leaves  broadly  ovate,  2'-4' 
long,  entire  or  3-lobed,  acu- 
minate, cordate;  peduncles 
shorter  than  the  subtending 
petioles ;  sepals  glabrate, 
linear-lanceolate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  5"-10"  long,  acu- 
minate; corolla  pink-purple 
or  crimson,  the  limb  2h'-d^' 
broad,  undulate ;  capsules 
spheroidal,  about  5"  broad. 
[Convolvulus  acuminatus 
Vahl. ;  Ipomoea  acuminata 
E.  &  S.,  not  R.  &  P. ;  Phar- 
h itis  cathartica  C  h  o  i  s y  ; 
Pharhitis  purpurea  of  Mills- 
paugh.] 


Native.     Florida    and    the    West    Indies. 


4.  Ipomoea  Pes-caprae  (L.) 
Roth.  Seaside  Morning-glory. 
Seaside  Convolvulus.  (Pig. 
319.)  Perennial,  glabrous,  suc- 
culent. Stems  prostrate,  creep- 
ing, sometimes  60°  long  or  more, 
branching;  leaf -blades  suborbic- 
ular,  2Y-^'  broad,  usually 
notched  at  the  apex,  rounded  or 
cordate  at  the  base;  petioles  as 
long  ag  the  blades  or  shorter; 
peduncles  stout,  1-several-flow- 
ered;  pedicels  more  slender  than 
the  peduncles;  sepals  glabrous, 
oval  or  suborbicular,  about  5" 
long,  obtuse;  corolla  purple, 
about  2'  long,  its  tube  broadly 
funnelform,  its  limb  undulately- 
lobed,  2'-3'  broad;  capsules 
broadly  ovoid  or  globose-ovoid, 
7"-9"  high;  seeds  pubescent. 

Common  on  sea  beaches.  Native.  Coasts  of  the  southeastern  United  States, 
the  West  Indies,  and  tropical  continental  America.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn.  Its  seeds  probably  reached  Bermuda  by  floating.  This  vine  is  one  of  the 
most  characteristic  plants  of  the  littoral  of  warm  and  tropical  America. 


CONVOLVULACEAE. 


301 


5.  Ipomoea  sagittata  Lam.  Ar- 
row-leaved MORXIXG-GLORY.  (Fig. 
320.)  Perennial,  glabrous.  Stems 
twining,  6°-15°  long,  branching,  rela- 
tively slender.  Leaves  l^''-4'  long, 
sagittate  or  hastate-sagittate,  the  seg- 
ments linear  or  lanceolate,  the  lateral 
about  i  as  long  as  the  terminal  one; 
petioles  about  as  long  as  the  basal 
lobes;  peduncles  usually  1-flowered; 
sepals  glabrous,  oblong  to  suborbieu- 
lar,  3"-4"  long,  obtuse  or  cuspidate; 
corolla  purple,  about  2'  long,  the  tube 
funnelform,  the  limb  2'-3'  broad; 
capsules  ovoid,  5"-7"  long;  seeds  vil- 
lous. [Convolvulus  sagittifolius  Michx. ; 
Ipomoea  sagittifolia  Ker.] 


Occasional  in  fresh-water  marshes ;  abundant  in  Warwick  Marsh.  Native. 
Southern  United  States  and  Bahamas.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn.  Its  seeds 
probably  reached  Bermuda  on  the  wind. 


6.  Ipomoea  Batatas  (L.)  Lam. 
Sweet  Potato.  (Fig.  321.)  Eoot- 
stocks  large,  fleshv,  the  well-known 
vegetable.  Stems  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  trailing,  3°  long  or 
longer;  leaf -blades  various,  ovate 
to  suborbicular,  entire,  dentate  or 
lobed,  acuminate  to  obtuse,  cor- 
date at  the  base,  2'-6'  long;  pe- 
duncles as  long  as  the  petioles  or 
shorter,  few-flowered;  sepals  ob- 
long, acute,  cuspidate,  somewhat 
unequal,  3^"-o"  long;  corolla  pale 
purple  or  nearly  white,  about  2' 
long;  ovary  and  capsule  2-celled; 
seeds  smooth.  [Convolvulus  Ba- 
tatas L. ;  Convolvulus  edulis 
Thunb.;    Batatas    edulis    Choisy.] 

Waste  places,  and  persistent  after  cultivation.  Introduced.  Native  habitat 
unknown. 

The  sweet-potato  is  cultivated,  in  a  large  number  of  different  races,  in  all 
warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions,  and  is  one  of  the  important  crops  of 
Bermuda. 


302 


CONYOLVULACEAE. 


7.  Ipomoea  dissecta 
(Jacq.)  Pursh.  Noyau 
Vine.  (Fig.  322.)  Peren- 
nial, villous-liirsute,  or  gla- 
brate.  Stems  twining, 
branching;  leaves  suborbic- 
ular,  lY-4:'  in  diameter,  5- 
7-parted,  the  segments  o\ral 
to  oblong  or  lanceolate, 
coarsely  toothed  or  pinnati- 
fid;  petioles  as  long  as  the 
blades  or  longer,  villous- 
hirsnte;  sepals  glabrate,  ob- 
long to  oblong-oval,  1'  long, 
acutish  or  obtuse;  corolla 
white  with  purple  throat, 
its  tube  funnelform,  about 
1'  long,  its  limb  lV-2' 
broad;  capsules  about  8" 
long;  seeds  smooth  and  gla- 
brous. [Convolvulus  dis- 
sectus  Jacq. ;  /.  sinuata 
Ortega;  Operculina  dissecta 
House. 1 


Occasional  in  waste  grounds  and  along  roads,  climbing  on  walls,  rocks  or  trees 
oduced.      Native    of  the   southern   United  States   and   West   Indies.     Flowers   ir 


Inti 

summer  and  autumn 


Occasionally  planted. 


Ipomoea  Horsfalliae  W.  Hook.,  Mrs.  Horspall's  Moening-glory^  West 
Indian,  a  long  glabrous  vine,  the  large  leaves  deeply  5-divided,  or  5  segments 
with  acuminate  tips,  the  numerous,  slender-pedicelled  rose  or  light  purple 
flowers  li'-2'  broad,  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

Ipomoea  Learii  Paxton,  Lear's  Morxing-glory,  probably  South'  Ameri- 
can in  origin,  but  found  also  in  the  Old  World  tropics,  a  rapidly  growing 
pilose  vine  up  to  40°  long,  with  large  cordate  entire  or  3-lobed  leaves,  afid 
many  lilac  or  purple  flowers  4'-5'  broad,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  naturalized 
in  gardens,  and  mentioned  by  Verrill. 

Ipomoea  triloba  L.,  is  erroneously  attributed  to  Bermuda  by  Verrill,  based 
on  the  record  by  Millspaugh  of  Pharhitis  triloba,  a  different  plant. 

Calonyction  aculeatum  (L.)  House,  Moon-vixe,  of  tropical  America,  a 
high-climbing  vine,  with  smooth  or  sometimes  muricate  stems,  ovate  or  sub- 
orbicular,  entire  lobed  or  toothed,  cordate  leaves  often  6'  long,  axillary  1-few- 
flowered  peduncles  which  become  thickened  in  fruit,  the  short  sepals  with 
tail-like  appendages,  the  white  corolla,  opening  at  night,  salverform,  its  tube 
S^'-S'  long,  its  limb  2V-4'  wide,  is  planted  for  ornament  and  rarely  seen  on 
roadsides.  [Convolvidus  aculeatus  L.;  Ipomoea  Bona-nox  L. ;  Convolvulus 
grandiflorus  Eoxb.,  not  Lam.] 

2.     TURBINA  Eaf. 

Vines  with  cordate  leaves,  and  axillary  peduncled  clusters  of  large  or 
middle-sized  flowers.  Sepals  ovate  to  lanceolate.  Corolla  campanulate  Oi' 
funnelform.  Ovary  2-celled  or  4-celled;  stigmas  2.  Fruit  dry,  woody,  inde- 
hiscent,  subglobose  or  ovoid,  1-celled,  mostly  1-seeded,  the  seeds  smooth.  [Latin, 
from  the  supposed  top-shaped  fruit.]  About  20  species,  natives  of  tropical 
regions,  the  following  typical. 


CONVOLVULACEAE. 


303 


1.  Turbina  corymbosa  (L.)  Eaf. 
White  Corymbose  Morning-glory, 
(Fig.  323.)  High-climbing  or  trail- 
ing, glabrous  Leaves  s!ender-peti- 
oled,  ovate,  entire,  IV-'i'  long,  acute 
or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  at 
the  base;  peduncles  axillary,  as  long 
as  the  leaves  or  longer,  corymbosely 
or  paniculately  several-many-flowered, 
the  pedicels  slender;  sepals  oblong, 
persistent,  the  3  inner  ones  4"-6" 
long,  nearly  twice  as  long  as  the  two 
outer ;  corolla  white,  I'-li'  long ; 
capsule  ovoid,  acute,  about  half  as 
long  as  the  longer  sepals,  1-seeded. 
[Convolvulus  corymbosus  L. ;  Ipomoea 
sidifolia  Choisy;  Eivea  corymbosa 
Hall,  f.] 

Occasional  in  marshes  and  thickets. 
Introduced  Native  of  tropical  America. 
Flowers  in  winter  and  spring.  Some- 
times planted  for   ornament. 

Quamoclit  Quamoclit  (L.)  Britton,  Cypress  Vine,  tropical  American, 
commonly  planted  for  ornament,  is  an  annual  climber  with  leaves  pinnately 
parted  into  linear  segments,  and  scarlet  salverform  corollas  I'-l^'  long,  on 
peduncles  often  longer  than  the  leaves.  [Ipomoea  Quamoclit  L. ;  Q.  vulgaris 
Choisy.] 

Quamoclit  coccinea  (L.)  Moench,  Small  Eed  Morning-glory,  also  trop- 
ical American  and  planted  for  ornament,  has  similar  flowers  to  those  of  the 
Cypress-vine,  but  its  leaves  are  ovate,  long-pointed,  entire  or  angulate-lobed. 
[Ipomoea  coccinea  L.] 

JaccLuemontia  jamaicensis  (Jacq.)  Hallier,  West  Indian,  recorded  by 
Eein  as  found  in  Bermuda,  and  cited  from  him  by  Hemsley,  who  doubts  its 
being  indigenous,  is  a  creeping  vine  with  small  white  flowers  and  linear  or 
oblong  leaves.  Subsequent  botanists  have  not  observed  it,  and  the  record  is 
believed  to  be  an  error  in  determination,  although  Verrill  describes  the  plant 
correctly  and  says  it  grows  near  the  sea.      [Convolvulus  jamaicensis  Jacq.] 

Argyreia  speciosa  (L.)  Sweet,  Elegant  Argyreia,  East  Indian,  a  vine 
with  white-tomentose  branches,  orbicular,  cordate,  long-petioled  leaves  6'-12' 
broad,  silky  tomentose  beneath,  long-stalked  cymes  of  purplish  flowers,  sub- 
tended by  large  ovate  acuminate,  thin  bracts,  the  sepals  white-silky,  the 
corolla  about  2'  long,  silky  except  at  the  plaits,  and  much  narrowed  at  the 
base,  was  grown  luxuriantly  in  a  greenhouse  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in 
1913.     [Convolvulus  speciosus  L.;  A.  bracteata  Choisy.] 

Argyreia  Roxburghii  Arn.,  Eoxburgh's  Argyreia,  also  East  Indian,  is 
a  similar  long  vine  with  smaller,  shorter-petioled  leaves,  and  rose-purple  flow- 
ers subtended  by  small  bracts^  in  dense,  peduncled  clusters.  It  was  also 
luxuriant  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913. 

Operculina  tuberosa  (L.)  Meissn.,  Yellow  Morning-glory,  a  climbing 
vine,  with  nearly  orbicular  leaves  4-7'  broau,  deeply  digitately  cleft  into  7 
oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  lobes,  the  axillary  peduncles  several-flowered, 
thickened  in  fruit,  the  ovate  blunt  sepals  1'  long  or  longer,  the  bright  yellow 
corolla  tubular-campanulate,  2-3'  long,  the  capsule  I'-l*'  long,  has  been 
planted  for  ornament;  according  to  Lefroy  it  was  grown  at  St.  George's  prior 
to  1877. 


304 


DICHONDRACEAE. 


Family  2.     DICHONDRACEAE  Dumort. 

DicHOXDRA  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  creeping  stems.  Leaves  alternate; 
their  blades  about  as  broad  as  long  or  broader,  entire.  Flowers  solitary  in 
the  axils,  commonly  stalked.  Calyx  of  5  distinct  or  nearly  distinct  sepals. 
Corolla  rotate  or  campanulate,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  induplicate  in  the  bud. 
Stamens  5,  shorter  than  the  corolla.  Filaments  filiform  or  subulate.  Car- 
pels 2,  distinct,  pubescent.  Styles  2,  distinct,  basal.  Stigmas  capitate. 
Capsules  2  together,  utricle-like,  indehiscent.  Seeds  usually  solitary  or 
two,  with  a  short  testa.     Only  the  following  genus. 

1.     DICHONDRA  Forst. 
Characters  of  the  family.     [Greek,  two-grained,  referring  to  the  capsules.] 

About  5  species  of  warm  and  tropical 
regions.  Type  species:  Dichondra 
repens  Forst. 

1.  Dichondra  carolinensis  Michx. 
Carolina  Dichondra.  (Fig.  324.)  Per- 
ennial, softly  pubescent.  Stems  creep- 
ing, 3'-15'  long,  often  branching;  leaves 
reniform  or  suborbicular,  2''-10"  broad, 
rounded  or  retuse  at  the  apex,  entire, 
cordate;  petioles  much  longer  than  the 
blades;  pedicels  shorter  than  the  peti- 
oles; calyx  silky,  the  sepals  cuneate  or 
cuneate-obovate,  obtuse;  corolla  green- 
ish white,  2"-3"  broad;  capsules  about 
1"  high,  utricle-like.  [D.  repens  of  Le- 
froy,  Eeade,  Hemsley,  Verrill,  Kemp 
and  Millspaugh.] 

Common  in  shaded  grassy  places. 
Native.  Southern  United  States,  Central 
and  South  America.  Flowers  in  spring 
and  summer.  Its  seed  probably  reached 
Bermuda  by  a  bird. 

Family  3.     POLEMONIACEAE  DC. 

Phlox  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  vines.  Flowers  perfect,  clustered,  regular,  or  nearly  so. 
Calyx  inferior,  tubular  or  campanulate,  5-cleft,  the  lobes  or  teeth  slightly 
imbricated.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  limb  5-parted,  the  lobes  contorted. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes; 
anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovarj^  su- 
perior, mostly  3-celled;  ovules  2-°o  in  each  cavity,  amphitropous ;  style 
filiform;  stigmas  3,  linear.  Capsule  mostly  loculicidally  3-valved.  Seeds 
sometimes  winged,  sometimes  enveloped  in  mucilage  and  emitting  spiral 
tubes  when  wetted;  endosperm  present;  embryo  straight;  cotyledons  flat; 
radicle  inferior.  About  20  genera  and  more  than  200  species,  most  abun- 
dant in  western  America.  There  are  no  native  nor  naturalized  species  in 
Bermuda. 

Cobaea  scandens  Cav.,  Cobaea,  South  American,  was  grown  at  Mount 
Langton  prior  to  1877,  and  flowered  luxuriantly  but  failed  to  produce  seed. 
It  is  a  very  interesting  glabrous  vine,  up  to  20°  long,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  2 


POLEMONIACEAE. 


305 


or  3  pairs  of  stalked  oval  leaflets  and  a  terminal  forked  tendril,  the  solitary, 
long-peduncled  flowers  about  IV  broad,  the  corolla  violet  or  purple. 

Phlox  Dnimmondii  Hook.,  Annual  Garden  Phlox,  Texan,  a  glandular- 
i^ubescent  annual,  about  1°  high,  with  sessile,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  entire 
alternate  leaves  l'-2'  long,  the  flowers  in  terminal  cymes,  the  calyx  with  5 
narrow  lobes,  the  salverf orm  corolla  white,  red  or  purple,  its  slender  tube 
nearly  1'  long,  its  5  obovate  lobes  spreading,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 

Phlox  paniculata  L.,  Perennial  Garden  Phlox,  North  American,  a 
nearly  glabrous  erect  perennial  with  oblong-lanceolate,  petioled  leaves  2'-4' 
long,  the  white  to  purple  flowers  panicled,  was  grown  in  the  Public  Garden, 
St.  George's,  in  1913. 

Family  4.     HYDROPHYLLACEAE  Lindl. 

Water-leaf  Family. 

Herbs,  mostly  hirsute,  pubescent  or  scabrous,  with  alternate  or  basal, 
rarely  opposite  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  5-parted  flowers,  in  scorpioid 
cymes,  spikes  or  racemes,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  inferior,  deeply  cleft 
or  divided.  Corolla  gamopetalous.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  corolla, 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  filaments  filiform;  anthers  mostly  versatile, 
2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  annular,  or  none.  Ovary 
superior,  2-celled,  or  1-celled  w^ith  2  placentae ;  styles  2,  separate,  or  partly 
united ;  stigmas  small,  terminal ;  ovules  anatropous  or  ampliitropous.  Cap- 
sule 1-2-celled,  mostly  loeulicidally  2-valved.  Seeds  usually  pitted,  rugose 
or  reticulated ;  endosperm  fleshy  or  cartilaginous ;  embryo  small ;  cotyledons 
half-terete  or  plano-convex.  About  17  genera  and  175  species,  mostly 
natives  of  western  North  America. 

1.     MARIIiAUNiDIUM  Kuntze. 
Branching  pubescent  herbs,  with  alternate  entire  leaves,  the  flowers  soli- 
tary in  the  axils.     Calyx  5-cleft.     Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  5-lobed, 
the   lobes    imbricated   in   the    bud.     Stamens   mostly    included,    borne   on    the 
corolla-tube.    Ovary  1-celled,  or  incompletely 
2-celled;  ovules  numerous.     Fruit  a  2-valved 
capsule.      [In  honor   of   Dr.   Anton   Kerner 
Eitter    von    Marilaun.]      About   20    species, 
natives    of  America,   the    following  typical. 

1.  Marilaunidium  jamaicense  (L.) 
Kuntze.  Jamaica  Weed.  (Fig.  325.)  An- 
nual, much  branched,  the  branches  prostrate, 
3'-15''  long.  Leaves  thin,  spatulate  or  obo- 
vate, J'-2'  long,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  nar- 
rowed to  a  sessile,  somewhat  decurrent  base ; 
peduncles  3"  long  or  less;  calyx-segments 
hirsute,  linear,  3"-4"  long;  corolla  white  or 
purplish,  about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  its 
lobes  broad ;  capsule  oblong,  a  little  longer 
than  the  calyx.     [Nama  jamaicensis  L.] 

Waste    and    cultivated    grounds,    frequent. 
Native.     Souttiern    United    States,  West  Indies 
and  tropical  continental   America.     Flowers  in 
spring.     Its  seeds  were  probably  broughit  to 
Bermuda  by  a  bird. 
21 


306  HYDROPHYLLACEAE. 

Nemophila  insignis  Dougl.,  Blue  Nemophila,  Californian,  grown  in 
flower-gardens,  is  a  low,  pubescent  annual,  6'-l°  high,  branched  from  the  base, 
with  pinnately  parted  flaccid  leaves  and  blue  flowers  about  f '  broad,  the  seeds 
tubercled. 

Nemophila  maculata  Benth.,  White  Nemophila,  also  Californian,  re- 
corded by  Jones,  is  similar  to  the  preceding  but  with  white  corolla,  about  the 
same  size,  blotched  and  violet  at  the  tips  of  the  lobes,  its  seeds  smooth  or 
nearlv  so. 


Family  5.     BORAGINACEAE  Lindl. 

Borage  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs.  Leaves  alternate,  rarelj^  opposite  or  vertieillate,  estipu- 
late,  mostly  entire  and  hispid  or  setose.  Flowers  perfect,  usually  regular, 
mostly  blue,  in  one-sided  scorpioid  spikes,  racemes,  cymes,  or  sometimes 
scattered.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-lobed,  5-eleft,  or  5-parted,  usually  per- 
sistent. Corolla  gamopetalous,  mostly  regular  and  5-lobed,  rarely  irregular. 
Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  and  alternate  wdth  them,  inserted  on 
the  tube  or  throat ;  anthers  2-cened,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk 
commonly  inconspicuous.  Ovary  superior,  of  2  2-ovuled  carpels,  entire,  or 
the  carpels  commonly  deeply  2-lobed,  making  it  appear  as  of  4  1-ovuled 
carpels ;  style  simple,  entire  or  2-clef t ;  ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous. 
Fruit  mostly  of  4  1-seeded  nutlets,  or  of  2  2-seeded  carpels.  Endosperm 
fleshy,  copious,  or  none;  cotyledons  mostly  flat  or  plano-convex;  radicle 
short.  About  85  genera  and  1500  species,  of  wide  distribution,  most 
abundant  in  the  temperate  zones,  but  many  species  tropical. 

Fruit   dry,    separating   into   nutlets  ;    herbs.  1.  Heliotropium. 

Fruit  fleshy,    drupaceous  ;   silky   maritime   shrub.  2.  Mallotonia. 


1.     HELIOTE.OPIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  mostly  entire  leaves,  and  small  blue  or 
white  flowers,  in  scorpioid  spikes,  or  scattered.  Calyx-lobes  or  -segments  lance- 
olate or  linear.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  naked  in  the  throat,  its 
tube  cylindric,  its  lobes  imbricated,  plicate  or  induplicate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
included;  filaments  short,  or  none.  Stigma  conic  or  annular.  Fruit  2-4-lobed, 
separating  into  4  1-seeded  nutlets,  or  into  2  2-seeded  carpels.  [Greek,  sun- 
turning,  i.  e.,  turning  to  or  with  the  sun.]  About  125  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed, most  abundant  in  warm-temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type 
species:  Heliotropium  eiiropaeum  L. 


BORAGINACEAE. 


307 


1.  Heliotropium  curassavi- 
cum  L.  Sea-side  Heliotrope. 
(Fig.  326.)  Annual,  fleshy,  more 
or  less  glaucous,  diffuse,  tlie 
branches  4-18'  long.  Leaves  lin- 
ear, or  linear-oblong,  entire,  in- 
conspicuously veined,  f'-2'  long, 
l^"-3"  wide,  obtuse,  narrowed  into 
petioles,  or  the  upper  sessile; 
scorpioid  spikes  dense,  bractless, 
mostly  in  pairs;  flowers  about  2" 
broad ;  calyx-segments  acute ; 
corolla  white  with  a  yellow  eye  or 
changing  to  blue;  stigma  um- 
brella-shaped; anthers  acuminate; 
fruit  globose. 


Sandy  seashores  and  salt  marshes,  frequent.     Native.     Florida  and  West  Indies. 
The  plant  probably  reached  Bermuda  by  floating.     Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


Heliotropium  pemvianum  L.,  Garden  Heliotrope,  Cherry  Pie,  South 
American,  commonly  grown  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  perennial  pubescent  herb, 
slightly  woody,  2h°  high  or  less,  with  oblong-lanceolate  acute  pinnately-veined 
leaves  l'-3'  long,  the  small,  vanilla-scented  flowers  usually  blue,  numerous  in 
terminal  clusters. 


2.     MALLOTONIA    [Griseb.]    Britton. 

Silvery-silky  shrubs  of  the  seacoast,  with  alternate  leaves  and  small  white 
flowers  in  dense  1-sided  clones,  the  fruits  almost  capitate.  Calyx  mostly  5- 
parted;  corolla  salverform,  the  5-lobed  limb  shorter  than  the  nearly  cylindric 
tube,  the  lobes  broad,  valvate.  Stamens  short,  included.  Style  simple.  Drupe 
dry  and  bony,  ovoid-conic,  hollowed  at  the  base,  2-pyrenous,  the  dissepiments 
solid.  [Latin,  related  to  Mallota.']  One  species,  or  perhaps  2,  of  tropical  and 
subtropical  distribution,  the  following  very  characteristic  and  conspicuous 
plant  of  tropical  American  seacoasts  typical. 


308 


BOEAGINACEAE. 


1.  Mallotonia    gnaphalodes 

(L.)  Britton.  Sea  Lavender. 
(Fig.  327.)  A  somewhat  fleshy 
shrub,  2°-4°  tall,  with  silky-to- 
mentose  foliage,  much  branched 
and  often  forming  large  clumps, 
the  twigs  densely  leafy.  Leaves 
numerous,  linear-spatulate,  li'-A' 
long,  obtuse;  cymes  with  2-4  re- 
curved branches;  calyx  eampanu- 
late,  its  lobes  about  1"  long,  ob- 
long; corolla  surpassing  the  calyx; 
fruit  ovoid,  2i"-3"  high,  black, 
with  2  nutlets.  [Heliotropium 
gnaphalodes  L. ;  Tournefortia  gna- 
phalodes E.  &  S.] 

Frequent  on  sea-beaches  and 
coastal  rocks.  Native.  Florida  and 
the  West  Indies.  The  plant  doubt- 
less reached  Bermuda  by  floating. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 

Tournefortia  laurifolia  Yent.,  Laurel-leaved  Tournefortia,  of  Porto 
Eico,  a  glabrous  vine,  with  firm  ovate  evergreen  leaves,  and  long,  1-sided  spikes 
of  small  greenish  flowers,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  grown  at  Mt.  Langdon. 

Borage  officinalis  L.,  Borage,  European,  a  rough-hispid  herb  with  oblong 
to  obovate  leaves  2'-5'  long,  and  showy  blue  flowers  in  terminal,  leafy  racemes, 
is  grown  in  gardens. 

Lithospermum  distichum  Ortega,  Mexican,  included  by  Lefroy  in  the 
Bermuda  Flora  as  a  native  sea-side  plant,  is  evidently  an  error  either  in 
record  or  determination.  Lefroy 's  record  is  cited  by  H.  B.  Small,  and  copied 
by  Verrill. 

Myosotis  palustris  (L.)  Lam.,  Forget-me-not,  European  and  Asiatic, 
occasional  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  low  perennial  herb  with  decumbent  branches, 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse  appressed-pubescent  leaves  V-SV  long,  and 
slender  racemes  of  small  flowers,  the  corolla  salverform,  blue  with  a  yellow 
eye,  5-lobed,  about  3"  broad,  the  fruit  4  erect  nutlets. 


Family  6.     EHRETIACEAE  Schrad. 

Ehretia  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  some  species  herbs,  with  watery  sap.  Leaves  mainly 
alternate,  without  stipules,  simple.  Flowers  perfect,  regular,  in  cymes. 
Calyx  5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  deciduous,  its  lobes 
spreading.  Stamens  5,  or  4  or  6,  adnate  to  the  base  of  the  corolla-tube; 
filaments  often  united  at  the  base;  anthers  introrse.  Ovary  2-4-celled  or 
1-celled,  some  of  the  partitions  being  imperfect;  styles  2,  and  distinct  or 
partially  united,  or  4  and  united  by  pairs.  Ovules  1  or  2  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovarv^  Fruit  drupaceous,  with  a  4-celled  but  only  1-seeded  stone  or  2 
two-seeded  or  4  one-seeded  stones.  About  20  genera  and  360  species,  mostly 
of  tropical  distribution. 


EHBETIACEAE.  309 

Sebesten  Sebestena  (L.)  Britton,  Scarlet  Cordia,  Geiger  Tree,  Florid- 
ian  and  West  Indian,  an  evergreen  small  tree,  with  rough  ovate  entire  or 
slightly  toothed  leaves  3'-6'  long,  clustered  orange  or  flame-colored  flowers 
about  V/  long,  the  corolla  with  a  funnelform  tube  and  spreading  lobes,  the 
fruit  a  white  drupe  nearly  an  inch  long,  is  much  planted  for  ornament. 
[Cordia  Sebestena  L.] 

Family  7.     VERBENACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Vervain  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  some  tropical  genera  trees,  with  opposite  verticillate 
or  rarely  alternate  leaves,  and  perfect  irregular,  or  sometimes  regular 
flowers,  in  spikes,  racemes,  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  per- 
sistent, usually  4-5-lobed  or  4-5-cleft.  Corolla  regular,  or  2-lipped,  the 
tube  usually  cylindric  and  the  limb  4^5-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous, 
rarely  only  2,  or  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and 
alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  superior,  2-4-celled  (rarely  8-10-celled),  composed  of  2  carpels, 
each  carpel  with  2  anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovule3,  thus  in  4-celled 
ovaries  1  ovule  in  each  cavity;  style  terminal;  stig-mas  1  or  2.  Fruit  dry, 
separating  at  maturity  into  2-4  nutlets,  or  a  drupe  containing  the  2-4  nut- 
lets. Endosperm  little  or  none,  or  rarely  fleshy;  embryo  straight.  About 
75  genera  and  1300  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

A.  Ovules  1   in  each  cavity   of  the  ovary. 
Inflorescence  centripetal. 

Flowers  in  spikes,  heads  or  spike-like  racemes  ;  herbs  or  shrubs. 
Fruit  of  2  or  4  dry  nutlets. 
Stamens  4. 

Fruit  of  4  nutlets.  1.  Verbena. 

Fruit  of  2  nutlets. 

Calvx  not  inflated.  2.  Lippia. 

Calyx  inflated.  3.  Priva. 

Stamens  2  ;  nutlets  sunken  in  the  axis  of  slender 

spikes.  4.   Valerianodes. 

Fruit  fleshy,  drupaceous.  5.  Lantana. 

Flowers  in  long  racemes  ;  shrubs  or  trees. 

Drupe  subtended  by  the  calyx  ;  stigma  2-lobed.  6.  Githarexylum. 

Drupe   enclosed  by   the   calyx ;   stigma   4-lobed.  7.  Duranta. 

Inflorescence   centrifugal,    cymose   or    cymose-paniculate. 
Corolla  irregular,  its  limb  oblique  ;  stamens  long-exserted. 

Spiny  shrub.  8.  Tolknvieria. 

Unarmed  shrubs   or  herbs.  9.  Clerodendron. 

Corolla   regular,   small.  10.  CalUcarpa. 

B.  Ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity  ;  swamp  trees.  11.  Avicennia. 

1.     VERBENA  L. 

Herbs  (some  exotic  species  shrubby),  mostly  with  opposite  leaves,  and 
bracted  flowers,  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx  usually  tubular,  5-angled,  unequally 
5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform  or  funnelform,  the  limb  spreading.  Connective 
of  the  anthers  unappendaged,  or  sometimes  provided  with  a  gland.  Ovary  4- 
celled;  ovule  1  in  each  cavity;  style  usually  short,  2-lobed  at  the  summit,  one 
of  the  lobes  stigmatie.  Fruit  mostly  enclosed  by  the  calyx,  at  length  separat- 
ing into  4  1-seeded  linear  or  linear-oblong  crustaceous  nutlets.  [Latin  name 
of  a  sacred  herb.]  A'bout  100  species,  natives  of  America  or  a  single  one 
indigenous  in  the  Mediterranean  region.     Type  species:    Verbeim  officinalis  L. 


310 


VEBBENACEAE. 


Spikes  slender,  the  fruits  not  overlapping. 

Leaves  pinnately  cleft  or  incised. 

Leaves   merely  toothed. 
Spikes  stout,   the  fruits   overlapping. 

Bract  shorter  than  the  calyx  ;  spikes  elongated. 

Bract  as  long  as  the  calyx  or  longer  ;  spikes  short. 


1.  V.  officinalis. 

2.  F.  scabra. 

3.  V.  bonariensis. 

4.  V.  rigid  a. 


1.  Verbena      officinalis     L. 

European  Vervain.  Herb-of-the- 
Cross.  Berbine.  (Fig.  328.) 
Stem  4-side(l,  glabrous  or  nearly 
so,  diffusely  branched,  l°-3°  high. 
Leaves  minutely  pubescent,  the 
lower  deeply  incised  or  1-2-pin- 
natifid,  ovate,  oblong,  or  obovate, 
V-SV  long,  narrowed  into  mar- 
gined petioles,  the  teeth  acute; 
upper  Waves  linear  or  lanceolate, 
acute,  entire,  sessile;  spikes  fili- 
form, at  length  4'-5'  long;  fruits 
less  than  1"  high,  scattered;  bracts 
ovate,  acuminate;  corolla  purplish 
cr  white,  the  limb  about  11"  broad. 
[F.  littoralis  of  Moore.] 

In  waste  places  and  cultivated 
grovmd.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Europe.  Naturalized  in  the  southern 
United  States  and  in  tropical  Amer- 
ica.    Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


2.  Verbena  scabra  Vahl.  Eough 
Vervain.  (Fig.  329.)  Annual,  or  per- 
haps of  longer  duration;  stem  rather 
slender,  erect,  simple  or  branched,  1°- 
4i°  high,  pubescent  with  spreading 
hairs.  Leaves  l'-3'  long,  ovate  to  lance- 
olate, papillose-scabrous  above,  pubes- 
cent on  the  veins  beneath,  regularly  den- 
tate nearly  all  around,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate at  the  apex,  slender-petioled ;  spikes 
very  slender,  spreading,  often  6'  long, 
rather  densely  many-flowered;  calyx 
about  1"  long,  its  lobes  acute,  converg- 
ing over  the  fruit;  corolla  pinkish,  about 
2"  wide;  nutlets  nearly  1"  long.  [F. 
urtidfolia  of  Eeade,  Hemsley,  H.  B. 
Small  and  Moore.] 

Common  in  marshes,  and  in  waste  and 
cultivated  grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  the  southern  United  States,  Mexico  and 
the  West  Indies.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn. 


VERBENACEAE. 


311 


3.  Verbena  bonariensis  L.  South 
American  Vervain.  (Fig  330.)  Annual, 
villous-hirsute  above.  Stems  2°-4°  tall, 
branching  above;  leaves  oblong  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  li'-4'  long,  serrate  with  broad 
teeth  or  nearly  entire  below  the  middle, 
partly  clasping;  spikes  dense,  about  1'  long, 
and  2V'  thick,  in  rather  compact  cymes; 
calyx  delicately  pubescent,  becoming  lA"- 
2"  long,  its  lobes  acute;  corolla  pubescent 
without,  its  tube  nearly  twice  as  long  as 
the  calyx,  the  limb  1"  broad;  nutlets  about 
1"   long,   glabrous. 

Frequent  in  waste  places.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  South  America.  Naturalized  in  the 
southeastern  United  States,  and  in  the  moun- 
tains of  Jamaica.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn. 


4.  Verbena  rigida  Spreng.  Stiff  Ver- 
bena. (Fig.  331.)  Perennial,  pubescent, 
rather  stiff,  simple,  or  branched  from  the 
base,  l°-2°  high.  Leaves  oblong,  oblong- 
lanceolate,  or  the  lowest  obovate,  sessile, 
l'-4'  long,  scabrous,  .sharply  serrate  with 
rather  distant  teeth,  acute  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  subcordate  at  the  base;  spikes 
few,  l'-2'  long,  densely-flowered;  bracts 
lanceolate-subulate,  mostly  longer  than  the 
calyx,  ciliate;  calyx  about  3"  long;  corolla 
purple,  its  slender,  pubescent  tube  about  5" 
long,  the  limb  about  3"  broad;  nutlets  2|" 
long.  [F.  cJiamaedry folia  of  H.  B.  Small; 
V.  venosa  Gill.  &  Hook,] 

Waste  grounds,  fields  and  lawns,  occa- 
sional, probably  escaped  from  gardens.  Intro- 
duced. Native  of  South  America.  Flowers  in 
summer  and  autumn. 

Verbena  chamaedrifdlia  Juss.,  Garden  Verbena,  South  American,  with 
oblong  to  ovate,  short-petioled,  unevenly  serrate  leaves  l'-2'  long,  and  scarlet 
to  red  or  purple  flowers  in  compact  terminal  clusters,  the  narrow  hirsute  calyx 
about  V  long,  the  corolla-tube  a  little  longer  than  the  calyx,  the  corolla-limb 
about  V  broad,  is  widely  grown  in  flower-gardens.  There  are  a  great  many 
hybrids  of  this  with  related  species. 

Verbena  erinoides  Lam.,  Moss  Verbena,  South  American,  has  3-parted 
leaves,  their  segments  pinnatifid  into  narrow  lobes,  and  terminal  spikes  of 
small  violet  or  lilac  flowers.  It  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  grown  in  Bermuda 
prior  to  1877.     [F.  multifida  R.  &  P.] 


2.     lilPPIA  Houst.;  L. 
Perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  opposite,  or  rarely  alternate  leaves,  and 
small  bracted  flowers,  in  spikes  or  heads.     Calyx  small,  ovoid,  campanulate  or 


312 


VERBENACEAE. 


compressed  and  2-wiiiged,  2-4-toothed  or  2-4-cleft.  Corolla-tube  cylindric,  the 
iimb  oblique,  somewhat  2-lipped,  4-cleft.  Stamens  4,  didynamous;  anthers 
ovate,  not  appendaged,  the  sacs  nearly  parallel.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  1  in 
each  cavity;  style  short;  stigma  oblique  or  recurved.  Fruit  dry,  with  a  mem- 
branous exocarp,  at  length  separating  into  4  nutlets.  [Named  in  honor  of 
Auguste  Lippi,  1678-1703,  a  French  naturalist.]  About  100  species,  most 
abundant  in  tropical  America.     Type  species :  Lippia  americana  L. 

1.  Lippia  nodiflora  (L.) 
Michx.  Cape-weed.  Godet's-weed. 
(Fig.  332.)  Minutely  and  rather 
densely  puberulent,  creeping,  or 
the  branches  ascending,  l°-3°  long. 
Leaves  thickish,  spatulate,  oblance- 
olate,  or  obovate,  h"-2l"  long,  3"- 
10"  wide,  mostly  obtuse,  narrowed 
into  a  cuneate  entire  base,  sharply 
serrate  above  the  middle;  heads  at 
length  cylindric  and  i'-l'  long; 
corolla  purple  to  white.  [Verbena 
nodiflora  L.;  Lippia  reptans  of 
Jones  and  Lefroy.] 

Common  on  hillsides  and  in  dry 
soil  generally,  one  of  the  most  abun- 
dant native  plants.  Southern  United 
States,  West  Indies,  tropical  conti- 
nental America  and  Old  World 
tropics.  Its  seeds  probably  brought 
to  Bermuda  by  a  bird  or  on  the 
wind.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn. 

Lippia  micromera  Schauer,  West  Indian,  a  low  shrub  with  very  small 
obovate  toothed  leaves,  very  fragi^ant  when  crushed,  and  small  whitish  flowers 
in  terminal  heads,  is  grown  in  gardens.  The  plant  is  recorded  as  native  by 
Lefroy,  but  this  appears  to  be  erroneous,  and  no  other  author  mentions  it 
as  Bermudian. 

Lippia  triphylla  (L'Her.)  Kuntze,  Lemon  Verbena,  South  American, 
commonly  grown  in  gardens  for  its  fragrant  foliage,  is  a  low  slender  shrub 
with  narrowly  lanceolate  toothed  leaves  l'-3'  long,  and  very  small,  whitish 
flowers  in  terminal  clustered  spikes.  [L.  citriodora  HBK.;  Aloysia  citriodora 
Pers.;  Verbena  triphylla  L'Her.] 


3.  PRIVA  Adans. 
Perennial  caulescent  herbs,  the  leaves  opposite,  membranous,  toothed,  the 
flowers  in  slender  peduncled  spikes.  Calyx-tube  5-ribbed;  lobes  5.  Corolla 
salverform,  its  tube  straight  or  incurved,  slightly  dilated  above,  its  limb 
spreading,  oblique,  slightly  2-lipped,  with  5  short  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didyn- 
amous,  included;  anthers  with  parallel  or  slightly  divergent  ascs.  Ovary 
2-celled,  each  cavity  with  more  or  less  well  developed  septa.  Ovules  2,  or  by 
abortion  1,  at  the  base  of  each  cavity.  Fruit  enclosed  in  the  calyx,  separating 
into  2  nutlets.  [Name  unexplained.]  About  10  species  of  tropical  distribu- 
tion, the  following  typical. 


VERBENACEAE. 


313 


1.  Priva  lappulacea  (L.)  Pers.  Bur- 
vervain.  (Fig.  333.)  More  or  less  pubes- 
cent. Steins  8'-2°  tall,  branching;  leaves 
ovate,  i'-4'  long,  acute  or  acuminate,  ser- 
rate, truncate  or  cordate  at  the  base,  the 
petioles  much  shorter  than  the  blades; 
racemes  loosely  flowered,  2'-6'  long;  ped- 
icels i"-l"  long;  calyx  cylindric-prismatic, 
about  li"  long,  accrescent,  pubescent; 
corolla  slightly  surpassing  the  calyx,  salver- 
form,  with  short  rounded  lobes ;  fruit 
ovoid-pyramidal,  2|"-3^"  long;  nutlets  in- 
cluded in  the  calyx,  spiny-tuberculate  on 
the  back,  l^"-2"  long.  [Verbena  lappu- 
lacea Li.',  Priva  echinata  Juss.] 

Collected  in  Bermuda  by  Munro,  according 
to  Hemsley,  but  no  specimen  is  preserved  at 
Kew  or  at  the  British  Museum  ;  as  it  is  a  com- 
mon weed  of  warm  and  tropical  regions  it 
may  very  likely  have  been  foimd  in  Bermuda, 
perhaps  only  as  a  waif.  We  have  failed  to 
find  it. 

4.     VALERIANODES  [Boerh.]  Medic. 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubs, 
the   leaves   opposite   or   alternate,  toothed. 

Flowers  spicate,  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  axils  of  bracts,  or  imbedded  in 
excavations  of  the  thick  rachis.  Calyx  membranous  or  herbaceous,  its  lobes  5, 
usually  unchanged  at  maturity.  Corolla-tube  sometimes  slightly  dilated 
above,  the  limb  spreading;  lobes  5.  Stamens  2,  included;  anthers  with  unap- 
pendaged  connectives;  staminodia  2,  small.  Ovary  2-celled.  Ovules  solitary 
in  each  cavity.  Fruit  included  in  the  calyx,  separating  into  2  nutlets.  [Sig- 
nifies similarity  to  A^alerian,  but  this  is 
obscure.]  More  than  40  species,  of  tropical 
and  subtropical  America,  the  following 
typical. 

1..  Valerianodes  jamaicensis  (L.) 
Kuntze.  Jamaica  Vervain.  (Fig.  334.) 
An  annual  shrubby  plant,  1°-3A°  high,  often 
purplish,  with  sparingly  pubescent  or  gla- 
brate  foliage.  Leaves  alternate  or  opposite, 
oblong,  ovate  or  oval,  1-3^'  long,  coarsely 
serrate,  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  petioles 
margined,  as  long  as  the  blades  or  shorter; 
spikes  6'-2°  long,  quill-like;  bracts  imbri- 
cated, lanceolate  to  oblong-lanceolate,  acu- 
minate, serrulate,  3"-4"  long;  flowers  borne  in 
depressions  of  rachis ;  calyx-lobes  triangular 
or  triangular-ovate ;  corolla  blue,  somewhat 
irregular,  4"-6"  long,  its  tube  slightly 
curved,  the  limb  3"-4"  broad;  nutlets  IV' 
long,  buried  in  the  rachis.  [Verbena  jamai- 
censis L. ;  Stachytarpheta  jamaicensis  Vahl.] 

Common  in  fields  and  in  waste  places. 
Native.  Florida,  the  West  Indies  and  tropical 
continental  America.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn.  Its  seeds  were  probably  transported 
to  Bermuda  by  a  bird,  or  on  the  wind. 


314 


VEBBENACEAE. 


5.     LANTANA  L. 

Shrubs,  or  rarely  herbs,  with  pubescent  foliage,  sometimes  armed  with 
prickles.  Leaves  opposite,  toothed,  often  rugose.  Flowers  in  dense  peduncled 
heads  or  spikes.  Calyx  membranous,  with  a  truncate  or  sinuate  border. 
Corolla-tube  slender,  often  curved,  sometimes  slightly  dilated  above;  the  limb 
more  or  less  2-lipped,  the  lobes  4  or  5,  obtuse  or  retuse.  Stamens  4,  didynamous; 
filaments  adnate  to  about  the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary  2-celled, 
stigma  oblique;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  small,  drupe-like.  Nut- 
lets 2-celled  or  separating  into  2  one-seeded  nutlets.  [Named  from  fancied 
similarity  to  Viburnum  Lantana.]  About  60  -species,  natives  of  tropical  and 
warm  regions.     Type  species:  Lantana  Camara  L. 


Flower-heads  not  involucrate ;  leaves  large. 

Flowers  yellow  to  orange ;  stems  unarmed  or  a  little  prickly.      1.  L.  Camara. 

Flowers  yellow   to  pink  ;   stems  strongly  armed  with  hooked 

prickles.  2.  L.  acitleata. 

Flower-heads  involucrate  ;  leaves  small ;  flowers  lilac  to  white.  3.  L.  involucrata. 


1.  Lantana     Camara     L.       Bed 

iSagej-bush.  English  Sage-bush. 
(Fig.  335.)  A  branching  shrub  S°- 
5°  tall,  rigid-pubescent,  unarmed,  or 
slightly  prickly.  Leaves  ovate  to  ob- 
long-ovate, l'-4'  long,  obtuse,  acute,  or 
short-acuminate,  finely  crenate-ser- 
rate,  rounded  or  narrowed  at  the 
base;  bracts  oblong  to  lanceolate,  2"- 
4"  long;  calyx  very  thin,  IJ"  long; 
corolla  yellow  or  orange,  the  tube 
about  5"  long,  puberulent,  slightly 
curved,  barely  enlarged  above  the 
middle;  limb  3"-4"  wide.  [L.  crocea 
of  Eeade,  Lefroy,  Kemp,  H.  B.  Small, 
Harshberger,  Verrill  and  Eein.] 


Common  on  hillsides,  in  fields  and  waste  grounds.  Naturalized.  Florida,  the 
West  Indies  and  tropical  continental  America.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 
The  species  consists  of  many  races ;  the  one  inhabiting  Bermuda  appears  to  be 
essentially  unarmed. 


VERBENACEAE. 


315 


2.  Lantana  aculeata  L.  Prickly 
Sage.  Pink  Sage-bush.  (Fig.  336.) 
A  shrub,  4°-6°  high,  or  sometimes 
with  longer,  half-climbing  stems,  the 
slender,  sparingly  pubescent,  4-sided 
branches  armed  with  stout  flattened 
hooked  prickles  l"-2"  long.  Leaves 
ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  petioled, 
2'-3'  long,  crenate,  reticulate-veined, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed to  the  base;  peduncles  li'-3' 
long;  heads  several-many-flowered, 
not  involucrate,  the  narrow  bracts 
pubescent,  2"-3"  long;  corolla  about 
i'  long,  yellow  to  orange,  turning 
pink,  its  limb  3"-4"  broad.  [L.  poly- 
acantJia  of  A.  H.  Moore.] 

Abundant  on  hillsides  along  South 
Shore  Road,  Devonshire,  1912,  first  ob- 
served in  that  vicinity  in  1905.  Nat- 
uralized. Native  of  tropical  America. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn,  per- 
haps also  earlier.  Sometimes  grown  in 
gardens. 


3.  Lantana  involucrata  L.  Common  Sage- 
bush.  (Fig.  337.)  A  puberulent,  much  branched 
shrub,  2°-5°  high,  the  branches  stiff,  nearly  terete. 
Leaves  elliptic  or  oval,  petioled,  V-IV  long,  cren- 
ulate,  obtuse  at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at 
the  base,  scabrous  above,  pubescent  beneath;  pe- 
duncles i'-2'  long,  slender;  heads  several-flowered, 
involucrate  by  several  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate 
bracts  l-J"-3"  long;  corolla  lilac  or  nearly  white, 
its  tube  "3"-4"  long;  drupes  about  2"  in  diameter. 
[L.  odorata  L.] 

Common  in  all  dry  uncultivated  situations,  the 
most  abundant  shrub  of  Bermuda.  Naturalized,  ac- 
cording to  Lefroy.  who  states  definitely  that  it  was 
introduced  from  the  Bahamas  prior  to  1800,  with  the 
idea  that  it  would  be  good  for  firing;  but  the  bush 
does  not  make  wood  enough  to  be  of  use  for  that 
purpose,  and  it  certainly  appears  as  if  native. 
Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  nearly  through- 
out the  year. 

Lantana  Sellowiana  Link  &  Otto,  Weeping  or  Trailing  Lantana,  South 
American,  is  a  finely  hairy  shrub,  2*°  high  or  less,  with  weak  and  slender 
branches,  .oval  or  ovate  leaves  1'  long  or  less,  roughish  above,  tomentulose 
beneath;  the  lilac  flowers  are  in  small  terminal  heads,  the  corolla-limb  4  -5 
broad,  with  a  long  lower  lobe.  It  is  occasionally  planted  in  borders  for 
ornament. 

Lantana  nivea  Vent,  White  Lantana,  South  American,  occasional  in 
gardens,  has  prickly  or  nearly  unarmed  branches,  ovate  crenulate  slender 
petioled  leaves  2'-4'  long,  the  white  capitate  flowers  turning  rose  or  bluish, 
with  a  yellow  eye.       It  forms  a  shrub  up  to  6°  high. 


316 


VEBBENACEAE. 


6.  CITHAREXYIiUM  L. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  ^vith  alternate  estipulate  leaves  and  small  flowers  in 
terminal  or  axillary  racemes,  the  pedicels  subtended  by  minute  bracts.  Calyx 
narroT\ly  campanulate,  minutely  5-lobed,  persistent.  Corolla  salverform,  its 
limb  slightly  oblique,  5-lobed.  Stamens  4  or  5,  adnate  to  the  corolla-tube,  the 
fifth  one  mostly  sterile  or  rudimentary;  filaments  filiform.  Ovary  sessile, 
incompletely  4-celled;  ovules  solitary,  anatropous;  stigma  2-lobed.  Drupes 
berry-like,  the  fleshy  pulp  enclosing  a  bony  stone  Avhich  separates  into  2 
2-seeded  nutlets.  [Greek,  fiddle-wood;  French,  bois  fidele.]  About  20  species, 
of  tropical  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Citharexylum  spindsum  L. 

Fiddle-wood.  (Fig.  338.)  A  tree, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  50° 
or  more  with  a  trunk  sometimes 
3°  in  diameter,  freely  branching, 
the  twigs  4-sided,  glabrous.  Leaves 
elliptic  or  oblong-elliptic,  rather 
thin,  deciduous  in  spring,  8'  long 
or  less,  lV-3'  wide,  acute  or  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base,  the  petioles  V-1'  long, 
the  blades  entire,  or  those  of 
shoots  coarsely  serrate;  racemes 
slender,  many-flowered,  4'--8'  long, 
often  branched  near  the  base; 
pedicels  only  about  A"  long;  calyx 
about  2"  long,  puberulent ;  flowers 
very  fragrant ;  corolla  white,  about 
4"  long;  stamens  4;  drupe  obo- 
void-oblong,  black,  shining,  about 
5"  long.     [C.  quadrangulare  Jacq.] 

Common  on  hillsides,  especially 
in  Hamilton  Parish.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  the  Lesser  Antilles.  Flow- 
Recorded  as  introduced  about  1830.  A  large  tree  at 
Paynter's  Yale  is  pointed  out  as  the  plant  first  brought  to  Bermuda.  Useful  only 
for  firewood  and  shade.  A  tree  of  rapid  growth,  the  wood  light  in  weight.  The 
oldest  specific  name  of  this  tree,  spinosiim,  is  unfortunate,  as  there  are  no  spmes 
on    the   plant. 

7.  DUKANTA  L. 
Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  sometimes  armed  branches,  the  leaves  opposite 
or  whorled,  entire  or  toothed.  Flowers  small,  in  elongated  terminal  or  short 
axillary  racemes.  Calyx  campanulate  or  tubular,  truncate  or  minutely  5- 
lobed.  Corolla  funnelform  or  salverform,  its  tube  cylindric,  straight  or  in- 
curved, its  limb  spreading,  oblique  or  of  5  equal  lobes.  Stamens  4,  didyn- 
amous,  included;  anthers  with  unappendaged  connectives,  the  sacs  distinct. 
Ovary  partially  or  imperfectly  8-celled.  Stigma  oblique,  sometimes  un- 
equally 4-lobed.  Ovules  solitary  or  2  in  each  cavity.  Drupe  included  in  the 
calyx,  of  4  nutlets.  Seeds  without  endosperm.  [In  honor  of  Castor  Durante, 
a  physician  of  Rome.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  tropical  America,  the  fol- 
lowing typical. 


ers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


VERBENACEAE. 


317 


1.  Duranta  repens  L.  Pigeon- 
berry.  (Fig.  339.)  A  shrub  or  small 
tree  reaeliiiig  a  height  of  18°,  with  gla- 
brate  or  finely  pubescent  foliage  and 
unarmed  or  spiny,  slender,  often  droop- 
ing or  trailing  branches.  Leaves  numer- 
ous, ovate-elliptic,  oval  or  obovate,  V- 
2'  long,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  entire  or 
serrate  above  the  middle,  short-petioled ; 
racemes  2'-6'  long,  recurving,  panicu- 
late; pedicels  V'-2V'  long;  calyx 
angled,  its  lobes  acute,  shorter  than  the 
tube;  corolla  lilac,  the  tube  surpassing 
the  calyx,  the  limb  3i"-5"  broad;  fruit 
yellow,  globular,  3A"-5"  in  diameter, 
enclosed  by  the  accrescent  yellowish 
calyx  which  is  produced  into  a  curved 
beak.     [D.  erectalj.;  D.  Plmnieri  J  acq.] 

Frequent    on    hillsides.       Naturalized. 
Native    of    Florida,    the    West    Indies    and 
tropical     continental     America.       Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn.     Sometimes  planted 
for   ornament 


8.     VOLKAMERIA  L. 

A  vine-like,  spiny  shrub  with  opposite  petioled  entire  leaves,  and  white 
flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  campanulate,  5-toothed.  Corolla  salverform, 
with  a  slender  tube,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  exserted,  somewhat  unequal. 
Style  filiform.  Stigma  2-lobed.  Fruit  a  subglobose  drupe,  the  2  nutlets  each 
2-celled.  [In  honor  of  J.  C.  Volkamer,  a  Nuremberg  botanist,  who  died  in 
1720.]     Only  the  following  species,  native  of  tropical  America. 


1.  Volkameria  aculeata  L.  Prickly 
Myrtle.  (Fig.  340.)  Climbing  to  a  length 
of  10°  or  more,  or  nearly  erect,  the  slender 
branches  densely  puberulent,  armed  with 
stout  opposite  spreading  spines  4"  long 
or  less.  Leaves  thm,  slender-petioled,  ob- 
long to  elliptic-obovate,  obtuse  or  acute  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  to  the  base,  l'-2'  long; 
cymes  stalked,  few-several-flowered;  pedi- 
cels slender,  puberulent,  3"-7"  long,  calyx 
about  IV'  long,  puberulent,  its  teeth  tri- 
anguiar-ovate,  acute;  tube  of  the  corolla 
about  9"  long,  its  limb  about  6"  broad; 
stamens  purple;  drupe  4-grooved,  3"-4" 
m  diameter.  [Clerodcndron  aculeatum 
Griseb.] 


Occasional  in  thickets  and  along  roads, 
escaped  from  cultivation.  Naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  the  West  Indies.  Flowevs  m  summer 
and  autumn. 


318 


VERBENACEAE. 


9.     CLERODENDRON  [Burm.]  L. 

Shrubs,  vines  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  entire  leaves,  and  flowers 
in  terminal  or  axillary  cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx  5-toothed  or  5-lobed  Corolla 
salverform  or  funnelform,  the  tube  mostly  longer  than  the  5-lobed  limb. 
Stamens  4,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  exserted,  somewhat  unequal.  Stigma  2- 
lobed;  ovary  4-celled.  Fruit  a  drupe,  enclosing  4  1-seeded  nutlets.  [Greek, 
tree  of  fortune.]  Probably  100'  or  more  species,  mostly  natives  of  tropical 
regions.     Type  species:   Clerodendrum  infortunatum  L. 


1.  Clerodendron  fragrans  Vent. 
Odorous  Clebodexdron.  (Fig.  341.) 
Half-shrubby,  finely  pubescent,  2°-5° 
high,  the  stout  branches  angled.  Lfeaves 
very  broadly  ovate,  4'-8'  long,  acute  at 
the  apex,  cordate  or  nearly  truncate  at 
the  base,  coarsely  dentate^  long-petioled; 
flowers  white,  fragrant,  double  in  all 
American  specimens  examined,  in  dense 
terminal  cymes,  the  corolla  about  V 
broad;  calyx  5-cleft,  its  lanceolate  lobes 
acuminate;  corolla-lobes  rounded.  \_C. 
capitatum  of  Lefroy,  Jones  and  H.  B. 
Small.] 

Occasional  in  waste  grounds,  locally 
abundant.  Naturalized.  Native  of  trop- 
ical Asia,  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
Naturalized  in  Florida  and  the  West 
Indies. 


Clerodendron  Thompsonae  Balfour,  Mrs.  Thompson's  Clerodendron, 
African,  a  glabrous^  high-climbing  vine,  with  ovate  petioled  acute  or  acu- 
minate, 3-nerved  leaves  2'-4'  long,  panicled  flowers,  the  white  inflated  calyx 
angled,  sharply  5-lobed,  about  8"  long,  the  red  corolla  with  a  spreading  limb 
8"-10"  broad,  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

Clerodendron  glabrum  E.  Meyer,  Bush  Clerodendron,  of  South  Africa, 
occasionally  planted  for  ornament,  is  a  large  glabrous  shrub  up  to  9°  high, 
with  slender-petioled,  ovate-elliptic,  pointed  thin  leaves  2'-3'  long,  and  large 
terminal  panicles  of  small  fragrant  pinkish  flowers  wdth  exserted  stamens, 
the  bright  white  oblique  berry-like  fruit  about  4"  long. 


Clerodendron  fallax  Lindl.,  Scarlet  Clerodendron,  of  Java,  commonly 
grown  in  flower-gardens,  is  herbaceous,  2°-4°  high,  velvety-pubescent,  the 
long-petioled,  nearly  orbicular,  cordate  leaves  3'-6'  broad,  the  terminal  panicled 
scarlet  flowers  V-IV  long,  the  slender  corolla-tube  longer  than  the  corolla- 
limb,  and  about  4  times  as  long  as  the  5-cleft  calyx. 


VERBENACEAE. 


319 


10.     CALLICARPA  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  blue  purple  or  white 
flowers  in  axillary  cymes.  Calyx  short,  campanulate,  4-toothed  (rarely  5- 
toothed),  or  truncate.  Corolla-tube  short,  expanded  above,  the  limb  4-cleft 
(rarely  5-cleft),  the  lobes  equal.  Stamens  4,  equal,  exserted;  anther-sacs 
parallel.  Ovary  incompletely  2-celled;  ovules  2  in  each  cavity,  laterally  at- 
tached, amphitropous ;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed.  Fruit  a 
berry-like  drupe,  much  longer  than  the  calyx,  containing  1-4  nutlets.  [Greek, 
handsome  fruit.]  About  35  species,  the  following  of  southeastern  North 
America,  the  others  Asiatic,  African  and  of  tropical  America,  the  following 
typical. 


1.  Oallicarpa     americana     L. 

Turkey-berry.  French  Mul- 
berry. (Fig.  342.)  A  shrub, 
2°-5°  high,  the  twigs,  petioles 
and  young  leaves  stellate-scurfy, 
the  mature  leaves  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  and  glandular-dotted. 
Twigs  terete;  leaves  thin,  ovate, 
slender-petioled,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, crenate-dentate,  2^'-6'  long; 
cymes  many-flowered,  short-pe- 
duucled;  pedicels  very  short; 
calyx-teeth  much  shorter  than  the 
tube;  corolla  pale  blue,  about  2" 
long;  fruit  violet-blue,  globose, 
1^"  in  diameter.  [C.  ferruginea 
of  Reade,  Lefroy,  Verrill,  Hems- 
ley  and  H.  B.  Small.] 


Paget  Marsh,  1913.  Native.  Recorded  as  formerly  growing  in  woodlands  be- 
tween Harrington  Sound  and  Castle  Harbor,  but  not  found  in  that  region  recently. 
Southeastern  United  States.  Flowers  in  spring  and  summer.  The  large  clusters  of 
fruit  are  very  showy. 


11.     AVICENNIA  L. 

Evergreen  trees,  sometimes  shrubby,  with  nodose  twigs,  opposite  entire 
leathery  leaves  without  stipules,  and  peduncled  clusters  of  white  bracted 
flowers.  Calyx  cup-shaped,  silky,  with  5  persistent  lobes.  Corolla  campanu- 
late, its  short  tube  nearly  cylindric,  its  limb  spreading,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4, 
adnate  to  the  corolla-tube,  the  anthers  introrse.  0\'ary  sessile,  1-celled ;  ovules 
4,  on  a  central  placenta;  style  short,  2-lobed.  Fruit  capsular,  oblique,  apicu- 
late.  Seeds  without  endosperm,  usually  germinating  in  the  capsule.  [In 
honor  of  Avieenna  (980-1036)  of  Bokhara,  a  distinguished  oriental  physician.] 
Three  known  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  seaeoasts.  Type  species: 
Avicennia  officinalis  L. 


320 


VERBENACEAE. 


1.  Aviceimia  nitida  Jaeq.  Black 
Mangrove.  (Fig.  343.)  A  tree,  in  Ber- 
muda up  to  about  45°  high,  with  shallowly 
fissured  dark  scaly  bark,  orange-red  within. 
Young  twigs  finely  pubescent.  Leaves  pu- 
bescent when  young,  soon  becoming  gla- 
brous above,  oblong  or  oblong-laneeolate, 
li'-3i'  long,  obtuse  or  apiculate  at  the 
apex,  finely  canescent  beneath,  narrowed  at 
the  base  into  short  petioles;  panicles  l'-2' 
long;  corolla  5"-7"  broad,  its  lobes 
rounded;  capsule  oblong  or  elliptic,  l'-2' 
long,  light  green,  slightly  pubescent. 

Common  along  the  borders  of  salt  water 
lagoons  and  in  saline  swamps,  which  it  some- 
times completely  fills.  Native.  Southern 
United  States  and  West  Indies.  Flowers  from 
spring  to  autumn.  Its  fruit  doubtless  reached 
Bermuda  by  floating.  Its  wood  is  heavy,  hard, 
and  dark  brown,  durable  in  contact  with  the 
ground. 


Tectona  grandis  L.,  Teak,  East  Indian,  was  represented  in  the  collection 
at  the  Agricultural.  Station  in  1913,  by  a  vigorous  young  plant.  It  is  a  large 
tree  with  very  valuable  wood;  its  large,  opposite  leaves  are  oval,  short-petioled, 
pointed,  whitish  canescent  beneath  with  stellate  hairs,  shining  above.  The 
small  whitish  flowers  are  in  large  terminal  panicles,  the  funnelform  corolla 
with  a  5-cleft  limb,  the  fruit  a  4-celled  drupe,  about  V  thick,  nearly  globular. 

Vitex  Agnus-castus  L.,  Chaste-tree,  of  southern  Europe  and  western 
Asia,  a  shrub  up  to  9°  tall  with  palmately  compound,  opposite  p.etioled  leaves 
of  5  or  7  narrowly  lanceolate,  short-stalked  acuminate  leaflets  3'-4'  long, 
dark  green  above,  whitish-puberulent  beneath,  the  small  white  to  blue  flowers 
in  terminal  narrow  interrupted  racemes  or  panicles,  the  corolla  3"-4"  long, 
the  stamens  and  style  exserted,  is  grown  for  ornament. 

Siphonanthus  indica  L.,  Siphonanthus,  East  Indian,  a  glabrous  her- 
baceous perennial,  with  virgate  stems  up  to  12°  high,  verticillate  lanceolate 
entire  leaves  4'-8'  long,  sessile  or  nearly  so,  the  flowers  in  peduncled  cymes,  the 
calyx  ^'-f  broad,  deeply  5-lobed,  the  white  or  yellow  corolla  with  a  slender 
tube  3'-4'  long  and  a  spreading  5-lobed  limb  about  1'  broad,  the  stamens  and 
style  exserted,  is  grown  for  its  interest.     [Clerodendroii  Siphonanthus  R.  Br.] 

Petraea  volubilis  Jacq.,  Purple  Wreath,  South  American,  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament,  is  a  vine,  15°  long  or  more,  with  opposite  entire  rough- 
ish  short-petioled  leaves,  elliptic  to  obovate,  3'-4'  long;  its  flowers  are  borne 
in  terminal  racemes  often  1°  long,  the  slender  pedicels  about  1'  long,  the  5 
linear-oblong  blunt  veiny  purple  or  lilac  sepals  spread  widely  and  persist 
after  the  smaller,  funnelform  corolla  has  fallen. 


Petraea  arbdrea  H.B.K.,  Tree  Petraea,  also  South  American,  recorded  by 
Jones  as  grown  in  Bermuda,  is  tree-like,  with  foliage  similar  to  that  of  the 
Purple  Wreath,  but  the  blue  flowers  are  in  axillary  racemes. 


LAMIACEAE.  321 

Family  8.     LAMIACEAE  Lindl. 

MiXT  Family. 

Aromatic  punctate  herbs,  or  shrubs  (a  few  tropical  species  trees), 
mostly  with  4-sided  stems  and  simple  opposite  leaves;  stipules  none. 
Flowers  irregular,  perfect,  clustered,  the  inflorescence  typically  cymose, 
usually  bracteolate.  Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  5-toothed  or  5-lobed  (rarely 
4-toothed),  mostly  nerved.  Corolla  with  a  short  or  long  tube,  the  limb 
4-5-lobed,  mostly  2-lipped,  regular  in  a  few  genera;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  or 
sometimes  entire ;  lower  lip  mostly  3-lobed.  Stamens  borne  on  the  corolla- 
tube,  typically  4  and  didynamous,  sometimes  2,  rarely  equal;  filaments 
separate,  alternate  with  the  corolla-lobes;  anthers  2-celled,  introrse,  or  con- 
fluently  1-celled,  or  sometimes  of  a  single  sac.  Disk  usually  present,  fleshy. 
Ovary  4-lobed,  or  4-parted,  superior,  each  lobe  or  division  with  1  mostly 
anatropous  ovule;  style  arising  from  the  centre  of  the  lobed  or  parted 
ovary,  2-lobed  at  the  summit.  Fruit  of  4  1-seeded  nutlets.  Seed  erect 
(transverse  in  Scutellaria);  endosperm  scanty,  or  none;  embryo  mostly 
straight;  radicle  short,  inferior.  About  160  genera  and  3200  species,  of 
wide  distribution.     The  family  is  also  known  as  Labiatae. 

Stamens  and  style  very  short,  included  in  the  corolla-tube.  1.  Sidcritis. 

Stamens  and  style  longer,  more  or  less  exserted. 
Corolla  strongly  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  concave. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4. 

Calyx  distinctly   2-lipped,   closed  in  fruit.  2.  Prunella. 

Calyx  not  2-lipped,  open  in  fruit. 
Nutlets  3-sided,  truncate. 

Calyx-teeth  not  spiny-tipped.  3.  Lannum. 

Calyx-teeth  spiny-tipped. 

Calyx-teeth  5.  4.  Leonurus. 

Calyx-teeth  8-10.  "     '  """ 


5.  Leonotis. 


Nutlets  ovoid,  rounded  above.  6.  Stachys. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2.  7     o  ?  •• 

Inflorescence  terminal.  '•  Salvia. 


Inflorescence  axillary. 
Corolla  regular,  or  2-lipped  with  the  upper  lip  flat  or  nearly  so. 
Corolla  2-lipped. 
Corolla  nearly  regular  or  slightly  2-lipped,  4-5-lobed. 


8.  Rosmarinvs. 

n.   Clmopodium. 
10.  Mentha. 


1.     SIDERITIS    [Tourn.]   L. 

Herbs  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  leaves,  and  small  flowers  in  axillary  clus- 
ters. Calyx  tubular,  5-10-nerved,  slightly  2-lipped,  its  teeth  spiny-tipped,  the 
upper  middle  one  broader  than  the  others.  Corolla  longer  than  the  calyx,  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  lip  entire  or  lobed,  the  lower  longer  than  the  upper,  its 
middle  lobe  broad.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included,  the  anterior  pair  the 
longer;  anthers  2-celled.  Ovary  4-lobed.  Nutlets  obovoid,  smooth.  [Greek, 
iron,  referring  to  its  use  in  medicine.]  About  45  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World.     Type  species:   Sideritis  hirsuta  L. 

22 


322 


LAMIACEAE. 


1.  Sideritis  romana  L.  Irox-wort. 
(Fig.  344.)  Annual,  erect,  4-1°  high,  pu- 
bescent with  spreading  hairs,  usually 
branched.  Leaves  obovate  to  oblong,  V-IY 
long,  crenate,  sessile  or  nearly  so;  clusters 
few-flowered;  flowers  white  or  pinkish; 
calyx-teeth  shorter  than  the  tube,  the  middle 
one  of  the  upper  lip  ovate,  all  subulate- 
tipped;  corolla  a  little  exceeding  the  calyx, 
the  middle  lobe  of  the  lower  lip  reniform. 

Occasional  in  waste  grounds.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  Europe.  Introduced  Into  the  United 
States.     Flowers  in  spring. 

2.  PRUNELLA  L. 
Perennial  Jierbs,  with  petioled  leaves, 
and  rather  small  clustered  purple  or  white 
flowers,  in  dense  bracted  spikes  or  heads. 
Calyx  oblong,  reticulate-veined,  about  10- 
nerved,  deeply  2-lipped,  closed  in  fruit ;  upper 
lip  nearly  truncate,  or  with  3  short  teeth;  lower  lip  2-cleft.  Corolla-tube  in- 
flated, slightly  narrowed  at  the  mouth,  its  limb  strongly  2-lipped;  upper  lip 
entire,  arched;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-lobed.  Filaments  of  the  longer  stamens 
2-toothed  at  the  summit,  one  of  the  teeth  bearing  the  anther,  the  other  sterile; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent  or  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth. 
[Origin  of  name  doubtful;  often  spelled  Brunella,  the  pre-Linnaean  form.] 
About  5  species,  natives  of  the  North  temperate  zone,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Prunella  vulgaris  L. 

Self-heal.  Heal-all.  (Fig. 
345.)  Stem  slender,  2°  high 
or  less.  Leaves  ovate,  ob- 
long or  oblong-lanceolate, 
rather  thin,  1-4'  long,  the 
lowest  commonly  shorter  and 
sometimes  subcordate ;  spikes 
terminal,  sessile  or  short- 
peduncled,  becoming  2'-4' 
long  in  fruit;  bracts  broadly 
ovate-orbicular,  cuspidate, 
ciliate ;  corolla  violet,  purple 
or  sometimes  white,  4"-6" 
long,  about  twice  as  long 
as  the  calyx. 

Grassy  woodlands,  Devon- 
shire and  on  St.  David's 
Island.  Introduced.  Native  of 
Europe.  Widely  naturalized 
in  North  America.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn. 


LAMIACEAE. 


323 


3.  LAMIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 
Mostly  diffuse  herbs,  with  creiiate  dentate  or  incised,  usually  cordate 
leaves,  and  rather  small  flowers,  verticillate  in  axillary  and  terminal  clusters. 
Calyx  tubular-campanulate,  about  5-nerved,  5-toothed,  the  teeth  equal  or  the 
upper  ones  longer.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  concave,  erect,  usually 
entire;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft,  the  middle  lobe  emarginate,  contracted  at 
the  base.  Anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divaricate,  often  hirsute  on  the  back. 
[Greek,  throat,  from  the  ringent  corolla.]  About  40  species,  of  the  Old 
World.     Type  species:   Lamium  purpureum  L. 


1.  Lamium   amplexicaule 

L.  Henbit.  (Fig.  346.)  Bi- 
ennial or  annual,  sparingly 
pubescent;  stems  weak,  slen- 
der, ascending  or  decumbent, 
6'-20'  long.  Leaves  orbicular 
or  nearly  so,  coarsely  crenate, 
i'-lV  wide,  rounded  at  the 
apex,  the  lower  slender-petioled ; 
flowers  in  axillary  and  terminal 
clusters;  calyx  pubescent,  its 
teeth  erect,  nearly  as  long  as 
the  tube;  corolla  purplish  or 
red,  6"-8"  long,  its  tube  very 
slender,  the  lateral  lobes  of  its 
lower  lip  very  small.  [Glecoma 
hederacea  of  Millspaugh.] 

Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  Europe.  Widely  natural- 
ized in  North  America.  Flowers 
nearly  throughout  the  year. 


Lamium  purpureum  L.,  Eed  Dead-Nettle,  also  European,  has  all  the 
leaves  petioled  and  nearly  erect,  stouter  stems,  the  similar  flowers  red-purple, 
Lefroy  says  it  was  a  common  weed  at  his  time,  and  Eeade  records  it  as  found 
on  waysides  and  in  cultivated  grounds  prior  to  1883,  but  it  has  not  been 
observed  by  recent  collectors.  H.  B.  Small's  record  would  indicate  that  he 
had  a  purple-flowered  plant  of  the  preceding  species  in  mind. 


4.  LEONURUS  L. 
Tall  herbs,  with  palmately  cleft,  parted  or  dentate  leaves,  and  small  white 
or  pink  flowers  verticillate  in  dense  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  tubular-campanu- 
late, 5-nerved,  nearly  regular  and  equally  5-toothed,  the  teeth  rigid,  subulate 
or  aristate.  Corolla-limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  entire;  lower  lip  spread- 
ing or  deflexed,  3-lobed,  the  middle  lobe  broad,  obcordate  or  emarginate. 
Anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  mostly  parallel.  Nutlets  3-sided,  smooth.  [Greek, 
lion's-tail.]  About  10  species,  of  Europe  and  Asia.  Type  species:  Leonurus 
Cardiaca  L. 


.^24 


LAMIACEAE. 


1.  Leonunis  sibiricus  L.  Sibe- 
rian Motherwort  or  Lion  's-tail. 
(Fig.  347.)  Biennial,  puberulent  or 
glabrate;  stem  2°-6°  high.  Leaves 
long-petioled,  3-parted  into  ovate  or 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  cleft 
and  incised  segments,  the  lobes  lan- 
ceolate or  linear,  acute;  the  upper- 
most linear  or  lanceolate;  clusters 
dense,  usually  all  axillary;  calyx 
eampanulate,  3"  long,  glabrous  or 
puberulent ;  corolla  purple  or  red, 
puberulent  without,  4"-6"  long. 

Frequent  in  waste  grounds  and 
along  roads.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
eastern  Asia.  Naturalized  in  the  West 
Indies,  and  in  Delaware  and  Pennsyl- 
vania.      Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn, 

Leonurus  Cardiaca  L.,  Mother- 
wort, also  European,  differs  in  hav- 
ing the  leaves  palmately  3-5-cleft. 
It  is  listed  by  Lefroy  and  recorded 
by  Eeade  as  found  in  fields. 

LEONOTIS  E.  Br. 

Annual  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs  or  shrubby  plants.  Leaves  opposite, 
broad,  toothed,  petioled,  the  flowers  short-pedicelled  in  dense  whorls.  Calyx- 
tube  10-nerved,  oblique  at  the  mouth,  its  lobes  8-10,  unequal,  bristle-tipped. 
Corolla  yellow,  orange  or  scarlet,  2-lipped,  the  tube  dilated  above,  curved; 
upper  lip  erect,  rather  long;  lower  lip  with  3  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  scarcely 
longer  than  the  lateral.  Stamens  4;  filaments  all  anther-bearing;  anthers 
2-celled;  sacs  diverging.  Nutlets  3-angled,  smooth.  [Greek,  lion's-ear.j 
About  12  African  species.     Type  species:  Leonotis  Leonitis  (L.)  E.  Br, 

1.  Leonotis  nepetaefdlia  E.   Br. 

Tall  Leonotis.  Liox 's-ear.  (Fig. 
348.)  Annual,  softly  pubescent.  Stems 
l°-6°  tall,  rather  stout,  simple  or 
branched;  leaves  ovate  or  ovate-del- 
toid, 14'-5'  long,  coarsely  crenate, 
cuneate  or  subcordate  at  the  base ; 
clusters  dense,  about  2'  in  diameter; 
pedicels  about  1"  long;  calyx  puberu- 
lent, becoming  about  1'  long,  its  tube 
reticulated  above  the  middle,  its  lobes 
8,  awn-tipped;  corolla  scarlet  or 
orange-yellow,  about  1'  long,  villous- 
hirsute,  its  tube  curved,  the  upper  lip 
as  long  as  the  tube,  the  lower  lip 
much  shorter  than  the  upper,  with 
3  narrow  lobes;  nutlets  IV'  long, 
angled.     [PMomis  nepetaefoUa  L.] 

Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  the 
Old  World  tropics.  Naturalized  in  the 
southern  United  States,  the  West  Indies 
and  tropical  continental  America. 


LAMIACEAE. 


325 


6.     STACHYS    [Tourn.]    L. 

Animal  or  perennial  caulescent  herbs,  with  glabrous  or  pubescent  foliage, 
the  leaves  opposite,  entire  or  toothed,  commonly  petioled,  the  flowers  in  axil- 
lary clusters,  the  upper  clusters  sometimes  approximate  or  contiguous.  Calyx 
mostly  campanulate,  its  tube  5-10-ribbed,  its  5  lobes  equal  or  nearly  so.  Corolla 
purple,  white,  red  or  yellow,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  entire  or  notche<l, 
the  lower  spreading,  with  3  lobes,  the  middle  lobe  largest,  entire  or  2-lobed. 
Stamens  4;  filaments  all  anther-bearing;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  mostly 
diverging.  Nutlets  blunt  at  the  apex.  [Greek,  a  spike,  from  the  spicate  in- 
florescence.] About  160  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type 
species:  Stachys  germanica  L. 


1.  Stachys  arvensis  L.  Corn  or 
Field  Woundwort.  (Fig.  349.)  An- 
nual, hirsute;  stem  slender,  diffusely 
branched,  2°  long,  or  less.  Leaves  ovate 
or  ovate-oblong,  thin,  long-petioled,  ob- 
tuse, crenate,  cordate  or  the  upper 
rounded  at  the  base,  about  1'  long; 
lower  petioles  commonly  as  long  as  the 
blades;  clusters  4-6-flowered,  in  the 
upper  axils  and  in  short  terminal  spikes; 
calyx  about  3"  long,  its  teeth  lanceolate, 
acuminate;  corolla  purplish,  3"-5"  long. 
[Stachys  arvensis  hermudiana  Millsp.] 

Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native.  Naturalized 
in  the  eastern  United  States  and  in  Ja- 
maica.    Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


7.     SALVIA    [Tourn.]    L. 

Herbs,  or  some  species  shrubs,  with  clustered  flowers,  the  clusters  mostly 
spiked,  raeemed,  or  panicled.  Calyx  mostly  naked  in  the  throat,  2-lipped; 
upper  lip  entire  or  3-toothed;  lower  lip  2-cleft  or  2-toothed.  Corolla  strongly 
2-lipped;  upper  lip  entire,  emarginate  or  2-lobed;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft 
or  3-lobed.  Anther-bearing  stamens  2  (the  posterior  pair  wanting  or  rudi- 
mentary) ;  connective  of  the  anthers  transverse,  linear  or  filiform,  bearing  a 
perfect  anther-sac  on  its  upper  end,  its  lower  end  dilated,  capitate  or  some- 
times bearing  a  small  or  rudimentary  one.  Nutlets  smooth,  usually  developing 
mucilage  and  spiral  tubes  when  wetted.  [Latin,  salvus,  safe,  from  its  healing 
virtues.]  About  500  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species:  Salvia  oifi- 
cinalis  L. 


Flowers   1'   long,   scarlet. 

Flowers    3"-5"    long,    blue    or    white. 


1.  8.  coccinea. 

2.  S.  serotina. 


326 


LAMIACEAE. 


1.  Salvia  coccinea  L.  Scarlet  Sage. 
(Fig.  350.)  Annual,  softly  pubescent.  Stems 
erect,  l°-2i°  tall,  simple  or  sparingly  branched. 
Leaves  ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  l'-2^'  long, 
obtuse  or  acutish,  crenate-serrate,  truncate  to 
subcordate  at  the  base;  panicles  2'-8'  long; 
pedicels  l"-3"  long,  slender;  calyx  minutely 
pubescent,  5"-6"  long,  its  tube  many-ribbed, 
the  upper  lip  leniform,  abruptly  pointed,  the 
lower  lobes  ovate,  apiculate;  corolla  deep  scar- 
let, about  1'  long,  puberulent,  the  tube  con- 
tracted above  the  base,  then  gradually  enlarged, 
the  lower  lip  merely  notched  at  the  apex; 
nutlets  about  1"  long,  slightly  variegated. 


Common  on  banks  and  along  roads.  Natural- 
ized. Native  of  the  southern  United  States  and 
Mexico.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn,  the 
corolla   soon  falling  away   after   expanding. 


2.  Salvia  serotina  L.  Small  White 
Sage.  (Fig.  351.)  Perennial,  finely  pubes- 
cent. Stems  6'-2i°  tall,  much  branched;  leaves 
ovate  or  orbicular-ovate,  -I'-lf  long,  obtuse, 
crenate-serrate,  truncate  or  subcordate  at  the 
base,  slender-petioled ;  panicles  l'-4'  long; 
calyx  longer  than  the  pedicels,  glandular-hir- 
sute, becoming  3"-4"  long;  lips  about  J  as 
long  as  the  long-campanulate  tube;  corolla 
white  or  blue,  3"-5"  long,  its  tube  included; 
style  glabrous;  nutlets  fully  1"  long.  [S. 
tenella  of  Millspaugh.] 

Common  in  waste  grounds.  Naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn. 

Salvia  occidentalis  Sw.,  West  Indian,  a 
trailing  species  with  a  very  small  glandular 
calyx,  light  blue  corolla  about  3"  long,  the 
flowers  in  racemed  whorls,  the  ovate  serrate 
leaves  1'  long  or  less,  is  recorded  by  Hemsley 
as  collected  in  Bermuda  by  Lane,  and  at  Wal- 
singh'km  by  Moseley,  but  no  subsequent  col- 
lector has  found  it.  Lefroy  thought  that  Lane 's  plant  was  probably  S.  coc- 
cinea, and  Moseley 's  specimen  could  not  be  found  in  the  Kew  Herbarium  in 
1910. 


Salvia  splendens  Sellow,  Scarlet  Salvia,  Scarlet  Sage,  Brazilian,  much 
grown  for  ornament,  is  2°-3°  high,  with  slender-petioled  thin  ovate  acumi- 
nate serrate  glabrous  leaves  2'-4'  long,  and  terminal  racemes  of  large  scarlet 
flowers,  the  calyx  about  f  long,  the  tubular  corolla  li'-2'  long. 


LAMIACEAE. 


327 


Salvia  ianthina  Otto  &  Dietr.,  Large  Purple  Salvia,  Mexican,  also  grown 
for  ornament,  resembles  S.  splendens  in  size  and  foliage,  but  the  calyx  is  nar- 
rower, blue-purple,  and  the  corolla  is  purple  or  violet-purple,  nearly  2'  long. 

Salvia  purpurea  Cav.,  Velvety  Purple  Salvia,  Mexican,  mentioned  by 
Reade  as  cultivated,  has  purplish  corollas  about  1'  long,  the  calyx  white- 
tomentose. 

Salvia  officinalis  L.,  Garden  Sage,  European,  used  for  flavoring,  is  grown 
in  some  gardens.  It  is  a  white-woolly  perennial  with  oblong  or  lanceolate 
petioled  leaves,  and  rather  small,  white  blue  or  purple  flowers  in  whorls. 

Salvia  patens  Cav.,  Large  Blue  Salvia,  Mexican,  occasional  in  flower- 
gardens,  is  a  pubescent  perennial,  l°-2°  high,  with  petioled,  deltoid-ovate  or 
hastate,  entire  or  crenate  leaves  '2-3'  long,  the  large  blue  flowers  opposite  in 
terminal  loose  racemes,  the  linear  bracts  as  long  as  the  2-lipped  calyx  or  longer, 
the  widely  2-lipped  corolla  about  2'  long. 

8.     ROSMARINUS   [Tourn.]   L. 

A  low  shrub  with  narrow  entire  revolute-margined  leaves,  and  blue  or 
white  flowers  in  short  opposite  axillary  racemes.  Calyx  subcampanulate,  2- 
lipped,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  lip  2-cleft.  Corolla  with  a  tube 
longer  than  the  calyx,  an  expanded  throat,  and  a  2-lipped  limb,  its  upper  lip 
notched,  erect,  the  lower  3-cleft  and  spreading.  Perfect  stamens  2  ascending 
under  the  upper  lip  of  the  corolla,  the  filament  continuous  with  the  connective. 
Style  2-cleft.  Nutlets  smooth,  ovoid.  [Latin,  sea-dew,  from  the  habitat  of  this 
plant  near  the  sea.]     A  monotypic  genus  of  the  Mediterranean  region. 


1.  Rosmarinus  officinalis  L. 
Rosemary.  (Pig.  352.)  A  shrub 
up  to  4°  high,  but  visually  lower, 
its  slender,  white-tomentose  twigs 
densely  leafy.  Leaves  linear, 
about  V  long,  white-woolly  be- 
neath, blunt,  their  njargins  strongly 
revolute ;  racemes  few-flowered, 
little  longer  than  the  leaves ;  bracts 
ovate,  acute,  about  li" long;  calyx 
ribbed,  about  2"  long;  lower  lip 
of  the  corolla  about  thrice  as  long 
as  the  calyx,  its  middle  lobe  de- 
clined. 


Rocky  hillsides,  St.  David's  Is- 
land, where  it  has  been  naturalized 
for  many  years.  Flowers  in  spring. 
Occasional  in  cultivation.  Its  leaves 
are  used  for  seasoning  and  oil  of 
rosemary  is  distilled  from  them. 


328 


LAMIACEAE. 


9.     CfLTNOPODIUM  L. 

Herbs,  or  low  shrubs,  "v\-ith  entire  or  sparingly  dentate  leaves,  and  rather 
large  flowers  variously  clustered.  Calyx  mostly  gibbous  at  the  base,  about  13- 
nerved,  2-lipped,  the  upper  lip  3-toothed,  the  lower  2-cleft.  Corolla  usually 
expanded  at  the  throat,  the  tube  straight,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect, 
entire  or  emarginate;  lower  lip  spreading,  3-cleft.  Stamens  somewhat  con- 
nivent  in  pairs,  the  longer  mostly  exserted;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  divergent 
or  divaricate.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Greek,  bed-foot,  the  flowers  likened 
to  a  bed-caster.]  About  60  species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Type 
species:  Clinopodium  vulgare  L. 


1.  Clinopodium  Calamintha  (L.)  Kuntze. 
Calamint.  Calamint  Balm.  (Fig.  353.)  Per- 
ennial by  creeping  rootstocks,  l°-3°  high.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  petioled,  obtuse  at  both  ends  or 
subacute  at  the  apex,  dentate  or  crenate-dentate, 
^'-2'  long  and  nearly  as  wide;  inflorescence  pa- 
niculate, commonly  leafy;  calyx  villous  in  the 
throat,  2"-3"  long;  corolla  purplish,  6"-7"  long. 
[Melissa  Calamintha  L.] 

Common  in  waste  grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  Europe.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  Com- 
monly called  Catnep  and  one  of  the  abundant  natural- 
ized plants. 


10.     MENTHA    [Tourn.]    L. 

Odorous  herbs,  with  simple  mostly  punctate  leaves,  and  small  whorled 
purple  pink  or  white  flowers,  the  whorls  axillary  or  in  terminal  spikes.  Calyx 
10-nerved,  regular,  or  slightly  2-lipped,  5-toothed.  Corolla-tube  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  the  limb  4-cleft,  the  posterior  lobe  usually  somewhat  broader  than 
the  others,  entire  or  emarginate.  Stamens  4,  equal,  erect,  included  or  ex- 
serted, sometimes  imperfect;  filaments  glabrous;  anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs 
parallel.  Nutlets  ovoid,  smooth.  [Name  used  by  Theophrastus ;  from  the 
nymph  Minthe.]  About  30  species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone.  Type 
species:  Mentha  spicata  L.  All  the  following  mints  grow  luxuriantly  in 
Bermuda. 


LAMIACEAE. 


329 


Plants  glabrous,  or  nearly  so. 

Spikes  narrow,  mostly  interrupted  ;  leaves  nearly  or  quite  sessile.   1.  M.  spicata. 
Spilies  tiiick.  mostly  dense  ;  leaves  petioled. 

Leaves   lanceolate  to  oblong,  acute.  2.  M.  piperita. 

Leaves  ovate,  obtuse  or  the  upper  acute.  3.  M.  citrata. 

Plant  tomentose-puberulent ;  leaves  rugose-reticulated.  4.  M.rotundifolia. 


1.  Mentha  spicata  L.  Spearmint. 
(Fig.  354.)  Perennial  hj  leafy  sto- 
lons; stem  erect,  l°-2°  high.  Leaves 
lanceolate,  sessile  or  short-petioled, 
sharply  serrate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the 
largest  about  3'  long;  whorls  of  flow- 
ers in  spikes  which  become  2'-4'  long 
in  fruit,  the  one  terminating  the  stem 
surpassing  the  lateral  ones;  bracts 
subulate-lanceolate,  ciliate;  calyx  cam- 
panulate,  its  teeth  subulate,  nearly  as 
long  as  the  tube;  corolla  glabrous.  [M. 
viridis  L.] 

Common  in  wet  or  moist  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe.  Widely 
naturalized  in  North  America.  Flowers 
in  summer  and  autumn. 


naturalized 


2.  Mentha  piperita  L.  Pepper- 
mint. (Fig.  355.)  Perennial  by 
subterranean  suckers;  stem  l°-3° 
high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  petioled, 
dark  green,  acute,  sharply  serrate, 
glabrous  on  both  sides,  or  pubescent 
on  the  veins  beneath,  the  larger  IV- 
3V  long;  whorls  of  flowers  in  spikes, 
which  are  obtuse,  and  become  l'-3i' 
long  in  fruit,  the  middle  one  at  length 
overtopped  by  the  lateral  ones ;  bracts 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  calyx  tubular- 
campanulate,  glabrous  below,  its  teeth 
subulate,  usually  ciliate,  one-half  as 
long  as  the  tube  or  more ;  corolla 
glabrous. 

Frequent    in    marshes    and    ditches. 
Naturalized.     Native  of  Europe.     Widely 
in  summer  and  autumn. 


330 


LAMIACEAE. 


3.  Mentha  citrata  Ehrli.  Berg- 
AMOT  Mint.  (Fig.  356.)  Perennial 
by  leafy  stolons;  stem  weak,  decum- 
bent or  ascending,  l°-2°  long.  Leaves 
petioled,  thin,  ovate  or  ovate-orbicu- 
lar, obtuse  or  the  upper  acute  at  the 
apex,  sharply  serrate,  the  larger  about 
2'  long;  whorls  of  flowers  in  terminal 
short  obtuse  spikes,  and  commonly 
also  in  the  upj)ermost  axils;  calyx 
glabrous,  its  teeth  subulate,  one-half 
as  long  as  the  tube,  or  longer;  corolla 
glabrous.  [M.  aquatica  Jiirsuta  ci- 
trata of  Eeade.] 


Frequent  in  marshes.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  Europe.  Sparingly  natural- 
ized in  the  United  States,  and  in  the 
West  Indies.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn. 


4.  Mentha      rotundifdlia 

(L.)         Huds.  EOUXD-LEAVED 

Mint.  (Fig.  357.)  Perennial 
by  leafy  stolons,  canescent  or 
tomentose-puberulent,  somewhat 
viscid,  3'-8'  high.  Leaves  el- 
liptic, or  ovate-oblong,  short- 
petioled,  or  sessile  and  some- 
what clasping  by  the  subcor- 
date  or  rounded  base,  obtuse, 
crenate-serrate,  2"-5"  long,  ru- 
gose-reticulated beneath;  whorls 
of  flowers  in  spikes  which  elon- 
gate to  d"-10"  in  fruit;  bracts 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  calyx- 
teeth  setaceous,  usually  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  tube; 
corolla  puberulent.  [M.  spicata 
rotundi folia  L.] 

In  waste  places,  on  hillsides 
and  along  roads,  rather  common. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  America. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


Mentha  arvensis  L.,  the  Corn  Mint,  or  Field  Mint  of  Europe,  which 
has  the  flowers  all  whorled  in  the  leaf-axils,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  com- 
mon in  Pembroke  Marsh  prior  to  1879  and  also  mentioned  by  H.  B.  Small, 
and  by  Jones,  but  repeated  search  has  failed  to  reveal  its  presence  there 
now,  and  it  is  not  accredited  to  Bermuda  by   other   authorities. 


LAMIACEAE.  331 

Scutellaria  purpurascens  Sw.,  West  Indian  Skullcap,  a  low,  purple- 
flowered  Labiate,  the  calyx  bearing  a  crest  on  the  upper  side,  is  recorded  as 
Bermudan  by  Lefroy,  who  indicates  it  as  naturalized,  but  it  has  not  been 
observed  by  other  botanists,  and  either  the  record  or  the  determination  are 
supposed  to  be  erroneous.     It  is  a  plant  unlikely  to  become  naturalized. 

Koellia  mutica  (Michx.)  Britton,  one  of  the  North  American  Moun- 
tain-mints, was  credited  to  Bermuda  by  Eein,  apparently  an  error  in  identi- 
fication, but  what  plant  that  author  had  in  mind  has  not  been  determined. 
[Pycnanthermim  muticum  Michx.] 

Nepeta  Cataria  L.,  Catnep  or  Catmint,  European,  an  erect,  finely 
tomentose  perennial,  with  ovate,  crenate-dentate  leaves,  the  clusters  of  nearly 
white  flowers  in  terminal  spikes,  the  tubular  calyx  15-nerved,  is  grown  in 
gardens.  Lefroy  states  that  it  was  common  in  Pembroke  Marsh  prior  to 
1879,  and  erroneously  indicates  it  as  a  native  species.  It  is  not  known  to  be 
wild  in  Bermuda  today.  The  plant  commonly  called  Catnep  here  is  Clino- 
podkim  Calamintha. 

Marrubium  vnlgare  L.,  Horehound,  European,  occasionally  grown  in 
gardens,  is  an  erect  perennial,  l°-3°  high,  the  stem  whitish-woolly,  the  rugose 
dentate  oval  to  nearly  orbicular  leaves  1-2'  long,  the  whitish  flowers  in  dense 
axillary  clusters,  the  tubular  calyx  about  10-nerved. 

Melissa  officinalis  L.,  Balm  or  Bee-balm,  European,  occasional  in  gar- 
dens, is  a  hairy  perennial,  l°-3°  high,  with  blunt  ovate  toothed  leaves,  the 
small  white  flowers  in  axillary  clusters,  the  oblong-campanulate  calyx  13- 
nerved,  2-lipped. 

Thymus  vulgaris  L.,  Thyme,  is  a  low,  shrubby  plant,  with  slender,  finely 
hairy  stems  up  to  1°  high,  branched,  and  commonly  matted;  the  thick,  blunt, 
entire,  dotted  leaves  are  only  2"-5"  long,  and  the  small  purple  flowers  are  in 
small  glomerules,  the  10-13-nerved  calyx  2-lipped.  It  is  frequently  grown  in 
gardens,  or  as  a  crop,  and  is  native  of  southern  Europe  and  western  Asia. 

Satureia  montana  L.,  Winter  Savory,  European,  occasionally  cultivated 
for  flavoring,  is  a  perennial  herb,  with  somewhat  woody,  branching  i^tems, 
1^°  high  or  less,  pointed  narrowly  oblong,  punctate  leaves  6"-10"  long,  and 
small,  white  to  lilac  flowers  in  loose  clusters. 

Origanum  Marjorana  L.,  Sweet  Marjoram,  European,  grown  in  gardens 
for  flavoring,  is  a  perennial  herb  about  2°  high,  with  slender,  finely  tomentose 
branches,  gray-green  oval  obtuse  entire  petioled  leaves  about  i'  long  and 
small  purplish  flowers  in  solitary  or  clustered  oblong  obtuse  dense  spikes  about 
J'  long,  the  calyx  2-lipped,  the  bracts  suborbicular. 

Ocimum  basilicum  L.,  Basil,  East  Indian,  cultivated  for  flavoring,  is 
annual,  1°-1*°  high,  with  thin  petioled  dentate,  ovate  to  ovate-lanceolate 
leaves  1-2'  long,  and  bluish  or  white  small  flowers  whorled  in  interrupted 
terminal  spikes,  the  calyx  deflexed  in  fruit  and  strongly  veined.  Lefroy  notes 
that  it  was  introduced  in  1616. 

Lavandula  spica  Cav.,  White  Lavender,  of  southern  Europe,  grown  in 
gardens,  is  a  perennial  herb  1°-1*°  high,  with  linear  or  linear-spatulate  entire 
leaves  l'-3'  long,  crowded  below  the  middle  of  the  stem,  densely  white-silvery, 
the  small  blue  flowers  in  terminal,  long-peduncled,  short  spikes,  the  5-toothed 
calyx   striate-nerved,   the   corolla-lobes   nearly  equal. 

Coleus  varieties  are  commonly  planted  as  ornamentals  for  their  colored 
and  variegated  foliage. 


332  SOLANACEAE. 

Family  9.     SOLANACEAE  Pers. 

Potato  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  vines,  or  some  tropical  species  trees,  with  alternate  or 
rarely  opposite  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  regular  or  nearly  regular 
cymose  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  mostly  5-lobed.  Corolla  gamopetalous, 
mostly  5-lobed,  the  lobes  induplicate-valvate  or  plicate  in  the  bud.  Stamens 
as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  them,  inserted  on  the 
tube,  all  equal  and  perfect  in  the  following  genera,  except  in  Petunia, 
where  4  are  didynamous  and  the  fifth  smaller  or  obsolete;  anthers  2-celled, 
apically  or  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  superior,  2-celled  (rarely  3-5- 
celled) ;  ovules  numerous  on  the  axile  i^lacentae,  anatropous  or  amphit- 
ropous;  style  slender,  simple;  stigma  terminal;  fruit  a  berry  or  capsule. 
Seeds  numerous;  endosperm  fleshy;  cotyledons  semiterete.  About  75 
genera  and  1750  species,  most  abundant  in  tropical  regions  including 
many  plants  whose  products  are  useful  as  foods  and  drugs,  and  also  many 
cultivated  for  ornament. 

A.  Fruit  a  berry, 
a.  Corolla  plicate,  its  lobes   mostly   induplicate. 

Berry  enclosed  by  the  inflated  accrescent  calyx. 

Ovary  3-5-celled  ;  sepals  nearly  separate.  1.  Physalodes. 

Ovary  2-celled  ;  sepals  united  to  near  their  tips.  2.  Physalis. 
Berry  subtended  by   the  calyx. 

Anthers  opening  by  terminal  pores.  3.  Solanum. 

Anthers  opening  lengthwise.  4.  Lycopersicon. 

b.  Corolla  not  plicate,  its  lobes  valvate  or  imbricate  5.  Capsicum. 

B.   Fruit  a  capsule. 

Capsule  narrowly   oblong,   indehiscent.  6.  Brugmansia. 

Capsule  globose  to  ovoid,  dehiscent. 

Flowers  solitary,  axillary  ;  corolla  funnelform  ;  capsule  mostly 

spiny.  7.  Datura. 

Flowers    panicled    or    racemose ;    corolla    mostly    salverform ; 

capsule  unarmed.  8.  Nicotiana. 


1.     PHYSALODES  Boehm. 

An  annual  erect  glabrous  herb,  with  alternate  petioled  thin  sinuate- 
dentate  or  lobed  leaves,  and  large  light  blue  peduncled  nodding  flowers,  soli- 
tary IB.  the  axils.  Calyx-segments  ovate,  connivent,  cordate  or  sagittate  at 
the  base,  strongly  reticulated.  Corolla  broadly  campanulate,  slightly  5-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  included,  inserted  on  the  corolla  near  its  base;  filaments  filiform, 
dilated  and  pilose  below;  anther-sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Style  slender; 
stigma  3-5-lobed.  Berry  globose,  nearly  dry,  enclosed  m  the  calyx.  [Greek, 
Physalis-like.] 

A  monotypic  genus. 


JOLANACEAE. 


333 


1.  Physalodes  physal6des(L.) 

Britton.  Apple-of-Peru.  (Fig. 
358.)  Stem  angled,  2°-5°  high. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong,  acuminate 
but  blunt,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
3'-8'  long;  petioles  longer  than 
the  peduncles;  flowers  I'-IJ'  long 
and  broad;  corolla-limb  almost 
entire;  fruiting  calyx  I'-IA'  long 
and  thick,  its  segments  acute,  their 
basal  auricles  acute  or  cuspidate; 
berry  6"  in  diameter,  surrounded 
by  the  calyx.  [Atropa  physalodes 
L. ;   Nicandra  physalodes  Gaertn.] 

Occasional  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  South  America.  Naturalized  in 
the  United  States.      Spring  to  autumn. 

2.     PHirSAIilS  L. 

Herbs,  with  entire  or  toothed 

leaves.     Peduncles  solitary.     Calyx 

campanulate,    5-toothed,    in    fruit 

bladdery-inflated,  5-angled,  or   10- 

ribbed  enclosing  the  pulpy  berry.    Corolla  mostly  yellow,  often  with  a  brownish 

or  purplish  center,  open-campanulate,  plicate.     Style  slender;   stigma  minutely 

2-cleft.     Seeds  numerous,  kidney-shaped,  flattened.      [Greek,  bladder.]      Some 

75  species,  mostly  American.     Type  species:   Physalis  alkel'engi  L. 

Annual  species  ;  fruiting  calyx  angular. 

Leaves  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base  ;  corolla  with  a  brown  or  purple  eye. 

Plant  viscid-pubescent.  1.  P.  pubescens. 

Plant  glabrous,  or  pubescent  only  above.  2.  P.  tiirhinata. 

Leaves,  or  most  of  them,  narrowed  at  the  base  ;  corolla  yellow.       3.  P.  angulata. 

Perennial   species  ;   fruiting  calyx  scarcely  angled.  4.  P.  peruviana. 

1.  Physalis  pubescens  L. 
Haiky  Ground  Cherry.  Horse 
Cherry.  (Fig.  359.)  Annual, 
pubescent  and  viscid.  Stems  tall 
and  erect,  or  widely  spreading, 
acutely  3-4-angled;  leaves  l'-3' 
long,  heart-shaped,  acute  or  gen- 
erally abruptly  acuminate,  sharply 
repand-dentate,  pubescent  with 
short  hairs;  peduncles  short,  at 
maturity  sometimes  10"  long; 
calyx  generally  densely  viscid- 
hirsute;  lobes  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, iDut  not  subulate-tipped ; 
corolla  2"-5"  in  diameter,  yellow 
with  a  purplish  eye;  anthers  gen- 
erally purplish;  fruiting  calyx 
about  1'  long,  retuse  at  the  base. 
[P.  harhadensis  Jacq.] 

Occasional  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  the  southern  United  States  and 
the  West  Indies.    Summer  and  autumn. 


334 


SOLANACEAE. 


2.  Physalis  turbinata  Medic. 
Smooth  Ground  Cherry.  (Fig.  360.) 
Annual,  glabrous,  or  minutely  puberu- 
lent  "when  young.  Stems  rather  stout, 
acutely  angled  and  divaricately 
branched;  leaves  broadly  ovate,  obtuse 
or  cordate  and  slightly  oblique  at  the 
base,  thin  and  dark  green,  repand-den- 
tate,  short-acuminate;  peduncles  short, 
in  fruit  about  8"  long;  calyx-lobes 
lanceolate,  acuminate;  corolla  4"-5" 
wide,  yellow  with  a  purplish  eye;  fruit- 
ing calyx  about  11'  long,  long-attenuate, 
almost  pyramidal,  deeply  retuse  at  the 
base.  [P.  ohscura  Michx. ;  P.  Linkiana 
of  H.  B.  Small.] 


Frequent    in    waste    and    cultivated     grounds.       Naturalized.     Native    of    the 
southern  United  States  and  West  Indies.     Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


3.  Physalis  angulata  L.  Cut- 
leaved  Ground  Cherry.  Cow 
Cherry.  Balloon  Cherry.  (Fig. 
361.)  Annual,  glabrous.  Stems 
angular,  l°-3°  tall,  branched; 
leaves  ovate,  usually  sharply  sin- 
uate, with  long-acuminate  teeth, 
thin,  li'-3'  long,  mostly  narrowed 
at  base;  petioles  slender,  f'-2' 
long;  peduncles  slender,  about  V 
long,  erect,  often  reflexed  at  ma- 
turity, but  seldom  exceeding  the 
fruiting  calyx  in  length;  calyx 
glabrous;  lobes  triangular  to  lan- 
ceolate, generally  shorter  than  the 
tube;  corolla  3"-5"  in  diameter, 
unspotted;  anthers  more  or  less 
purplish  tinged;  fruiting  calyx 
about  1'  long,  ovoid,  not  promi- 
nently 5-10-angled,  sometimes 
purple-nerved  and  at  length  nearly 
filled  with  the  yellow  berry.  [P. 
Linkiana  Dunal.] 


Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated  ground.     Naturalized.     Native  of  the  southern 
United  States  and  tropical  America.     Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


SOLANACEAE. 


335 


4,  Physalis  peruviana  L.  Cape 
Gooseberry.  (Fig.  362.)  Perennial 
by  rootstocks,  velvety-pubescent, 
branched,  2°-4°  high.  Leaves  thin, 
flaccid,  broadly  ovate,  2'-4'  long, 
acuminate  at  the  apex,  cordate  or 
subcordate  at  the  base,  the  petioles 
half  as  long  as  the  blades  or  less; 
peduncles  V  long  or  less,  recurved  in 
fruit ;  corolla  about  8"  broad,  yellow, 
with  a  dark  purplish  eye;  anthers 
violet;  fruiting  calyx  I'-l^'  long, 
ovoid,  scarcely  angled.  [P.  edulis 
of  Lefroy.] 

Waste  grounds,  escaped  from  culti- 
vation, and  locally  naturalized.  Native 
of  Soutti  America.  Flowers  in  spring 
and  summer. 


Physalis  lanceolata  Michx.,  of  the  central  and  southern  United  States,  a 
perennial  species  with  spatulate  or  oblanceolate  leaves,  and  yellowish  corolla 
with  a  dark  eye,  given  as  Bermudian  on  the  authority  of  Lane,  is  probably 
erroneously  recorded. 


3.     SOLANUM   [Tourn.]    L. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  often  stellate-pubescent,  some  species  climbing. 
Flowers  cymose,  umbelliform,  paniculate,  or  racemose.  Calyx  campanulate  or 
rotate,  mostly  5-toothed  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  rotate,  the  limb  plaited,  5-angled  or 
5-lobed,  the  tube  very  short.  Stamens  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla; 
filaments  short;  anthers  linear  or  oblong,  acute  or  acuminate,  connate  or  con- 
nivent  into  a  cone,  each  sac  dehiscent  by  a  terminal  pore,  or  sometimes  by  a 
short  introrse  terminal  slit,  or  sometimes  also  longitudinally.  Ovary  usually  2- 
eelled;  stigma  small.  Berry  mostly  globose,  the  calyx  either  persistent  at  its 
base  or  enclosing  it.  [Name,  according  to  Wittstean,  from  solamen,  quieting.] 
About  1000  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type  species:  Solamim 
nigrum  L. 


Plant  unarmed;  berries  small,  black,  1.  S.  nigrum. 

Plant    copiously   armed    with    yellow    prickles ;    berries    large, 

scarlet.  2,  8.  aculeatissimum. 


336 


SOLAN  ACE  AE. 


slightly  differing  races.     Flowers  from 
transported  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 

2.  Solanum      aculeatissimum 

Jacq.  Cockroach  Berry.  (Fig. 
364.)  Perennial,  slightly  woody, 
usually  mucli  branched,  2°-4° 
high,  somewhat  pilose  or  becoming 
glabrous,  the  branches,  petioles, 
leaf-blades  and  peduncles  armed 
with  straight  yellow  prickles. 
Leaves  thin,  broadly  ovate  in  out- 
line, 3'-6'  long,  pinnately  lobed 
or  repand;  cjTnes  few-flowered, 
lateral;  calyx  armed  with  stout 
prickles,  about  one-third  as  long 
as  the  corolla,  its  lobes  ovate, 
acute;  corolla  white,  about  6" 
broad ;  anthers  ovate-lanceolate ; 
berry  globose,  scarlet,  glabrous, 
i'-f  in  diameter. 

Roadsides  and  waste  groimds, 
occasional.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
tropical  America.  Flowers  in  sum- 
mer  and   autumn. 


1.  Solanum  nigrum  L.  Black 
OR  Garden  Nightshade.  (Fig.  363.) 
Annual,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pu- 
bescent with  simple  hairs,  l°-3°  high. 
Leaves  ovate,  petioled,  more  or  less 
inequilateral,  i'-3J  long,  thin,  acute 
or  aeutish,  entire  or  coarsely  toothed; 
peduncles  lateral,  umbellately  3-10- 
flowered;  pedicels  3"-8"  long;  flow- 
ers 4"-5"  broad;  calyx-lobes  oblong, 
or  ovate,  much  shorter  than  the  white 
corolla,  persistent  at  the  base  of  the 
berry;  filaments  somewiat  pubes- 
cent; anthers  obtuse;  berries  black, 
glabrous,  globose,  4"-5"  in  diameter, 
on  nodding  peduncles.  [S.  nodiflo- 
rum  Jacq.] 

In   waste   places    or   cultivated   soil, 
rather  common,  and  occasional  in  rocky 
woodlands.    Native.    Temperate  and  trop- 
ical regions  generally,  consisting  of  many 
pring  to  autumn.     Its  seeds  were  probably 


Solanum  tdrvum  Sw.,  Bushy  White  Solanum,  tropical  American,  a  tall 
bushy  species,  common  as  a  weed  in  the  West  Indies,  tomentose  nearly  all 
over,  and  armed  with  nearly  straight  yellowish  prickles,  the  ovate  angular- 
lobed  leaves  8'  long  or  less,  scabrous  above,  the  white  flowers  about  J'  broad, 
in  lateral  cymes,  the  globose  berries  about  4"  in  diameter,  is  one  of  the  few 
plants  mentioned   by   Grisebach  in  ' '  Flora  of  the  British  West  Indies, ' '   as 


SOLANACEAE  337 

inhabiting-  Bermuda.  It  is  also  recorded  as  a  weed  by  Lefroy,  who  regarded 
it  as  a  native  plant,  and  mentioned  by  Jones,  but  s-ubsequent  collectors  have 
failed  to  find  it  wild.  It  was  planted  at  the  Agricultural  Station  some  years 
ago,  and  was  seen  there  in  1914 

Solanum  tuberosum  L.,  Potato,  South  American,  is  one  of  the  very  im- 
portant crop'<  of  Bermuda^  and  has  been  cultivated  since  the  early  days  of 
the  colony. 

Solanum  Melongena  L.,  Ego-plant,  Asiatic,  cultivated  for  its  large  edible 
fruit,  is  a  perennial,  tomentose  and  prickly  species  with  purplish  flowers  nearly 
2'  wide,  the  globose  to  oval  fruit  sometimes  a  foot  in  length.  [S.  ovigerum 
Dunal.] 

Solanum  Rantonnetii  Carr.,  Blue  Potato-bush,  South  American,  grown 
for  ornament  in  gardens,  is  a  glabrous  shrub  up  to  6°  high,  with  slender- 
petioled  thin  entire  ovate  to  elliptic  leaves  about  3"  long,  few-flowered,  axil- 
lary clusters  of  slender-pedicelled,  dark  blue-purple  flowers,  the  corolla  nearly 
1'  broad,  the  red,  drooping  berries  j'-f  in  diameter. 

Solanum  Seaforthianum  Andr.,  Seaforth's  Potato-vine,  of  tropical 
America,  grown  on  walls  or  trellises  for  ornament,  is  a  long,  somewhat  woody, 
nearly  or  quite  glabrous  vine,  with  thin  leaves,  either  pinnately  parted  or 
entire,  6'  long  or  less,  their  segments  ovate  or  lanceolate,  .acute  or  acuminate; 
the  purple  or  lilac  flowers  are  8"-12"  broad,  borne  in  peduncled  axillary  com- 
pound cymes,  on  slender  pedicels,  followed  by  globose  yellowish  or  reddish 
berries  about  4"  in  diameter. 

Solanum  jasminoides  Paxton,  Jasmine  Potato-vine,  South  American, 
is  similar  to  S.  Seaforthianum,  but  sometimes  puberulent,  and  with  nearly 
white  flowers  in  short  clusters,  is  occasionally  grown  for  ornament.  Its  upper 
leaves  are  usually  lanceolate  and  entire. 

Solanum  Wendlandii  Hook,  f.,  Wendland's  Potato-vine,  Costa  Rican, 
also  an  ornamental  vine,  grown  on  trellises  and  porches,  is  stouter  than  S. 
Seaforthianum,  with  somewhat  prickly  branches,  its  leaves  larger  the  lower 
ones,  at  least,  pinnately  parted;  the  lilac-blue  flowers  are  about  2'  broad,  usu- 
ally in  large  clusters. 

Solanum  robtistum  Wendl.,  Cockroach  Poison,  Brazilian,  seen  at  Orange 
Vialley  in  1914,  is  a  densely  velvety  shrub  about  6°  high,  the  branches  and 
leaves  armed  with  slender,  flattened  prickles  A'  long  or  less,  the  ovate-elliptic, 
acute  coarsely  few-lobed  leaves  S'^IO'  long,  on  margined  petioles  decurrent  on 
the  twigs;  the  white  flowers  are  about  8"  broad,  in  short  racemes,  the  globose 
pubescent  berries  about  4"  in  diameter. 

4.     LYCOPERSICON  Mill. 

Annual,  or  rarely  perennial,  coarse  herbs,  with  1-2-pinnately  divided 
leaves,  and  lateral  irregular  raceme-like  cymes  of  small  yellowish  flowers  op- 
posite the  leaves.  Calyx  5-parted,  or  rarely  6-parted,  the  segments  linear  or 
lanceolate.  Corolla  rotate,  the  tube  very  short,  the  limb  5-cleft  or  rarely  6- 
cleft,  plicate.  Stamens  5  (rarely  6),  inserted  on  the  throat  of  the  corolla; 
filaments  short ;  anthers  elongated,  connate  or  connivent,  introrsely  longi- 
tudinally dehiscent.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  style  simple;  stigma  small,  capitate. 
Berry  in  the  wild  plants  globose  or  pyriform,  much  modified  in  cultivation, 
the  calyx  persistent  at  its  base.  [Greek,  wolf-peach.]  About  4  species, 
natives  of  South  America,  the  following  typical. 

23 


338 


SOLANACEAE. 


1.  Lycopersicon  Lycoper- 
sicon  (L.)  Karst.  Tomato. 
Love-apple.  Cherry  Tomato. 
(Fig.  365.)  Viscid-pubescent, 
much  branclied,  l°-3°  high. 
Leaves  petioled,  6-1^°  long, 
the  segments  stalked,  the 
larger  7-9  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  mostly  acute,  den- 
tate, lobed  or  again  divided, 
with  several  or  numerous 
smaller  ones  interspersed ; 
flowers  5"-8"  broad ;  calyx- 
segments  abouit  equalling  the 
corolla;  berry  the  'n;ell-known 
tomato  or  love-apple.  [So- 
lanum  Lycopersicum  L. ;  Ly- 
copersicon   esculentum    Mill.] 

Frequent  in  waste  grounds, 
and  spontaneous  after  cultiva- 
tion. Introduced.  Native  of 
South  America.  Flowers  nearly 
throughout  the  year.  Widely 
cultivated  in  all  temperate  and 
warm  regions. 

5.  CAPSICUM  [Tourn.]  L. 
Annual  or  jDerennial  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  forking  stems.  Leaves  flat, 
entire  or  repand.  Flowers  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  small  cymes.  Calyx 
scarcely  accrescent,  of  5  wholly  or  partially  united  sepals.  Corolla  usually 
white,  nearly  rotate,  its  lobes  5,  imbricated.  Stamens  5,  adnate  to  the  base 
of  the  corolla;  anthers  bluish,  the  sacs  opening  lengthwise.  Ovary  2-3-celled. 
Stigma  club-shaped  or  dilated.  Berries  red,  yellow  or  green,  nodding,  very  pun- 
gent. Seeds  flattened.  [Latin,  capsa, 
a  box,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the 
fruit  in  forms  of  the  typical  species.] 
About  30  species,  natives  of  America. 
Type  species:  Capsicum  annuum  L. 

1.  Capsicum  baccatum  L.  Bird 
Pepper.  (Fig.  366.)  Perennial, 
shrubby,  more  or  less  pubescent. 
Stems  3°-9°  long,  sometimes  vine- 
like, widely  branching;  leaves  ovate, 
oblong-ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  l'-2' 
long,  acute  or  acuminate,  entire,  ab- 
ruptly narrowed  or  truncate  at  the 
base;  petioles  one-half  as  long  as  the 
blades  or  shorter ;  pedicels  narrowly 
club-shaped,  5"-10"  long;  calyx  about 
14"  long,  its  lobes  as  long  as  the  tube 
or  somewhat  shorter;  berries  globose 
to  ellipsoid,  3"-5"  long,  red,  obtuse. 

Rocky  woodlands,  occasional.  Na- 
tive. Southern  United  States  and  trop- 
ical continental  America.  Summer  and 
autumn.     Occasional  in  gardens. 


SOLANACEAE. 


339 


Capsicum  frutescens  L.,  Spanish  Pepper,  tropical  American,  also 
shrubby,  grown  in  gardens,  has  larger  oblong  pointed  berries,  the  calyx  nearly 
truncate,  the  pedicels  more  or  less  enlarged  under  the  calyx. 

Capsicum  annuum  L.,  Chillies,  Guinea  Pepper,  also  of  tropical  America, 
groAvn  for  its  large  fruits,  and  recorded  by  H.  B.  Small  as  occasionally  seen 
outside  of  plantations,  is  annual  or  biennial,  herbaceous,  its  fruits  often  3'  or 
4'  long,  very  variable. 

6.  BRUGMANSIA  Pers. 
Shrubs  or  trees,  with  large  alternate  petioled  leaves,  and  very  large 
drooping,  w^hite  or  red  flowers  on  solitary  curved  peduncles.  Calyx  angled, 
spathaceous  or  5-cleft.  Corolla  long-funnelform,  angular,  the  limb  with  5 
lanceolate  acuminate  lobes.  Anthers  included.  Ovary  2-celled.  Capsule 
spindle-form,  unarmed.  [In  honor  of  S.  J.  Brugmans,  professor  in  Leyden.] 
Three  species,  natives  of  Mexico  and  South  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Brugmansia  arborea  (L.) 
Steud.  Cornucopia.  Horn  of  Plenty. 
(Fig.  367.)  Much  branched,  6°-15° 
high,  the  twigs  stout,  densely  pubes- 
cent. Leaves  ovate  to  oblong  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  pubescent  on  both  sides, 
6'-10'  long,  entire  or  sinuate-dentate, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
rounded  or  acute  and  mostly  inequi- 
lateral at  the  base,  the  pubescent 
petioles  l'-3'  long;  peduncles  l'-2' 
long;  calyx  3'-4'  long,  2-cleft  to 
about  the  middle;  corolla  white,  8'- 
10'  long,  often  double,  its  lobes  l'-2' 
long;  capsule  li'-S'  long.  [Datura 
arhorea  L. ;  Brugmansia  Candida 
Pers.] 

Occasional  in  waste  grounds.  In- 
troduced, and  commonly  grown  in  gar- 
dens for  ornament.  Native  of  South 
America.    Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 

Brugmansia  suaveolens  (H.  &  B.)  G.  Don,  Moon-plant,  Mexican,  differs 
in  having  nearly  or  quite  glabrous  foliage  and  a  o-cleft  calyx.  [Datura 
suaveolens  H.  &  B.] 

7.  DATURA  L. 
Tall  narcotic  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  large  solitary  erect 
short-peduncled  white  purple  or  violet  flowers.  Calyx  elongated-tubular  or 
prismatic,  its  apex  5-cleft  or  spathe-like,  in  the  following  species  circumscissile 
near  the  base  which  is  persistent  and  subtends  the  prickly  capsule.  Corolla 
funnelform,  the  limb  plaited,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  broad,  acuminate.  Stamens 
included  or  little  exserted ;  filaments  filiform,  very  long,  inserted  at  or  below 
the  middle  of  the  corolla-tube.  Ovary  2-celled,  or  falsely  4-celled ;  style 
filiform;   stigma  slightly  2-lobed.     Capsule  4-valved  from  the  top,  or  bursting 


340 


SOLANACEAE. 


irregularly.     [The   Hindoo   name,   dhatura.]     About   12   species,   of  wide   dis- 
tribution.    Type  species:   Datura  Stramonium  L. 

1.  Datura  Stramonium  L. 

Stramonium.  Jamestown  or 
JiMsoN  "Weed.  Thorn-apple. 
Purple  Stramonium.  Stink- 
ing-weed. (Fig.  368.)  An- 
nual, glabrous  or  tlie  young 
parts  sparingly  pubescent ; 
stem  stout  l°-5°  high.  Leaves 
thin,  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
mostly  narrowed  at  the  base, 
3'-8'  long,  irregularly  sinuate- 
lobed,  the  lobes  acute;  flowers 
white  or  purple,  about  4'  high; 
calyx  prismatic,  less  than  one- 
half  the  length  of  the  corolla; 
capsule  ovoid,  densely  prickly, 
erect,  about  2'  high.  [D.  Ta- 
tula  L.] 

Common  in  waste  places  and 
cultivated  ground.  Native.  West 
Indies  and  continental  tropical 
America.  Widely  naturalized  in 
temperate  and  tropical  regions. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


2.  Datura      Metel      L. 

Prickly-bur.  (Fig.  369.)  An- 
nual, finely  glandular-pubes- 
cent, 3°-9°  high.  Leaves 
broadly  ovate,  acute,  inequi- 
lateral, obtuse  or  subcordate  at 
the  base,  4'-10'  long;  flowers 
white,  6'-7J'  long;  calyx  about 
one-half  as  long  as  the  corolla; 
capsule  globose  or  ovoid-glo- 
bose, prickly  and  pubescent, 
pendulous,    I'-l^'   in    diameter. 


Waste  grounds.  Recorded  by 
previous  authors  but  not  found 
by  us.  Native  of  tropical  America. 
Naturalized  in  the  eastern  United 
States. 


SOLANACEAE. 


341 


Datura  fastuosa  L.,  Garden  Datura,  Asiatic,  a  tall  glabrous  herbaceous 
species,  with  repand  leaves  often  8'  long,  the  sharply  toothed  calyx  2'-3'  long, 
the  white  to  purple  corolla  6'-8'  long,  often  double  or  triple,  with  long-tipped 
lobes,  the  erect  capsules  about  '2'  long,  covered  Avith  short  stout  prickles,  is 
grown  for  ornament. 


8.     NICOTIANA  [Tourn.]  L. 

Viscid-pubescent  narcotic  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  large  alternate  entire  or 
slightly  undulate  leaves,  and  white  yellow  greenish  or  purplish  flowers,  in 
terminal  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  tubular-campanulate  or  ovoid,  5-cleft. 
Corolla-tube  usually  longer  than  the  limb,  5-lobed,  the  lobes  spreading. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform;  anther-sacs 
longitudinally  dehiscent.  Ovary  2-celled  (rarely  4-celled)  ;  style  slender ; 
stigma  capitate.  Capsule  2-valved,  or  sometimes  4-valved  at  the  summit. 
Seeds  numerous,  small.  [Named  for  John  Nicot,  French  ambassador  to 
Portugal,  who  sent  some  species  to  Catherine  de  Medici,  about  1560.]  About 
50  species,  mostly  natives  of  America.     Type  species:   Nicotiana  Tdbacum  L. 


Annual  herb  with  pink  flowers. 
Shrub   or   tree   with  yellow  flowers. 


1.  N.  Tabactim. 

2.  N.  glauca. 


1.  Nicotiana    Tabacum    L. 

Tobacco.  (Fig.  370.)  Annual, 
3°-6°  high,  little  branched.  Leaves 
oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate,  4'-12' 
long,  sessile,  acute  or  acuminate 
at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base, 
the  lower  ones  decurrent  on  the 
stem;  calyx  about  V  long,  its  lobes 
ovate;  corolla  funnelform,  about 
2'  long,  pink,  its  lobes  triangular, 
acuminate ;  capsule  longer  than  the 
calyx. 


Occasional  on  walls  and  in  waste  grounds.  Introduced.  Native  of  continental 
tropical  America  but  its  original  home  unknown.  Formerly  extensively  cultivated 
in  Bermuda  but  very  little  at  the  present  time  :  in  1903  the  Botanical  Station  is 
recorded  to  have  had  enough  seedlings  to  plant  six  acres.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn. 


342 


SOLANACEAE. 


2.  Nicotiana  glauca  Graham.  Tree 
Tobacco.  (Fig.  371.)  A  branching 
shrub,  or  a  tree  becoming  20°  tall. 
Leaves  ovate  or  oblong-ovate,  2'-8' 
long  or  sometimes  larger,  undulate,  long 
or  slender-petioled;  panicles  long;  pedi- 
cels mostly  less  than  10"  long;  calyx 
6"  or  7"  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate  or  tri- 
angular-lanceolate, shorter  than  the  tube ; 
corolla  yellow  or  yellowish,  about  1^' 
long,  the  tube  gradually  enlarged  to  the 
slightly  oonstricted  throat;  the  limb 
about  5"  broad,  the  lobes  broad  but 
acutish;  ciapsules  narrowly  ovoid  or  ob- 
long-ovoid, 5"-6"  long. 

Occasional  in  waste  grounds.  Intro- 
duced. Sometimes  grown  in  gardens  for 
ornament.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
It  is  native  of  South  America  and  widely 
naturalized  in  the  southwestern  United 
States. 

Nicotiana  acuminata  (Graham)  Hook.,  Sharp-leaved  Tobacco,  South 
American,  grown  at  Mt.  Langton  about  1875,  has  lanceolate  acuminate  undu- 
late-margined leaves,  the  few  flowers  about  3'  long  in  terminal  panicles. 
[Petunia  acuminata  Graham.] 

Lycium  halimifolium  Mill.,  Matrimony  Vine,  European,  a  woody 
climber,  with  spiny  branches,  glabrous  entire  oblong  to  &*patulate  acute 
leaves  l'-2'  long,  small  axillary  purplish  flowers  turning  yello^vish,  with 
funnelform  corollas  and  slightly  exserted  stamens,  as  long  as  the  style,  fol- 
lowed by  orange-colored  oval  berries,  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  found  on 
David's  Island,  prior  to  1879.      [L.  vulgare  Dunal.] 

Lycium  chinense  Mill.,  Asiatic,  a  shrub  with  spatulate  obtuse  leaves,  simi- 
lar flowers  to  those  of  the  Matrimony  Vine,  with  the  style  longer  than  the 
stamens,  is  grown  in  a  few  gardens. 

Oestrum  Parqui  L'Her.,  South  American,  was  established  at  Mt.  Langton 
in  1874,  and  flowered  profusely,  but  H.  B.  Small  records  its  subsequent  dis- 
api^earance.  It  is  a  glabrous  shrub  with  lanceolate  petioled  entire  acuminate 
leaves  about  3'  long,  the  panicled  flowers  greenish  yellow,  the  narrow  corolla 
with  a  short  spreading  limb,  very  fragrant  at  night. 

Oestrum  noctumum  L.,  Night-bix)Oming  Oestrum,  West  Indian,  occa- 
sionally planted  for  ornament,  is  a  glabrous  shrub,  12°  high  or  less,  with  ovate- 
lanceolate  to  oblong,  petioled  acuminate  leaves  3'-.5'  long,  and  flowers  in  axil- 
lary panicles;  the  cup-shaped  calyx  is  about  IV'  long,  the  yellow  narrowly 
tubular  corolla  with  a  short  limb  is  about  V  long,  the  nearly  w^hite,  globose 
berries  about  5"  in  diameter. 

Brunfelsia  americana  L.,  Brunfelsia,  Lady-of-the-Night,  West  In- 
dian, a  shrub  4°-7°  high,  with  elliptic  to  obovate  short-petioled  leaves  2'-4' 
long,  long,  usually  solitary  and  terminal  yellowish  fragrant  flowers,  the  nar- 
row corolla-^tube  about  24'  long,  the  spreading  5-lobed  corolla-limb  nearly  J' 
wide,  the  fruit  a  yellow  berry  8"-10"  in  diameter,  is  occasionally  grown  for 
ornament  and  interest. 


SOLANACEAE.  343 

Brunfelsia  fallax  Duch.,  Long-flowered  Brunfelsia,  also  West  Indian, 
occasionally  grown,  bas  a  similar  corolla  about  4'  long. 

Petunia  axillaris  (Lam.)  B.  S.  P.,  White  Petunia,  Brazilian,  grown  in 
flower-gardens,  is  viscid-pubescent,  about  1°  high,  with  ovate  to  obovate  thin 
entire  leaves  l'-4'  long,  the  lower  ones  petioled;  the  slender-peduncled  flowers 
are  white,  the  corolla  with  a  narrow  tube  I'-Vl'  long,  and  abruptly  spread- 
ing limb  about  as  wide  as  the  length  of  the  tube.      [P.  nyctaginiflora  Juss.] 

Petunia  violacea  Lindl.,  Violet  Petunia,  also  South  American,  is  simi- 
lar to  the  preceding  species,  often  lower  and  with  somewhat  smaller  leaves 
and  violet  flowers  with  a  broader  corolla  tube.  The  widely  cultivated  garden 
Petunias  are  hybrids  between  this  species  and  P.  axillaris,  the  flowers  white, 
violet,  or  variegated.     [P.  phoenicea  of  Lefroy.] 

Salpiglossis  sinuata  E.  &  P.,  Salpiglossis,  Chilean  or  Peruvian,  a  glan-^ 
dular-pubescent,  viscid  branched  annual,  with  an.  erect  stem  l°-2°  high,  the 
lower  leaves  narrowly  oblong,  3'-4'  long,  sinuate-lobed  or  toothed,  narrowed 
into  petioles,  the  upper  leaves  linear,  smaller,  sessile,  entire,  the  broadly 
funnelform  corollas  about  2'  broad,  variously  colored,  is  grown  in  gardens. 

Family  10.     SCROPHULARIACEAE  Lindl. 

FiGWORT  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs  or  trees,  with  estipulate  leaves,  and  perfect  mostly  com- 
plete and  irregular  flowers  (corolla  wanting  in  one  species  of  Synthyris). 
Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  4-5-toothed,  -cleft,  or  -divided,  or  sometimes 
split  on  the  lower  side,  or  on  both  sides,  the  lobes  or  segments  valvate,  im- 
bricate or  distinct  in  the  bud.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  limb  2-lipped,  or 
nearly  regular.  Stamens  2,  4  or  5,  didynamous,  or  nearly  equal,  inserted 
on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers  2-celled;  the  sacs  equal, 
or  unequal,  or  sometimes  confluent  into  one.  Disk  present  or  obsolete. 
Pistil  1,  entire  or  2-lobed;  ovary  superior,  2-eelled,  or  rarely  1-celled; 
ovules  anatropous  or  amphitropous,  on  axile  placentae;  style  slender, 
simple;  stigma  entire;  2-lobed  or  2-lamellate.  Fruit  mostly  capsular  and 
septicidally  or  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  mostly  numerous;  endo- 
sperm fleshy;  embryo  small,  straip'ht  or  slightly  curved;  cotjdedons  little 
broader  than  the  radicle.  About  165  genera  and  2700  species,  widely  dis- 
tributed. 

A.  Upper  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  in  the  bud. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  5  ;  corolla  rotate.  1.  Verba^cum. 

Anther-bearing  stamens  2  or  4  ;  corolla  not  rotate. 
Corolla  spurred  or  saccate  at  the  base. 
Corolla  spurred. 

Leaves  palmately  veined.  2.  Cymhalaria. 

Leaves  pinnately  veined.  3.  Kickxia. 

Corolla  saccate.  4.  Maurandya. 

Corolla  neither  spurred  nor  saccate. 

Shrubs  with  angular  branches.  5.  Russellia. 

Low   herbs.  6.  Bramia. 

B.  Lower  lip  or  lobes  of  the  corolla  external  In  the  bud. 

Corolla  4-6-lobed  ;  leaves  alternate  ;  capsule  oval.  7.  Capraria. 

Corolla  4-lobed  ;  leaves  opposite  ;  capsule  notched.  8.  Veronica. 

1.     VERBASCUM    [Tourn.]    L. 

Biennial  or  rarely  perennial,  mostly  tall  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and 
rather  large  flowers,  in  terminal  spikes,  racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx  deeply  5- 
cleft  or  5-parted.     Corolla  flat-rotate  or  slightly  concave,  S-lobed.  the  lobes  a 


344 


SCEOPHULARIACEAE. 


little  unequal,  the  upper  exterior,  at  least  in  the  bud.  Stamens  5,  inserted  on 
the  base  of  the  corolla,  unequal;  filaments  of  the  3  upper  stamens,  or  of  all 
5,  pilose;  anther-sacs  confluent  into  one.  Ovules  numerous;  style  dilated  and 
flattened  at  the  summit.  Capsule  septicidally  2-valved,  the  valves  usually  2- 
cleft  at  the  apex.  Seeds  rugose.  [The  Latin  name  of  the  great  mullen;  used 
by  Pliny.]  About  125  species,  of  the  Old  World.  Type  species:  Verbascum 
Thapsus  L. 


Plant  densely  woolly ;  flowers  in  dense  spikes. 

Plant  sparingly  pubescent ;   flowers  in   long  racemes. 


1.  V.  Thapsus. 

2.  V.  virgatum. 


Common  in  fields  and  in  waste  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe.  Widely  natural- 
ized in  North  America.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn.      Sometimes    called    Dock-leaf. 

2.  Verbascum  virgatum  "With.  Twiggy 
Mullen.  (Fig.  373.)  Annual  or  biennial, 
tall  and  vrand-like,  loosely  pubescent,  green, 
4°-6°  tall.  Leaves  crenate-dentate,  the  basal 
ones  obovate-elliptic,  obtuse,  narrowed  into 
slender  petioles,  the  lower  ones  oblong  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, acutish,  3'-5'  long,  narrowed 
into  margined  petioles,  the  upper  lanceolate 
to  ovate,  acute,  cordate-clasping  at  the  base; 
raceme  often  2°  long,  narrow ;  pedicels  stout, 
2''-3"  long  in  fruit,  about  as  long  as  the 
lanceolate,  glandular-pubescent  fruiting  calyx- 
lobes;  corolla  yellow,  or  white,  1'  broad  or  less. 

Cultivated  grounds,  Warwick,  and  on  Castle 
Point,  1914.  Introduced.  Native  of  Europe. 
Naturalized  as  a  weed  in  the  southwestern  United 
States.     Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


1.  Verbascum  Thapsus  L. 
Great  Mullex.  Flannel- 
leaf.  (Fig.  372.)  Simple  or 
with  some  erect  branches, 
densely  woolly  with  branched 
hairs,  l°-8°  high.  Leaves  ob- 
long, thick,  acute,  narrowed 
at  the  base,  dentate  or  dentic- 
ulate, 4'-12'  long,  the  basal 
ones  margined-petioled ;  flow- 
ers yellow,  i'-l'  broad,  sessile, 
numerous  in  dense  elongated 
spikes;  stamens  unequal,  the 
three  upper  shorter  with  white 
hairy  filaments  and  short 
anthers,  the  two  lower  gla- 
brous or  nearly  so  with  larger 
anthers;  capsule  about  3" 
high. 


SCEOPHULARIACEAE. 


345 


2.  CYMBALARIA  Medic. 
Perennial  creeping  or  spreading  herbs,  with  long-petioled,  mostly  lobed, 
palmately  veined  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  white  to  violet  flowers.  Calyx 
o-parted.  Corolla  irregular,  2-lipped,  short-spurred ;  upper  lip  2-lobed,  lower 
lip  3-lobed;  throat  nearly  or  quite  closed  by  the  palate.  Stamens  4,  didyn- 
amous,  ascending,  included,  the  filaments  filiform.  Style  very  slender.  Capsule 
dehiscent  by  2  terminal  3-toothed  pores.  Seeds  numerous,  small.  [From  the 
Greek  for  cymbal.]     About  9  species,  of  the  Old  World,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Cymbalaria  CymbaJaria  (L.) 
Wettst.  Kexilworth  or  Coliseum  Ivy. 
(Fig.  374.)  Glabrous;  stem  trailing, 
often  rooting  at  the  nodes,  4'-12'  long. 
Leaves  reniform-orbicular,  3-5-lobed,  3"- 
12"  in  diameter,  the  lobes  broad  and 
obtuse;  flowers  blue  or  lilac,  4"-5"  long; 
peduncles  slender,  recurved,  shorter  than 
the  petioles;  calyx-segments  lanceolate, 
acute ;  palate  yellowish ;  capsule  globose ; 
seeds  rugose.  [Antirrhinum  Cymbalaria 
L.;  Linaria  Cymbalaria  Mill.] 

Occasional  on  roadside  walls  and 
rocks.  Introduced.  Native  of  Europe.  In- 
troduced into  the  eastern  United  States. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 

3.  KICKXIA  Dumort. 
Mostly  annual  spreading  or  creeping 
herbs,  with  pinnately  veined,  short-peti- 
oled  leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  white  yellow  or  variegated  flowers.  Calyx  5- 
parted.  Corolla  irregular,  spurred,  2-lipped,  the  throat  closed  by  the  palate. 
Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included;  filaments  filiform.  Capsule  opening  by  1 
or  2  terminal  slits,  pores,  or  valves.     Seeds  ovoid,  mostly  rough  or  tubercled. 

About  25  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World,  the  following  typical.  [In  honor 
of  Johann  Kickx,  professor  in  Ghent.] 

1.  Kickxia  Elatine  (L.)  Dumort. 
Sharp-pointed  Fluellix  or  Toad- 
flax. (Fig.  375.)  Annual,  pubescent; 
stems  prostrate,  6'-2°  long.  Leaves 
*'-l'  long,  acute  or  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  ovate  or  triangular,  hastate, 
truncate,  or  subcordate  at  the  base,  en- 
tire, or  few-toothed,  the  basal  auricles 
divergent,  acute;  flowers  about  3"  long; 
peduncles  filiform ;  calyx-segments  nar- 
rowly lanceolate,  acute ;  corolla  yellow- 
ish, purplish  beneath,  its  spur  slender, 
straight.  Capsule  sub-globose.  \ Antir- 
rhinum Elatine  L. ;  Linaria  Elatina 
Mill.;  Evolvulus  alsinoides  of  Moore.] 

Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe. 
Naturalized  in  eastern  North  America. 
Flowers  from   spring  to  autumn. 


346 


SCROPHULARIACEAE. 


4.  MAURANDYA  Ortega. 
Annual  or  perennial  vines,  the  leaves  alternate,  or  opposite  below,  flat, 
hastate,  angulate  or  coarsely  toothed.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Sepals 
partially  united.  Corolla  showy,  pink,  purple  or  violet,  irregular,  its  tube 
scarcely  gibbous  at  the  base,  with  2  often  pubescent  lines  or  plaits  in  the 
throat.  Stamens  4,  included;  filaments  thickened  at  the  apex;  anther-sacs 
often  confluent.  Styles  with  2  dilated  lobes  at  the  apex.  Ovules  numerous. 
Capsule  short,  opening  by  transverse  or  irregular  chinks.  Seeds  wrinkled  or 
tuberculate.  [In  honor  of  Maurandy,  a  botanist  of  Cartajena.]  About  6 
species,  of  warm  and  tropical  America.     Type  species:    listeria  scandens  Cav. 


Corolla  7"-8"  long;  sepals  nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube. 
Corolla  12"-15"  long;  sepals  shorter  than  the  corolla-tube. 


1.  M.  antirrhiniflora. 

2.  M.  scandens. 


1.  Maurandya  antirrhiniflora  (H.  &  B.) 
Willd.  Roving  Sailor.  (Fig.  376.)  Very 
slender,  climbing  to  a  length  of  10°  or  more, 
glabrous  throughout.  Leaves  triangular-has- 
tate, acute,  i'-l'  long,  slender-petioled;  pe- 
duncles very  slender,  mostly  longer  than  the 
petioles;  sepals  linear-lanceolate,  acuminate, 
nearly  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube;  corolla 
purple,  7"-8"  long,  its  limb  much  shorter  than 
its  tube;  capsule  depressed-globose,  about  5" 
in  diameter.      [Usteria  antirriniflora  Poir.] 

On  walls  and  trees  along  roads.  Introduced 
and  escaped  from  cultivation.  Native  of  the 
southwestern  United  States  and  Mexico.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn.  H.  B.  Small's  description 
of  M.  sempervircns  suggests  this  as  the  plant  he 
had  in  mind. 


^m^ 


2.  Maurandya  scandens  (Cav.)  Pers. 
Larger  Roving  Sailor.  (Fig.  377.)  Peren- 
nial, glabrous;  similar  to  the  preceding  spe- 
cies, but  stouter,  and  with  larger  leaves  and 
flowers.  Leaves  triangular-hastate,  V-IV 
long,  the  apex  acuminate  or  acute ;  peduncles 
much  longer  than  the  petioles,  sometimes 
longer  than  the  leaves;  sepals  lanceolate, 
acuminate,  one-third  to  one-half  as  long  as 
the  corolla-tube;  corolla  purple,  12"-15" 
long,  its  limb  about  one-third  as  long  as  its 
tube;  capsule  globose,  as  long  as  the  calyx. 
[M.  sempervirens  of  Reade ;  M.  semperflorens 
Jaeq. ;  Usteria  scandens  Cav.] 

Occasional  on  walls,  banks  and  hedges. 
Native  of  Mexico.  Flowers  in  summer  and 
autumn.      Frequently   cultivated   for   ornament. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE. 


347 


Maurandya  Barclayana  Lindl.,  Barclay's  Eoving  Sailor,  Mexican,  re- 
corded as  found  in  Bermuda  by  Reade,  Lefroy,  H.  B.  Small,  Jones  and  as 
cultivated  here,  by  Verrill,  has  flowers  and  leaves  similar  to  those  of  M. 
scandens,  but  the  sepals  are  densely  glandular-pubescent.  I  have  not  met 
with  it.     H.  B.  Small 's  description  points  to  M.  scandens. 

Maurandya  erubescens  (Don)  A.  Gray,  Red  Maurandya,  Mexican,  is 
grown  as  an  ornamental  vine  on  porches  and  trellises,  and  locally  seems  estab- 
lished, as  at  Orange  Valley;  its  stems  and  triangular-hastate  leaves  are  pubes- 
cent, the  ovate-lanceolate  sepals  nearly  1'  long,  the  rose-red  corolla  about  3' 
long.     [Lophospermum  erubescens  Zuce.] 

5.  RUSSELLIA  Jacq. 

Shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  or  whorled  leaves,  sometimes  reduced  to 
mere  scales,  and  cymose  or  panicled,  mostly  showy  flowers.  Calyx-lobes  ovate. 
Corolla  tubular,  or  tubular-funnelform,  the  tube  long,  the  lobes  short,  some- 
what unequal.  Stamens  4,  with  divergent  anther-sacs;  no  staminodes.  Cap- 
sule ovoid  to  globose.  [In  honor  of  Alexander  Russell,  English  physician  and 
traveller,  who  died  in  1786.]  About  15  species,  natives  of  tropical  America. 
Type  species:  Bussellia  sarmentosa  Jacq. 


1.  Russellia  equisetiformis  Schl.  &  Cham. 
RussELLiA.  Heath.  (Fig.  378.)  A  gla- 
brous, much-branched  shrub,  lh°-4:°  high, 
with  spreading  or  arching  striate  branches, 
the  twigs  very  slender.  Leaves  of  the  stem 
and  branches,  or  most  of  them,  reduced  to 
acute  scales  about  1"  long,  those  of  sterile 
twigs  spatulate,  7"  long  or  less ;  calyx  about 
2"  long;  corolla  bright  red,  about  V  long, 
its  lobes  ovate,  2"-3"  long;  capsule  ovoid. 
[B.  juncea  Zucc] 

Roadsides  and  banks,  escaped  from  gar- 
dens, in  which  it  is  common.  Introduced. 
Native  of  Mexico.  Naturalized  in  the  West 
Indies.  Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn  and 
is  very  showy. 


6.  BRAMIA  Lam. 
Prostrate  or  diffuse  herbs,  with  opposite  obtuse  mostly  entire  leaves,  and 
small  peduneled  flowers,  mostly  solitary  in  the  axils.  Calyx  subtended  by  2 
bracts,  5-parted,  the  upper  segment  the  broadest.  Corolla  nearly  regular,  the 
tube  cylindric,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  4,  didynamous,  included.  Style 
slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  septicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
numerous.  [From  Brami,  a  Malabar  name.]  About  20  species,  of  warm  and 
tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Bramia  indica  Lam. 


348 


SCROPHULARIACEAE. 


1.  B  rami  a  Monniera  (L.) 
Drake.  Monxier  's  Hedge  hyssop. 
(Fig.  379.)  Perennial,  glabrous, 
fleshy;  stem  creeping,  rooting  at 
the  nodes,  3-20'  long.  Leaves 
spatulate  or  cuneate-obcordate,  ses- 
sile, rounded  at  the  apex,  entire, 
or  sparingly  denticulate,  3"-10" 
long;  peduncles  mainly  in  alternate 
axils,  2-bracteolate  at  the  summit, 
in  fruit  longer  than  the  leaves; 
flowers  pale  blue,  about  5"  long; 
upper  calyx-segment  ovate,  acute; 
corolla  obscurely  2-lipped;  stamens 
nearly  equal;  capsule  ovoid,  acute, 
shorter  than  the  calyx.  [Gratiola 
Monniera  L. ;  Herpestis  Monniera 
H.B.K.] 

Common  in  moist  grounds.  Na- 
tive. Southern  United  States,  West 
Indies,    tropical    continental   America 

and   tropical   Asia.      Flowers   from   spring  to   autumn.      Its    minute   seeds   probably 

transported  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 


7.  CAPRARIA  L. 
Perennial  herbs  or  shrubby  plants,  the  leaves  alternate,  longer  than  broad, 
toothed.  Flowers  on  axillary  peduncles.  Calyx  of  4-6  narrow,  almost  equal 
sepals.  Corolla  white,  campanulate,  with  4-6  flat  lobes.  Stamens  usually  4; 
anther-sacs  2,  divergent,  confluent.  Stigmas  dilated  or  2-lobed.  Capsule  short, 
2-grooved,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds 
reticulated.  [Latin,  from  capra  a  nanny- 
goat.]  About  four  species,  of  tropical  and 
subtropical  America,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Capraria  "bifldra  L.  Capraria.  Goat- 
weed.  (Fig.  380.)  Stems  l°-3°  tall, 
branching,  sometimes  pubescent.  Leaves 
oblanceolate,  cuneate  or  oblong,  ^'-2'  long, 
acute,  sharply  serrate  above  the  middle; 
peduncles  solitary  or  2  together,  shorter  than 
the  subtending  leaves;  sepals  linear-lanceo- 
late to  linear-subulate,  2' -3''  long;  corolla 
about  5"  long,  the  tube  campanulate,  the 
lobes  lanceolate,  about  as  long  a&  the  tube; 
capsules  oval  or  oval-ovoid,  about  as  long  as 
the  sepals. 

Occasional  in  waste  grounds  and  along 
roads,  .  Naturalized.  Native  of  the  southern 
United  States  and  West  Indies.  Flowers  in 
summer  and  autumn. 


SCROPHULARIACEAE. 


349 


8.  VERONICA  [Tourn.]  L. 
Herbs  (some  exotic  species  shrubs  or  trees),  with  opposite  and  alternate, 
rarely  verticillate  leaves,  and  mostly  small  blue,  purple,  pink  or  white  flowers, 
racemose,  spicate,  or  solitary.  Calyx  mostly  4-parted,  sometimes  5-parted. 
Corolla  rotate,  its  tube  very  short,  deeply  and  more  or  less  unequally  4-lobed 
(rarely  5-lobed),  the  lower  lobe  commonly  the  narrowest.  Stamens  2,  diverg- 
ent; anthers  obtuse,  their  sacs  confluent  at  the  summit.  Ovary  2-celled;  style 
slender ;  stigma  capitate.  Capsule  compressed,  sometimes  very  flat,  emarginate, 
obcordate,  or  2-lobed,  loculicidally  dehiscent.  Seeds  flat,  plano-convex,  or  ex- 
cavated on  the  inner  side.  [Named  for  St.  Veronica.]  About  200  species,  of 
wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Veronica  officinalis  L. 


Pedicels  as  long  as  the  subtending  bracts,  or  longer. 
Pedicels  shorter  than  the  subtending  bracts. 

Foliage   pubescent. 

Foliage  glabrous  or  glandular. 

1.  Veronica  agrestis  L.  Field 
OR  Garden  Speed v^ell.  (Fig.  381.) 
Annual,  pubescent;  stems  creeping  or 
procumbent,  very  slender,  3-8'  long, 
the  branches  ascending  or  spreading. 
Leaves  broadly  ovate  or  oval,  obtuse 
at  the  apex,  rounded,  truncate  or  sub- 
cordate  at  the  base,  crenate,  short- 
petioled,  or  the  uppermost  sessile,  the 
lower  opposite,  the  upper  alternate 
and  each  with  a  slender-peduneled 
small  blue  flower  in  its  axil;  capsule 
broader  than  high,  compressed,  nar- 
rowly emarginate,  2"  broad. 

In  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe.  Nat- 
uralized in  eastern  North  America  and 
in  Jamaica.     Spring  to  autumn. 


1.  V.  agrestis. 

2.  V.  arvensis. 

3.  V.  peregrina. 


2.  Veronica  arvensis  L.  Corn 
OR  Wall  Speedwell.  (Fig.  382.) 
Annual,  pubescent;  stem  slender,  at 
length  much  branched  and  diffuse, 
3'-10'  long.  Lower  leaves  ovate  or 
oval,  opposite,  obtuse  at  both  ends, 
crenate  or  crenulate,  2"-6"  long,  the 
lowest  petioled ;  upper  leaves  sessile, 
alternate,  ovate  or  lanceolate,  acute 
or  acutish,  commonly  entire,  each 
with  a  short-stalked  flower  in  its 
axil;  peduncles  shorter  than  the 
calyx;  corolla  blue,  or  nearly  white, 
1"  broad  or  less;  capsule  broadly 
obovate,  obcordate,  1"  high. 

Frequent  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Europe.  Naturalized  in  North  America, 
and  in  Jamaica.     Spring  to  autumn. 


350 


SCROPHULARIACEAE. 


3.  Veronica  peregrina  L.  Purs- 
lane iSPEEDWELL.  Neck  WEED.  (Fig. 
383.)  Annual,  glabrous,  or  glandular- 
puberulent;  stem  3-12'  high.  Leaves 
oblong,  oval,  linear  or  slightly  spatu- 
late,  3"-10"  long,  the  lowest  opposite, 
short-petioled,  or  sessile,  broader  than 
the  upper  and  usually  denticulate,  the 
upper  alternate,  sessile,  mostly  entire, 
each  with  a  short-peduncled  flower  in 
its  axil ;  flowers  nearly  white,  about  1" 
broad;  peduncles  much  shorter  than  the 
calyx;  capsule  nearly  orbicular,  ob- 
cordate,  usually  a  little  shorter  than 
the  calyx,  1"-1^"  high,  the  seeds  flat. 

Occasional  in  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  North  America 
where  it  is  widely  distributed.  Nat- 
uralized in  .Jamaica.  Flowers  from 
spring   to   autumn. 

Veronica  salicifolia  Forst.,  Wil- 
low-leaved  Veronica,   of   New   Zea- 
land, recorded  by  Jones  as  grown  in 
Bermuda  in  1873,  is  a  glabrous  shrub, 
6°  high  or  more,  with  lanceolate  entire  leaves  about  3'  long  and  numerous,  white 
or  blue  flowers  in  axillary  racemes. 

Linaria  Linaria  (L.)  Karst.,  Yellow  Snapdragon,  Toadflax,  European, 
is  sometimes  grown  in  flower-gardens.  It  is  an  herbaceous  perennial,  l°-3° 
high,  with  linear  entire  leaves  and  terminal  racemes  of  bright  yellow  flowers 
about  1'  long,  the  irregular  spurred  corolla  with  a  palate  nearly  closing  the 
throat;  the  capsule  opens  by  pores.  From  Jones  list  of  1873,  Reade 's  record 
of  1883,  and  that  of  H.  B.  Small,  it  vvould  appear  that  they  had  observed  this 
plant  on  roadsides  and  in  waste  places,  but  Ave  have  not  seen  it  outside  of 
cultivation  in  Bermuda.     [Antirrhi7mm  Linaria  L. ;  Linaria  vulgaris  Mill.] 

Pentstemon  hirsutus  (L.)  Willd.,  Hairy  Beard-tongue,  North  Ameri- 
can, collected  in  Bermuda  by  Eein  about  1853,  as  would  appear  from  a 
specimen  preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Berlin  Botanical  Garden,  recorded 
in  Rein's  list  as  Pentstemon  piihescens  Soland.,  and  admitted  by  Hemsley, 
has  not  been  found  by  subsequent  collectors.  It  may  have  been  in  cultivation, 
as  its  existence  as  a  wild  plant  in  Bermuda  is  doubtful.  It  is  an  herbaceous 
perennial,  3°  high  or  less,  nearly  glabrous,  with  oblong  to  lanceolate,  finely 
toothed  leaves,  and  long  clusters  of  rather  showy  purple  flowers,  the  corolla 
about  f '  long,  the  sterile  stamen  about  as  long  as  the  four  fertile  ones. 

A  pubescent  Pentstemon  with  lanceolate,  entire  leaves  and  large  purplish 
flowers  was  seen  in  cultivation  at  Rose  Cottage  in  1914. 

Antirrhinum  majus  L.,  Snapdragon,  European,  an  herbaceous  perennial 
with  narrow  leaves  and  terminal  racemes  of  irregular  flowers  an  inch  or  more 
long,  the  corolla  of  various  colors  from  white  to  purple,  saccate  at  the  base, 
is  common  in  flower  gardens,  blooming  profusely  in  spring. 

Mimulus  luteus  L.,  Yellow  Monkey-flower,  North  American,  recorded 
by  Reade  as  a  garden  flower,  is  an  herbaceous  perennial,  with  broad  toothed 
leaves  and  showy  yellow  axillary  flowers  over  1'  long,  the  corolla  with  a 
eylindric  tube  and  a  spreading  2-lipped  limb,  the  four  stamens  all  perfect. 

Paulownia  tomentosa  (Thunb.)  Baill.,  Paulo wnia,  Japanese,  grown  at 
Norwood,  is  a  tree,  becoming  50°  high  or  more,  with  broadly  ovate  petioled 
cordate   leaves   5'-16'   broad,   canescent    on  both   sides   when   young,   those    of 


SCROPHULARIACEAE. 


351 


shoots  coarsely  serrate,  those  of  older  steins  mostly  entire ;  the  showy  violet 
flowers,  about  2'  long,  are  borne  in  large  terminal  panicles,  the  slightly 
irregular  corolla  puberulent;  its  fruit  is  an  ovoid  pointed  capsule  about  2' 
long.      [Bigjionia  tomentosa  Thunb. ;  Paulownia  imperialis  Sieb.  &  Zucc] 

Family  11.     BIGNONIACEAE  Pers. 

Trumpet-creeper  Family. 

Trees,  shrubs  or  woody  vines,  a  few  exotic  species  herbs,  with  opposite 
(rarely  alternate)  leaves,  and  mostly  large  and  showy,  clustered,  more  or  less 
irregular  flowers.  Calyx  inferior,  gamosepalous.  Corolla  gamopetalous, 
5-lobed,  somewhat  2-lipped,  at  least  in  the  bud.  Anther-bearing  stamens 
2  or  4,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes; 
anthers  2-celled,  the  sacs  longitudinally  dehiscent.  Disk  annular  or  cup- 
like. Ovary  mostly  2-celled ;  placentae  parietal,  or  on  the  partition-wall  of 
the  ovary;  ovules  numerous,  horizontal,  anatropous;  style  slender;  stigma 
terminal,  2-lobed.  Capsule  2-valved.  Seeds  flat,  transverse,  winged  in  our 
genera;  endosperm  none;  cotyledons  broad  and  flat,  emarginate  or  2-lobed; 
radicle  short,  straight.  About  60  genera  and  over  500  species  of  wide 
distribution  in  tropical  regions,  a  few  in  the  temperate  zones. 

Leaves  pinnate  ;  vine-like  shrubs.  1.   Tecoiyiaria. 

Leaves  digitate  or  unifoliolate  ;  trees  or  erect  shrubs.  2.  Tabehuia. 


1.  TECOMARIA  Spach. 
Vines  or  shrubs,  with  opposite  petioled  pinnate  leaves,  the  leaflets  ser- 
rate, and  showy  flowers  in  terminal  panicles  or  racemes.  Calyx  short,  regular, 
5-toothed.  Corolla  irregularly  funnelform,  the  tube  mostly  curved,  the  limb 
somewhat  2-lipped.  Stamens  exserted,  the  filaments  filiform.  Style  slender, 
exserted.  Capsule  linear,  compressed.  Seeds  winged.  [Name  from  similarity 
to  Tecoma.]  Two  or  three  species,  natives  of  South  Africa,  the  following 
typical. 

1.  Tecomaria  capensis  (Thunb.) 
Spach.  Cape  Trumpet-flower.  (Fig. 
384.)  Shrubby,  4°-8°  high,  or  half- 
climbing,  the  twigs  and  leaves  glabrous 
or  minutely  pubescent.  Leaves  4'-6' 
long;  leaflets  5-9,  ovate,  elliptic,  or  the 
lower  obovate,  acute  or  bluntish  at  the 
apex,  mostly  narrowed  at  the  base,  short- 
stalked,  rather  coarsely  serrate,  2'  long 
or  less;  flowers  in  short  terminal  pan- 
icles; corolla  bright  orange-red,  about 
2'  long,  the  curved  tube  about  3  times 
as  long  as  the  spreading  limb ;  capsule 
flattened,  about  2'  long,  and  2"  wide. 
[Bignonia  capensis  Thunb.;  Tecoma 
capensis  Lindl.] 


Along  roads  and  in  waste  grounds,  escaped  from  cultivation.  Naturalized. 
Extensively  planted  for  hedges  and  finely  ornamental.  Native  of  South  Africa. 
Naturalized  in  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  freely  and  conspicuously  In  summer  and 
autumn. 


352 


BIGNQXIACEAE. 


2.  TABEBUIA  Gomez. 
Trees  or  shrubs,  with  digitatelj  1-7-foliolate  leaves,  and  mostly  large  and 
showy  corymbose  or  solitary  flowers.  Calyx  tubular,  or  tubular-campanulate, 
more  or  less  irregularly  toothed.  Corolla  funnelform,  its  tube  gradually  ex- 
panded, its  spreading,  somewhat  irregular  limb  5-lobed.  Stamens  didynamous, 
included,  the  anther-sacs  diverging.  Ovary  2-celled.  Fruit  a  linear  loculicidal 
capsule.  Seeds  flat,  winged  at  both  ends.  [Brazilian  name.]  About  50 
species,  natives  of  tropical  America.     Type  species:   Bignonia  Tdbehuya  Veil. 

1.  Tabebuia   pallida 

Miers.  White  Ckdar. 
(Fig.  385.)  A  tree,  up 
to  60°  high,  the  foliage 
and  inflorescence  gla- 
brous. Leaves  1-5-folio- 
late;  petioles  l'-4'  long; 
leaflets  elliptic  to  oblong- 
elliptic  or  elliptic-obo- 
vate,  6'  long  or  less, 
stalked,  or  the  lower  ones 
sometimes  sessile,  pin- 
nately  veined,  minutely 
lepidote  on  both  sides; 
corymbs  terminal,  several: 
flowered ;  pedicels  sler 
der;  calyx  somewhat  ob 
lique,  lepidote,  about  5' 
long;  corolla  pink  oi 
nearly  white,  about  2^' 
long;  capsule  5'-8'  long, 
about  3"  thick;  seed- 
wings  4"-5"  long.  [Big- 
nonia leucoxylon  L.,  not 
Tabehuia  leucoxyla  DC; 
Tecoma  pentaphylla  of 
Lefroy,  of  Eeade  and  of 
H.  B.  Small;  Tabebuia 
pentaphylla    of    Verrill.] 

Hedges  and  roadsides.  Naturalized.  Widely  planted  for  shade  and  ornament. 
Native  of  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn,  sometimes  when  nearly 
devoid  of  leaves. 

Tabebuia  serratifolia  (Yahl)  Nicholson,  Showy  Tabebuia,  of  the  south- 
ern Lesser  Antilles,  seen  at  Pembroke  Hall  in  1913,  is  a  tree  30°  high  or  more, 
with  long-petioled,  digitately  5-foliolate  leaves,  the  obovate  to  elliptic,  stalked 
acuminate  leaflets  3'-5'  long,  the  petioles  and  calyx  rusty-tomentose,  the  bright 
yellow  flattened  5-lobed  narrowly  campanulate  corolla  about  '2V  long.  [Big- 
nonia serratifolia  Vahl.] 

Tecoma  stans  (L.)  Juss.,  Trumpet-flower,  tropical  American,  a  shrub, 
or  small  tree  up  to  30°  high,  with  rough  furrowed  bark,  pinnate  leaves  of  7  or 
9  lanceolate  sharply  toothed  leaflets  and'  terminal  clusters  of  large  yellow 
flowers  is  frequently  planted  for  ornament.  [Bignoma  stans  L. ;  Stenolobium 
stans  Seemann.] 

Pyrostegia  ignea  (Veil.)  Presl,  Comely  Trumpet-flower,  Brazilian,  a 
long-climbing  woody  vine,  with  glabrous  leaves  of  2  ovate  acuminate  leaflets 


BIGNOXIACEAE.  353 

and  a  tendril,  or  sometimes  of  3  leaflets;  showy  orange-red  flowers  in  axillary 
corymbs,  the  tubular  corolla  2V-3'  long,  with  a  short  2-lobed  limb,  is  jjlanted 
for  ornament.     [Bignonia  ignea  Veil.;  B.  venusta  Ker.] 

Bignonia  radicans  L.,  Trumpet-creeper,  Eed  Trumpet-flower,  North 
American,  frequently  planted  for  ornament,  is  a  high-climbing,  woody  vine, 
sometimes  30°  long,  with  pinnate  leaves  of  7-11  broad  toothed  leaflets  and 
terminal  corymbs  of  red  and  orange  flowers,  the  tubular-campanulate  corolla 
nearly  2'  broad,  the  spindle-shaped  pods  4-6'  long.     [Tecoma  radicans  Juss.] 

Bignonia  obliqua  H.B.K.,  Caracas  Bignonia,  Venezuelan,  recorded  by 
Jones,  is  a  vine,  the  leaves  with  2  cordate  shining  leaflets  and  red  flowers. 

Bignonia  Ibuccinatoria  Mairet,  Red  Bignonia,  Mexican,  a  vine  with  4- 
angled  branches,  the  petioles  and  inflorescence  tomentose,  the  leaves  of  2  ovate 
or  elliptic  leaflets  and  a  tendril,  the  clustered,  blood-red  flowers  4'  long,  Is 
also  recorded  by  Jones  as  grown  in  Bermuda.  Neither  this  nor  the  next  pre- 
ceding species  are  true  Bignonias. 

Anisostichus  capreolata  (L.)  Bureau,  Cross-vine,  North  American,  a 
high-climbing  vine,  with  leaves  of  2,  broad  leaflets  and  a  tendril,  the  orange 
red  flowers  in  axillary  clusters  was  introduced  at  Mt.  Langton  in  1874,  but 
subsequently  disappeared,  according  to  H.  B.  Small.     [Bignonia  capreolata  L.J 

Anemopaegma  carrerense  Armitage,  Carrera  Vine,  of  Trinidad  and 
Venezuela,  a  glabrous  vine,  with  petioled  leaves  of  2  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate, 
thin  leaflets  2-3'  long,  axillary  flowers,  few  in  each  cluster,  2^'  long,  the 
short  calyx  truncate,  the  funnelform,  nearly  white  corolla  with  a  yellow 
throat,  the  oval  fruit  about  3'  long,  is  occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

Pandorea  jasminoides  (Lindl.)  Schum.,  Jasmine  Pandorea,  of  New 
South  Wales,  seen  at  Spring  Haven  in  1914,  is  a  glabrous,  high-climbing  vine, 
with  pinnate,  petioled  leaves  of  5  or  7  ovate-lanceolate  leaflets  l'-2'  long,  and 
white  flowers  in  panicles,  the  corolla  about  IV  long,  with  broad,  spreading 
lobes.     [Tecoma  jasminoides  Lindl.] 

Kigelia  pinnata  (Jacq.)  DC,  Kigelia,  of  tropical  Africa,  occasionally 
planted,  is  a  tree  up  to  50°  high,  with  pinnate  glabrous  leaves  whorled  in  3s, 
the  7  or  9  obovate  or  oblong  sessile  leaflets  2'-5'  long;  the  large  clustered 
flowers  are  red,  or  crimson,  the  corolla  broadly  campanulate  and  2-lipped ;  the 
fruit  is  oblong-cylindric,  indehiscent,  up  to  1*°  long  and  4'  or  5'  thick,  slightly 
compressed,  rounded  at  the  apex.     [Crescentia  pinnata  Jacq.] 

Crescentia  Cujete  L.,  Calabash,  tropical  American,  occasionally  planted, 
is  an  evergreen  tree,  up  to  25°  high,  with  long-branches,  spatulate  or  oblanceo- 
late  entire  clustered  leaves  4-6'  long,  yellowish  flowers  about  2V  long,  the 
calyx  leathery,  the  corolla  tubular-campanulate  with  short  crisped  lobes;  the 
fruit  is  globose  or  oval,  smooth,  green,  turning  dark  brown,  6'-12'  long,  inde- 
hiscent, with  a  very  hard  rind,  which  is  utilized  for  baling  boats,  holding 
water  and  other  fluids. 

Enallagma  latifolia  (Mill.)  Small,  Black  Calabash,  of  Florida  and  the 
West  Indies,  recorded  by  Jones  as  found  in  Bermuda,  has  oblong  to  obovate 
leaves,  the  fruit  2-^-4'  long,  with  a  brittle  shell.     [C.  cucurhitina  L.] 

Macrocatalpa  longissima  (Jacq.)  Britton,  ^'French  Oak,"  West  In- 
dian, was  represented  in  the  collection  at  the  Agricultural  Station  by  a  fine 
young  tree,  flowering  in  the  autumn  of  1913.  It  has  oblong-lanceolate,  slender- 
petioled  acuminate  thin  leaves  3'-6'  long,  and  white  flowers  in  terminal 
panicles,  the  tipped  calyx  deeply  2-lobed,  the  campanulate  corolla  o-lobed,  the 
lobes  crisped;  the  narrowly  linear  drooping  capsules  are  l°-2°  long.  [Catalpa 
longissima  Sims.;   Bignonia  longissima  Jacq.] 

Spathodea  campanulata  Beauv.,  Spathodea,  of  tropical  Africa,  a  tree 
with  pinnate  leaves  1°  long  or  more,  of  7-17  ovate  nearly  entire  acute  leaflets 
3'-4'  long,  the  terminal   clustered  irregular   showy   orange  flowers   3'-4'   long, 

24 


354  BIGNONIACEAE. 

the  caljx  curved  and  longitudinally  split,  was  also  represented  at  the  Agri- 
cultural Station  in  1914  by  a  vigorous  young  tree,  and  by  a  tall  tree  in 
A^'ictoria'  Park. 

Seedling  plants  of  a  species  of  Jacaranda,  presumably  South  American, 
were  seen  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1914.  This  genus  consists  of  shrubs 
and  trees  with  pinnate  or  bipinnate  leaves  and  terminal  panicles  of  mostly 
blue  flowers. 

Family  12.     GESNERIACEAE  Lindl. 

Gesxeria  Family. 

Herbs  or  shrubs  with  opposite,  often  unequal  leaves,  and  variously 
clustered  or  solitary,  often  showy,  perfect  irregular  flow^ers.  Calyx  mostly 
inferior,  gamosepalous.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  the  limb  usually  oblique 
and  more  or  less  2-lipped.  Stamens  4,  or  sometimes  2,  borne  on  the  corolla- 
tube.  Ovary  1-celled,  or  imperfectly  2-celled;  ovules  numerous,  minute, 
anatropous,  on  parietal  placentae.  Fruit  mostly  capsular,  many-seeded. 
About  90  genera  and  over  1000  species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribu- 
tion.    There  are  no  native  nor  naturalized  species  of  this  family  in  Bermuda. 

Isoloma  Tydaea  Bailey,  Monkey-flower,  Colombian,  a  glandular-villous 
herbaceous  species  l°-2°  high,  with  petioled  ovate  often  cordate,  serrate 
more  or  less  mottled  leaves  2'-4'  long,  the  axillary  flowers  long-peduncled,  the 
calyx  4"-5"'  long,  with  5  triangular  lobes,  the  irregular  corolla  about  IV  long, 
red  and  yellow,  its  lobes  spotted,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens.  [Achimenes  picta 
Benth.] 

Lefroy  records  the  occurrence  of  a  species  of  Gloxinia  in  gardens. 

Family  13.     ACANTHACEAE  J.  St.  Hil. 

Acanthus  Family. 

Herbs,  or  some  tropical  genera  shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  opposite 
simple  estipulate  leaves,  and  iiTegular  or  nearly  regular  perfect  flowers. 
Calyx  inferior,  persistent,  4— 5-parted  or  4-5-cleft,  the  sepals  or  segments 
imbricated.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  nearly  regularly  5-lobed,  or  2-lipped. 
Anther-bearing  stamens  4,  didynamous,  or  2  only;  anther-sacs  longitu- 
dinally dehiscent.  Disk  annular,  or  cup-like.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  2-10 
in  each  cavity,  anatropous  or  amphitropous;  style  filiform,  simple;  stigmas 
1  or  2.  Capsule  dry,  2-celled,  loculicidally  elastically  2-valved.  Seeds  not 
winged,  borne  on  curved  projections  (retinacula)  from  the  placentae,  the 
testa  close,  mostly  roughened,  often  developing  spiral  threads  and  mucilage 
when  wetted.  Endospeim  in  the  following  genera  none;  cotj^edons  flat, 
commonly  cordate.  About  175  genera  and  2000  species,  natives  of  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions. 

1.  JUSTICIA  [Houst.]  L. 
Herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  entire  leaves,  the  flowers  variously  clustered. 
Calyx  deeply  cleft,  its  segments  narrow,  nearly  equal.  Corolla-tube  mostly 
shorter  than  the  2-lipped  limb,  the  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  lower  3-cleft.  Stamens 
2,  borne  in  the  throat  of  the  corolla;  anthers  2-celled;  staminodes  none;  lower 
anther-sac  minutely  appendaged.  Style  filiform;  ovules  2  in  each  ovary-cavity. 
Capsule  oblong.  [In  honor  of  James  Justice,  a  Scotch  gardener.]  Over  100 
species,  of  tropical  distribution.     Type  species:   Justicia  Adhatoda  L. 


ACANTHACEAE. 


355 


1.  Justicia  secunda  Vahl.,  Red  Justicia. 
(Fig.  386.)  Shrubby,  8°  high  or  less,  piiberu- 
lent  above,  the  stems  and  branches  nearly  terete. 
Leaves  ovate-oblong  to  ovate-lanceolate,  8'  long 
or  less,  rather  thin,  long-acuminate  at  the  apex, 
mostly  obtuse  or  rounded  at  the  base;  panicles 
terminal,  narrow,  4'-10'  long;  pedicels  very 
short;  bracts  subulate,  about  1"  long;  calyx- 
segments  linear-lanceolate,  3"-4i"  long;  corolla 
red  or  red-purple,  about  1^'  long,  its  lips  longer 
than  its  tube;   capsule  about  5"  long. 

Banks  and  thickets,  locally  escaped  from  cul- 
tivation. Introduced.  Native  of  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 

Thunbergiso  alata  Bojer,  Winged  Thun- 
BERGiA,  African,  a  softly  pubescent  vine  up  to 
6°  long,  with  broad-petioled  ovate  hastate  acute 
leaves,  and  solitary  axillary  long-peduncled 
large-bracted  flowers,  the  calyx  many-toothed, 
the  corolla  yellow  or  white,  often  with  a  dark 
eye,  the  globose  capsule  long-beaked,  is  com- 
monly grown  in  gardens. 

Thunbergia  fragrans  Roxb.,  White  Thunbergia,  East  Indian,  a  nearly 
glabrous  slender  vine  sometimes  9°  long,  with  slender-petioled  ovate  or  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire  or  few-toothed  leaves  and  solitary  axillary  bracted  long- 
stalked  mostly  white  flowers,  the  calyx  many-toothed,  as  in  the  preceding 
species,  the  subglobose  capsule  with  a  stout  flattened  beak,  is  occasionally 
grown,  according  to  Reade. 

Thunbergia  grandiflora  Roxb.,  Large-flowered  Thunbergia,  East  In- 
dian, a  strongly-growing  stout  roughish  vine  up  to  20°  long,  the  large  leaves 
coarsely  angulately  toothed  and  cordate,  the  numerous  large  bracted  white  to 
purplish  flowers  racemose,  with  a  truncate  calyx,  the  capsule  stout-beaked,  is 
commonly  grown  for  ornament. 

Thunbergia  erecta  T.  Anders.,  Bush  Thunbergia,  Asiatic,  a  slender 
shrub,  up  to  6°  high,  with  thin  entire  ovate  acuminate  leaves,  and  large 
solitary  short-peduncled  axillary  purple  or  white  flowers,  the  capsule  conic 
above  the  swollen  base,  is  occasionally  grown  in  gardens. 

Thunbergia  laurifolia  Lindl.,  Laurel-lea\^d  Thunbergia,  East  Indian, 
a  glabrous  high-climbing  woody  vine,  with  opposite  petioled  ovate-lanceolate 
to  oblong,  firm  leaves  4-6'  long,  the  large  showy  flowers  whorled  in  racemes 
on  pedicels  i'-V  long,  the  purple-blue  corolla  about  3'  broad,  with  a  white 
throat  and  spreading  5-lobed  limb  was  seen  at  Paget  Rectory  in  1914. 

Graptophyllum  pictum  (L.)  Griff.,  Caricature  Plant,  Australasian,  a 
shrub  6°  high  or  more,  the  elliptic  acuminate  entire  short-petioled  leaves 
4-8'  long,  usually  yellowish-blotched,  the  large  crimson  clustered  flowers  about 
2'  long,  the  pubescent  corolla  strongly  2-lipped,  with  a  narrow  tube  expanded 
above,  is  grown  for  ornament  and  interest.  [G.  hortense  Nees;  G.  versicolor 
of  Lefroy.] 

Sanchesia  nobilis  Hook,  f.,  Brilliant-floavered  Sanchesia,  South  Ameri- 
can, occasional  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  stout  herbaceous  plant,  nearly  gla- 
brous, with  bluntly  4-angled  stems  2°-4°  high;   its  oblong  acuminate  crenate 


356  ACANTHACEAE. 

petioled  leaves  are  3-10'  long,  its  bright  yellow  flowers  about  2'  long,  the 
tubular  corolla  with  a  small  oblique  limb;  the  showy  large  ovate  bracts  are 
bright  red,  the  branches  of  the  panicle  purple. 

Odontonema  cuspidatum  (Nees)  Kuntze,  White  Odontonema,  Mexican, 
a  nearly  glabrous  shrub  about  6°  high,  with  opposite  short-petioled  short- 
pointed,  sometimes  variegated  leaves  3'-5'  long,  the  nearly  white  flowers  in 
narrow  terminal  panicles,  the  whitish  corolla  nearly  regular,  the  limb  about  f 
broad,  about  as  long  as  the  cylindric  tube,  is  commonly  planted  for  ornament. 
[Thyrsaca7ithus  cuspidatus  Nees.] 

Rhacodiscus  lucidus  (Andr.)  Lindau,  recorded  by  Lefroy  as  common  in 
gardens,  resembles  Jiisticia  secunda,  but  has  much  larger  flowers  in  shorter 
panicles;  it  is  recorded  by  Lefroy  and  by  H.  B.  Small.  [JusUcia  lucida 
Andr.] 

Barleria  lupulina  Lmdl.,  Yellow  Barleria,  Madagascan,  a  glabrous 
shrub  3°  high  or  less,  with  2  slender  spines  V-V  long  in  the  axils  of  the 
elongated  linear  leaves,  and  bright  yellow  bracted  flowers  about  IJ'  long  in 
dense  terminal  spikes,  the  corolla-limb  with  3  large  and  2  small  lobes,  is  planted 
for  ornament. 

Eranthemum  nervosum  (Vahl.)  E.  Br.,  Blue  Eranthemuai,  East  In- 
dian, a  somewhat  pubescent  or  puberulent  shrub  3°-6°  high,  with  thin  ovate 
to  elliptic  leaves  8'  long  or  less,  acuminate  at  each  end,  axillary  spicate  flowers, 
the  large  whitish  strongly  veined  bracts  densely  imbricated,  acute  or  acumi- 
nate, the  blue  5-lobed  corolla  nearly  1'  broad,  is  common  in  gardens,  [£". 
pulchellum  Andr.;  JusUcia  nervosa  Vahl.]  This  may  be  the  ''Blue  Justicia" 
mentioned  by  Lefroy. 

Eranthemum  Anderson!  Masters,  Anderson's  Eranthemum,  Malayan, 
recorded  by  Lefroy,  has  lanceolate  to  elliptic  leaves,  and  spicate  purple-mot- 
tled flowers. 

Eranthemum  album  (Eoxb.)  DC,  White  Eranthemum,  of  the  East  In- 
dies, recorded  by  Lefroy  and  by  H.  B.  Small,  is  a  tall  puberulent  shrub,  with 
elliptic  or  ovate-lanceolate,  short-petioled  leaves  and  white  flowers  in  axillary 
panicled  spikes,  the  narrow  corolla  I'-li'  long,  with  a  2-lipped  limb.  {Justicia 
alba  Eoxb.] 

Eranthemum  reticulatum  Bull,  Yellow-veined  Eranthemum,  Polyne- 
sian, taken  to  Paynter  's  Yale  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1912 
and  growing  there  vigorously  in  1914,  is  a  shrub  3°-5°  high,  with  glabrous 
somewhat  fleshy,  lanceolate  to  ovate-lanceolate,  bluntly  acuminate  leaves,  2'-10' 
long,  the  upper  ones  yellow-mottled,  the  lower  yellowish-veined,  the  racemose 
flowers  white,  blotched  red-purple. 

Jacobmia  magnifica  (Nees)  Benth.,  Pink  Jacobinia,  Brazilian,  a  shrub 
about  5°  high,  with  petioled,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  acuminate  finely 
pubescent  or  glabrate  leaves  4'-7'  long,  and  large  terminal  clusters  of  rose- 
colored  flowers,  the  2-lipped  corolla  about  2'  long,  is  occasionally  grown  for 
ornament.      [Justicia  carnea  Hook.] 

Jacobinia  aiirea  (Schlecht.)  Hemsl.,  Yellow  Jacobinia,  Central  Ameri- 
can, also  grown  for  ornament,  is  a  shrub  up  to  6°  high^  with  finely  puberulent 
or  glabrous  foliage,  the  broadly  oval  or  ovate,  petioled  acuminate  thin  leaves 
6'-10'  long;  the  yellow  flowers  are  m  long  dense  terminal  clusters,  the  2-lipped 
corolla  about  2'  long. 

Strobilanthes  coloratus  (Nees)  T.  Anders.,  Purple  Strobilanthes,  East 
Indian,  occasional  in  flower  gardens,  is  shrubby,  about  3°  high,  its  purple 
leaves    ovate,    acaminate,    subcordate,    short-petioled,    serrate,    3'-7'    long,    its 


ACANTHACEAE.  357 

purple  flowers  about  1'  long,  numerous  in  bracted  terminal  panicles.      [Gold- 
fussio  color ata  Nees.] 

Strobilanthes  isophyllus  (Nees)  T.  Anders.,  Narrow-leaved  Strobi- 
LANTHES,  also  East  Indian,  about  2°  high,  ^Yitll  linear-lanceolate  leaves  4'-8' 
long  and  panicled  bluish  flowers  was  grown  at  the  Public  Garden,  St.  Georges, 
in  1912. 

Fittonia  argyroneura  E.  Coem.,  White-veined  Fittonia,  of  western 
South  America,  commonly  grown  in  green  houses,  and  less  successfully  on  rock 
work,  is  a  pubescent  perennial,  with  spreading  or  trailing  branches,  and 
broadly  ovate  rounded  entire  leaves  2'-3'  long,  rather  dark  green^  and  con- 
spicuously white-veined;  the  yellowish  flowers  of  this  plant  are  borne  in  pe- 
duncled  narrow  bracted  spikes,  the  slender  corolla  with  a  long  narrow  lip. 

Under  the  name  Cyrtanthera  rosea,  Lefroy  records  a  plant  of  this  family 
grown  in  gardens  at  St.  George's  and  at  Mt.  Langton,  where  it  was  brought 
from  Ireland  in  1874;  I  have  been  unable  to  identify  this,  there  being  no  pub- 
lished species  of  that  name. 

Family  14.     MYOPORACEAE  Lindl. 

Myoporum  Family. 

Shrubs  or  trees^  with  alternate  or  opposite,  entire  stipulate  leaves, 
and  perfect,  more  or  less  irregular  flowers,  solitary  or  clustered  in  the 
axils.  Calyx  inferior,  5-parted.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  its  limb  2-lipped 
or  oblique.  Stamens  4,  mostly  didynamous,  borne  on  the  corolla-tube,  the 
filaments  filiform.  Ovar>^  usually  2-celled ;  style  terminal ;  stigma  terminal 
and  small;  ovules  1  in  each  ovary-cavity.  Fruit  a  drupe.  Five  genera 
and  80  species  or  more,  mostly  Australian,  only  the  following  American. 

Bontia  daphnoides  L.,  Bontia,  West  Indian,  a  shrub  or  low  tree,  grow- 
ing in  1913  in  a  garden  in  Smith's  Parish,  has  lanceolate  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
entire  somewhat  fleshy,  short-petioled  acute  faintly  veined  leaves  3'-4'  long, 
and  peduncled  flowers  solitary  in  the  upper  axils,  the  peduncles  longer  than  the 
petioles;  the  obconic  calyx,  about  2*"  long,  has  5  ovate  acute  ciliate  lobes; 
the  yellowish,  purple-mottled  corolla  is  nearly  1'  long,  tubular,  2-lipped,  the 
upper  lip  nearly  straight,  the  lower  shorter  and  reflexed,  pilose  within,  the 
longer  pair  of  stamens  a  little  exserted;  its  yellowish  drupe  is  about  i'  long. 

Family  15.     PHRYMACEAE  Schauer. 

LoPSEED  Family. 

An  erect  perennial  herb  w^ith  divaricate  branches,  opposite  membranous 
simple  leaves,  and  small  irregular  purplish  flowers,  distant  in  slender 
elongated  spikes.  Calyx  cylindric,  2-lipped;  upper  lip  2-cleft,  the  teeth 
setaceous;  lower  lip  much  shorter,  3-toothed,  the  teeth  subulate.  Corolla- 
tube  cylindric,  the  limb  2-lipped;  upper  lip  erect,  concave,  emarginate; 
lower  lip  larger,  spreading,  convex,  3-lobed,  the  lobes  obtuse.  Stamens  4, 
didynamous,  included.  Ovary  oblique,  1-cellod;  ovule  1,  orthotropous,  as- 
cending; style  slender;  stigma  2-lobed.  Calyx  reflexed  in  fruit,  enclosing 
the  dry  achene,  becoming  prominently  ribbed,  closed  and  its  teeth  hooked 
at  the  ends  Cotjdedons  convolute;  radicle  superior.  Consists  of  the 
following"  • 


358 


PHRYMACEAE. 


A  monotypic  genus. 


1.     PHRYMA  L. 

[Name  unexplained.] 

1.  Phryma  Leptostachya  L.  Lop- 
seed.  (Fig.  387.)  Puberulent;  stem 
somewliat  4-sided,  sometimes  constricted 
above  the  nodes,  branched  above,  the 
branches  slender,  elongated,  divergent. 
Leaves  ovate,  acute  or  acuminate, 
coarsely  dentate,  2-6'  long,  the  lower 
petioled,  the  upper  often  nearly  sessile; 
spikes  very  narrow,  2'-6'  long;  flowers 
about  3"  long,  mostly  opposite,  distant, 
borne  on  very  short  minutely  2-brac- 
teolate  pedicels,  at  first  erect,  soon 
spreading,  the  calyx,  after  flowering, 
abruptly  reflexed  against  the  axis  of 
the   spike. 

Collected  in  Bermuda  only  by  Lefroy 
and  by  Moseley.  Introduced.  Native  of 
eastern  North  America  and  eastern  Asia. 
I  have  examined  a  specimen.  Lefroy 
records  this  species  as  a  weed  of  American 
origin.  Recent  collectors  have  been  unable  to  find  it  in  Bermuda,  but  there  appears 
to  be  no  doubt  that  it  formerly  existed  here,  probably  only  as  a  waif,  however. 


Order  6.     PL  ANT  AGIN  ALES. 

Only  the  following  f amilj^ : 

Family  1.     PLANTAGINACEAE  Lindl. 

Plantain  Family. 

Herbs,  with  basal,  or,  in  the  caulescent  species,  opposite  or  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  perfect  polygamous  or  monoecious  flowers,  bracteolate 
in  spikes  or  beads,  or  rarely  solitary.  Calyx  4-parted,  inferior,  peristent, 
the  segments  imbricated.  Corolla  hypogynous,  scarious  or  membranous, 
mostly  marcescent,  4-lobed.  Stamens  4  or  2  (only  1  in  an  Andean  genus), 
inserted  on  the  tube  or  throat  of  the  corolla;  filaments  filiform,  exserted 
or  included;  anthers  versatile,  2-celled,  the  sacs  logitudinally  dehiscent. 
Ovary  sessile,  superior,  1-2-celled,  or  falsely  3-4-celled.  Style  filiform, 
simple,  mostly  longitudinally  stigmatic.  Ovules  1-several  in  each  cavity  of 
the  ovary,  peltate,  amphitropous.  Fruit  a  pyxis,  eircumscissile  at  or  below 
the  middle,  or  an  indehiscent  nutlet.  Seeds  1-several  in  each  cavity  of  the 
fruit;  endosperm  fleshy;  cotyledons  narrow;  radicle  short,  mostly  straight. 
Three  genera  and  over  225  species,  of  wide  distribution. 


1.     PLANTAGO  L. 

Leafy-stemmed,  short-stemmed  or  acaulescent  herbs,  with  opposite,  alter- 
nate  or   basal  leaves,  bearing  axillary   or  terminal   spikes   or  heads   of  small 


PLANT  AGINACEAE. 


359 


greenish  or  purplish  flowers.  Calyx-segments  equal,  or  two  of  them  larger. 
Corolla  salverform,  the  tube  eylindric,  or  constricted  at  the  throat,  the  limb 
spreading  in  anthesis.  Fruit  a  membranous  pyxis,  mostly  2-celled.  Seeds 
various,  sometimes  hollowed  out  on  the  inner  side.  [The  Latin  name.]  Over 
200  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.     Type  species:  Plantago  major  L. 

Corolla-lobes  spreading  or  reflexed  in  fruit. 

Leaves  ovate ;  seeds  several  in  each  pyxis.  1.  P.  major. 

Leaves  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate  ;  seeds  only  2  in  each  pyxis.  2.  P.  lanceolata. 

Corolla-lobes  erect  and  closing  over  the  top  of  the  pyxis  ;  seeds  2-4.  3.  P.  viryinica. 


1.  Plantago  major  L.  Common,  or 
Greater  Plantain.  (Pig.  388.)  Peren- 
nial, glabrous  or  pubescent;  rootstock  short, 
thick,  erect.  Leaves  long-petioled,  mostly 
ovate,  entire,  or  coarsely  dentate,  l'-6'  long, 
3-11-ribbed;  scapes  2-2°  high;  spike  linear- 
cylindric,  usually  dense,  commonly  blunt,  2'- 
6'  long,  3''-4"  thick;  flowers  perfect;  sepals 
broadly  ovate  to  obovate,  scarious  margined, 
one-half  to  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  obtuse 
or  subacute,  5-16-seeded  pyxis  which  is  cir- 
cumscissile  at  about  the  middle;  stamens  4. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe.  Widely  nat- 
uralized nearly  all  over  the  world.  Flowers 
nearly  throughout  the  year. 


2.  Plantago  lanceolata  L.    Eib- 

Tv^ORT.  Rib-grass.  (Fig.  389.) 
Perennial  or  biennial,  pubescent; 
rootstock  short,  erect,  with  tufts  of 
hairs  at  the  bases  of  the  leaves. 
Leaves  narrowly  oblong-lanceolate, 
shorter  than  the  scapes,  entire,  acute 
or  acuminate,  gradually  narrowed 
into  petioles,  3-5-ribbed,  2-12' 
long;  scapes  slender,  channelled,  6'- 
2°  tall;  spikes  dense,  at  first  ovoid, 
becoming  eylindric,  blunt  and  l'-4' 
long  in  fruit,  4"-6"  thick;  flowers 
perfect;  sepals  ovate,  with  a  nar- 
row green  midrib  and  broad  scarious 
margins,  the  two  lower  ones  com- 
monly united;  corolla  glabrous;  fil- 
aments white;  pyxis  oblong,  very 
obtuse,  2-seeded,  slightly  longer  than 
the  calyx,  circumscissile  at  about 
the  middle. 

Common  in  grassy  places,  waste  and  cultivated  grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in  North  America.  Flowers  nearly  throughout  the 
year.     In  Bermuda  the  plant  is  frequently  clothed  with  long  silvery  hairs. 


360 


PLANTAGINACEAE. 


3.  Plantago    virginica    L. 

Dwarf  or  White  Dwarf  Plan- 
tain. (Fig.  390.)  Annual  or  bi- 
ennial, pubescent  or  villous;  scapes 
erect,  much  longer  than  the  leaves. 
Leaves  spatulate  or  obovate,  thin, 
entire,  or  repand-clenticulate,  nar- 
rowed into  margined  petioles,  or 
almost  sessile,  3-5-nerved;  spikes- 
dense,  or  the  lower  flowers  scat- 
tered, linear-eylindric,  obtuse,  3"- 
4"  thick,  flowers  imperfectly  dioe- 
cious; corolla-lobes  of  the  fertile 
plants  erect  and  connivent  on  the 
top  of  the  pyxis,  those  of  the  sterile 
spreading ;  stamens  4 ;  pyxis  oblong, 
about  as  long  as  the  calyx,  2-4- 
seeded. 

Occasional  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  North  America.  Flowers  from 
spring  to  autumn. 

Plantago  Eugelli  Dene.,  Eugel's  Plantain,  North  American,  was  doubt- 
fully recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Jones.  It  differs  from  P.  major  by  its  pyxis 
being  circumscissile  much  below  the  middle. 

Order  7.     RUBIALES. 

Corolla  gamopetalous.  Anthers  separate,  the  stamens  as  many  as  the 
corolla-lobes  and  alternate  with  them  (one  fewer  in  Linnaea  of  the  Capri- 
foliaceae)  or  twice  as  many.  Ovary  compound,  inferior,  adnate  to  the 
calyx-tube ;  ovules  1  or  more  in  each  cavity.     Leaves  opposite  or  verticilate. 

Leaves  always  stipulate,  usually  blackening  in  drying.         Fam.  1.  Rup.iaceae. 
Leaves   usually   estipulate,   not    blackening   in   drying.  Fam.  2,  Caprifoliaceae. 


Family  1.     RUBIACEAE  B.  Jass. 
Madder  Family. 

Herbs,  shrubs,  or  trees,  with  simple,  opposite  or  sometimes  verticil- 
late,  mostly  stipulate  leaves,  and  perfect,  often  dimorphous  or  trimorphous, 
regular  and  nearly  symmetrical  flowers.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovarv', 
its  limb  various.  Corolla  funnelform,  club-shaped,  campanulate,  or  rotate, 
4^o-lobed.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  lobes  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with 
them,  inserted  on  its  tube  or  throat.  Ovary  1-10-cellecI ;  style  simple  or 
lobed;  ovules  l-oo  in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  capsule,  berry,  or  drupe.  Seeds 
various;  seed-coat  membranous  or  crustaceous;  endosperm  fleshy  or  horny 
(wanting  in  some  exotic  genera);  cotyledons  ovate,  cordate,  or  foliaceous. 

A  large  family  of  some  340  genera  including  about  6000  species,  of 
wide  geographic  distribution,  most  abundant  in  the  tropics. 

A.  Ovules  several  or  many  in  each  ovary-cavity. 

Flowers  axillary  1.  Ranclia. 

Flowers  terramal.  2.  Casasia. 

B.  Ovules  only  1  m  each  ovary-cavity. 
Shrubs  or  trees. 

Ovules   pendulous  ;    flowers   racemose.  3.  Chiococca. 


RUBIACEAE. 


361 


Ovules  not  pendulous  ;   flowers  not  racemose. 
Flowers   terminal,   corymbose   or  panicled. 
Flowers  clustered  in  the   axils. 
Low  herbs. 

Leaves    opposite. 

Both  carpels  dehiscent. 

One  carpel  dehiscent,  the  other  indehiscent. 
Leaves  verticillate. 

Calyx-limb  none  or  obsolete. 

Flowers    3    together,    their    pedicels    connate, 

middle  flower  fertile. 
Pedicels  separate  ;  flowers  all  fertile. 
Calyx-lobes  subulate,  persistent. 


the 


9. 

10. 


Psychotria. 
Coffea. 


Borreria. 
Uperrnacoce. 


Vaillantia. 

Galium. 

Sherardia. 


1.  RANDIA  [Houst.]  L. 
Evergreen  shrubs  or  trees,  the  leaves  opposite.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary, 
usually  axillary.  Calyx-lobes  4.  Corolla  funnelform,  salverform  or  campanu- 
late,  its  lobes  5,  convolute.  Stamens  5,  adnate  to  the  throat  of  the  corolla; 
filaments  short  or  nearly  wanting.  Disk  annular  or  cushion-like.,  Ovary  2- 
celled  or  very  rarely  3-4-celled;  styles  usually  united,  stout,  terminating  in  a 
club-shaped,  spindle-shaped  or  rarely  cleft  stigma.  Berry  usually  2-celled. 
Seeds  free  or  in  a  pulp,  the  testa  thin,  the  endosperm  horny.  [In  honor  of 
Isaac  Eand,  English  apothecary.]  About  100  species,  natives  of  tropical  re- 
gions.    Type  species:  Bandia  mitis  L. 

1.  Randia  acnleata  L.  Box  Briar. 
(Fig.  391.)  A  branching  shrub,  3°-9°  tall, 
often  spiny,  the  foliage  glabrous  or  nearly 
so.  Leaves  often  clustered,  spatulate,  ob- 
ovate,  elliptic,  oval  or  suborbicular,  V-V 
long,  narrowed  into  short  petioles;  flowers 
short-stalked;  calyx-lobes  triangular  or 
ovate;  corolla  white,  3"-4"  long;  its  lobes 
oblong,  shorter  than  the  tube;  berries  sub- 
globose  or  oval,  white,  4"-6"  long.  [Scolos- 
antJms  Sagraeanus  of  Millspaugh;  Bandia 
latifolia  of  Jones.] 

Abundant  in  sandy  soil,  Paget  and  War- 
wick :  also  in  Paget  Marsh.  Native.  Florida 
and  the  West  Indies.  Said  by  Lefroy  (Botany 
of  Bermuda,  p.  81)  to  be  "an  interesting  ex- 
ample of  local  naturalization  "  but  on  p.  139 
of  the  same  work  he  indicates  it  as  a  native 
species,  which  it  certainly  appears  to  be. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn.  From 
Reade's  description  of  BachicalUs  rupestris  it 
would  seem  that  he  had  this  plant  in  mind. 
Its  fruits  may  have  reached  Bermuda  by  float- 
ing. 

2.     CAS  ASIA  A.  Eich. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  with  terete  branches.  Leaves  opposite,  leathery;  stipules 
deciduous.  Flowers  perfect,  in  short-peduncled  cymes.  Calyx  turbinate  or  cam- 
panulate,  truncate  or  with  5  or  6  obtuse  sepals,  persistent.  Corolla  white  or 
yellow,  salverform  or  nearly  rotate;  pubescent  in  the  throat,  its  lobes  5  or  6, 
spreading,  contorted.  Stamens  5  or  6,  adnate  to  the  mouth  of  the  corolla-tube; 
anthers  sessile.  Disk  cup-like.  Ovary  1-2-celled;  styles  stout.  0^^lles  numer- 
ous in  each  cavity.  Fruit  a  thick  pulpy  berry.  Seeds  numerous,  angled. 
[In  honor  of  Luis  de  las  Casas,  Captain  General  of  Cuba.]  About  8  species, 
of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.     Type  species:   Casasia  calophijlla  A.  Eich. 


362 


RUBIACEAE. 


1.  Casasia  clusiifolia  (Jacq.) 
Urban.  Seven-year  Apple.  (Fig. 
392.)  A  brandling  shrub,  3°-8°  tall, 
the  foliage  glabrous,  turning  black  in 
drying.  Leaves  clustered,  leathery, 
obovate  to  cuneate,  2'-6'  long,  rounded 
or  retuse  at  the  apex,  lustrous,  often 
mucronate,  entire,  short-petioled; 
calyx-tube  4"-5"  long,  turbinate,  the 
lobes  subulate,  shorter  than  the  tube; 
corolla  fleshy,  glabrous,  its  tube  7'- 
10"  long,  its  lobes  lanceolate  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, shorter  than  the  tube ; 
berries  ovoid  to  obovoid,  2'-3'  long. 
[Genipa  clusiifolia  Griseb.] 

Rocky  slope  near  Castle  Point,  19'12. 
Native.  Florida,  Bahamas,  Cuba.  Flow- 
ers in  spring  or  early  summer. 

3.     CHIOCOCCA  L. 

Shrubs,  with  upright  or  climbing 
stems,  the  leaves  opposite,  leathery, 
lustrous;  stipules  persistent.  Flowers  perfect,  in  axillary  simple  or  compound 
racemes  or  panicles.  Calyx-tube  obovate  or  turbinate,  its  5  lobes  persistent. 
Corolla  funnelform,  with  a  glabrous  throat;  lobes  5,  spreading  or  reflexed, 
valvate.  Disk  cushion-like.  Stamens  5,  essentially  free  from  the  corolla-tube. 
Ovary  2-celled  or  rarely  3-celled;  styles  united,  filiform;  stigmas  terete,  some- 
times clavate.  Ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity,  pendulous.  Fruit  white,  flat- 
tened, leathery,  sometimes  2-lobed.  Seeds  pendulous,  flattened,  the  testa  mem- 
branous, the  endosperm  fleshy.  [Greek,  snow-berry.]  About  7  species,  natives 
of  warm-temperate  and  tropical  America.  Type  species:  CJiiococca  i^acemosa 
L.     [C.  alba  (L.)  Hitchc] 

1.  Chiococca  bermudiana  S.  Brown. 
Blolly.  Bermuda  Sxow-berry.  (Fig. 
393.)  A  shrub,  2°-6°  high,  or  some- 
times vine-like  and  10°-15°  long,  gla- 
brous, the  rather  stout  branches  light 
green,  terete  or  nearly  so.  Leaves  ellip- 
tic to  ovate,  2'-4-l'  long,  f '-2^'  wide,  firm 
in  texture,  light  green  on  both  sides, 
slightly  darker  above  than  beneath,  acute 
or  short-acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base,  the  midvein  rather 
prominent  on  both  sides,  the  lateral  veins 
few,  relatively  obscure,  the  stout  petioles 
6"  long  or  less;  stipules  low  and  broad, 
mucronate ;  panicles  about  as  long  as  the 
leaves;  flowers  numerous,  fragrant;  pedi- 
cels rather  stout,  2"-4"  long;  calyx 
turbinate-campanulate,  about  1"  long, 
its  lobes  triangular,  acutish,  much 
shorter  than  the  tube;  corolla  yellow, 
4"-5"  long,  its  tube  narrowly  funnel- 
form,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  ovate- 
lanceolate   lobes;    stamens   borne   at   the 


RUBIACEAE. 


363 


base  of  the  corolla-tube,  the  filaments  ^"  long,  much  shorter  than  the  anthers; 
style  as  long  as  the  corolla-tube;  fruit  compressed,  becoming  subglobose,  pure 
white,  shining,  3"-4"  long,  the  withering  corolla  long-persistent.  [Chiococca 
racemosa  of  Lefroy,  Reade,  Jones,  Hemsley  and  H.  B.  Small.] 

Frequent  on  hillsides.  Endemic.  Flowers  in  autumn,  the  fruit  ripe  in  winter 
The  glossy  foliage,  beautiful  flowers  and  fruit  make  this  one  of  the  most  attractive 
and  interesting  plants  of  Bermuda.  It  was  long  supposed  to  be  identical  with  C. 
alha,  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies,  its  nearest  relative ;  the  species  was  first 
described  by  Stewardson  Brown  in  "  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences 
of  Philadelphia,"  19U9,  p.  493.  It  differs  from  C.  aiha  by  lighter  green  foliage, 
larger  leaves,  stouter  and  longer  pedicels  and  larger  berries,  and  is  a  much  more 
elegant  plant  when  in  bloom  ;  as  remarked  by  Lefroy,  it  is  well  worthy  of  cultiva- 
tion ;  it  is  readily  grown  as  shown  by  a  number  of  small  plants  taken  to  the  New 
York  Botanical   Garden  in   1912. 

The  species  probably  originated  from  seeds  of  Chiococca  alha  transported  to 
Bermuda  from  Florida  or  the  Bahamas  by  a  bird,  there  producing  plants  which 
subsequently,  through  isolation,  developed  differently  from  their  ancestor. 


4.     PSYCHOTRIA  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees,  or  rarely  perennial  herbs,  the  entire-margined  leaves  op- 
posite or  rarely  whorled;  stipules  sometimes  sheathing.  Flowers  perfect  or 
rarely  polygamo-dioecious,  in  terminal  or  axillary  clusters.  Calyx  short,  mostly 
5-lobed.  Corolla  white,  pink,  green  or  yellow,  tubular,  funnelform  or  cam- 
panulate,  the  tube  straight,  its  lobes  5,  or  rarely  4  or  6,  valvate.  Stamens  as 
many  as  the  corolla-lobes,  adnate  up  to  the  throat  or  mouth  of  the  corolla-tube ; 
anthers  attached  at  the  base.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity, 
erect,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  small  berry  or  drupe,  often  ribbed.  Seeds  erect, 
testa  thin;  endosperm  sometimes  ruminated.  [From  the  Greek,  to  give  life, 
with  reference  to  supposed  medicinal  qualities.]  Over  200  species,  natives  of 
tropical  and  warm-temperate  America.  Type  species:  Psychotria  asiatica  L. ; 
the  name  asiatica  was  given  by  Linnaeus  m  error,  the  plant  being  Jamaican. 

1.  Psychotria  lignstri- 
folia  (Northrop)  Millsp. 
Wild  Coffee.  (Fig.  394.) 
A  glabrous  shrub,  4°-8° 
high.  Leaves  oblong,  or  ob- 
long-oblanceolate,  2'-4'  long, 
i'-lV  in  width,  rather  firm 
in  texture,  pinnately  few- 
veined,  dark  green  and  some- 
what shining  above,  paler 
green  and  commonly  with 
small  tufts  of  hairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  veins  beneath, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the 
apex,  narrowed  at  the  base 
into  slender  petioles  8"  long 
or  less,  the  deciduous  stip- 
ules sheathing,  subulate- 
tipped;  peduncles  Y-2'  long, 
slender ;  panicles  several- 
many-flowered,  l'-2'  broad; 
flowers  very  nearly  sessile, 
about  2"  long,  the  minute 
calyx  5-6-toothed,  the  white 
corolla  tubular-eampanulate ; 
fruit  oblong,  several-ribbed, 
about    3"    long,    dark    red. 


t7 


364 


RUBIACEAE. 


[Myrstiphyllum  ligustrifolium  Northrop;  Psychotria  undata  of  Lefroy,  Moore, 
Hemsley  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Frequent  in  rocky  woodlands  between  Castle  Harbor  and  Harrington  Sound ; 
Paget  Marsh,  1914.  Native.  Florida,  and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers  in  spring. 
Its  seed  was  probably  brought  to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 


5.     COFFEA  L. 

Shrubs  or  small  trees,  with  broad  leaves,  and  white  fragrant  flowers 
clustered  in  the  axils.  Calyx-tube  turbinate  or  oblong.  Corolla  funnelform  or 
salverform,  the  4  or  5  oblong  lobes  obtuse  or  acutish,  contorted.  Stamens 
4  or  5,  borne  at  the  mouth  of  the  corolla,  the  filaments  very  short,  the  anthers 
linear,  twisted  or  curved  after  dehiscence.  Ovary  2-celled;  ovules  1  in  each 
cavity;  style  2-branched.  Berry  oblong  or  globose  containing  2  hard  convex 
nutlets.  [Name  from  the  Arabic]  About  20  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Coffea  arabica  L.  Coffee.  (Fig. 
395.)  Glabrous,  10°-20°  high,  the  trunk 
slender,  usually  straight.  Leaves  elliptic 
to  oblong,  dark  green,  somewhat  shining, 
pinnately  veined,  3'-6'  long,  acute  or  acu- 
minate at  the  apex,  narrowed  or  obtuse  at 
the  base,  the  rather  stout  petioles  V  long 
or  less ;  flowers  several  together  in  the  axils, 
short-pedicelled ;  calyx  about  IV'  long, 
nearly  truncate;  corolla-tube  3"-'5"  long, 
its  lobes  rather  longer ;  anthers  shorter  than 
the  corolla-lobes;  berry  oblong  to  globose, 
smooth,  5"-8"  long. 

Abundant  in  rocky  woodlands  between 
Castle  Harbor  and  Harrington  Sound,  a  relic 
of  former  cultivation.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  eastern  tropical  Africa.  Flowers  in  spring 
and   summer. 


6.     BORRERIA  G.  F.  W.  Meyer. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  shrubby  plants,  with  opposite  entire  leaves, 
the  stipules  sheathing,  the  flowers  perfect,  solitary  in  the  axils,  or  in  axillary 
or  terminal  clusters.  Calyx-tube  obovoid  or  turbinate,  its  lobes  persistent, 
sometimes  accompanied  by  small  teeth.  Corolla  white,  pink  or  blue,  funnel- 
form  or  salverform;  the  lobes  4,  valvate,  spreading.  Stamens  4,  adnate  to 
the  corolla-tube  sometimes  up  to  its  throat.  Disk  obsolete  or  cushion-like. 
Ovary  2-celled;  styles  wholly  or  partially  united;  ovules  solitary  in  each 
cavity,  amphitropous.  Fruit  leathery  or  crustaceous,  the  2  carpels  opening 
along  their  inner  faces.  [In  honor  of  W.  Borrer,  British  lichenologist.] 
About  90  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm  regions.  Type  species: 
Borreria  suaveolens  G.  F.  W.  Meyer. 


RUBIACEAE. 


365 


1.  Borreria  laevis  (Lam.)  Griseb.  But- 
ton-weed. (Fig.  396.)  Slightly  pubescent, 
branched,  the  branches  spreading  or  ascend- 
ing, 6'-18'  long,  somewhat  angled.  Leaves 
oblong  to  elliptic-lanceolate,  i'-lV  long, 
acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at 
the  base  into  short  petioles,  pinnately 
veined;  stipular  sheath  subtruncate,  bearing 
several  bristles  2"-3"  long;  flowers  white, 
about  li"  wide,  capitate-clustered  in  the 
axils;  calyx-lobes  4,  ovate,  minute;  fruit 
obovoid,  about  1"  long;  seeds  oblong,  stri- 
ate.    [Spermacoce  laevis  Lam.] 

Common  in  nearly  all  dry  situations.  Na- 
tive. West  Indies.  Flowers  nearly  through- 
out the  year  Its  minute  seeds  were  probably 
brought  to  Bermuda  on  the  wind. 

7.  SPERMACOCE  L, 
Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  the  stems 
usually  4-angled,  the  leaves  opposite;  stip- 
ules sheathing.  Flowers  perfect,  solitary  or  few  in  the  axils.  Calyx-lobes  per- 
sistent, sometirhes  accompanied  by  small  teeth.  Corolla  white,  pink  or  blue, 
funnelform  or  salverform,  the  lobes  spreading,  valvate.  Stamens  4,  adnate 
to  the  throat  of  the  corolla-tube  or  lower  down.  Ovary  2-celled;  styles  wholly 
or  partially  united,  filiform;  ovules  solitary  in  each  cavity,  attached  to  the 
middle  of  the  septa,  amphitropous.  Fruit  leathery  or  crustaceous,  of  two  car- 
pels, one  opening  through  the  ventral  face,  the  other  remaining  closed.  [Greek, 
seed-point,    from   the   sharp    calyx-teeth   surmounting   the   capsule.]     About   4 

species,  natives  of  temperate  and 
tropical  America.  Type  species: 
Spermacoce  tenuior  L. 

Plant  glabrous  or  nearly  so ;  leaves 
linear  to  oblong-lanceolate  l"-3" 
wide.  1.   S.  tenuior. 

Plant  pubescent  with  long  hairs ; 
leaves  lanceolate,   4"-10"   wide. 

2.  8.  tetraquetra. 

1.  Spermacoce     tenuior     L. 

Slender  Spermacoce.  (Fig.  397.) 
Glabrous  or  nearly  so.  Stems 
simple  and  erect  or  more  or  less 
diffusely  branched  from  the  base, 
the  branches  4'-12'  long;  leaves 
linear,  oblong  or  oblong-lanceolate, 
j'-2'  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at 
both  ends,  narrowed  into  short 
petioles;  calyx-lobes  subulate  or 
lanceolate-subulate ;  corolla  white, 
twice  or  thrice  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
lobes,  its  lobes  broad,  rounded,  the 
fruit  about   1"  long. 

Waste  and  cultivated  grounds 
Naturalized.  Native  of  temperate 
and  tropical  America.  Flowers  from 
spring  to  autumn. 


366 


RUBIACEAE. 


2.  Spermacoce  tetraquetra 
A.  Rich.  Hairy  Spermacoce. 
(Fig.  397.)  Stouter  and  larger 
than  S.  tenuior,  sometimes  2° 
high,  densely  pubescent  nearly  all 
over  with  long,  whitish  hairs. 
Leaves  lanceolate  to  oblong- 
lanceolate,  rather  strongly  veined, 
acute  at  the  apex,  narowed  or 
obtuse  at  the  base,  l'-3'  long,  10" 
wide  or  less;  calyx-lobes  lanceo- 
late, acuminate;  corolla  white, 
about  twice  as  long  as  the  calyx- 
lobes  j  fruit  about  1"  long. 

Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  Cuba  and  the  Bahamas. 
Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 


8.  VAILLANTIA  [Tourn.]  L. 
Low,  annual  branching  herbs, 
with  4-angled  stems,  and  small 
leaves  verticillate  in  4's,  the  very 
small  white  or  yellowish  flowers  3 
together  in  the  axils,  very  nearly 
sessile,  the  short  pedicels  connate,  thickened  and  recurved  in  fruit,  the  lateral 
flowers  staminate,  the  middle  one  perfect.  Staminate  flowers  with  an  obsolete 
calyx,  a  rotate  3-cleft  corolla  and  3  stamens.  Perfect  flowers  with  a  nearly 
globular  calyx,  a  rotate,  4-cleft  corolla,  4  stamens  with  didymous  anthers,  a 
2-celled  ovary  and  a  2-divided  style;  fruit  concrete,  3-4-horned,  spinulose. 
[In  honor  of  Sebastian  Vaillant,  1669-1722, 
French  botanist.]  A  few  species,  natives  of 
southern  Europe,  northern  Africa  and  western 
Asia.     Type  species:   F.  muralis  L. 

1.  Vailantia  hispida  L.  Hispid  Vaillan- 
TiA.  (Fig.  399.)  Branched  from  the  base,  the 
slender  branches  spreading  or  ascending,  2-8' 
long,  glabrous  or  nearly  so  below  and  when 
young  throughout,  becoming  densely  hispid 
with  spreading  hairs  above  the  lower  nodes. 
Leaves  oblong,  5"  long  or  less,  obtuse  or 
acutish  at  the  apex,  narrowed  into  short 
petioles;  flowers  scarcely  1"  long,  whitish; 
fruit  with  3  short  laciniate  horns;  seed 
hemispheric. 

Frequent  in  grassy  places.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  Europe.     Flowers  in  spring  and  summer. 


RUBIACEAE. 


367 


Vaillantia  muralis  L.,  recorded  by  Jones  and  by  Lefroy  as  found  in 
Bermuda,  has  not  with  certainty  been  subsequently  detected;  it  is  glabrous 
throughout,  or  a  little  hairy  at  the  ends  of  the  branches,  and  has  obovate 
leaves  and  smaller,  less  laciniate  fruits. 


9.     GALIUM  L. 

Herbs,  with  4-angled  slender  stems  and  branches,  apparently  verticillate 
leaves,  and  small  flowers,  mostly  in  axillary  or  terminal  cymes  or  panicles,  the 
pedicels  usually  jointed  with  the  calyx.  Flowers  perfect,  or  in  some  species 
dioecious.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  globose,  the  limb  minutely  toothed,  or  none. 
Corolla  rotate,  4-lobed  (rarely  3-lobed).  Stamens  4,  rarely  3;  filaments  short; 
anthers  exserted.  Ovary  '2-celled;  ovules  one  in  each  cavity.  Styles  2,  short; 
stigmas  capitate.  Fruit  didymous,  separating  into  2  indehiscent  carpels,  or 
sometimes  only  1  of  the  carpels  maturing.  Seed  convex  on  the  back,  concave 
on  the  face,  or  spherical  and  hollow;  endosperm  horny;  embryo  curved; 
cotyledons  foliaceous.  [Greek,  milk,  from  the  use  of  G.  venim  for  curdling.] 
About  250  species,  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species:  Galium  Mollugo  L. 
The  leaves  are  really  opposite,  the  intervening  members  of  the  verticils  being 
stipules. 


Annual ;  leaves  in  6's  or  8's. 
Perennials  ;  leaves  in  4's. 

Fruit  dry,  densely  hispid. 

Fruit  fleshy,  pubescent. 


1.  G.  Aparine. 

2.  G.  pilosum. 

3.  G.  bcnnudense. 


1.  Galium  Aparine  L.  Cleavers. 
GoosEGRASs.  Cleaver-wort.  (Fig.  400.) 
Weak,  scrambling  over  bushes,  2°-5° 
long,  the  stems  retrorsely  hispid  on  the 
angles.  Leaves  in  6  's  or  8  's,  oblanceo- 
late  to  linear,  cuspidate  I'-S^'  long,  2"- 
5"  wide,  the  margins  and  midrib  very 
rough;  flowers  in  1-3-flowered  cymes  in 
the  upper  axils;  peduncles  i'-V  long; 
fruiting  pedicels  straight;  fruit  2"-5" 
broad,  densely  covered  with  hooked 
bristles. 

Occasional  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  North  temperate 
zone.  Flowers  in  spring.  This  may  be  the 
plant  mentioned  by  Reade  as  G.  palustre, 
found  once  by  him  in  Pembroke  Marsh,  and 
described  under  that  name  by  H.  B.  Small. 


368 


RUBIACEAE. 


2.  Galium  pilosum  Ait. 
Hairy  Bedstraw.  (Fig.  401.) 
Perennial,  hirsute-pubescent; 
stems  ascending,  branched,  1°- 
2^°  long.  Leaves  in  4 's,  oval 
or  oval-ovate,  punctate,  1-nerved, 
obtuse,  or  obscurely  3-nerved,  at 
the  base,  mucronulate,  i'-l' 
long,  3 "-5"  wide,  the  lower 
usually  smaller ;  peduncles 
axillary  and  terminal;  cymes 
numerous,  few-flowered ;  pedi- 
cels l"-6"  long,  flowers  yellow- 
ish purple ;  fruit  densely  hispid, 
nearly  2"  in  diameter.  [G. 
ruhrum  of  Lefroy?] 

Collected  somewhere  in  Ber- 
muda by  Baldwin,  in  the  year 
1815  as  appears  from  specimens 
preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  but  not  certainly 
found  here  by  others.  Presumably 
native.  Eastern  United  States. 
Barren  specimens  of  a  Galium 
found  along  the  South  Shore 
Road,  near  Camden,  in  1914,  may 
be  this  species. 
3.  Galium     bermudense     L. 

Bermuda  Bedstraw^.    Heal- soon. 
(Fig.     402.)        Perennial,     much 

branched,  hirsute,  hispid  or  nearly 

glabrous,   6'-2°   high.     Leaves  in 

4's,     1-nerved,     oval,     mucronate, 

rather    thick,    3"-10"   long,    IV'- 

4"  wide,  the  margins  more  or  less 

revolute   in   drying;    flowers   few, 

terminating  the  branchlets,  white ; 

pedicels  3"-4"  long,  rather  stout, 

becoming  deflexed  in  fruit;  fruit 

fleshy,  minutely  pubescent,  about 

2"  broad.     [G.  Jiispidulum  Michx. ; 

G.  uniflorum  of  Lefroy,  of  Hems- 
ley  and  of  H.  B.  Small;  G,  hijpo- 

carpium    of    Reade;     EeWiinium 

hypocarpium  of  Moore.] 

Common  on  hillsides.  Native. 
Southeastern  United  States  and  Ba- 
hamas. Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn.  Its  seed  presumably  trans- 
ported to  Bermuda  by  a  bird. 

The  plant  is  first  recorded  by  Plunkenet,  in  his  "  Almagestum  Botanicum  "  on 
page  324,  and  illustrated  on  his  plate  2^8,  figure  6,  as  "  Rubia  tetraphyllos  glabra, 
latiore  folio,  bermudensis,  seminibus  binis  atropurpureis  "  he  received  it  from  Dr. 
Petiver. 

10.     SHERARDIA    [Dill.]    L. 

Slender  annual  procumbent  or  diffuse  herbs,  with  verticillate  spiny-pointed 

leaves,    and   small   nearly   sessile   pink    or   blue   flowers,   in   involucrate   heads. 

Calyx-tube  ovoid,  its  limb  4-6-lobed,  the  lobes  lanceolate,  persistent.     Corolla 


RUBIACEAE. 


369 


funnelform,  4-5-lobed,  the  tube  as  long  as  the  lobes  or  longer.  Stamens  4  or  5, 
inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla;  filaments  slender;  anthers  linear-oblong, 
exserted.  Ovary  2-celled;  style  2-cleft  at  the  summit;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity. 
Fruit  didymous,  the  carpels  indehiscent.  Seed  erect.  [Named  for  Dr.  Wm. 
Sherard,  1659-1728,  patron  of  Dillenius.]     A  monotypie  genus. 

1.  Sherardia  arvensis  L.  Blue 
Field-Madder.  Herb  Sherard. 
Spur-wort.  (Fig.  403.)  Tufted, 
roughish;  stems  numerous,  pros- 
trate, ascending,  or  decumbent,  2V— 
10'  long.  Leaves  in  4's,  5 's  or  6 's, 
the  upper  linear  or  lanceolate,  acute 
and  sharp-pointed,  rough-ciliate 
on  the  margins,  3"-8"  long,  1"- 
2"  wide,  the  lower  often  obovate, 
mucronate;  flowers  in  slender- 
peduncled  involucrate  heads,  the 
involucre  deeply  6-8-lobed,  the 
lobes  lanceolate,  sharp-pointed ; 
corolla-lobes  spreading ;  fruit 
crowned  with  the  4-6  lanceolate 
calyx-teeth.  [Galium  arvensis  of 
H.  B.  Small.] 

Roadsides,  lawns  and  waste 
grounds.  Occasional.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  Europe.  Introduced  into 
the  eastern  United  States.  Flowers 
in  spring  and  summer. 

Rachicallis  mpestris  (Sw.)  DC,  West  Indian,  a  low  shrub  of  rocky  coasts, 
3°  high  or  less,  with  densely  leafy  and  thickened  twigs,  the  linear-oblong, 
fleshy  leaves  only  3"-5"  long,  sharp-pointed,  grooved  on  the  back,  the  solitary 
and  sessile  yellow  flowers  about  3"  long,  the  salverform  corolla  4-lobed,  the 
fruit  capsular,  is  recorded  as  Bermudian  by  Jones,  Eeade,  A'errill,  Hemsley 
and  by  H.  B.  Small.  Eeade 's  description  of  the  plant  he  saw  points  to 
Bandia  aculeata,  which  he  did  not  record,  except  in  that  he  says  the  flowers  are 
yellow,  whereas  they  are  white.  H.  B.  Small  essentially  copiecl  Eeade 's  descrip- 
tion, and  both  assign  the  plant  to  the  South  Shores.  Hemsley  cites  Munro  as 
a  collector  of  the  species,  but  no  specimen  of  it  from  Bermuda  is  preserved 
either  at  Kew  or  at  the  British  Museum  of  Natural  History.  Eecent  collectors 
have  been  unable  to  find  it. 

Morinda  Roioc  L.,  of  Florida  and  the  West  Indies,  was  entered  as  Ber- 
mudian in  the  manuscript  list  of  plants  compiled  by  Lane  in  1845,  and  cited  by 
Hemsley.  Lefroy  mentions  it  as  a  native  plant,  found  in  the  Walsingham 
tract,  but  it  does  not  appear  that  he  ever  collected  it ;  no  Bermuda  specimen 
could  be  found  in  the  Kew  Herbarium  in  1910.  Verrill  records  it  under  the 
common  name  ''Saw  Weed."  Eepeated  search  of  the  region  between  Castle 
Harbor  and  Harrington  Sound  has  failed  to  show  its  existence  there  at  present; 
it  may  have  disappeared,  or  the  records  may  be  erroneous.  It  is  a  shrub,  some- 
times vine-like,  with  glabrous,  opposite  oblong  leaves  2'-4'  long,  the  small 
white  to  red  flowers  in  dense  peduncled  heads,  the  fruit  a  fleshy  syncarp. 

Ixora  coccinea  L.,  Eed  Ixora,  East  Indian,  a  glabrous  shrub  3°-6°  high, 
with  oblong  to  oblanceolate,  sessile,  often  cordate  leaves  2'-4'  long,  the  red  or 
scarlet  flowers  commonly  numerous  in  terminal  clusters,  the  slender  corolla- 
tube  about   2'   long,   narrowly   cylindric,  the   widely  spreading  limb   about    5' 

25 


370  RUBIACEAE. 

borad,  with  5  acute  lobes,  the  style  a  little  exserted,  is  commonly  planted  in 
gardens  and  on  lawns.  . 

Ixora  macrothyrsa  Teijsm.  &  Binn.,  Duffy's  Ixora,  also  East  Indian,  a 
large  shrub  with  glabrous  oblong-lanceolate  acuminate  leaves  8'-12'  long,  the 
crimson  flowers  in  clusters  often  8'  broad,  the  corolla  with  5  blunt  lobes,  was 
grown  at  Paget  Eeotory  in  1914,     [I.  Dujfii  Moore.] 

Three  other  species  of  East  Indian  Ixoras  mentioned  by  Jones  and  by 
Lefroy,  were  planted  at  Mt.  Langton  in  1870  or  1874,  I.  javanica  DC.,  /. 
amboynae  DC.  and  I.  acuminata  Eoxb. 

Gardenia  jasminoides  Ellis,  Cape  Jessamine,  Chinese,  an  evergreen  shrub 
becoming  6°  high,  with  elliptic  short-petioled,  acute  or  acuminate  leaves  2'-4' 
long,  its  fragrant  white,  often  double  flowers  2'-3'  broad,  is  occasionally 
planted  for  ornament.      [6?.  florida  L. ;   G.  Fortunei  of  gardeners.] 

A  colored  picture  postal  card,  purporting  to  show  the  Cape  Jessamine, 
bought  in  1913,  represents  Flumiera  rubra,  the  Frangipauni.  Taternaemon- 
tana  citri folia  is  sometimes  erroneously  called  Cape  Jessamine. 

Gardenia  nitida  Hook.,  was  introduced  at  Mount  Langton  in  1875,  ac- 
cording to  Lefroy,  but  subsequently  disappeared. 

Rondeletia  odorata  Jacq.,  Scarlet  Eondeletia,  West  Indian,  grown  in  a 
few  gardens,  is  a  shrub  3°-6°  high,  with  slender  pubescent  branches,  very 
short-petioled  ovate  to  oblong  leaves  l'-3'  long,  and  scarlet  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbs,  the  slender  pubescent  corolla-tube  about  |'  long,  the  spreading  limb 
about  V  broad,  the  small  capsules  globose. 

Hamelia  erecta  Jacq.,  Scarlet  Hamelia,  West  Indian  and  Eloridan, 
grown  for  ornament,  is  a  shrub  up  to  7°  high,  with  thin,  ovate  to  elliptic 
pointed  leaves  3'-6'  long,  and  scarlet  nearly  tubular  flowers  about  f  long,  in 
terminal  cymes,  followed  by  black  berries.     [H.  patens  Jacq.] 

Vangueria  edulis  L.,  Edible  Vangueria,  Madagascan,  listed  by  Jones 
in  1873  and  mentioned  by  Eeade  as  reported  at  Mt.  Langton  prior  to  1883,  is 
a  low  glabrous  tree  with  thin  ovate  short-petioled  leaves  about  5'  long  and 
lateral  cymes  of  many  small  greenish  flowers,  the  corolla  with  reflexed  lobes, 
the  edible  succulent  fruit  about  V  in  diameter,  containing  5  stones. 

Pentas  lanceolata  (Forsk.)  K.  Schum.,  tropical  African,  a  somewhat 
woody  herbaceous  pubescent  perennial  about  2°  high,  with  petioled  ovate- 
lanceolate  acuminate  leaves  2'-4'  long,  and  purplish  flowers  in  terminal 
corymbs,  the  slender  corolla  about  li'  long,  its  limb  about  one-fourth  as  long 
as  the  tube,  was  cultivated  in  the  Public  Garden  prior  to  1883,  according  to 
Eeade.     {Fentas  carnea  Benth.] 

Palicourea  domingensis  (Jacq.)  DC,  mentioned  by  H.  B.  Small  as  seen 
by  him  at  Bishop  's  Lodge,  many  years  ago,  is  a  glabrous  West  Indian  shrub 
about  6°  high,  with  thin  slender-petioled  elliptic  acuminate  leaves,  and 
corymbose  white  nearly  tubular,  curved  flowers  about  1'  long.  [P.  Favetta 
DC;  Fsyclioiria  domingensis  Sw.] 

Mussaenda  frondosa  L.,  Leafy  Mussaenda,  of  tropical  Asia,  a  shrub, 
with  pubescent  twigs,  oval  to  lanceolate,  pubescent  leaves  4'-6'  long,  corymbose 
terminal  yellov^'  flowers,  one  of  the  calyx-teeth  greatly  enlarged  into  a  showy 
ovate  appendage  l'-2'  long,  the  funnelform  corolla  with  a  short  5-cleft  limb, 
vi  occasionally  planted  for  ornament. 

A  species  of  Hoffmania,  introduced  at  Mt.  Langton  in  1875,  is  said  by 
Lefroy  to  have  established  itself  where  screened  from  high  winds;  Lefroy 
recorded  it  as  H.  splendens  Benth.,  but  there  is  no  such  published  name,  and  I 
am  unable  to  tell  what  plant  he  had  in  mind. 


CAPEIFOLIACEAE. 


371 


Family  2.     CAPRIFOLIACEAE  Vent. 

Honeysuckle  Family. 

Shrubs,  trees^  vines,  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  leaves  and  per- 
fect, mostly  cymose  flowers.  Stipules  none,  or  sometimes  present.  Calyx- 
tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  3-5-toothed  or  3-5-lobed.  Corolla  g-amo- 
petalous,  the  limb  5-lobed,  sometimes  2-lipped.  Stamens  5  (rarely  4),  in- 
serted on  the  tube  of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes;  anthers 
versatile.  Ovary  inferior,  1-6-celled;  style  slender;  stigma  capitate,  or  2- 
5-lobed,  the  lobes  stigmatic  at  the  summit;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a 
1-6-celled  berry,  drupe,  or  capsule.  Seeds  oblong,  globose,  or  angular; 
seed-coat  membranous  or  crustaceous,  embryo  usually  small,  placed  near 
the  hilum;  radicle  terete;  cotyledons  ovate.  About  10  genera  and  300 
species,  mostly  of  the  northern  hemisphere. 

Corolla  rotate,  small,   regiilar  ;   style  deeply  lobed.  1.  Samhuciis. 

Corolla  campanulate  to  tubular,   large,  often  2-lipped  ;  style  slender.     2.  Lonicera. 


1.     SAMBUCUS  L. 

Shrubs  or  trees  (or  some  species  perennial  herbs),  with  opposite  pinnate 
leaves,  serrate  or  laciniate  leaflets,  and  small  white  or  pinkish  flowers  in  com- 
pound depressed  or  thyrsoid  cymes.  Calyx-tube  ovoid  or  turbinate,  3-5-toothed 
or  3-5-lobed.  Corolla  rotate  or  slightly  campanulate,  regular,  3-5-lobed. 
Stamens  5,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the  corolla ;  filaments  slender ;  anthers  ob- 
long. Ovary  3-5-celled;  style  short,  3-parted;  ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  pendu- 
lous. Drupe  berry-like,  containing  3-5,  1-seeded  nutlets.  Endosperm  fleshy; 
embryo  nearly  as  long  as  the  seed.  [Latin  name  of  the  elder.]  About  25 
species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.     Type  species:   Samhucus  nigra  L. 


1.  Sambucus  intermedia  Carr.  West 
Indian  Elder.  (Fig.  404.)  A  small  tree, 
5°-12°  high,  glabrous,  except  the  brownish- 
pubescent  young  foliage.  Leaves  1-2-pin- 
nate,  10'  long  or  less;  leaflets  rather  firm 
in  texture,  5-9,  short-stalked,  oblong-lance- 
olate, serrate  or  serrulate  with  incurved 
teeth,  2'-4'  long,  acuminate  at  the  apex,  nar- 
rowed or  obtuse  at  the  base;  cymes  decom- 
pound, convex,  8'  broad  or  less,  long-stalked, 
mostly  broader  than  high;  flowers  very 
numerous,  white,  about  2"  broad;  pedicels 
very  slender,  2"-3"  long;  fruit  described  as 
black.  \^S.  nigra  of  Reade,  Jones  and  Le- 
froy.] 

Waste  grounds,  occasionally  escaped  from 
cultivation.  Commonly  planted  for  ornament. 
Introduced.  Flowers  in  summer  and  autumn. 
TTne  flowers  mostly  fall  away  without  setting 
fruit  in  Bermuda. 


372 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE. 


2.     LONICERA  L. 

Erect  or  climbing  shrubs  or  vines,  with  opposite  mostly  entire  leaves; 
flowers  spieate,  capitate  or  geminate,  usually  somewhat  irregular.  Calyx- 
tube  ovoid  or  nearly  globular,  the  limb  slightly  5-toothed,  Corolla  often  gib- 
bous at  the  base,  the  limb  5-lobed,  more  or  less  oblique,  or  2-lipped.  Stamens 
5,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla.  Ovary  2-3-celled;  ovules  numerous, 
pendulous;  style  slender,  stigma  capitate.  Berry  fleshy,  2-3-celled  or  rarely 
1-celled,  few-seeded.  Seeds  with  fleshy  endosperm  and  a  terete  embryo. 
[Named  for  Adam  Lonitzer,  1528-1586,  a  German  botanist.]  About  160 
species,  of  the  north  temperate  zone,  a  few  in  tropical  regions.  Type  species: 
Lonicera  Capri  folium  L. 

1.  Lonicera    japonica 
C^ff  ^  Thumb.    Japanese  or  Chinese 

Honeysuckle.  (Fig.  405.) 
A  pubescent,  climbing  or  trail- 
ing vine,  sometimes  15°  long 
or  more.  Leaves  short-peti- 
oled,  ovate,  entire,  V-?>V  long, 
acute  at  the  apex,  rounded  at 
the  base,  dark  green  and  gla- 
brous above,  pale  and  usually 
sparingly  pubescent  beneath; 
flowers  leafy-bracted  at  the 
base,  white  or  pink,  fading  to 
yellow,  pubescent  without,  the 
tube  longer  than  the  strongly 
2-lipped  limb;  stamens  and 
style  exserted;  berries  black, 
3"-4"  in  diameter. 

Waste  grounds  and  road- 
sides, escaped  from  cultivation. 
Introduced,  Native  of  eastern 
Asia.  Widely  naturalized  in 
the  eastern  L'nited  States. 
Flowers  freely  in  summer  and 
autumn.  Commonly  planted  for 
ornament. 

Lonicera  sempervirens  L.,  Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  North  American,  a 
glabrous  high  climbing  vine,  with  oval  or  oblong  leaves  pale  beneath,  the 
upper  pairs  connate-perfoliate,  the  scarlet  to  yellow  tubular  flowers  in  terminal 
clusters,  with  corollas  an  inch  long  or  more,  is  planted  for  ornament  on  walls 
and  porches.  [Caprifolium  sempervirens  Michx.]  An  elegant  vine  was  seen 
at  Cedar  Lodge  in  1914. 

Lonicera  Caprifolium  L.,  Italian  Honeysuckle,  European,  is  a  vine 
with  foliage  similar  to  that  of  the  Trumpet  Honeysuckle,  the  upper  pairs  of 
leaves  connate-perfoliate,  but  the  corolla  is  purple  and  strongly  2-lipped,  the 
upper  lip  4-lobed,  the  lower  lip  narrow  and  reflexed.     [Caprifolium  italicum 

Medic] 

Lonicera  Xylosteum  L.,  Fly  Honeysuckle,  European,  credited  to  Ber- 
muda by  Jones,  is  a  shrub  up  to  6°  high,  with  pubescent  ovate  to  obovate 
leaves,  the  yellowish-white  flowers  in  pairs  on  axillary  peduncles^  followed  by 
scarlet  berries. 


CAPRIFOLIACEAE.  373 

Viburnum  Tinus  L.,  Laurestinus,  European,  planted  for  ornament,  is  a 
shrub  ^"-lO"  high,  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  with  ovate  to  elliptic,  entire  acute 
leaves  2'-4'  long,  often  ciliate,  and  terminal  cymes  of  white,  slightly  odorous 
flowers,  the  rotate-campanulate  corolla  3"-4"  broad,  the  nearly  black  drupes 
ovoid,  about  4"  long. 

Abelia  serrata  Sieb.  &  Zucc,  Japanese  Abelia,  grown  in  gardens  for 
ornament,  is  a  shrub  about  6°  high,  which  may  be  trained  against  walls,  with 
slender  branches,  ovate  short-petioled  toothed  acute  or  acuminate  leaves 
about  1'  long,  the  white  flowers  in  small  terminal  leafy  panicles,  the  calyx 
of  4  thin  oblong  veiny  sepals,  the  funnelform-campanulate  corolla  7"-9"  long, 
longer  than  the  stamens. 


Order  8.     VALERIANALES. 

Herbs,  the  corolla  gamopetaloiis.  Stamens  mostly  fewer  than  the 
corolla-lobes;  anthers  separate.  Ovary  inferior,  1-celled  with  1  pendulous 
ovule,  or  3-ceIled  with  2  of  the  cavities  without  ovules. 

Ovary  3-celIed,  2  cavities  empty.  Fam.   1.  Valerianaceae. 

Ovary  1-celled  ;  flowers  densely  capitate,  involucrate.  Fam.  2,  Dipsacaceae. 


Family  1.     VALEEIANACEAE  Batseh. 

Valerian  Family. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  stipules,  and  usually  small  flowers,  in 
cymes.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovary,  its  limb  inconspicuous  or  none  in 
flower,  often  becoming  prominent  in  fruit.  Corolla  epigynous,  somewhat 
irregular,  its  tube  narrowed,  and  sometimes  gibbous  or  spurred  at  the  base, 
its  limb  spreading,  mostly  5-lobed.  Stamens  1-4,  inserted  on  the  corolla 
and  alternate  w^ith  its  lobes.  Ovary  inferior,  1-3-celled,  one  of  the  cavities 
containing  a  single  anatropous  ovule,  the  others  empty.  Fruit  indehiscent, 
dry,  containing  a  single  suspended  seed.  Endosperm  little  or  none ;  embryo 
straight;  cotyledons  oblong.  About  9  genera  and  300  species,  of  wide 
distribution. 

Corolla-tube  short,  not  spurred  :  stamens  3.  1.   Valerianella. 

Corolla-tube   long,   spurred;   stamen   1,   rarely   2.  2.  Centranthus. 


1.     VAIiERIAJSTELLA  Poll. 

Annual  diehotomously  branched  herbs,  the  basal  leaves  tufted,  entire, 
those  of  the  stem  sessile,  the  flowers  in  compact  or  capitate  c\Tnes.  Corolla 
small,  white,  blue,  or  pink,  nearly  regular.  Calyx-limb  short  or  obsolete  in 
flower,  often  none.  Corolla-tube  narrowed  at  the  base,  the  limb  spreading, 
5-lobed.  Stamens  3.  8tyle  minutely  3-lobed  at  the  summit.  Fruit  3-celled, 
2  of  the  cells  empty,  and  in  our  species  about  as  large  as  the  fertile  one. 
[Name  a  diminutive  of  Valerian.]  About  50  species,  of  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere, the  following  typical. 


374 


VALERIAXACEAE 


1.  Valerianella  Lo- 
custa  (L.)  Bettke.  Euro- 
pean Corn  Salad.  (Fig. 
406.)  Glabrous,  or  pubes- 
cent at  the  nodes,  6'-12' 
high,  usually  repeatedly 
forked.  Basal  leaves  spatu- 
la te  or  oblanceolate, 
rounded  and  obtuse  at  the 
apex,  1-2'  long,  entires- 
upper  stem  leaves  oblong- 
lanceolate,  usually  dentate; 
peduncles  short;  cymes  3"- 
6"  broad,  almost  capitate; 
bracts  linear  or  linear-ob- 
long; corolla  blue,  about 
1"  long;  fruit  flattened, 
rounded  on  the  edges,  1" 
long,  glabrous,  depressed- 
orbicular  in  outline,  the 
two  empty  cavities  smaller 
than  the  fertile  one,  which 
has  a  corky  mass  at  its 
back.      [F.    olitoria   Poll.] 

Collected  by  Lefroy  on  St.  David's  Island  prior  to  1877,  as  evidenced  by  speci- 
mens'subsequently  studied  by  Reade  (Plants  of  Bermuda,  p.  38).  Introduced.  Per- 
haps cultivated  for  salad.  Native  of  Europe.  Naturalized  in  the  United  States. 
Flowers  in  spring. 

2.  CENTRANTHUS  DC. 

Herbs,  annual  or  perennial,  the  lower  leaves  mostly  dentate,  the  upper 
entire,  dentate,  lobed  or  pinnatifid,  the  red  or  white  flowers  in  terminal  com- 
pound cymes  or  panicles.  Calyx-limb  short  at  flowering  time,  developing  into 
plumose  or  ciliate  bristles  in  fruit.  Corolla-tube  slender,  spurred  at  or  below 
the  middle,  the  limb  spreading,  5-lobed.  Stamen  1,  rarely  2.  Style  2-3-lobed 
at  the  apex.  Fruit  compressed,  convex 
and  1-nerved  on  one  side,  concave  on 
the  other.  [Greek,  spur-flower.]  About 
8  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean 
region.  Type  species:  Centranthus 
ruber    (L.)    DC. 

1.  Centranthus  macrosiphon  Boiss. 
Sugar  Plum.  (Fig.  407.)  Glabrous, 
glaucous,  l°-li°  high,  the  stem  hollow, 
swollen,  the  branches  ascending.  Lower 
leaves  broadly  elliptic  or  obovate-ellip- 
tic,  coarsely  few-toothed,  lV-2i-  long, 
obtuse,  their  petioles  about  one-half  as 
long  as  the  blades;  upper  leaves  sessile, 
incised  or  pinnatifid ;  bracts  linear-lance- 
olate; cymes  l'-2'  broad,  many-flowered; 
corolla  pink  or  rose,  about  7"  long  its 
limb  about  2"  broad,  its  tube  spurred 
near  the  base;  fruit  narrowly  oblong, 
I2"  long. 

Occasional  in  waste  grounds  and  on 
roadsides.  Naturalized.  Native  of  Spain 
and  northern   Africa.      Flowers   in   spring. 


VALERIANACEAE. 


375 


Centranthus  ruber  (L.)  DC,  Centranthus,  European,  has  the  leaves 
mostly  entire,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  the  rose  or  white  flowers  panieled;  it  is 
occasionally    grown    in    flower-gardens.     [Valeriana   rubra   L.] 

Family  2.     DIPSACACEAE  Lindl. 
Teasel  Family. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  or  rarely  verticillate  leaves,  and  perfect  flowers 
in  dense  involucrate  heads.  Stipules  none.  Flowers  borne  on  an  elongated 
or  globose  receptacle,  braeted  and  involueellate.  Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  cup-shaped,  disk-shaped,  or  divided  into  spreading  bristles. 
Corolla  epigynous,  the  limb  2-5-lobed.  Stamens  2-4,  inserted  on  the  tube 
of  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes ;  filaments  distinct ;  anthers  versa- 
tile. Ovary  inferior,  1-celled;  style  filiform;  stigma  undivided,  terminal, 
or  oblique  and  lateral;  ovule  1,  anatropous.  Fruit  an  achene,  its  apex 
crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx-lobes.  Seed-coat  membranous;  endo- 
sperm fleshy;  embryo  straight.  About  7  genera  and  140  species,  of  the 
Old  World. 

1.     SCABlbSA   [Tourn.]   L. 

Herbs,  with  opposite  leaves,  no  prickles,  and  blue,  pink,  or  white  flowers 
in  peduncled  involucrate  heads.  Bracts  of  the  involucre  herbaceous.  Scales 
of  the  receptacle  small,  capillary,  or  none.  Involucels  2-8-ribbed,  the  margins 
4-toothed  or  expanded.  Calyx4imb  5-toothed.  Limb  of  the  corolla  4-5-cleft, 
oblique  or  24ipped.  Stamens  4  (rarely  2).  Stigma  oblique  or  lateral.  Achene 
adnate  to  the  involucel,  crowned  with  the  persistent  calyx.  [Latin,  scale,  from 
its  repute  as  a  remedy  for  scaly  eruptions.]  About  75  species,  natives  of  the 
Old  World.     Type  species.     Scabiosa  arvensis  L. 


1.  Scabiosa  nitens  E.  &  S.  Azorean 
Scabious.  (Fig.  408.)  Perennial,  nearly 
glabrous,  slender,  little  branched,  about 
1°  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatu- 
late  or  oblong-spatulate  lV-2y  long,  ob- 
tuse, dentate  above  the  middle,  narrowed 
into  ciliate,  margined  petioles;  upper 
leaves  linear,  narrower  than  the  basal 
ones  but  sometimes  longer,  sessile  or 
nearly  so,  acute  or  acuminate;  heads 
long-peduncled ;  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear,  ciliate,  acutish,  9"-12"  long; 
flowers  purple,  about  6"  long,  the  corolla 
pubescent. 

Roadside  north  of  Camden  Marsh, 
1912.  Introduced.  Native  of  the  Azores. 
Flowers   in   summer   and   autumn. 


Scabiosa  atropurpurea  L.,  Sweet  Scabious,  European,  grown  in  flower- 
gardens,  is  annual,  with  dentate  basal  and  lower  leaves,  the  upper  pinnately 
parted,  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  little,  if  any,  longer  than  the  purple,  pink 
or  white  flowers.      [S.  maritima  L.] 


Fam. 
Fam. 

9 

3.' 

LOBELIACEAE. 
GOODENIACEAE. 

Fam. 

4. 

CiCHORIACEAE. 

Fam. 

5. 

Ambrosiaceae. 

Fam. 

6. 

COMPOSITAE. 

376  CUCUEBITACEAE. 

Order  9.     CAMPANULALES. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs,  the  corolla  gamopetalous,  or  petals  sometimes 
separate  in  Cucurbitaceae.  Stamens  as  many  as  the  corolla-lobes  (fewer 
in  the  Cucurbitaceae) ;  anthers  united  except  in  Campanula  and  Specu- 
laria  of  the  Campanulaceae,  in  Ambrosiaceae,  and  in  Kuhnia  of  the  Com- 
positae.     Ovary  inferior. 

Flowers  not  in  involucrate  heads  ;  juice  mostly  milky. 
Endosperm     none ;     flowers     regular,     monoecious     or 

dioecious ;  our  species  vines.  Fam.  1.  Cucurbitaceae. 

Endosperm  present,  fleshy  ;   flowers  perfect,   irregular. 
Stigma  not  indusiate. 
Stigma  indusiate. 
Flowers  in  involucrate  heads. 

Flowers    all    expanded    into    rays     (ligulate)  ;    juice 

milky. 
Flowers  all  tubular,  or  the  outer  expanded  into  rays  ; 
juice  very  rarely  milky. 
Stamens  distinct,  or  nearly  so. 

Stamens    united    by    their    anthers    into    a    tube 
around  the  style   (except  in  Kuhnia). 

Family  1.     CUCURBITACEAE  B.  Juss. 
Gourd  Family. 

Herbaceous  vines,  usually  with  tendrils.  Leaves  alternate,  petioled, 
generally  palmately  lobed  or  dissected.  Flowers  monoecious  or  dioecious. 
Calyx-tube  adnate  to  the  ovarv^  its  limb  usually  5-lobed,  the  lobes  imbri- 
cated. Petals  usually  5,  inserted  on  the  limb  of  the  calyx,  separate,  or 
united  into  a  gamopetalous  corolla.  Stamens  mostly  3  (sometimes  1),  2 
of  them  with  2-celled  anthers,  the  other  with  a  1-celled  anther;  filaments 
short,  often  somewhat  monadelphous.  Ovary  1-3-celled ;  style  terminal, 
simple,  or  lobed;  ovules  anatropous.  Fruit  a  pepo,  indehiscent,  or  rarely 
dehiscent  at  the  summit,  or  bursting  irregularly;  or  sometimes  dry  and 
membranous.  Seeds  usually  flat;  endosperm  none.  About  90  genera  and 
700  species,  mainly  of  tropical  regions. 

There  are  no  native  nor  naturalized  species  of  the  family  in  Bermuda. 

Cucurbita  Lagenaria  L.,  Gourd,  of  the  Old  World  tropics,  is  grown  for 
interest  and  its  fruit  sometimes  cut  into  utensils. 

Cucurbita  maxima  Duchesne,  Squash,  probably  Asiatic  in  origin,  com- 
monly grown  for  its  fruit,  has  round  or  reniform,  unlobed  leaves,  monoecious 
yellow  axillary  flowers,  the  fruit  various  in  form. 

Cucurbita  Pepo  L.,  Pumpkin,  perhaps  tropical  American,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  summer  and  autumn  crops  of  Bermuda,  and  is  grown  in  a 
number  of  races,  the  seed  sown  in  late  spring,  the  fruit  large  and  of  excellent 
quality.  The  vine  bears  large  2-5-lobed  leaves  and  solitary  monoecious  yellow 
flowers  in  the  leaf-axils,  the  corolla  large  and  bell-shaped.     [C.  Melopepo  L.] 

Cucurbita  moschata  Duchesne,  Crookneck  Squash,  perhaps  East  Indian, 
is  recorded  by  Jones  as  grown  in  Bermuda. 

Sechium  edule  (Jacq.)  Sw.,  Chocho,  Christophixe,  West  Indian,  a  long 
vine,  with  thin  suborbicular  leaves  5'-10'  broad,  cordate  and  angular-lobed,  the 
tendrils  3-5-cleft,  the  yellowish  staminate  flowers  in  long  axilary  racemes  or 
narrow  panicles  with  a  solitary  pistillate  flower  at  the  same  axil,  the  muricate 
or  smooth  fruit  obovoid,  3'-5'  long,  is  cultivated  for  its  fruit.  [Sicyos  edulis 
Jacq.] 


CUCURBIT  ACE  AE.  377 

Citrullus  Citrullus  (L.)  Karst.,  Water  Melon,  tropical  African,  exten- 
sively grown  in  several  races  as  a  summer  and  early  autumn  fruit,  has  solitary 
axillary  yellow  monoecious  flowers,  the  corolla  rotate,  the  staminate  flowers 
with  separate  anthers.      [Cucurbita  Citrullus  L. ;   Citrullus  vulgaris  Schrad.] 

Cucumis  Melo  L.,  Melon,  Musk-melon,  of  southern  Asia,  of  which 
several  races  are  grown,  the  fruits  various. 

Cucumis  sativus  L.,  Cucumber,  of  southern  Asia  is  also  an  important 
crop,  several  kinds  being  successfully  grown. 

Sicyos  angulatus  L.,  Star  Cucumber,  Wild  Bryony,  North  American, 
mentioned  by  Lefroy  as  of  chance  introduction  about  Church  Cave,  prior  to 
1879,  and  also  recorded  by  Hemsley,  and  by  H.  B.  Small,  but  not  recently 
observed  in  Bermuda,  is  a  slender  climbing  vine,  with  thin  angled  leaves  and 
small  whitish  monoecious  flowers,  the  staminate  loosely  racemose,  the  pistillate 
capitate,  these  followed  by  small  spiny  fruits  each  with  one  seed.  II.  B.  Small 
records  having  seen  a  few  rare  specimens  about  Hamilton. 

Family  2.     LOBELIACEAE  Diimort. 
Lobelia  Family. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  or  rarely  trees,  often  with  a  milky  sap. 
Leaves  alternate,  without  stipules,  simple.  Inflorescence  axillary  or  ter- 
minal. Flowers  perfect,  or  rarely  dioecious,  irregular.  Calyx  of  5  sepals. 
Corolla  often  bilabiate,  the  tube  open  on  one  side  nearly  or  quite  to  the 
base.  Stamens  5;  filaments  sometimes  cohering  into  a  tube.  Ovary  2-5- 
celled;  styles  terminal,  united;  stig-mas  fringed.  Ovules  numerous,  sessile, 
horizontal,  anatropous.  Fruit  a  1-several-celled  capsule  or  a  berry.  Seeds 
numerous,  with  a  smooth  or  furrowed  testa.  Endosperm  fleshy.  Embryo 
straight  in  the  axis  of  the  endosperm.  About  20  genera  and  600  species, 
of  wide  geographic  distribution. 

Lobelia  Erinus  L.,  Small  Blue  Lobelia,  South  African,  a  low  species, 
about  6'  high,  the  lower  leaves  obovate  or  spatulate,  the  upper  oblong  or 
linear,  the  slender-stalked  blue  or  purple  flowers  about  *'  broad,  the  corolla 
2-lipped,  is  grown  in  vases  and  in  flower-gardens. 

My  only  knowledge  of  the  existence  of  any  other  representative  of  this 
family  in  Bermuda  is  the  record  by  Lefroy,  of  the  cultivation  of  the  North 
American  Cardinal-flower,  Lobelia  cardinalis  L.,  as  a  garden  flower,  and  the 
statement  of  H.  B.  Small  that  it  grew  in  a  shaded  place.  It  is  a  perennial 
herb  with  terminal  racemes  of  bright  scarlet  flowers,  and  thin,  oblong  to 
lanceolate,  acute  denticulate  leaves. 

Family  3.     GOODENIACEAE  Dumort. 

Goodenia  Family. 

Herbaceous  or  shrubby  plants,  with  watery  sap.  Leaves  alternate  or 
sometimes  opposite,  without  stipules,  entire,  toothed  or  rarely  pinnatifid. 
Flowers  perfect.  Calyx  5-toothed,  an  entire  border  or  sometimes  obsolete. 
Corolla  5-lobed,  split  on  one  side.  Androecium  of  5  distinct  stamens,  the 
anthers  opening  lengthwdse.  Ovary  mostly  inferior,  1-2-celled;  styles 
usually  united.  Stigma  surrounded  with  an  indusium.  Ovules  1  or  2,  or 
more  in  each  cavity,  mostly  erect  or  ascending.  Fmit  dnipaceous,  beriy- 
like  or  capsular.  Seeds  usually  one  in  each  cavity;  embryo  straight  in  the 
axis  of  the  fleshy  endosperm.  About  12  genera  and  over  200  specie:^, 
mostly  Australian. 


378 


GOODENIACEAE. 


1.     SCAEVOLA   L. 

Fleshy,  stout  herbs  or  shrubs,  with  alternate  or  rarely  opposite,  mostly  entire 
leaves,  the  flowers  irregular,  axillary,  in  dichotomous  cymes  or  rarely  solitary. 
Calyx  5-lobed,  or  a  mere  border.  Corolla  white  or  blue,  its  lobes  winged,  its 
tube  split  to  the  base  on  one  side,  villous  within.  Stamens  5,  free,  epigynous; 
filaments  distinct.  Ovary  inferior  or  nearly  so,  2-celled  or  rarely  1-celled; 
stigma  surrounded  by  a  ciliate  indusium.  Ovules  1  in  each  cavity,  or  2  in  1- 
celled  ovaries,  erect.  Berry  with  a  fleshy  exocarp  and  a  bony  or  woody  endo- 
earp.     [Latin,  referring  ta  the  irregular  flowers.]     About  60  species,  mostly 

Australian,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Scaevola  Plumieri  (L.) 
Yahl.  Beach  Lobelia.  Ink- 
berry.  (Fig.  409.)  Perennial, 
nearly  glabrous,  more  or  less 
shrubby,  2°-5°  high,  much 
branched  and  straggling.  Leaves 
alternate,  obovate,  l^'-S'  long,  en- 
tire, shining,  narrowed  into  very 
short  winged  petioles,  or  nearly 
sessile,  with  a  tuft  of  silky  hairs 
in  each  axil;  peduncles  shorter 
than  the  leaves;  calyx-lobes  much 
broader  than  long,  rounded; 
corolla  glabrous  without,  about 
1'  long,  the  tube  woolly  within, 
split  on  one  side  to  the  base,  the 
lobes  oblong-linear,  with  broad 
crisped  wings;  stamens  nearly  as 
long  as  the  corolla-tube,  hanging 
through  the  cleft;  berry  oval, 
black,  juicy,  2-seeded,  5"-8"  long. 
[Lobelia  Plumieri  L. ;  Scaevola  Lobelia  of  Verrill.] 

Common  on  sea  beaches.  Native.  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn.     Doubtless  reached  Bermuda  by  floating. 

Family  4.     CICHORIACEAE  Reichenb. 

Chicory  Family, 

Herbs  (two  Pacific  Island  g-enera  trees),  almost  always  with  milky, 
acrid  or  bitter  juice,  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  yellow,  rarely  pink,  blue, 
purple,  or  w^hite  flowers  in  involucrate  heads  (anthodia).  Bracts  of  the 
involucre  in  1  to  several  series.  Receptacle  of  the  head  flat  or  flattisb, 
naked,  scaly  (paleaceous),  smooth,  pitted,  or  honeycombed.  Flowers  all 
alike  (heads  homog-amous),  perfect.  Calyx-tube  completely  adnate  to  the 
ovary,  its  limb  (pappus)  of  scales,  or  simple  or  plumose  bristles,  or  both, 
or  wanting.  Corolla  gamopetalous,  with  a  short  or  long  tube,  and  a 
strap-shaped  (liguTate)  usually  5-toothed  limb  (ray).  Anthers  connate 
into  a  tube  around  the  style,  the  sacs  sagittate  or  auricled  at  the  base,  not 
tailed,  usually  appendaged  at  the  summit,  the  simple  pollen-grains  usually 
12-sided.  Ovary  1-celled;  ovule  1,  anatropous;  style  A^erj^  slender,  2-cieft, 
or  2-lobed,  the  lobes  minutely  papillose.  Fruit  an  achene.  Seed  erect; 
endosperm  none;  radicle  narrower  than  the  cotyledons.  About  70  genera 
and  1500  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  The  family  is  also 
known  as  Liguliflorae. 


CICHORIACEAE. 


379 


Pappus  none  ;  rays  blue  or  sometimes  white. 
Pappus  present ;   rays  yellow. 
Pappus-bristles  simple. 

Acaulescent  scapose  herbs,  with  solitary  flower  heads. 
Leafy-stemmed  herbs  with  several  or  many  flowers. 
Achenes   beakless. 
Aehenes  beaked  or  pointed. 
Achenes    10-many-ribbed. 
Achenes   4-5-ribbed. 
Pappus-bristles  plumose. 


1.  Cichorium. 

2.  LcoHtoduti. 


3.  Cnijis. 

4.  Son  eh  us. 

5.  Keichardiu. 
G.  Urosptrtnum. 


1.  CICHORIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 
Erect,  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  and  basal  leaves,  those  of  the 
stem  and  branches  usually  small  and  bract-like,  and  large  heads  of  blue,  purple 
or  white  flowers,  peduncled  or  in  sessile  clusters.  Involucre  of  2  series  of 
herbaceous  bracts,  the  outer  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner  erect,  subtending 
the  outer  achenes.  Receptacle  flat.  Eays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  the  apex. 
Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender,  obtusish.  Achenes  5- 
angled  or  5-ribbed,  truncate,  not  beaked.  Pappus  of  2  or  3  series  of  short 
blunt  scales.  [From  the  Arabic  name.]  About  8  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World,  the   following  typical. 

1.  Cichorium  Intybus  L.  Chicory. 
Wild  Succory,  Blue  Sailors.  (Fig. 
410,)  Perennial  from  a  long  deep  tap-root; 
stems  slightly  hispid,  stiff,  much  branched, 
l°-3°  high.  Basal  leaves  spreading  on  the 
ground,  runcinate-pinnatifid,  spatulate  in 
outline,  3'-6'  long,  narrowed  into  long  peti- 
oles; upper  leaves  much  smaller,  lanceolate 
or  oblong,  lobed  or  entire,  clasping  and 
auricled  at  the  base;  heads  numerous,  I'-lV 
broad,  1-4  together  in  sessile  clusters  on 
the  nearly  naked  or  bracted  branches;  inner 
bracts  of  the  involucre  about  8.  The 
ground-up  root  is  used  as  a  substitute  or 
adulterant   for   coffee,     July-Oct. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds, 
and  along  roads.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in  North  America. 
Flowers  nearly  throughout  the  year. 

2.  LEONTODON  L. 
Perennial  acaulescent  herbs,  with  basal  tufted  pinnatifid  or  sinuate- 
dentate  leaves,  and  large  heads  of  yellow  flowers,  solitary,  or  very  rarely  2  or 
3  together  at  the  ends  of  naked  hollow  scapes.  Involucre  oblong  or  cam- 
panulate,  its  inner  bracts  in  1  series,  nearly  equal,  slightly  united  at  the  base, 
the  outer  of  several  series  of  shorter  somewhat  spreading  ones,  often  reflexed 
at  maturity.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Rays  truncate  and  5-toothed  at  the 
summit.  Anthers  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  slender,  obtusish. 
Achenes  oblong  or  linear-fusiform,  4-5-angled,  5-10-nerved,  roughened  or 
spinulose,  at  least  above,  tapering  into  a  very  slender  beak.  Pappus  of 
numerous  filiform  unequal  simple  persistent  bristles.  [Greek,  lion 's-tooth.] 
About  20  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere  and  southern  South 
America,  the  following  typical. 


380 


CIGHORIACEAE. 


1.  Leontodon  Taraxacum 
L.  Dandelion,  Blowball. 
(Fig.  411.)  Root  thick,  deep, 
often  6'-12'  long,  bitter.  Leaves 
oblong  to  spatulate  in  outline, 
usually  pubescent,  at  least  -when 
young,  acute  or  obtuse,  pin- 
natifid  or  sinuate-lobed,  rather 
succulent,  2'-10'  long,  V-2-^' 
wide,  narrowed  into  petioles; 
scape  erect,  2-18'  high ;  head 
l'-2'  broad;  flowers  150-200; 
inner  bracts  of  the  involucre 
linear  or  linear-lanceolate,  the 
outer  similar,  shorter,  not  glau- 
cous, reflexed,  all  acute ;  achenes 
greenish-brown.  [  Taraxacum 
officinale  Weber;  T.  Dens-leonis 
Desf.] 

Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  Europe.  AYidely  natural- 
ized in  North  America,  sparingly 
in  the  West  Indies.  Flowers 
throughout  the  year,  abundantly 
in   spring. 


3.     CREPIS  L. 

Herbs,  with  mostly  toothed  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  small  or  middle-sized 
heads  of  yellow  or  orange  flowers.     Involucre  cylindric,  campanulate,  or  swollen 
at  the  base,  its  principal  bracts  in  1  series,  equal,  with  exterior  smaller  ones. 
Receptacle     naked     or     short-fimbrillate. 
Rays  truncate  and  toothed.     Anthers  sagit- 
tate.     Style-branches    slender.      Achenes 
linear-oblong,  10-20-ribbed  or  nerved,  nar- 
rowed at  the  base  and  apex.    Pappus  copi- 
ous,   of    slender    white   bristles.     [Greek, 
sandal ;  application  not  explained.]     About 
200   species,   of  the  northern  hemisphere. 
Type   species:    Crepis   tectorum  L. 

1.  Crepis  japonica  (L.)  Benth. 
Japanese  Hawksbeard.  (Fig.  412.)  A 
glabrous,  slender,  fibrous-rooted  annual 
6'-20'  high.  Leaves  nearly  all  basal  or 
near  the  base,  '2'-6'  long,  lyrate-pinnatifid, 
thin,  slender-petioled ;  heads  numerous  in 
a  narrow  elongated  panicle,  its  branches 
almost  filiform  ;  involucre  about  3"  long,  its 
principal  bracts  about  1°,  linear-lanceo- 
late, with  4  or  5  short  ovate  outer  ones; 
rays  small,  yellow;  achenes  li"  long. 
[Prenanthes  japonica  L. ;  recorded  by  pre- 
vious authors  as  Crepis  lyrata  Froel.] 

Roadsides,  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 


Naturalized, 
to    autumn. 


Native  of  eastern  Asia.     Spring 
Naturalized    in    Jamaica. 


CIOHORIACEAE. 


381 


4.     SONCHUS    [Tourn.]    L. 

Succulent  herbs,  with  alternate,  mostly  clasping,  spinulose-margined  leaves, 
and  peduncled,  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  yellow  flowers.  Involucre 
ovoid  or  campanulate,  usually  becoming  thickened  at  the  base  when  old,  its 
bracts  imbricated  in  several  series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Anthers  sagittate. 
Achenes  oval  to  linear,  10-20-ribbed,  narrowed,  truncate.  Pappus  of  very 
copious  soft  white  simple  capillary  bristles.  [Greek  name  of  the  Sow-thistle.] 
About  45  species,  of  the  Old  World.     Type  species:  Sonchus  oleraceus  L. 

Auricles  of  the  leaves  acute;  achenes  striate,  transversely  wrinkled.  1.  S.  oleraceus. 
Auricles   rounded ;    achenes   ribbed,   not   transversely   wrinkled.  2.  S.  asper. 

1.  Sonchus     oleraceus     L. 

Annual  Sow-Thistle.  Hare's 
Lettuce.  (Fig.  413.)  Annual; 
stem  leafy  below,  l°-6°  high. 
Basal  and  lower  leaves  petioled, 
lyrate-pinnatifid,  4-10'  long, 
the  terminal  segment  commonly 
large  and  triangular,  the  mar- 
gins denticulate  with  mucronate 
teeth;  upper  leaves  pinnatifid, 
clasping  by  an  auricled  base, 
the  auricles  pointed ;  uppermost 
leaves  often  lanceolate  and  en- 
tire; heads  pale  yellow,  about 
V  broad;  achenes  striate  and 
wrinkled. 

Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Na- 
tive of  Europe.  Widely  natural- 
ized in  temperate  and  tropical 
regions.      Spring  to   autumn. 


2.  Sonchus  asper  (L.)  All. 
Spiny  or  Sharp-fringed  Sow- 
Thistle.  (Fig.  414.)  Annual, 
similar  to  the  preceding  species; 
leaves  undivided,  lobed  or  some- 
times pinnatifid,  spinulose-dentate 
to  spinulose-denticulate,  the  lower 
and  basal  ones  obovate  or  spatu- 
late,  petioled,  the  upper  oblong  or 
lanceolate,  clasping  by  an  auricled 
base,  the  auricles  rounded;  heads 
several  or  numerous,  1'  broad  or 
less;  flowers  pale  yellow;  achenes 
ribbed.     [S.  oleraceus  asper  L.] 

Occasional  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in  North 
America.  Flowers  from  spring  to 
autumn. 


382  CICHORIACEAE. 

A  slender  Sonchus,  about  1°  higli,  with  small,  narrow  leaves,  and  few 
small  heads,  collected  by  F.  S.  Collins  on  a  roadside  near  Inverary  in  August, 
1913,  doubtless  of  Old  World  origin,  has  not  been  satisfactorily  identified. 


5.     REICHARDIA  Roth. 

Glabrous  herbs,  with  basal  and  alternate,  dentate  or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and 
long-peduncled  heads  of  radiate,  yellow  flowers,  the  rays  5-toothed  and 
truncate.  Involucre  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the 
inner  lanceolate,  the  out^r  ovate  and  much  shorter.  Receptacle  naked. 
Anthers  sagittate.  Achenes  oblong,  nearly  terete,  4-5-ribbed  and  transversely 
rugose.  Pappus  of  many  soft  simple  white  bristles.  [In  honor  of  Christian 
Reichaid,  1685-1775,  German  botanist.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  the  Old 
World.     Type  species:   Eeichardia  tingitana  (L.)   Roth. 


1.  Reichardia  plcroides  (L.)  Roth.  Reichardia. 
(Fig.  415.)  Annual,  subscapose,  simple  or  branched, 
6-15'  high.  Basal  leaves  dentate  or  pinnatifid,  1^'- 
4'  long,  those  of  the  stems  few,  distant,  very  small; 
involucre  about  V  high,  its  outer  bracts  ovate,  acute, 
cordate,  scarious-margined,  about  2^"  long,  the  inner 
lanceolate;  rays  about  Y  long;  achenes  of  the  outer 
flowers  somewhat  shorter  than  those  of  the  inner. 
[Scorzonera  picroides  L. ;    Picridium  vulgare  Desf.] 

Sand  hills  near  Tucker's  Town.  1909.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  southern  Europe.  Flowers  in  spring.  The 
Bei-muda  specimens  are  referred  to  this  species,  which  is 
described  as  polymorphous,  with  some  hesitation. 


6.     UROSPERMUM  Scop. 

Little-branched,  pubescent  or  hispid  herbs,  with  basal  or  alternate,  toothed 
or  pinnatifid  leaves,  and  large,  long-peduncled  heads  of  yellow  radiate  flowers. 
Involucre  campanulate,  its  7  or  8,  acute  bracts  in  a  single  series.  Receptacle 
naked,  conic.  Rays  truncate,  5-toothed.  Anthers  sagittate.  Achenes  nearly 
terete,  linear-oblong,  sometimes  curved,  8-10-ribbed,  muricate,  long-beaked. 
Pappus  of  2  series  of  soft  plumose  bristles,  connate  at  the  base  and  deciduous. 
[Greek,  tailed-seed.]  Two  known  species,  natives  of  the  Mediterranean  region, 
the  following  typical. 


CICHORIACEAE. 


383 


1.  Urospermum  picroides  (L.)  F.  W. 
Schmidt.  Urospermum.  (Fig.  416.)  Annual, 
more  or  less  hispid,  simple  or  branched,  6-18' 
high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or  ob- 
long, petioled,  toothed  or  rimcinate,  2'-4'  long; 
upper  leaves  lanceolate,  sessile,  clasping,  mostly 
sagittate,  toothed  or  entire,  smaller,  acute  or 
acuminate;  heads  about  IV  broad,  solitary  at 
the  ends  of  hollow  peduncles  3'-6'  long;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  lanceolate,  acuminate,  8"-10" 
long;  achenes  fusiform,  curved,  including  the 
subulate  beak  8"-10"  long;  pappus  bright 
white.     [Tragopogon  picroides  L.] 

Abundant  in  fields  and  on  hillsides,  eastern 
part  of  St.  David's  Island,  1909.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  southern  Europe.     Flowers  in  spring. 


Lactuca  sativa  L.,  Lettuce,  European,  is  grown  successfully  as  a  garden 
vegetable  in  several  races;  its  flowering  stems  are  2°-3°  high,  leaf y,  the  obovate 
or  elliptic  leaves  obtuse  and  irregularly  toothed,  the  small  numerous  yellow- 
flowered  heads  borne  in  terminal  panicles. 

Tragopogan  porrifolius  L.,  Salsify,  Oyster-plant,  European,  also  grown 
as  a  vegetable,  is  a  tall  herb,  with  long  narrow  leaves,  and  large  heads  of 
purple  flowers  on  thickened  peduncles,  the  bracts  of  the  involucre  much  longer 
than  the  rays. 


Family  5.     AMBROSIACEAE  Reichenb. 

Ragweed  Family. 

Herbs,  monoecious,  or  sometimes  dioecious,  many  of  them  weeds,  rarely 
shrubby,  with  alternate  leaves,  or  the  lower  opposite,  and  small  heads  of 
greenish  or  white  flowers  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  few,  separate  or 
united  bracts,  the  pistillate  heads  sometimes  larger  and  nut-like  or  bur- 
like. Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  in  the  same,  or  in  separate  heads. 
Receptacle  chaffy.  Pistillate  flowers  with  no  corolla,  or  this  reduced  to 
a  short  tube  or  ring;  calyx  adnate  to  the  1-celled  ovarv%  its  limb  none,  or  a 
mere  border;  style  2-cleft.  Staminate  flowers  with  a  funnelfonn  tubular 
or  obconic  4-5-lobed  corolla;  stamens  mostly  5,  separate,  or  their  anthers 
merely  connivent,  not  truly  syngenesious,  with  short  inflexed  appendages; 
ovary  rudimentary;  summit  of  the  style  often  hairy  or  penicillate.  Eight 
genera  and  about  60  species,  mostly  natives  of  America. 


Fruit  large,  bur-like ;  leaves  broad,  lobed. 

Fruit  small,  tubercled ;  leaves  deeply  lobed  or  pinnatifia. 


1.  Xanthium. 

2,  Ambrosia. 


384 


AMBROSIACEAE. 


1.     XANTHIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

Annual  coarse  monoecious  herbs,  •uith  alternate  lobed  or  toothed  leaves, 
and  rather  small  heads  of  greenish  flowers,  the  staminate  heads  clustered, 
terminal,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  Involucre  of 
the  pistillate  heads  closed,  1-2-celled,  1-2 -beaked,  (usually  2-beaked)  armed 
with  prickles,  forming  a  bur  in  fruit;  pistillate  flowers  without  a  corolla,  the 
style  deeply  2-cleft,  stamens  none;  achenes  obovoid  or  oblong  without  pappus. 
Involucre  of  the  staminate  heads  short,  of  1-3  series  of  bracts;  staminate 
corollas  regular,  5-toothed;  filaments  monadelphous;  style  undivided.  [Greek, 
yellow,  from  its  yielding  a  yellow  dye.]  About  25  species  of  wide  geographic 
distribution.     Type  species:  Xanthium  strumarium  L. 


1.  Xanthium  longirostre  Wallr.  West 
Indian  Cocklebur.  (Fig.  417.)  Stout, 
3°  high  or  less,  the  angular  stem  hispidu- 
lous.  Leaves  orbicular-ovate,  4'-6'  long, 
thin,  scabrous  on  both  sides,  usually  5- 
lobed,  dentate,  the  lobes  short,  the  base 
cordate,  the  petioles  6'  long  or  less;  heads 
short-racemose;  bracts  linear-lanceolate, 
hispid;  bur  ellipsoid,  its  body  8"-10" 
long,  about  4"  thick,  glandular-puberulent, 
rather  densely  covered  with  slender  bristles 
about  2"  long,  which  are  hispidulous  at  the 
base,  its  beaks  2"-3"  long,  slightly  in- 
curved, hispidulous.  [X.  echinatiim  of  Le- 
froy  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Frequent  in  waste  places.  Naturalized. 
Native  of  the  West  Indies  and  Central 
America. 


2.     AMBROSIA   [Tourn.]  L. 

Monoecious  (rarely  dioecious)  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  or  opposite, 
mostly  lobed  or  divided  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  green  flowers,  the  staminate 
spicate  or  racemose,  the  pistillate  solitary  or  clustered  in  the  upper  axils.  In- 
volucre of  the  pistillate  heads  globose,  ovoid  or  top-shaped,  closed,  1-flowered, 
usually  armed  with  4-8  tubercles  or  spines;  corolla  none;  stamens  none;  style- 
branches  filiform;  achenes  ovoid  or  obovoid;  pappus  none.  Involucre  of  the 
staminate  heads  mostly  hemispheric  or  saucer-shaped,  5-12-lobed,  open,  many- 
flowered;  receptacle  nearly  flat,  naked,  or  with  filiform  chaff;  corolla  funnel- 
form,  5-toothed;  anthers  scarcely  coherent,  mucronate-tipped ;  style  undivided, 
penicillate  at  the  summit.  [The  ancient  classical  name.]  About  15  species, 
mostly  natives  of  America.     Type  species:  Arribrosia  maritima  L, 


AMBROSIACEAE. 


385 


1.  Ambrosia  elatior  L.  Rag- 
weed. Roman  Wormwood.  IIog- 
WEED.  Wild  Tansy  (Fig.  418.) 
Annual,  pubescent,  puberulent  or  hir- 
sute, paniculately  branched,  l°-5° 
high.  Leaves  thin,  l-2-pinnatifi<l, 
petioled,  2'-4'  long,  the  upper  alter- 
nate, the  lower  mostly  opposite,  pale 
or  caneseent  beneath,  the  lobes  ob- 
long or  lanceolate,  obtuse  or  acute ; 
racemes  of  sterile  heads  very  numer- 
ous, l'-6'  long,  the  involucres  hemi- 
spheric, crenate;  fertile  heads  obo- 
void  or  subglobose,  mostly  clustered, 
about  2"  long,  short-beaked,  4-6- 
spined  near  the  summit,  sparingly 
pubescent.  [A.  art emisiae folia  L.  ,- 
A.  Jieterophylla  of  Jones  and  of 
Lefroy.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
North  America.  Flowers  in  summer 
and  autumn. 


Family  6.     CARDUACEAE  Neck. 

Thistle  Family. 

Herbs,  rarely  shrubs  (some  tropical  forms  trees),  with  watery  or  res- 
inous (rarely  milky)  sap,  and  estipulate  leaves.  Flowers  perfect,  pistillate, 
or  neutral,  or  sometimes  monoecious  or  dioecious,  borne  on  a  common  re- 
ceptacle, forming-  heads,  subtended  by  an  involucre  of  bracts  arranged  in 
one  or  more  series.  Receptacle  naked,  or  with  chaffy  scales  subtending 
the  flowers,  smooth,  or  variously  pitted  or  honeycombed.  Calyx-tube  com- 
pletely adnate  to  the  ovary,  the  limb  (pappus)  of  bristles,  awns,  teeth, 
scales,  or  crown-like,  or  cup-like,  or  wanting.  Corolla  tubular,  usually  5- 
lobed  or  5-cleft,  the  lobes  valvate,  or  that  of  the  marginal  flowers  of  the 
head  expanded  into  a  ligule  (ray) ;  when  the  ray-flowers  are  absent  the 
head  is  said  to  be  discoid ;  when  present,  radiate ;  the  tubular  flowers  form 
the  disk.  Stamens  usually  5,  borne  on  the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its 
lobes,  their  anthers  united  into  a  tube  (syngenesious),  often  appendaged 
at  the  apex,  sometimes  sagittate  or  tailed  at  the  base ;  pollen-grains  globose, 
often  rough  or  prickly.  Ovary  1-eelled;  ovule  1,  anatropous;  style  of  fer- 
tile flowers  2-clef t ;  stigmas  marginal ;  style  of  sterile  flowers  commonly  un- 
divided. Fruit  an  achene.  Seed  erect;  endospeiTn  none;  embrs'o  straight; 
hypocotyl  inferior.  About  800  genera  and  not  less  than  10.000  species,  of 
wide  geographic  distribution.  In  Kulinia,  the  anthers  ai*e  distinct,  or 
nearly  so. 

26 


186 


CABDUACEAE. 


A.  Flowers  all  tubular,  the  heads  discoid.      (See  Emilia,  Senecio  vulgaris  and  Bidens 

pilosa.) 
Anthers  not  tailed  at  the  base. 

Flowers  perfect.  1.  Eupatorium. 

Flowers  dioecious.  2.  Baccharis. 

Anthers  tailed  at  the  base. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  scarious,  3.  Pluchea. 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  scarious.  4.   Gnaphalium. 

B.  Flowers  both  tubular  and  radiate    (except  Emilia,  Senecio 

vulgaris  and  sometimes  Bidens  pilosa). 
1.  Receptacle  naked.      (See  Chrysanthemum.) 

Bracts  of  the  involucre  imbricated  in  2-several  series. 
Rays  yellow. 
Rays  white. 

Bracts  imbricated  in  several  series. 
Bracts  imbricated  in  few  series. 

Rays  longer  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk  ; 

heads  few. 
Rays  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk  ; 
heads  many,  panicled. 
Bracts   of  the  involucre  in  one  series,   sometimes   with 
a  few.   short  outer   ones. 
Style-branches  unappendaged. 
Style-branches  appendaged. 

2.  Receptacle  chaffy  or  scaly    (except  in  Chrysanthemum). 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  not  scarious. 
Disk-flowers  perfect,  but  sterile. 
Achenes   thick,   not   flattened. 
Achenes  flattened. 
Disk-flowers  fertile. 

Pappus  cup-like  or  of  a  few  teeth  or  bristles. 
Achenes  not  flattened. 

Scales   of  the  receptacle  awn-like. 
Scales  of  the  receptacle  broad. 

Low,  fleshy,  coastal  or  salt  marsh  shrubs. 
Tall    herbs,   not   fleshy. 
Achenes  very  flat,   2-6-awned. 
Pappus  of  numerous  scales. 
Bracts  of  the  involucre  scarious. 
Receptacle  chaffy. 

Achenes   flattened :   heads   small. 
Achenes  terete ;  heads  large. 
Receptacle  naked. 


5.  Solidago. 

6.  Aster. 

7.  Erigeron. 

8.  Leptilon. 


9.  Senecio. 
10.   Emilia. 


11.  Polym^nia. 

12.  Parthenium. 


13.  Verhesina. 

14.  Borrichia. 

15.  Helianthus. 

16.  Bidens. 

17.  Galinsoga. 


18.  Achillea. 

19.  Anthemis. 

20.  Chrysanthemum. 


1.     EUPATORIUM    [Tourn.]   L. 

Erect  perennial  herbs,  with,  opposite  or  verticiliate,  or  sometimes  alternate^ 
often  punctate  leaves,  and  in  our  species  cymose-paniculate  discoid  heads  of 
perfect  white  or  greenish  flowers.  Involucre  oblong,  ovoid,  campanulate,  or  hemi- 
spheric, the  bracts  imbricated  in  2-several  series.  Eeceptacle  naked.  Corolla 
regular,  its  tube  slender,  its  limb  5-lobed  or  5-toothed.  Anthers  obtuse  and 
entire  at  the  base,  appendiculate  at  the  apex.  'Style-branches  elongated,  flat- 
tened, or  thickened  above,  stigmatic  at  the  base.  Achenes  5-angled,  truncate. 
Pappus  of  numerous  capillary  usually  scabrous  bristles  arranged  in  1  row. 
[Named  for  Mithridates  Eupator,  i.  e.,  of  a  noble  father.]  Over  500  species, 
mostly  of  warm  or  tropical  regions.     Type  species:  Eupatorium  cannabinum  L. 


Leaves  dissected  into  filiform  segments. 
Leaves  oblong  to  ovate,  dentate  or  serrate. 

Leaves  broadly  triangular-ovate. 

Leaves  oblong  to  oblong-lanceolate. 


1.  E.  capilli folium. 

2.  E.  adenophorum. 

3.  E.  riparium. 


CARDUACEAE. 


387 


1.  Eupatorium     capillifolium 

(Lam.)  Small.  Dog-fennel. 
French  Fennel.  (Fig.  419.) 
Erect,  paniculately  much  branched, 
the  stem  finely  pubescent,  3°-9° 
high.  Leaves  crowded,  glabrous  or 
nearly  so,  alternate,  the  lower 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile;  heads 
very  numerous,  about  li"  high, 
short-peduncled,  racemos'e-panicu- 
late,  3-6-flowered;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  in  about  2  series,  linear, 
cuspidate,  narrowly  scarious-mar- 
gined,  glabrous,  [Artemisia  capil- 
lifolia  Lam.;  Eupatorium  foenicu- 
laceum  "Willd. ;  Artemisia  tenui- 
folia  of  Lefroy  and  H.  B.  Small.] 

"Waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  the  southern 
Ignited  States  and  West  Indies. 
Summer    and    autumn. 


<^  ft  I  vv; 


2.  Eupatorium  adenophorum  Spreng. 
Glandular  Eupatorium.  (Fig.  420.) 
Erect,  often  diffusely  branched,  3°  high  or 
less,  rather  densely  glandular-pubescent 
above.  Leaves  broadly  triangular-ovate,  2'- 
6'  long,  3-nerved  and  pinnately  veined,  cre- 
nate-dentate,  acute  or  short-acuminate  at  the 
apex,  obtuse  or  broadly  cuneate  at  the  base, 
the  slender  petioles  sometimes  nearly  as  long 
as  the  blades;  heads  numerous,  many-flow- 
ered, densely  corymbose;  involucre  about  2" 
high,  its  bracts  in  about  3  series,  linear- 
lanceolate,  acute  or  acuminate,  the  outer  ones 
pubescent.     [E.  glandulosum  H.B.K.] 

Roadside,  St.  Georges,  1908.  Introduced. 
Native  of  Mexico.  Flowers  in  spring.  Natural- 
ized in   Jamaica.      Grown   for   ornament. 


3.  Eupatorium       riparium 

Eegel.  •  Small  White  Eupato- 
rium. (Fig.  421.)  Stem  slen- 
der, often  widely  branched,  pu- 
berulent  above,  U°-2^°  high, 
the  branches  slender.  Leaves 
slender-petioled,  oblong  or  ob- 
long-lanceolate, thin,  tripli- 
nerved,  sharply  serrate,  2 '-4' 
long,  i'—V  wide,  acuminate  at 
the  apex,  narrowed  at  the  base ; 
heads  numerous  in  terminal 
corymbs,  several-flowered,  fili- 
form-peduncled;  involucre  about 
2"  high,  its  bracts  in  2  series, 
linear,  the   outer  pubescent. 

Roadside,  Paget,  1011,  appar- 
ently escaped  from  cultivation.  Na- 
tive of  South  America.  Naturalized 
in  the  mountains  of  .Jamaica.  Flow- 
ers in  winter  and  spring. 


388 


CARD'UACEAE. 


Eupatorium  odoratum  L.,  Bushy  Thoroughwort,  listed  as  Bermudian 
by  Lefroy  and  cited  by  Hemsley,  but  not  by  other  authors,  has  not  been  found 
here  by  recent  collectors.  It  is  a  widely  distributed  plant  of  tropical  America, 
reaching  southern  Florida,  perennial,  much  branched,  3'^-6°  high,  with  ovate 
to  lanceolate  toothed  leaves  2'-4'  long,  and  many  small  cylindric  heads  of 
whitish  or  purple  flowers,  the  3-nerved  involucre-bracts  imbricated  in  several 
series.      [E,   conysoides  Vahl.] 

Eupatorium  macrophyllum  L.,  Large-leaved  Thoroughwort,  West  In- 
dian, is  recorded  by  Hemsley  as  preserved  in  the  Sloane  Herbarium  at  the 
British  Museum  of  Natural  History,  as  from  Bermuda  (Journ,  Bot.  21:  257, 
258),  but  I  am  not  satisfied  with  the  evidence  adduced  that  the  specimen  he 
based  his  determination  upon  was  really  collected  here.  It  is  a  West  Indian 
species  of  wet  regions,  with  large  flaccid  ovate  petioled  leaves  and  numerous 
small  heads  of  white  flowers. 

2.  BACCHAEIS  L. 

Dioecious  shrubs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  small  paniculate  or  corymbose 
heads  of  tubular  flowers.  Involucre  campanulate  in  our  species,  its  bracts  im- 
bricated in  several  series,  the  outer  shorter.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked,  commonly 
foveolate.  Corolla  of  the  pistillate  flowers  slender,  that  of  the  staminate 
tubular,  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style- branches  nar- 
row or  subulate,  those  of  the  fertile  flowers  smooth,  exserted,  those  of  the 
sterile  flowers  rudimentary,  tipped  with  an  ovate  pubescent  appendage. 
Achenes  more  or  less  compressed,  ribbed.  Pappus  of  the  fertile  flowers 
copious,  capillary,  that  of  the  sterile  flowers  short.  [Named  for  Bacchus; 
originally  applied  to  some  difl'erent  shrubs.]  About  300  species,  all  American, 
most  abundant  in  South  America.     Type  species:  Bacchus  ivifolia  L. 

1.  Baccharis  glomeruliflora  Pers. 
Doc-bush.  (Pig.  422.)  A  branching 
shrub  3°-10°  tall.  Leaves  leathery,  spat- 
ulate  to  cuneate-obovate,  f'-l'  long,  en- 
tire, or  sharply  toothed  above  the  middle ; 
heads  solitary  and  sessile  in  the  upper 
axils  or  few  in  sessile  or  short-peduncled 
clusters;  staminate  involucres  campanu- 
late, 2"  high,  with  ovate  to  oblong-ovate 
obtuse  bracts;  pistillate  involucres  ovoid, 
21"-^"  high,  with  ovate  to  oblong  obtuse 
bracts ;  pappus  bright  white,  barely  twice 
as  long  as  the  involucre;  achenes  nearly 
1"  long.  [B.  Jieterophylla  of  Eein, 
Eeade,  Lefroy,  Coulter,  H.  B.  Small  and 
Harshberger;  B.  lialimifolia  of  Mills- 
paugh.] 

Common  in  marshes :  occasional  on  hillsides.  Native.  Southeastern  United 
States.  Flowers  in  late  autumn  and  winter.  Tne  abundant  white  pappus  of  the 
fertile  bushes  make  this  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  and  attractive  plants  toward 
the  close  of  the  year.     Its  fruit  was,  doubtless,  transported  to  Bermuda  on  the  wind. 

3.  PLUCHEA  Cass. 

Pubescent  or  glabrous  herbs,  some  species  shrubby,  with  alternate  dentate 
leaves,  and  small  heads  of  tubular  flowers  in  terminal  corymbose  cymes.     In- 


CARDUACEAE. 


389 


volucre  ovoid,  eampanulate,  or  nearly  hemispheric,  its  bracts  appresseil,  herba- 
ceous, imbricated  in  several  series.  Eeceptacle  flat,  naked.  Outer  flowers  of 
the  head  pistillate,  their  corollas  filiform,  3-cleft  or  dentate  at  the  apex.  Cen- 
tral flowers  perfect,  but  mainly  sterile,  their  corollas  5-cleft.  Anthers  sagittate 
at  the  base,  the  auricles  caudate.  Style  of  the  perfect  flowers  2-cleft  or  un- 
divided. Achenes  4-5-angled.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  scabrous 
bristles.  [Named  for  the  Abbe  N.  A.  Pluche,  of  Paris.]  About  35  s-pecies, 
widely  distributed  in  warm  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species:  Conyza 
marilandica  Michx. 


Perennial ;  shrubby  ;  leaves  entire. 
Annual ;  herbaceous  ;  leaves  crenate. 


1.  Pluchea  odorata  Cass.  Shrubby 
Fleabane.  (Fig.  423.)  Perennial, 
closely  pubescent.  Stems  3°-8°  tall, 
woody.  Leaves  oblong  or  nearly  so,  3'- 
6'  long,  obtuse  or  apiculate,  entire,  peti- 
oled;  heads  numerous,  in  rounded 
corymbs;  involucre  about  1"  high,  its 
bracts  oblong  or  slightly  broadened  up- 
ward, pubescent,  ciliate,  obtuse.  [Conyza 
odorata  L.] 

Hillsides  and  thickets.  Native.  Florida 
and  tropical  America.  Flowers  from  spring 
to  autumn.  Its  achenes  probably  reached 
Bermuda  on  the  wind. 


1.  r.  odorata. 

2.  1'.  purpurascens. 


2.  Pluchea  purpurascens  (Sw.) 
DC.  Salt  Marsh  Fleabane.  (Fig. 
424.)  Annual,  finely  pubescent  and 
somewhat  glandular.  Stems  1°- 
4"  tall,  branching  above;  leaves 
ovate-lanceolate  to  elliptic  or  ob- 
long, lV-4'  long,  rather  blunt, 
coarsely  crenate,  short-petioled ; 
heads  few  or  numerous;  involucre 
about  2"  high;  bracts  oblong  to 
narrowly  linear-lanceolate,  cilio- 
late,  the  outer  mucronate,  the  inner 
acute  or  acuminate;  flowers  pur- 
ple; corollas  of  the  pistillate  flow- 
ers about  IV'  long.  [Conyza  pur- 
purascens Sw. ;  P.  camphorata  of 
Eeade,  Hemsley,  Verrill  and 
Moore.] 

Common     in     marshes.       Native. 

Southern    United    States    and    West 

Indies.     Its  achenes  probably  reached 

Bermuda  on  the  wind.     Flowers  from 

spring  to  autumn. 


390 


CABDUACEAE. 


4.  GNAPHAUUM  L. 
Woolly  branched  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves,  and  discoid  heads  of  pistil- 
late and  perfect  flowers  arranged  in  corymbs,  spikes,  racemes,  or  heads.  Ke- 
eeptacle  flat,,  convex  or  conic,  not  chaffy,  usualy  f  oveolate.  Pistillate  flowers  in 
several  series,  their  corollas  filiform,  minutely  dentate  or  3-4-lobed.  Central 
flowers  perfect,  tubular,  few,  their  corollas  5 -toothed  or  5-lobed.  Anthers  sagit- 
tate at  the  base,  the  auricles  tailed.  Achenes  oblong  or  obovate,  terete  or 
slightly  compressed,  not  ribbed.  Pappus  a  single  series  of  capillary  bristles, 
sometimes  thickened  above,  cohering  at  the  base,  or  separately  deciduous. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  wool.]  About  120  species,  widely  distributed.  Type 
species:   Gnaphalkim  luteoalhiim  L. 

1.  G-naphalium  purpureum  L. 

Purplish  Cudweed.  (Fig.  425.) 
Annual  or  biennial,  simple  and 
erect,  or  branched  from  the  base 
and  the  branches  ascending,  3'-2° 
high.  Leaves  spatulate,  or  the  up- 
permost linear,  mostly  obtuse,  mu- 
cronulate,  woolly  beneath,  usually 
green  and  glabrous  or  nearly  so 
above  when  old,  sessile,  or  the 
lowest  narrowed  into  petioles,  1-2' 
long,  2"-3"  wide;  heads  about  2" 
high ;  bracts  of  the  involucre  yel- 
lowish brown  or  purplish,  lanceo- 
late-oblong, acute  or  acutish,  the 
outer  woolly  at  the  base;  achenes 
roughish.  \_G.  luteoalbum.  of 
Eeade.] 

Occasional  in  sandy  soil.  Native. 
Distribution :  Continental  North 
America,  Jamaica.  Flowers  in  spring. 
Its  fruit  was  presumably  brought  to 
Bermuda   on   the   wind. 


5.     SOLIDAGO  L. 

Perennial  erect  herbs,  sometimes  woody  at  the  base,  simple,  or  little 
branched,  with  alternate  simple,  toothed  or  entire  leaves,  and  small  heads  of 
both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  or  rarely  white  flowers,  in  terminal  or  axillary 
panicles,  thyrsi,  or  cymose-corymbose  or  capitate  clusters.  Involucre  oblong 
or  narrowly  campanulate,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  outer 
successively  shorter.  Receptacle  small,  flat,  or  somewhat  convex,  generally 
alveolate.  Eay-flowers  in  one  series,  pistillate.  Disk-flowers  mostly  all  per- 
fect, their  corollas  tubular  or  narrowly  campanulate,  5-cleft  or  5-lobed. 
Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  flattened,  their  ap- 
pendages lanceolate.  Achenes  terete  or  angled,  usually  ribbed.  Pappus  of 
numerous  capillary  rough  nearly  equal  bristles  in  1  or  2  series.  [Greek,  to 
make  whole.]  About  125  species,  mostly  of  North  America,  several  in  Europe, 
a  few  in  Mexico  and  South  America.     Type  species:  Solidago  Virga-aurea  L. 


CARDUACEAE. 


391 


1.  Solidago     sempervirens 

L.  Sea-side  Goldenrod.  Salt- 
marsh  GOLDENROD.  (Fig.  426.) 
Stem  stout,  leafy,  usually  sim- 
ple, l°-6°  Mgh,  glabrous,  or 
slightly  puberulent  above. 
Leaves  with  2-5  pairs  of  lateral 
veins,  the  lower  and  basal  ones 
mostly  obtuse,  sometimes  1° 
long,  narrowed  into  long  peti- 
oles; upper  leaves  sessile,  lan- 
ceolate to  oblong-lanceolate, 
acute;  heads  3"-5"  high; 
rays  8-10,  showy;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  lanceolate,  acute.  [S. 
virgata  of  Lefroy;  S.  mexicana 
of  Lefroy  and  of  H.  B.  Small.] 

Common  in  nearly  all  situa- 
tions, flowering  most  abundantly 
in  late  summer  and  early  autumn, 
when  it  is  one  of  the  most  con- 
spicuous plants.  Native.  Coast 
of  the  eastern  United  States.  The 
plant  varies  in  size,  but  there  is, 
apparently,  only  *  one  species  in 
Bermuda. 


6.     ASTER  L. 

Perennial  or  rarely  annual,  mostly  branching  herbs,  with  alternate  leaves, 
and  corymbose  or  paniculate  (rarely  racemose  or  solitary)  heads  of  both 
tubular  and  radiate  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric,  campanulate  or  turbinate, 
its  bracts  various,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the  exterior  ones  usually  smaller 

and  shorter.  Receptacle  generally  foveolate. 
Ray-flowers  white,  pink,  purple,  blue  or  violet, 
pistillate.  Disk-flowers  tubular,  perfect.  An- 
thers obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style- 
branches  flattened.  Pappus-bristles  slender, 
numerous.  Achenes  flattened  and  nerved. 
[Greek,  star.]  About  250  species,  most  abund- 
ant in  North  America.  Type  species:  Aster 
AmeUus  L. 

1.  Aster  squamatus  (Spreng.)  Hieron. 
Scale-leaved  Aster.  (Fig.  427.)  Glabrous, 
slender,  branched,  erect,  l°-2i°  high.  Stem- 
leaves  linear-lanceolate,  entire,  I'-l^'  long,  1''- 
2V'  wide,  short-petioled  or  sessile,  acute,  some- 
what fleshy ;  leaves  of  the  branches  much 
smaller,  scattered,  most  of  them  reduced  to 
subulate  scales;  heads  numerous  or  several, 
solitary  at  the  ends  of  short  branches;  invo- 
lucre about  3"  high,  its  linear  acute  bracts 
in  about  3  series;  rays  several,  pink,  about  1" 
long.  [Aster  Tripolium  of  Jones;  Aster  tri fo- 
lium  (misprint  for  Tripolium)    of  Lefroy.] 

Roadsides  and  waste  grounds,  Ireland  Island, 
Boaz  Island  and  near  Fairy  Land.  Naturalized. 
Native   of   South  America.      Summer   and  autumn. 


392 


CABDUACEAE. 


Aster  laevis  L.,  Smooth  Aster,  Xorth  American,  glabrous,  with  stout 
leafy  stems  up  to  3°  higli,  the  leaves  sessile,  lanceolate  to  oblanceolate,  thick, 
smooth,  entire  or  somewhat  toothed,  cordate-clasping  at  the  base,  the  numerous 
heads  with  an  involucre  of  acute  green-tipped  bracts  about  4"  long,  the  blue  or 
violet  rays  6"-12"  long,  is  occasionally  planted  in  flower-gardens. 

Aster  cordifolius  L.,  Blue  Wood  Aster,  North  American,  seen  at  Dun- 
barton  in  1914,  is  2°-4°  high,  glabrous,  or  nearly  so,  with  slender-petioled, 
ovate  cordate  serrate  pointed  thin  leaves  2-5'  long,  and  small  heads,  the 
rays  violet  or  blue,  3"-5"  long. 


7.     ERIGKRON  L. 

Branching  or  scapose  herbs,  with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  corymbose, 
paniculate  or  solitary,  peduncled  heads,  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  (rarely  all 
tubular)  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  narrow, 
nearly  equal,  imbricated  in  but  1  or  2  series  in  our  species.  Receptacle  nearly 
flat,  usually  naked.  Ray-flowers,  in  our  species,  white,  violet  or  purple, 
pistillate.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  tubular,  perfect,  their  corollas  mostly  5-lobed. 
Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  more  or  less  flattened, 
their  appendages  short,  mostly  rounded  or  obtuse.  Achenes  flattened,  usually 
2-nerved.  Pappus-bristles  fragile,  slender,  scabrous  or  denticulate,  in  1 
series,  or  often  an  additional  outer  shorter  series.  [Greek,  early-old,  alluding 
to  the  early  hoary  pappus.]  A  genus  of  some  130  species,  of  wide  distribution. 
Type  species:   Erigeron  acris  L. 

Herbaceous  species. 

Annual ;  stem  leafy. 

Perennial ;  basal  leaves  tufted,  the  upper  very  small. 
Shrubby   species. 


1.  E.  onnuus. 

2.  E.  philadelphicus. 

3.  E.  DarrelUanus. 


1.  Erigeron  annuus  (L.)  Pers. 
Sweet  Scabious.  Daisy  Fleabaxe. 
(Fig.  428.)  Annual,  sparingly  pu- 
bescent with  spreading  hairs;  stem 
erect,  corymbosely  branched.  Leaves 
thin,  the  lower  and  basal  ones  ovate 
or  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly  obtuse, 
petioled,  usually  coarsely  dentate, 
2'-6'  long,  i'-2V  wide,  the  upper 
sessile  or  short-petioled,  lanceolate, 
oblong,  or  linear-lanceolate;  heads 
rather  numerous,  5"-7"  broad;  bracts 
somewhat  hispid;  rays  40-70,  linear, 
white,  or  commonly  tinged  with 
purple,  2"-4"  long;  pappus  double, 
the  inner  a  series  of  slender  fragile 
deciduous  bristles,  often  wanting  in 
the  ray-flowers,  the  outer  a  persist- 
ent series  of  short,  partly  united, 
slender  scales.  [Aster  annuus  L. ; 
Stenactis  annua  Cass.] 

Local  in  fields,  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  North  America.  Flowers  from  spring 
to  autumn. 


CARDUACEAE. 


393 


2.  Erigeron  philadelphicus  L. 

Philadelphia  Fleabaxe.  (Fig. 
429.)  Perennial  by  stolons  and 
offsets,  soft-pubescent  or  sometimes 
nearly  glabrous;  stems  slender, 
mostly  branched  above,  l°-3°  high. 
Basal  and  lower  leaves  spatulate  or 
obovate,  obtuse,  dentate,  ^^'-2^ 
long,  narrowed  into  short  petioles; 
upper  stem-leaves  clasping  and 
often  cordate  at  the  base;  heads 
several  or  numerous,  corymbose- 
paniculate,  5"-12"  broad,  slender- 
peduncled;  bracts  linear,  usually 
scarious-margined ;  achenes  puberu- 
lent.  [E.  jamaicensis?  of  Eeade 
and  of  H.  B.  Small ;  E.  quercifolium 
of  Lefroy;  ?E.  tenuis  of  Hemsley.] 

Banks  and  grassy  places.  Na- 
tive. Widely  distributed  in  North 
America.  Its  fruit  probably  reached 
Bermuda  on  the  wind.  Flowers  in 
spring   and    sometimes   again   in    the 

3.  Erigeron  Darrellianus  Hems- 
ley.  Darrell's  Fleabane.  (Fig. 
430).  Perennial,  shrubby,  l°-4i° 
high,  branched,  the  stem  and  branches 
glabrous  or  pubescent.  Leaves  thin, 
oblong  or  oblanceolate,  glabrous, 
pubescent  or  ciliate,  the  lower  ones 
clustered,  3'-5'  long,  crenate-dentate 
with  apiculate  teeth,  or  entire,  obtuse 
or  acute  at  the  apex,  narrowed  at  the 
base  into  short  petioles,  the  upper 
ones  scattered,  sessile,  much  smaller, 
acute,  entire;  heads  numerous, 
corymbose  paniculate;  bracts  of  the 
inflorescence  linear  l"-2"  long;  in- 
volucre campanulate-cylindric,  about 
2"  high^  its  bracts  linear-lanceolate, 
membranous,  acuminate,  imbricated 
in  about  3  series,  the  inner  scarious- 
margined,  much  longer  than  the 
outer:  rays  about  30,  linear,  white 
spreading,  about  IV'  long;  receptacle 
pitted;  achenes  linear,  sparingly  pu- 
bescent, about  1"  long;  pappus  whit- 
ish, 2-3-times  as  long  as  the  achene; 
disk-flowers  with  a  narrow^  5-lobed 
corolla. 

Common  in  rocky  situations.     Endemic.      Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 

This  interestmg  and  rather  abundant  plant,  with  pretty  white  flowers,  re- 
mained botanically  unnamed,  until  published  in  1S83  by  Hemsley  in  the  Journal  of 
Botany,  21  :  104,  and  in  the  Botanical  Report  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Challenger,  1  : 
42,  published  in  1885.  Lefroy  records  it  as  an  unidentified  Ericjcvon,  and  Reade  in 
1883  describes  it  as  an  Aster,  without  specific  name.  I  agree  with  Mr.  Ilemsiey  in 
regarding  it  as  an  Erigeron  though  it  appears  to  have  its  nearest  relative  in  the 
plant  known  as  Aster  falcatus   Klatt,  native   of  Central   America.     Several   young 


394 


CARDUACEAE. 


plants  three  or  four  inches  high,  taken  to  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  the 
late  autumn  of  1912,  grew  rapidly  and  flowered  profusely  in  April,  1913.  The 
species  was  named  in  honor  of  Hon.  J.  K.  Darrell,  a  prominent  member  of  an  old 
Bermuda  family,  Mr.  Hemsley  remarks  on  the  similarity  of  this  plant  to  Conyza 
rivularis  Gardn.,  of  Brazil. 

8.     LEFTIIiON  Raf. 

Annual  or  biennial  herbs/  with,  small  racemose  thyrsoid  or  panicled  heads 

of  white  flowers,  the  rays  small,  usually  shorter  than  the  diameter  of  the  disk 

or  none.     Involucre  mostly  campanulate,  its  narrow  bracts  in  2   or   3   series. 

Receptacle   naked.     Ray-flow^ers  pistillate ;    disk-flowers  perfect,   their   corollas 

usually  4-lobed  or  4-toothed,  the   anthers   obtuse   at   the  base;    style-branches 

somewhat  flattened.     Achenes  flattened.     Pappus  of  numerous  simple  bristles. 

[Greek,  referring  to  the  small  heads.]     About  20  species,  of  America  and  Asia. 

Type  species:  Erigeron  divaricatum  Michx. 


Inner   involucre-bracts   densely  pubescent. 
Inner  involucre-bracts  glabrous  or  nearly  so. 

Pubescent ;  involucre-bracts  green. 

Glabrate ;  bracts  purple-tipped. 


1.  L.  linifolium. 

2.  L.  canadense. 

3.  L.  pusillum. 


1.  Leptilon  linifolium  (Willd.)  J.  K. 
Small.  Hairy  Horse-weed.  (Fig.  431.) 
Stems  6'-3°  tall,  hirsute,  racemosely  or  panic- 
ulately  branched  above.  Leaves  narrowly 
spatulate  to  linear,  i'-4:'  long,  the  lower 
ones  incised  or  laciniate,  slender-petioled, 
the  upper  entire  or  sparingly  toothed;  in- 
volucres V'-l^"  high,  the  bracts  linear  to 
linear-subulate,  densely  pubescent.  \_Erig- 
eron  linifolium  Willd.;  E.  tonariensis  of 
Reade,  of  Lefroy  and  of  H.  B.  Small; 
Conyza  annbigua  of  Millspaugh.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  grounds. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  tropical  regions.  Flow- 
ers from  spring  to  autumn.  Perhaps  not  dis- 
tinct from   Erigeron   honariensis  L. 


2.  Leptilon  canadense  (L.)  Brit- 
ton.         HORSEWEED.         FlEABANE.         (Fig. 

432.)  Stems  hirsute,  1°-Q°  tall,  simple 
to  the  paniculate  inflorescence;  leaves 
linear  or  nearly  so,  or  the  lower  spatu- 
late, coarsely  few-toothed,  ciliate;  heads 
numerous;  involucres  about  1*"  high; 
bracts  appressed,  linear-subulate  to 
linear,  green,  the  outer  ones  often  pu- 
bescent; corollas  of  the  disk-flowers 
usually  4-lobed.     [Erigeron  canddense  L.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
grounds.  Naturalized.  Native  of  temperate 
North  America.  Flowers  nearly  through- 
out the  year. 


CABDUACEAE. 


395 


3.  Leptilon  pusillum  (Nutt.) 
Britton.  Smooth  Horseweed. 
(Fig.  433.)  Glabrous  or  nearly 
so;  stems  slender,  3°  higli  or  less. 
Leaves  linear  to  oblanceolate,  en- 
tire, or  the  lower  sometimes  witli 
2  or  3  teeth  near  the  apex,  eiliate 
toward  the  base;  heads  few  or 
numerous;  involucre  much  like 
that  of  the  preceding  species,  but 
glabrous  or  nearly  so,  its  bracts 
commonly  purplish-tipped.  [Erig- 
eron  pusillum  Nutt.] 

Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds,  often  growing  inter 
mixed  with  L.  canadense.  Natural- 
ized. Native  of  ttie  eastern  United 
States,  ttie  West  Indies  and  trop- 
ical continental  America.  Flowers 
nearly   throughout   the   yeaf. 


9.     SENEOIO    [Tourn.]    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  &-pecies  shrubby  or  even  arbo- 
rescent), with  alternate  or  basal  leaves,  and  many-flowered  heads,  of  both 
tubular  and  radiate,  or  only  tubular  flowers,  in  our  species  yellow.  Involucre 
cylindric  or  campanulSte,  its  principal  bracts  in  1  series,  usually  with  some 
shorter  outer  ones.  Eeceptacle  mostly  naked.  Rays,  when  present,  pistillate, 
fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  tubular,  the  limb  5-toothed 
or  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base,  or  rarely  slightly  sagittate. 
Achenes  terete,  or  those  of  the  marginal  flowers  somewhat  compressed,  5-10- 
ribbed,  papillose,  or  canescent,  at  least  after  wetting,  and  then  usually  emitting 
a  pair  of  spiral  threads.  Pappus  of  numerous  slender  or  capillary,  mostly 
white  bristles.  [Latin,  senex,  an  old  man,  referring  to  the  hoary  character  of 
some  species,  or  to  the  white  pappus.]  An  immense  genus  of  probably  at  least 
1200  species,  of  very  wide  geographic  distribution,  the  following  typical. 


396 


CARDUACEAE. 


1.  Senecio  vulgaris  L.  Com- 
mon Groundsel.  (Fig.  434.)  An- 
nual; stem  hollow,  usually  much 
branched,  6-15'  high.  Leaves  2- 
6'  long,  the  lower  spatulate  in  out- 
line, petioled,  obtuse,  the  upper 
sessile  or  clasping  at  the  base, 
more  deeply  lobed  or  incised,  their 
segments  oblong,  dentate;  heads 
several  or  numerous  in  the 
corymbs,  nearly  3"  broad;  bracts 
of  the  involucre  linear,  often 
blackish-tipped;  rays  none;  achenes 
slightly  canescent. 

Common  in  waste  and  culti- 
vated grounds.  Naturalized.  Native 
of  Europe.  Widely  naturalized  in 
North  America.  Flowers  from  spring 
to  autumn. 


Senecio  mikanioides  Otto,  German  or  Italian  Ivy,  South  African,  is  a 
glabrous  herbaceous  vine,  several  feet  long,  with  broadly  ovate  petioled  cor- 
date, sharply  5-7-lobed  leaves  2'-4'  broad,  and  numerous  discoid  heads  of 
yellow  flowers  in  terminal  and  axillary  clusters;  it  is  sometimes  grown  in 
flower-gardens. 

Senecio  Cineraria  DC,  Dusty  Miller,  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  a  per- 
ennial herb  l°-2i°  high,  the  stems,  petioles,  involucre  and  under  surfaces  of 
the  pinnatifid  leaves  densely  white-woolly,  the  heads  of  yellow  flowers  about  1' 
broad,  the  ray-flowers  about  12,  is  commonly  grown  in  flower-gardens.  [Cin- 
eraria maritima  L.] 


10.     EMILIA   Cass. 

Herbs,  with  alternate  and  basal,  often  clasping  leaves,  and  long-peduncled, 
solitary  or  loosely  corymbose  heads  of  pink  purple  or  orange,  tubular  perfect 
and  fertile  flowers.  Involucre  nearly  cylindric,  its  bracts  in  a  single  equal 
series.  Receptacle  flat,  naked.  Corolla-limb  cylindric.  Achenes  nearly  terete 
or  5-angled.  Pappus  of  numerous,  soft,  white,  capillary  bristles.  [Name  un- 
explained.] About  5  species,  natives  of  the  Old  World  tropics.  Type  species: 
Emilia  flammea  Cass.] 


CARDUACEAE. 


397 


1.  Emilia  sonchifolia  (L.) 
DC.  Purple  Emilia.  (Fig.  435.) 
Annual,  glabrous,  or  somewhat  pu- 
bescent below,  usually  branched, 
8-2°  high.  Basal  and  lower  leaves 
petioled,  sometimes  5'  long,  ob- 
ovate  to  oblanceolate,  repand-den- 
tate  to  lyrate-pinnatifid,  obtuse  or 
acute  at  the  apex;  upper  leaves 
lanceolate,  sessile,  sagittate-clasp- 
ing, dentate,  lobed,  or  entire; 
heads  loosely  corymbose,  many- 
iiowered;  peduncles  very  slender 
or  filiform;  involucre  5"-6"  high, 
its  bracts  linear-lanceolate,  acute, 
at  length  reflexed;  flowers  rose,  or 
purple.     [Cacalia  sonchifolia  L.] 

Waste  garden  grounds,  Harring- 
ton House,  1909.  Introduced.  Na- 
tive of  the  East  Indies.  Widely  nat- 
uralized in  ttie  West  Indies.  Flowers 
in  spring  and  summer. 


Emilia  sagittata  (Vahl)  DC,  ARubw-LEAVED  Emilia,  also  East  Indian, 
with  lanceolate  acute  sparingly  serrate,  sagittate-clasping  leaves  6'  long  or 
less,  the  heads  of  orange  or  red  flowers  in  long-stalked  clusters,  was  grown  in 
the  garden  at  Somerville  in  1914.     [Cacalia  sagittata  Vahl.] 


11.     POLYMNIA  L. 

Perennial  herbs  (some  tropical  species  woody),  with  opposite  membranous 
lobed  or  angled  leaves,  or  the  lower  alternate,  and  mostly  large  corymbose- 
paniculate  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow  or  whitish  flowers,  or  rays 
sometimes  obsolete.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broader,  of  about  5  large  outer 
bracts,  and  more  numerous  smaller  inner  ones.  Receptacle  chaffy.  Ray- 
flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  subtended  by  the  inner  involucral  bracts,  the  ligules 
elongated,  minute  or  none.  Disk-flowers  subtended  by  the  chaffy  scales  of  the 
receptacle,  perfect,  sterile,  their  corollas  tubular,  5-toothed.  Anthers  2-toothed 
at  the  base.  Pappus  none.  Achenes  thick,  short,  turgid,  glabrous.  [From 
the  Muse  Polhymnia.]  About  10  species,  natives  of  America.  Type  species: 
Folymnia  canadensis  L. 


398 


CABDUACEAE. 


1.  Polymnia    Uvedalia   L. 

Yellow  or  Large-flowered  Leaf- 
cup.  Bear's-foot.  (Fig.  436.) 
Rough-pubescent,  stout,  branched, 
2°-6°  high.  Leaves  broadly  ovate 
or  deltoid,  3-nerved,  abruptly  con- 
tracted above  the  base,  minutely 
ciliate,  more  or  less  pubescent  on 
both  sides,  angulate-lobed,  the 
lower  often  1°  long  and  broad, 
petioled,  the  upper  sessile,  some- 
what clasping;  heads  few  l*'-2^' 
broad;  rays  10-15,  linear-oblong, 
bright  yellow ;  exterior  bracts  of  the 
cup-like  involucre  ovate-oblong,  ob- 
tuse, 4"-10"  long;  achenes  laterally 
compressed,  nearly  3"  long. 

Rocky  and  sandy  hillsides,  espe- 
cially between  Castle  Harbor  and 
Harrington  Sound ;  on  Abbots'  Cliff, 
and  locally  in  Paget.  Eastern  United 
States.  Apparently  native,  though 
regarded  by  Lefroy  as  naturalized. 
Flowers   from   spring   to   autumn. 


12.     PARTHENIUM  L. 

Perennial,  mostly  pubescent  or  canescent  herbs,  or  shrubs,  with  alternate 
leaves,  and  small  corymbose  or  paniculate  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate 
white  or  yellow  flowers.  Involucre  broadly  campanulate  or  hemispheric,  its 
bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  obtuse,  appressed,  nearly  equal.  Receptacle 
convex  or  conic,  chaffy,  the  chaff  membranous,  siirrounding  the  disk-flowers. 
Ray-flowers  about  5,  pistillate,  fertile,  their  ligules  short,  broad,  2-toothed  or 
obcordate.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  sterile,  their  corollas  5-toothed,  the  style 
undivided.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base.  Achenes  compressed,  keeled  on  the 
inner  face,  margined,  bearing  the  per- 
sistent ray  on  the  summit.  Pappus  of 
2-3  scales  or  awns.  [Greek,  virgin.] 
About  12  species,  natives  of  America, 
the  following  typical. 

1.  Parthenium  Hysterophorus  L. 
Parthenium.  Santa  Marl\.  (Fig. 
437.)  Annual,  strigose  or  sometimes 
slightly  hirsute.  Stems  l°-2i°  tall, 
branched;  leaves  oblong  to  ovate  in  out- 
line, 1-2-pinnately  parted,  the  segments 
lanceolate  to  linear,  pinnatifid  or  toothed ; 
heads  numerous;  involucre  saucer-like, 
about  2V'  broad;  bracts  concave,  the 
outer  rhombic  or  elliptic-rhombic,  the 
inner  broader,  cuneate  at  the  base;  ray- 
flowers  few;  rays  whitish,  about  i" 
broad;   achenes  obovate,  about  *"  long. 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated 
ground.  Naturalized.  Native  of  the  south- 
ern United  States  and  tropical  America. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  autumn. 


CARDUACEAE. 


399 


13.     VERBESINA  L. 

Erect  or  diffuse  branching  pubescent  or  hirsute  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  small  peduncled  terminal  and  axillary  heads  of  tubular  and  radiate 
whitish  flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  broadly  campanulate,  its  bracts  im- 
bricated in  about  2  series,  nearly  equal,  or  the  outer  longer.  Eeceptacle  flat  or 
convex,  chaffy,  the  chaff  awn-like,  subtending  the  achenes.  Ray-flowers  pistil- 
late, fertile.  Disk-flowers  perfect,  mostly  fertile,  their  corollas  tubular,  4- 
toothed  or  rarely  5-toothed.  Anthers  entire  or  minutely  2 -toothed  at  the  base. 
Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  with  obtuse  or  triangular  tips.  Achenes 
thick,  those  of  the  rays  3-sided,  those  of  the  disk  compressed.  Pappus  none, 
or  of  a  few  short  teeth.  [Name  altered  from  Verbena.]  About  4  species, 
mostly  of  tropical  distribution,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Verbesina  alba  L.  Eclipta. 
(Fig.  438.)  Annual,  rough  with  ap- 
pressed  pubescence,  erect  or  diffuse,  6'- 
3°  high.  Leaves  lanceolate,  oblong- 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  denticulate  or  entire,  nar- 
rowed to  a  sessile  base,  or  the  lower 
petioled,  l'-5'  long,  2"-10"  wide;  heads 
commonly  numerous,  3"-6"  broad,  nearly 
sessile,  or  slender-peduncled;  rays  short, 
nearly  white;  anthers  brown;  achenes 
4-toothed,  or  at  length  truncate. 
[Eclipta  erecta  L. ;  E.  alba  Hassk.] 

Frequent  in  marshes  and  in  wet  waste 
grounds.  Native.  Southeastern  United 
States  and  tropical  America.  Flowers 
from  spring  to  autumn. 


14.     BORRICHIA  Adans. 

Fleshy,  branching  shrubs  of  the  seacoast  and  salt  marshes,  with  opposite 
entire  or  denticulate,  cuneate  oblong  spatulate  or  obovate,  1-3-nerved  leaves, 
and  terminal  large  long-peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  yellow 
flowers.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  2  or  3  series,  the 
inner  ones  coriaceous.  Receptacle  convex,  chaffy,  the  chaff  rigid,  concave, 
subtending  or  enwrapping  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile. 
Disk-flowers  perfect,  the  corolla  tubular,  5-toothed,  the  style-branches  elongated, 
hispid.  Anthers  entire  at  the  base,  or  minutely  sagittate.  Achenes  of  the  ray- 
flowers  3-sided,  those  of  the  disk-flowers  4-sided.  Pappus  a  short  dentate 
crown.  [Named  for  Olaf  Borrick,  a  Danish  botanist.]  About  5  species, 
native  of  America.     Type  species :  Buphthalmum  frutescens  L. 

Scales  of  the  receptacle  cuspidate.  1.  B.  frutescens. 

Scales  of  the  receptacle  acute  or  obtuse.  2.  B.  arhorescens. 


400 


CARDUACEAE. 


2.  Borrichia  arborescens  (L.) 
DC.  Sea  Ox-eye.  (Fig.  440.)  A 
branching  shrub  l°-6°  tall,  with 
silky-canescent  or  glabrous  foliage, 
sometimes  with  both  gray  and 
green  leaves  on  the  same  plant. 
Leaves  oblanceolate  or  spatu- 
late-oblanceolate,  l'-2^'  long,  with 
dark  rigid  cuspidate  tips,  entire, 
sessile;  heads  1'  broad  or  less  on 
club-shaped  peduncles;  outer  in- 
volucre-bracts keeled,  acute  or  ob- 
tuse, appressed  at  maturity;  the 
inner  larger,  rounded  at  the  apex; 
scale  of  the  receptacle  blunt;  ray- 
flowers  few.  [Buphthalmum  arbor- 
escens L.] 

Common  on  coastal  rocks.  Na- 
tive. Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 
Flowers  from  spring  to  winter. 
Presumably  reached  Bermuda  by 
floating. 


1.  Borrichia    fnitescens    (L.)    DC. 

8ALTMARSH  Ox-EYE.  (Fig.       439.) 

Finely  canescent,  even  when  old;  stems 
terete,  sparingly  branched,  l°-4°  high. 
Leaves  mostly  erect  or  ascending,  nar- 
rowly spatulate  or  obovate,  tapering  to 
the  sessile  base,  somewhat  connate,  l'-3' 
long,  2' -7"  wide ;  heads  solitary  or  few, 
about  1' broad;  rays  15-25,  rather  short; 
exterior  bracts  of  the  involucre  ovate 
and  somewhat  spreading,  the  inner  ones 
and  the  scales  of  the  receptacle  cuspi- 
date.     [BuplitJialmum  fnitescens  L.] 

Salt  marshes  and  borders  of  salt 
water  lagoons.  Coasts  of  Castle  Harbor, 
native.  Southeastern  United  States.  Flow- 
ers in  summer  and  autumn.  Presumably 
reached    Bermuda    by    floating. 


15.     HELIANTHUS  L. 

Erect,  mostly  branched  herbs,  with  simple  leaves,  and  large  peduncled 
heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  the  rays  yellow,  the  disk  yellow, 
brown  or  purple.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  depressed,  its  bracts  imbricated  in 
several  series.  Eeceptacle  chaffy,  the  chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Rays 
spreading,   mostly   entire.     Disk-flowers   perfect,   fertile,   the    corolla   tubular, 


CAEDUACEAE. 


401 


the  tube  short,  the  limb  5-lobed.  Anthers  entire,  or  minutely  2-toothecl 
at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with  hirsute  appendages.  Achenes  thick, 
oblong  or  obovate,  compressed,  or  somewhat  4-angled.  Pappus  of  2  scales  or 
awns,  or  sometimes  with  2-4  additional  shorter  ones,  deciduous.  [Greek,  pun- 
flower.]  About  60  species,  natives  of  the  New  World.  Type  species:  Heli- 
anthus  annuus  L. 


1.  Helianthus  debilis  Nutt.  Low 
Sunflower.  (Fig.  441.)  Annual,  sca- 
brous, branched,  l°-3°  high,  the  branches 
mostly  spreading  or  decumbent.  Leaves 
alternate,  or  the  lower  opposite,  slender- 
petioled,  triangular-ovate  to  hastate,  11'- 
3V  long,  acute  or  acuminate  at  the  apex, 
broadly  cuneate  to  subcordate  at  the  base, 
repand-dentate  or  coarsely  toothed; 
heads  about  2'  broad,  long-peduncled; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  linear-lanceolate, 
i'  long  or  less,  acuminate;  rays  8-15, 
bright  yellow;  disk  purple,  7"-10"  broad; 
receptacle  nearly  flat. 

In  a  field,  Middle  Road,  1913,  collected 
by  F.  S.  Collins.  Introduced.  Native  of 
the  southeastern  United  States^  Flowers 
in  summer. 


Helianthus  annuus  L.,  Sunflov^^er,  North  American,  a  tall  broad-leaved 
annual  herb,  with  rough  stems  and  foliage,  large  heads  at  the  ends  of  branches, 
the  disk-flowers  purplish,  the  bright  yellow  rays  often  6'  long,  is  often  grown 
in  gardens  for  ornament. 

Helianthus  tuberosus  L.,  Jerusalem  Artichoke,  North  American,  a  tall 
perennial,  with  rough  ovate  leaves,  the  rootstocks  bearing  edible  tubers,  the 
heads  '2'-3'  broad,  both  disk-flowers  and  rays  yellow,  is  occasionally  grown  in 
gardens. 

16.     BIDENS    [Tourn.]    L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  opposite  serrate  lobed  divided  or  dis- 
sected leaves,  or  the  uppermost  alternate,  and  mostly  large  heads  of  both 
tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  or  the  rays  none,  or  rudimentary.  Involucre  cam- 
panulate  or  hemispheric,  its  bracts  in  2  series,  distinct  or  slightly  united  at  the 
base;  the  outer  often  foliaceous.  Receptacle  flat  or  nearly  so,  chaffy,  the  chaff 
subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Rays,  when  present,  neutral.  Disk-flowers  per- 
fect, fertile,  their  corollas  tubular,  5-toothed.  Anthers  entire,  or  minutely 
sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  with  short  or  subulate  tips.  Achenes  flat, 
quadrangular  or  nearly  terete,  cuneate,  oblong,  or  linear.  Pappus  of  2-6  teeth 
or  subulate  awns,  upwardly  or  downwardly  barbed  or  hispid.  [Latin,  two- 
toothed,  referring  to  the  achenes.]  About  75  species  of  wide  geographic  dis- 
tribution.    Type  species:  Bidens  hipartita  L. 

27 


402 


CAItDUAOEAE. 


1.  Bidens  pilosa  L,  White  Beggar-ticks. 
(Fig.  442.)  Annual,  glabrous  or  somewhat 
pubescent,  l°-3°  high,  more  or  less  branched. 
Leaves  petioled,  3-divided,  their  segments  ovate 
to  lanceolate,  I'-S^'  long,  serrate,  acute  or 
acuminate,  the  uppermost  sometimes  undivided; 
involucre  campanulate,  about  4"  high,  its  outer 
bracts  linear-oblong,  usually  shorter  than  the 
inner;  rays,  when  present,  white,  5"-10"  long, 
2-3-lobed ;  achenes  fusiform,  unequal,  the  inner 
longer  than  the  involucre;  pappus  of  2-4  yel- 
low downwardly  barbed  awns.  [B.  leucantha 
Willd.] 

Common  in  waste  and  cultivated  ground. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  tropical  America.  Both 
radiate  and  rayless  races  occur.  Flowers  in  sum- 
mer and  autumn. 

17.  GAIiINSOGA  R.  &  P. 
Annual  branching  herbs,  with  opposite 
leaves,  and  small  peduncled  heads  of  both 
tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  terminal  and  in 
the  upper  axils.  Involucre  hemispheric  or  campanulate,  its  bracts  in  2  series, 
ovate,  obtuse,  membranous,  striate.  Eeceptacle  conie  or  elongated,  its  thin 
chaff  subtending  the  disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  white,  pistillate,  fertile,  the 
rays  4  or  5,  short.  Disk-flowers  yellow,  perfect,  the  corolla  5-toothed.  Anthers 
minutely  sagittate  at  the  base.  Style-branches  tipped  with  acute  appendages. 
Achenes  angled,  or  the  outer  ones  flat.  Pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  of  several 
short  laciniate  or  fimbriate  scales,  that  of  the  ray-flowers  of  several  or  few 
short  slender  bristles,  or  none.  [Named  in  honor  of  M.  M.  Galinsoga,  super- 
intendent of  the  Botanic  Gardens  at  Madrid.]  About  5  species,  natives  of 
tropical  and   warm  temperate  America,  the  following  typical. 

1.  Galinsoga  parviflora  Cav.  Galin- 
soga. (Fig.  443.)  Slightly  appressed- 
pubescent,  l°-3°  high.  Leaves  thin, 
ovate  or  deltoid-ovate,  3-nerved,  f'-3^' 
long,  acute  at  the  apex,  mostly  obtuse 
at  the  base,  dentate,  the  lower  slender- 
petioled,  the  upper  short-petioled  or 
sessile,  and  sometimes  nearly  or  quite 
entire;  heads  usually  numerous,  2"-3" 
broad,  slender-peduncled ;  bracts  of  the 
involucre  glabrous  or  nearly  so,  the  outer 
shorter;  pappus  of  the  disk-flowers  4-16, 
oblong  to  spatulate,  fimbriate  obtusish 
scales,  shorter  than  the  finely  pubescent 
obpyramidal  achene. 

Cultivated  grounds,  occasional  or  fre- 
quent ;  first  introduced  in  the  Agricultural 
Gardens  in  1!)08.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
tropical  America.  Widely  naturalized  in 
the  United  States.  Flowers  In  summer  and 
autumn,  probably  also  earlier. 


CARDUACEAE. 


403 


18.     ACHILLEA   [Vaill.]   L. 

Plerbs,  mostly  perennial,  with  erect,  leafy  stems,  finely  dissected,  pinnatifid 
or  serrate  alternate  leaves,  and  small  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers, 
corymbose  at  the  ends  of  the  stem  and  branches.  Involucre  obovoid,  or  cam- 
panulate,  its  bracts  appressed.  Imbricated  in  few  series,  the  outer  shorter. 
Eeceptacle  nearly  flat,  or  convex,  chaffy,  the  membranous  chaff  subtending  the 
disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  white  or  pink.  Disk- 
flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  yellow,  5-lobed.  Anthers  obtuse  and 
entire  at  the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  truncate.  Achenes  ob- 
long or  obovate,  slightly  compressed.  Pappus  none.  [Named  for  Achilles.] 
About  75  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere,  mostly  of  the  Old  World. 
Type  species:  Achillea  santolina  L. 

1.  Achillea  Millefdlium  L. 

Yarrow.  Milfoil.  (Fig.  444.) 
Perennial  from  horizontal  root- 
stocks  ;  flow^ering  stems  sparsely 
pubescent,  or  nearly  glabrous, 
simple,  or  corymbosely  branched 
above,  l°-2°  high.  Basal  leaves 
and  those  of  the  numerous  short 
sterile  shoots  mostly  petioled, 
sometimes  10'  long  and  V  wide, 
those  of  the  stem  sessile,  all 
somewhat  pubescent  or  nearly 
glabrous;  heads  numerous,  2"- 
3"  broad,  in  terminal  compound 
dense,  somewhat  convex  cor- 
ymbs; involucre  ovoid,  its 
bracts  oblong,  stramineous  with 
greenish  keel,  obtusish,  pubes- 
cent; rays  4-6,  white,  or  often 
pink  or  purple. 

Grassy  woods,  Devonshire, 
1905.  Introduced.  Native  of  the 
north  temperate  zone.  Flowers 
in  summer  and  autumn. 


19.     ANTHEMIS  [Micheli]  L. 

Annual  or  perennial  herbs,  with  pinnatifid  or  dissected,  alternate  leaves, 
and  usually  large  peduncled  heads  of  both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  termi- 
nating the  branches.  Involucre  hemispheric,  its  bracts  imbricated  in  several 
series,  scarious-margined,  appressed,  the  outer  shorter.  Eeceptacle  convex, 
conic  or  oblong,  chaffy  at  least  toward  the  summit,  the  chaff  subtending  the 
disk-flowers.  Ray-flowers  pistillate  and  fertile,  or  neutral,  the  tube  terete  or 
2-winged,  the  ray  white  or  yellow,  entire  or  2-3-toothed.  Disk-flowers  perfect, 
fertile,  yellow,  their  corollas  Avith  5-cleft  limbs.     Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at 


404 


CARDUACEAE. 


the  base.  Style-branches  of  the  disk-flowers  truncate.  Achenes  oblong,  angled, 
ribbed  or  striate.  Pappus  none,  or  a  short  coroniform  border.  [Greek  name 
of  Camomile.]  About  60  species,  natives  of  Europe,  Asia  and  Africa.  Type 
species:  Anthemis  maritima  L, 

1.  Anthemis      Cotula     L. 

Mayweed.  Dog's,  or  Fetid 
Camomile.  (Fig.  445.)  An- 
nual, glandular  and  with  a  fetid 
odor  and  acrid  taste,  much 
branched,  l°-2°  high.  Leaves 
mostly  sessile,  l'-2'  long,  finely 
1-3-pinnately  dissected  into 
narrow,  or  almost  filiform, 
acute  lobes;  heads  commonly 
numerous,  about  1'  broad; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong, 
obtuse  or  obtusish,  usually 
somewhat  tomentose;  rays  10- 
18,  mostly  3-toothed;  receptacle 
convex,  becoming  oblong,  its 
chaff  bristly,  subtending  the 
central  flowers;  achenes  10- 
ribbed,  rugose  or  glandular- 
tuberculate;  pappus  none. 

Waste  grounds  and  lawns, 
occasional.  Sometimes  cultivated. 
Introduced.  Native  of  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North 
America.  Flowers  in  spring  and 
summer. 


20.     CHRYSANTHEMUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

Perennial  or  annual,  mostly  erect  and  branching  herbs,  with  alternate 
dentate  incised  or  dissected  leaves,  and  large,  usually  long-peduncled  heads  of 
both  tubular  and  radiate  flowers,  or  rays  rarely  wanting.  Involucre  hemi- 
spheric or  depressed,  its  bracts  apj)ressed,  imbricated  in  several  series,  the 
outer  shorter.  Receptacle  flat,  convex  or  hemispheric,  naked.  Ray-flowers 
pistillate,  fertile,  the  rays  white,  yellow  or  rose-colored,  entire  or  toothed. 
Disk-flowers  perfect,  fertile,  their  corollas  with  terete  or  '2-winged  tubes  and 
4-5-cleft  limbs.  Anthers  obtuse  and  entire  at  the  base.  -Style-branches  of  the 
disk-flowers  truncate,  penicillate.  Achenes  angled  or  terete,  5-10-ribbed,  those 
of  the  ray-flowers  commonly  3-angled.  Pappus  none  or  a  scaly  cup.  [Greek, 
golden-flower.]  About  100  species,  of  wide  distribution  in  the  northern  hemi- 
sphere.    Type  species:   Chrysaniliemum  coronarium  L. 


Heads  large,  solitary  or  few ;  leaves  obovate  to  spatulate,  dentate  or  incised. 

1.  C  Leucanthemum. 
Heads   small,  numerous,    corymbose ;    leaves   pinnately   parted 

or  pinnatifid  2.  C.  Parthenimn. 


CAEDUACEAE. 


405 


1.  Chrysanthemum  Leu- 
canthemum  L.  White-weed. 
White  or  Ox-eye  Daisy. 
(Fig.  446.)  Perennial;  stems 
glabrous,  or  sjDaringly  puberu- 
lent,  simple  or  little  branched, 
l°-^2°  high,  often  tufted,  the 
branches  nearly  erect.  Basal 
leaves  obovate,  oblong,  or  spat- 
ulate,  coarsely  dentate  or  in- 
cised, narrowed  into  long  slen- 
der petioles;  stem-leaves  mostly 
sessile  and  partly  clasping,  1'- 
3'  long,  the  uppermost  very 
small  and  nearly  entire;  heads 
l'-2'  broad,  on  long  naked  pe- 
duncles; rays  20-30,  white, 
spreading,  slightly  2-3-toothed; 
bracts  of  the  involucre  oblong- 
lanceolate,  obtuse,  mostly  gla- 
brous, with  scarious  margins 
and  a  brown  line  within  the 
margins;  pappus  none. 

Frequent  in  grassy  places, 
especially  in  Pembroke  and  Paget. 
Naturalized.  Native  of  Europe. 
Widely  naturalized  in  North 
America.  Flowers  in  summer 
and    autumn. 


2.  Chrysanthemum  Parthe- 
nium  (L.)  Pers.  Common 
Fe\terfew.  Featherfew.  (Fig. 
447.)  Perennial;  stem  puberu- 
lent  or  glabrate,  much  branched, 
r-2r  high.  Leaves  thin,  the 
lower  often  6'  long,  petioled,  or 
the  upper  sessile,  pinnately 
parted  into  ovate  or  oblong,  pin- 
natifid  or  incised  segments; 
heads  numerous,  corymbose, 
slender-peduncled,  6"-10" 
broad;  bracts  of  the  depressed 
involucre  lanceolate,  rather 
rigid,  keeled,  pubescent,  acute 
or  acutish;  rays  10-20,  white, 
oval  or  obovate,  spreading, 
mostly  toothed,  long-persistent; 
pappus  a  short  toothed  crown. 
[Matricaria  Parthemum  L. ; 
Pi/rethrum  Partheniiim  Smith.] 

Ocassionally  escaped  from 
cultivation.  Grown  in  gardens. 
Native  of  Europe.  Flowers  in 
summer    and    autumn. 


406  CARDUACEAE. 

Chrysanthemum  frutescens  L.,  Marguerite,  of  the  Canary  Islands,  a  gla- 
brous shrub  about  3°  high,  with  green  leaves  2'-4'  long,  pinnately  cleft  into 
narrow  segments,  the  few  or  solitary  heads  of  white  flowers  on  slender  erect 
peduncles,  the  rays  about  f  long,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 

Chrysanthemum  morifolium  Eamat.,  Garden  Chrysanthemum,  Asiatic, 
with  ovate  short-petioled  variously  toothed,  pubescent  leaves,  the  flowers 
^*arious  in  color  and  size,  mostly  double,  is  grown  in  a  variety  of  forms. 
Chrysanthemum  indicum  L.,  also  Asiatic,  differs  in  having  glabrous  foliage. 

Chrysanthemum  coronarium  L.,  Annual  Chrysanthemum,  of  the  Medi- 
terranean region,  occasional  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  glabrous  branched  annual, 
2°-4°  high,  with  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves,  their  narrow  segments  toothed  or 
incised,  the  peduncled  heads  about  2'  broad,  the  rays  light  yellow,  the  disk- 
flowers  yellow. 

Chrysanthemum  carinatum  L.,  Keeled  Chrysanthemum,  African,  also 
annual  and  occasionally  grown,  is  glabrous,  li°-2°  high,  with  deeply  pinnatifid 
leaves,  their  segments  toothed  or  lobed,  the  stout-peduncled  beads  2'-3'  broad, 
their  involucre-bracts  keeled,  the  notched  rays  variously  colored,  the  disk- 
flowers  purple. 

Chrysanthemum  anethifolium  Brouss.,  Glaucous  Marguerite,  of  the 
Canary  Islands,  a  shrub  similar  to  C.  frutescens  L.,  but  pale  green  and  glau- 
cous, with  very  finely  divided  leaves,  their  segments  narrowly  linear,  the 
numerous  heads  slender-peduncled,  with  white  rays  about  V  long,  is  also  occa- 
sionally grown. 

Chrysanthemum  maximum  Eamond,  Large-flowered  Ox-eye  Daisy, 
Shasta  Daisy,  of  the  Pyrenees,  resembles  C.  Leucanthemum  L.,  but  has 
larger  leaves,  the  basal  ones  up  to  4'  long,  spatulate  or  oblanceolate,  obtuse 
and  serrate,  the  large  head  always  solitary,  with  numerous  white  rays  I'-l^' 
long.  The  plant  grown  as  Shasta  Daisy  is  said  to  be  a  hybrid  of  this  with 
some  other  species. 

Ageratum  conyzoides  L.,  Wild  Ageratum,  native  of  tropical  America 
and  widely  distributed,  recorded  as  a  weed  by  Lefroy,  is  not  attributed  to  Ber- 
muda by  other  authors  and  has  not  been  observed  by  recent  collectors.  It  is 
an  annual  herb,  3°  high  or  less,  wiih  ovate  toothed  leaves  and  terminal 
corymbs  of  small  heads  with  blue  or  white  flowers,  the  pappus  of  5  to  7  narrow 
pointed  scales,  the  involucre  scales  oblong,  abruptly  acute,  nearly  glabrous. 

Ageratum  Houstonianum  Mill.,  Garden  Ageratum,  tropical  American,  is 
similar  to  the  preceding,  but  the  involucral  bracts  are  linear-lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate and  pubescent.  It  is  commonly  grown  in  flower-gardens.  [A.  mexicanum 
Sweet.] 

Tithonia  rotundifolia  (Mill.)  Blake,  Tall  Tithonia,  Mexican,  planted 
for  ornament,  is  an  herb  5°-6°  tall,  with  variously  lobed  and  toothed,  thin  acute 
leaves  4-8'  long,  green  above,  pale  and  canescent  with  short  appressed  hairs 
beneath,  the  large  heads  on  long  peduncles  thickened  toward  the  top,  the 
involucre  of  large,  ovate  to  lanceolate,  glabrous  striate-nerved  bracts  in  2  or  3 
series,  the  bright  yellow  rays  li'-2'  long.     [T.  tagetiflora  Desf.] 

Coreopsis  grandiflora  Hogg,  Large-flowered  Tickseed,  North  American, 
grown  in  flower-gardens,  is  perennial,  l°-2i°  ^^S^,  glabrous  or  pubescent,  the 
stem  bearing  several  pairs  of  pinnately  parted  petioled  leaves  with  linear 
segments,  the  basal  leaves  linear-oblong,  entire ;  the  heads  of  bright  yellow 
flow^ers  are  long-peduncled,  the  6-10  rays  toothed,  the  achenes  broadly  winged. 

Coreopsis  tinctoria  Nutt.,  Garden  Tickseed,  North  American,  a  nearly 
glabrous  annual,  l°-5°  high,  with  leaves  pinnately  divided  into  narrow  seg- 
ments, long-peduncled  heads,  with  6-10  yellow  rays  brown  at  base,  V-V  long, 
and  flat,  oblong  achenes  with  scarcely  any  pappus,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 


CARDUACEAE.  407 

Coreopsis  lanceolata  L.,  Lance-leaved  Tickseed,  North  American,  per- 
ennial, glabrous,  2°  high  or  less,  with  slender-petioled,  narrowly  oblong,  entire 
lower  leaves,  the  upper  sessile,  linear,  sometimes  with  1  or  2  lobes,  the  few- 
large  heads  of  bright  yellow  flowers  on  long  slender  peduncles,  the  3-7-lobed 
rays  about  1'  long,  the  pappus  of  2  short  teeth,  is  also  grown  in  flower-gardens. 

Gaillardia  pulchella  Foug.,  Shoavy  Gaillardia,  North  American,  occa- 
sional in  flower-gardens,  is  a  roughish-pubescent  annual,  li°-S°  high,  with 
oblong  to  spatulate  leaves,  the  basal  ones  sometimes  pinnatifid ;  the  few  large 
heads  are  on  long  terminal  peduncles,  with  cuneate  reddish  or  orange  rays  1' 
long  or  more,  brown-veined  and  often  purplish  at  base;  the  receptacle  is  bristly- 
fimbrillate. 

Dahlia  rosea  Cav.,  Garden  Dahlia,  Mexican,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens  in 
a  variety  of  forms,  mostly  double-flowered.  [D.  variabilis  Desf.]  Its  leaves 
are  pinnate,  with  3  or  5  ovate  pointed  serrate  leaflets. 

Centaurea  americana  Nutt.,  American  Star  Thistle,  Basket  Flower, 
North  American,  a  tall  annual,  up  to  6°  high,  roughish,  the  stem  simple,  or 
with  few  branches,  swollen  under  the  large  solitary  heads,  the  numerous  stem- 
leaves  oblong-lanceolate,  sessile,  acuminate,  3'-6'  long,  mostly  entire,  the  nearly 
hemispheric  involucre  2'-3'  broad,  with  many  pectinate-appendaged  shining 
bracts,  the  flowers  pink  or  purple,  the  marginal  ones  with  radiant  corolla-limbs, 
is  occasionally  grown  in  flower-gardens. 

Centaurea  Cyanus  L.,  Corn-flower,  Blue-bottle,  European,  frequent  in 
flow^er-gardens  is  a  white-floccose,  branched  slender  annual  l°-2i°  high,  its 
numerous  mucronate  stem-leaves  linear  or  linear -lanceolate,  2'-6'  long;  its 
flower-heads  are  on  terminal  peduncles,  the  bell-shaped  involucre  with  appressed 
bracts,  their  appendages  scarious  and  lacerate,  the  flowers  white,  blue  or  purple, 
the  marginal  ones  with  radiant  corolla-limbs  V  long  or  longer. 

Centaurea  moschata  L.,  Sweet  Sultan,  Oriental,  occasional  in  flower- 
gardens  is  a  glabrous,  stifl"  annual  l°-2°  high,  with  linear-oblong,  sharply 
dentate  or  pinnatifid  stem-leaves,  terminal  peduncled  heads  of  white,  yellow  or 
purple,  fragrant  flowers,  the  hemispheric  or  short-ovoid  involucre  of  broad  ap- 
pressed entire  bracts,  the  upper  ones  scarious-margined. 

Centaurea  gymnocarpa  Moris.  &  Not.,  Velvety  Centaury,  of  Caprea, 
mentioned  by  Lefroy  as  a  weed  and  also  recorded  by  Jones,  has  not  been  found 
wild  by  recent  collectors,  but  is  planted  in  garden  borders.  It  is  a  white- 
velvety  perennial,  with  deeply  pinnatifid  basal  and  lower  leaves  6'-8'  long,  the 
narrow  blunt  segments  entire  or  few-toothed,  the  erect  stem  l°-2°  high  bearing 
panicled  heads  less  than  1'  broad,  of  violet  or  rose-purple  flowers. 

Tanacetum  vulgare  L.,  Tansy,  European,  commonly  grown  in  gardens,  is 
mentioned  by  H.  B.  Small  as  sometimes  escaped;  we  liave  not  seen  it  wild. 
Tansy  is  a  perennial  herb  about  2°  high,  with  finely  cut  leaves  and  small  heads 
of  yellow  flowers  in  nearly  flat-topped  clusters. 

Arctotis  stoechadifolia  Berg.,  Blue  Arctotis,  South  African,  a  whitish- 
velvety  herb  l°-2°  high,  with  pinnatifid  or  variously  lobed  stem-leaves  3'-6'  long, 
and  solitary  or  few,  long-peduncled  heads,  the  involucre  subglobose,  the  nar- 
row pale  biue  rays  1'  long  or  less,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 

Melampodlum  perfoliatum  (Willd.)  H.B.K.,  Mexican,  a  tall  annual  with 
opposite  broad  thin  angulate-lobed  leaves  and  slender-peduncled  heads  of 
small  yellow  flowers,  the  involucre  of  5  large  ovate  bracts,  recorded  by  Reade 
as  rare  in  plantations  prior  to  1883,. has  not  been  observed  by  recent  collectors. 
[Wedelia  perfoliata  Willd.] 

Crassina  elegans  (.Jacq.)  Kuntze,  Garden  Zinnia,  Mexican,  commonly 
grown  in  flower-gardens,  is  a  pubescent  annual  l°-3°  high,  with  ovate  to  ovate- 
lanceolate,  entire  acute  sessile  and  clasping  leaves  l'-3'  long  and  peduncled 
heads    of    purple    red    yellow    or    white    flowers,    the    involucre    with    elliptic 


408  CARDUACEAE. 

rounded   often    dark-margined   bracts,   the    rays    l'-2'   long.      [Zinnia   elegans 
Jacq.] 

Gazania  splendens  Hort.,  Elegant  Gazaxia,  South  African,  a  low  per- 
ennial, with  narrowly  spatulate,  obtuse  leaves  2'-4'  long,  green  above,  bright 
white  beneath,  and  solitary  heads  on  long  peduncles,  the  orange  rays  about  1' 
long,  has  been  grown  in  flower-gardens.  The  plant  is  supposed  to  be  of 
hybrid  origin. 

Gerbera  Jamesoni  Bolus,  ''Tommy  Atkins,"  South  African,  one  of  the 
most  striking  plants  of  this  family  when  in  bloom,  is  a  perennial  tomentose 
herb,  with  basal  long-petioled  deeply  pinnatifid  leaves  1°  long  or  more,  the 
scapes  about  as  long  as  the  leaves,  bearing  solitary  heads,  the  scarlet  or 
orange,  linear  rays  about  li'  long,  the  white  pappus  of  many  roughish  bristles; 
it  is  grown  in  flower-gardens, 

Cynara  cardunculus  L.,  Cardoon,  of  the  Mediterranean  region,  a  white- 
woolly  herb  2°-4°  tall,  with  pinnatifid,  often  spiny  leaves,  and  large  heads  of 
purple  flowers,  the  involucre  of  numerous  ovate  spine-tipped  bracts,  the 
pappus  plumose,  is  occasionally  grown  in  gardens. 

Cynara  Scolymus  L.,  Globe  Artichoke,  sometimes  grown  for  its  edible 
flower-heads,  is  similar  to  C.  Cardunculus,  but  the  involucral  bracts  are  blunt 
or  einarginate ;  its  home  is  unknown,  and  it  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived 
from  the  Cardoon  in  cultivation. 

Stokesia  laevis  (Hill)  Greene,  Stokesia,  of  the  southeastern  United 
States,  perennial,  with  simple  or  branched  stems  about  1^°  high,  woolly  above, 
alternate,  oblong  to  lanceolate,  thick  nearly  glabrous  leaves  spinulose-toothed 
toward  the  base,  and  large  heads  of  purplish-blue  flowers,  the  rays  about  1' 
long,  the  involucral  bracts  spinulose  on  the  margins,  was  in  cultivation  at 
Spring  Valley  in  1914.      [CartJiamus  laevis  Hill;  S.  cyanea  L'Her.] 

Cosmos  sulphureus  Cav.,  Yellow  Cosmos,  Mexican,  a  glabrous  branched 
annual,  about  2°  high,  with  pinnatisect  leaves  and  long-peduncled  heads,  the 
outer  involucre-bracts  linear-lanceolate,  much  shorter  than  the  oblong  inner 
ones,  the  rays  bright  yellow,  about  1'  long,  the  linear  rough  long-beaked 
achenes  tipped  by  spreading,  nearly  filiform  awns,  is  grown  in  flower-gardens. 

Cosmos  bipinnatus  Cav.,  White  or  Pink  Cosmos,  also  Mexican,  common 
in  flower-gardens,  is  annual,  up  to  6°  high,  with  a  glabrous  branched  stem, 
pinnatisect  leaves  with  very  narrowly  linear  segments,  and  long-peduncled 
heads,  the  outer  involucral  bracts  lanceolate,  long-acuminate,  the  rays  white, 
pink,  or  sometimes  crimson,  the  narrow  achenes  short-beaked. 

Helichrysum  bracteatum  (Vent.)  Willd.,  Everlasting,  Australian,  grown 
in  flower-gardens,  is  a  glabrous  annual  2°-3°  high,  with  narrowly  oblong- 
lanceolate  entire  leaves  3'-5'  long,  and  several  large  heads,  the  many  papery 
shining  lanceolate  bracts  of  the  involucre  5"-8"  long,  yellow,  white  or  red,  the 
flowers  yellow.      [Xeraniliemunn  bracteatum  Willd.] 

Carthamus  tinctorius  L.,  Safflower,  False  Saffron,  Asiatic,  grown  for 
coloring  and  flavoring  soups,  and  yielding  a  dye,  is  a  glabrous  annual,  about 
4°  high,  with  sessile  ovate  veiny  spinulose-serrate  leaves  l'-2Y  long,  and 
large  terminal  heads  of  orange  tubular  flowers,  the  oblong  achenes  devoid  of 
pappus. 

Calendula  officinalis  L.,  Calendula,  Pot  Marigold,  European,  common 
in  flower-gardens,  both  in  single  and  double-flowered  races,  is  a  pubescent 
branched  annual,  with  oblong  or  lanceolate,  sessile  clasping  acute  entire 
leaves  and  peduncled  heads  of  yellow  or  orange  flowers,  the  involucre  of  nar- 
rowly lanceolate  acuminate  bracts  in  1  or  2  series,  the  rays  V  long  or  less,  the 
rough  achenes  incurved,  without  pappus. 

Gynura  aurantiaca  (Blume)  DC,  Velvet  Plant,  Javanese,  grown  for 
ornament,  is  a  branching  pubescent  herb  about  3°  tall,  with  alternate  ovate 
purple,  toothed  or  lyrate-pinnatifid  leaves  2'-5'  long,  and  loosely  clustered  heads 
of  yellow  or  orange  flowers.      [Cacalia  aurantiaca  Blume.] 


CAKDUACEAE.  409 


Class  2.     GYMNOSPERMAE. 

Ovules  (macrosporanges)  naked,  not  enclosed  in  an  ovary,  this 
represented  by  a  scale  or  apparently  wanting.  Pollen-grains  (mi- 
crospores) dividing  at  maturity  into  two  or  more  cells,  one  of  which 
gives  rise  to  the  pollen-tube  (male  prothallium),  which  directly  fer- 
tilizes an  archegone  of  the  nutritive  endosperm  (female  prothal- 
lium) in  the  ovule. 

Branching  trees  or  shrubs,  with  scale-like,  flat  or  needle-shaped  leaves ;  embryo  not 
spirally  prolonged.  Order  1,  Pixales. 

Simple-stemmed  woody  plants  with  large   compound  leaves 

in  a  crown  ;  embryo  spirally  prolonged.  Order  2.  Cycadales. 

Widely    branching    trees    with    simple    petioled    fan-shaped 

leaves,   the  fruit  a   drupe.  Order  3.  Ginkgoales. 

Order  1.     FINALES. 

Trees,  or  rarely  shrubs,  growing  from  both  terminal  and  lateral  buds, 
thus  freely  branching,  the  trunks  mostly  excurrent.  Leaves  scale-like, 
linear  or  needle-like,  sometimes  fascicled.  Flowers  mostly  monoecious. 
Fruit  a  cone,  with  woody  or  fleshy  scales,  or  drupaceous. 

Fruit  a  cone,  sometimes  berry-like.  Fam.  1.  Pixaceae. 

Fruit  mostly  a  drupe.  Fam,  2.  Taxaceae. 

Family  1.     PINACEAE  Lindl. 

Pine  FAMn^Y.     Conifers. 

Eesinous  trees  or  shrubs,  mostly  with  evergreen  narrow  entire  or  scale- 
like leaves,  the  wood  uniform  in  texture,  without  tracheae,  the  tracheids 
marked  by  large  depressed  disks,  the  pollen-sacs  and  ovules  born  in  sep- 
arate spikes  (aments).  Perianth  none.  Stamens  several  together;  fila- 
ments more  or  less  united;  pollen-sacs  (anthers)  2-several-celled,  variously 
dehiscent ;  pollen-grains  often  provided  with  two  lateral  inflated  sacs. 
Ovules  with  two  integuments,  orthotropous  or  amphitropous,  borne  soli- 
tary or  several  together  on  the  surface  of  a  scale,  which  is  subtended  by  a 
bract  in  most  genera.  Fruit  a  cone  with  numerous,  several  or  few,  woody, 
papery  or  fleshy  scales,  sometimes  berry-like.  Endosperm  copious.  Em- 
bryo straight,  slender.  Cotyledons  2  or  several.  About  25  genera  and 
250  species  of  wide  distribution,  most  abundant  in  temperate  regions. 

1.     JUNIPERUS  L. 

Evergreen  trees  or  shrubs  with  opposite  or  verticillate,  acicular,  subulate 
or  scale-like,  sessile  leaves,  commonly  of  2  kinds,  and  dioecious  or  sometimes 
monoecious,  small  globose  axillary  or  terminal  aments.  Leaf-buds  naked. 
Staminate  aments  oblong  or  ovoid ;  anthers  2-6-celled,  each  sac  2-valved, 
Ovule-bearing  aments  of  a  few  opposite  somewhat  fleshy  scales,  or  these  rarely 
verticillate  in  3  's,  each  bearing  a  single  erect  ovule  or  rarely  2.  Cones  globose, 
berry-like  by  the  coalescence  of  the  fleshy  scales,  containing  1-6  wingless  bony 
seeds.  [Name  Celtic]  About  40  species,  natives  of  the  northern  hemisphere, 
some  of  them  extending  into  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Juniperus 
communis  L. 


410 


PINACEAE. 


1.  Juniperus  bermudiana  L.  Ber- 
muda Cedar.  Bermuda  Juniper.  (Fig. 
448.)  An  irregularly  and  rather  widely 
branched  tree,  conic  in  outline  when  young, 
becoming  round-topped  when  old,  with  a 
spread  of  branches  greater  than  its  height, 
reaching  a  maximum  height  of  about  70 
feet  with  a  trunk  up  to  4°  in  diameter,  the 
thin  grey  bark  flaky  in  long  narrow  strips. 
Leaves  of  young  plants  and  of  shoots 
linear-acicular,  ascending,  3"-5"  long,  less 
than  V'  wide,  nearly  flat  and  whitish  above, 
convex  and  bright  green  beneath,  4-ranked ; 
leaves  of  mature  old  twigs  scale-like,  about 
1"  long,  closely  appressed,  imbricated,  4- 
ranked,  ovate  or  ovate-lanceolate,  blunt,  the 
leaf -bearing  twigs  appearing  4-sided; 
staminate  flowers  yellow;  fruits  compressed 
and  depressed-globose,  sessile  at  the  ends 
of  short  scale-bearing  twigs,  dark  blue,  with 
a  bloom,  about  3"  high,  4"  wide  and  3" 
thick.     [Sahina  hermudiaiia  Antoine.] 

Abundant  and  forming  nearly  pure  forests  on  hillsides  and  along  marshes  in 
all  parishes.  Flowers  in  March  and  April.  Fruit  ripe  in  September  and  October. 
Endemic.  As  one  of  the  most  interesting  of  all  trees  and  the  most  conspicuous 
vegetable  object  of  Bermuda,  this  cedar  has  an  extensive  literature.  Especial 
reference  is  made  to  the  account  by  Dr.  Hooker  in  London  Journal  of  Botany  2  : 
141-145 ;  the  paper  by  Mr.  Hemsley  in  Gardner's  Chronicle,  53  :  656,  657,  where 
two  illustrations  are  printed ;  to  Dr.  Maxwell  F.  Masters'  account  in  Journal  of 
Botany  37:  1-11;  to  an  editorial  in  Garden  and  Forest  4:  289,  290,  294,  295,  with 
reproductions  of  full-page  photographs  of  the  old  tree  in  Devonshire  Churchyard 
and  of  one  of  the  large  trees  formerly  standing  in  the  Devonshire  Marsh ;  Mr. 
Hemsley  published  detailed  illustrations  on  plate  5,  Botany  of  the  Challenger 
Expedition.  The  earliest  published  illustration  known  to  me  is  that  of  Plukenet 
in  1696,  in  his  Almagestum  Botanicum,  platr  197.  f.  .',.  as  Juniperus  horhadensis 
cupressi  folio,  ramulis  quadratis  ;  in  1730  another  figure  was  published  in  a  Cata- 
logue of  Plants  in  a  Garden  near  London. 

The  rules  of  botanical  nomenclature  may  require  the  substitution  of  the  name 
Juniperus  harhaJensis  Linnaeus  for  Jtmiperus  hermudiana  Linnaeus,  the  name 
usually  applied  to  it.  Linnaeus  published  these  two  species  in  1753  on  the  same 
page  (p.  1039)  of  his  Species  Plantarum,  J.  harbadensis  standing  first  in  the 
sequence  and  both  names,  it  has  been  argued,  refer  to  the  Bermuda  Cedar.  For  a 
discussion  of  this  point  reference  is  made  to  the  paper  by  R.  Pilger,  "  Juniperi 
Species   antillanae  "   in   Prof.   TTrban's   Symbolae  Antillanae  7 :   478-481.     1913. 

The  most  abundant  and  characteristic  tree  of  Bermuda.  Although  supposed  by 
some  observers  to  grow  elsewhere,  there  is  no  good  evidence  that  it  occurs  wild  ex- 
cept on  these  islands,  although  it  is  recorded  as  having  grown  in  the  West  Indies. 
The  wood  is  red,  soft  and  easily  worked ;  it  fades  by  exposure  to  the  sun ;  it  is 
used  for  furniture,  cofl5ns,  fence-posts,  and  for  a  great  variety  of  small  objects, 
such  as  paper-cutters,  boxes  and  rulers.  The  tree  is  planted  along  streets  and  for 
avenue   approaches   to  buildings  and  can   be  clipped   into  arbor-arches   and   hedges. 

Its  nearest  relative  is  JtDiipcrus  lucuiiana  Britton.  of  the  northern  Bahama 
Islands  and  Cuba,  which  resembles  it  in  having  smaller  fruit  broader  than  high, 
but  has  much  more  slender  twigs  and  branches  and  smaller  leaves.  The  Bermuda 
tree  may,  perhaps,  have  originated  from  the  Bahama  species  by  a  seed  transported 
by  a  bird  in  northern  migratory  flight,  the  plant  becoming  differentiated  through 
long  isolation  from  its  ancestors. 

On  soil  of  average  fertility  the  tree  grows  in  height  about  two  feet,  and  the 
trunk  increases  in  thickness  about  half  an  inch  annually  up  to  an  age  of  fifteen 
or  twenty  years,  after  which  its  growth  is  progressively  slower.  Its  roots  spread 
widely.  The  famous  ancient  tree  in  Devonshire  Churchyard  measured  15.43  feet 
in  circumference  on  Dec.  11,  1912,  and  then  bore  only  a  few  leafy  branches  at 
the  top. 

Poetic  license  is,  apparently,  responsible  for  the  delusion  that  this  tree  is  the 
same  as  the  Cedar  of  Lebanon 


With    cedars    chosen   by    His   hand 
from  Lebanon  He  stores  the  land." 


A.    Marvel. 


PINACEAE.  411 

Cedrus  libani  Barrel.,  the  true  Cedar-of-Lebanon,  native  of  Lebanon  and 
Taurus,  was  represented  by  a  tree  6°  high  at  the  Agricultural  Station  in  1913. 
It  has  fascicled,  narrowly  linear  leaves  about  1'  long;  the  tree  becomes  90° 
high  or  more,  with  heavy  ovoid  cones  nearly  3'  long. 

Thuja  orientalis  L.,  Asiatic  Arbor-vitae,  Asiatic,  a  tree  becoming,  under 
favorable  conditions,  25°  high,  planted  for  ornament,  has  flattened  branchlets, 
imbricated  ovate  acute  scale-like  leaves  about  IV'  long,  and  ovoid  cones 
about  9"  long,  composed  of  about  6  ovate,  horned  scales.  [Biota  orientalis 
Endl.]  A  tree  more  than  40  years  old  was  growing  at  Rosebank  in  1914,  at 
which  date  it  was  28^  inches  in  trunk  circumference. 

Cupressus  sempervirens  L.,  Oriental  Cypress,  of  southern  Europe  and 
western  Asia,  where  it  forms  a  tree  up  to  80°  high  or  more,  the  branches  erect 
or  ascending,  has  occasionally  been  planted ;  its  short  branchlets  are  covered 
by  ovate  blunt  scales  about  V  long,  and  appear  quadrangular ;  its  cones  are 
nearly  1'  in  diameter,  globose,  of  about  10  scales. 

Cupressus  macrocarpa  Hartw.,  Monterey  Cypress,  Californian,  similar 
to  the  preceiling,  but  with  stouter  twigs  and  larger  scales,  the  branches  nearly 
horizontal,  has  al?o  been  planted. 

Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana  (A.  Murray)  Pari.,  Port  Orford  Cedar,  of 
the  northwestern  United  States,  experimentally  planted  at  the  Public  Garden, 
St.  George's,  in  1914,  is  a  very  large  tree,  up  to  180°  high  in  its  native  forests; 
it  has  flattened  twigs,  bearing  ovate  scaledike  appressed  leaves,  glandular  on 
the  back  and  its  globose  cones  are  only  5"  in  diameter. 

Callitris  verrucosa  R.  Br.,  recorded  by  Jones  as  C.  varicosa,  an  error  in 
spelling,  is  an  Australian  conifer,  now  regarded  as  the  same  as  Callitris  robusta 
R.  Br. ;  it  was  not  observed  by  us  in  Bermuda. 

Pinus  halepensis  Mill.,  Aleppo  or  Jerusalem  Pine,  of  the  Mediterranean 
region,  was  represented  at  the  Public  Garden,  St.  George's,  by  a  young  tree  in 
1913,  Its  leaves  are  4'  long  or  less,  2  or  sometimes  3  together  in  short  mem- 
branous sheaths,  very  narrowly  linear  and  bluish-green.  This  tree  becomes  at 
least  60°  high  and  bears  woody  cones  2V-3y  long. 

Pinus  palustris  Mill.,  Long-leaf  Pine  of  the  southeastern  United  States, 
of  which  a  large  tree  exists  at  Inglewood,  planted  many  years  ago,  has  leaves 
about  1°  long,  3  in  each  sheath,  the  cone  6'-10'  long. 

Pinus  serotina  Michx.,  Black  Pine,  Pond  Pine,  of  the  southeastern 
United  States,  with  3  glaucous  leaves  in  each  sheath,  6-10'  long,  was  taken  to 
Mt.  Langton  from  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  in  1913.  The  cones  of  this 
tree  are  about  2'  long, 

Pinus  Strobus  L.,  White  Pine,  North  American,  has  been  planted,  but 
the  climate  is  too  warm  for  it  to  grow  at  all  vigorously.  An  interesting  tree 
seen  at  Norwood  in  1914  was  then  about  15  years  old,  but  only  7°  high.  This 
pine  has  5  needles  in  a  sheath,  and  its  cones  become  6'  long,  their  rounded 
scales  without  prickles. 

H.  B.  Small  mentions  a  weeping-leaved  pine  from  Central  America,  seen 
by  him  at  Bellevue. 

Cryptomeria  japonica  (L.  f.)  Don,  Cryptomeria,  of  China  and  Japan, 
experimentally  planted  at  Wood  Haven  in  1914,  attains  a  height  up  to  125°  or 
more  in  its  native  region;  it  has  whorled  branches,  linear  angled  leaves  about 


412  PINACEAE. 

1'  long,  rather  densely  covering  the  twigs,  and  globose  cones  1'  in  diameter, 
their  scales  with  a  recurved  dorsal  appendage.      [Cupressus  japonica  L.  f.] 

Araucaria  Bidwillii  Hook,,  Bunya-bunya,  Australian,  seen  as  a  young 
plant  at  Cedar  Lodge  in  1914,  becomes,  under  favorable  conditions,  a  tali 
narrow  tree  with  slender  twigs;  its  stiff  lanceolate  sharp-pointed  leaves  are 
about  V  long,  spreading  in  one  plane,  although  arranged  in  two  rows;  Lefroy 
records  two  trees  at  Mt.  Langton  in  1877,  but  they  have  not  survived. 

Araucaria  excelsa  E.  Br.,  Xorfolk  Island  Pine,  is  the  most  luxuriant 
coniferous  evergreen  tree  that  has  been  introduced  into  Bermuda,  and  there 
are  now  many  fine  specimens  on  lawns;  some  of  them  45°  high  or  more.  This 
tree  has  nearly  horizontal  whorled  branches,  the  twigs  densely  covered  with 
narrow  curved  leaves  about  V  long;  its  ovoid  blunt  cones,  about  5'  long,  are 
covered  with  narrow  scales  with  reflexed  tips;  lateral  branches,  when  planted, 
remain  prostrate  and  spread  over  the  ground. 

Young  plants,  about  8'  high,  of  Sequoia  Washingtoniana  (Winslow) 
Sudworth,  the  Mammoth  Tree,  or  Big  Tree  of  California,  and  of  Sequoia 
sempervirens  (Lamb.)  Endlicher,  the  Eed-wood,  of  the  Pacific  coast  of  the 
United  States,  were  seen  at  Paget  Eectory  in  1914,  grown  from  seeds  ger- 
minated there.  Lefroy  planted  a  young  Mammoth  Tree  in  1874  and  records 
its-  living  up  to  1877. 

A  row  of  young  Spruces  (Picea  sp.)  were  seen  at  Camden  in  1914;  they 
were  then  not  large  enough  to  bear  cones,  and  the  species  is  not  determined. 

Lefroy  records  the  planting  of  many  kinds  of  conifers  at  Mt.  Langton, 
which  did  not  succeed. 

Family  2.     TAXACEAE  Lindl. 

Yew  Family. 

Trees  or  shrubs,  resin-bearing  except  Taxus.  Leaves  evergreen  or  de- 
ciduous, linear,  the  pollen-sacs  and  ovules  borne  in  separate  clusters  or 
solitary.  Perianth  wanting.  Stamens  much  as  in  the  Pinaceae.  Ovules 
with  either  one  or  t^vo  integuments;  when  two,  the  outer  one  fleshy;  when 
only  one,  its  outer  part  fleshy.  Fruit  drupaceous  or  rarely  a  cone.  About 
8  genera  and  75  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution,  most  numerous 
in  the  southern  hemisphere. 

Podocarpus  Makoyi  Blume,  Makoy's  Podocarpus,  Japanese,  a  shrub  or 
small  tree,  with  linear-lanceolate  acute  dark-green  leaves  about  3'  long  and  3" 
wide,  their  margins  revolute,  was  taken  to  Mt.  Langton  from  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  in  1913. 

Podocarpus  coriaceus  L.  C.  Eich.,  Leathery  Podocarpus,  of  the  eastern 
West  Indies  and  northern  South  America,  recorded  by  Jones  as  growing  in 
Bermuda  prior  to  1873,  forms  a  tree  up  to  75°  high;  its  leaves  are  4'  to  6'  long, 
4"-8"  wide,  their  margins  flat  or  nearly  so. 

Order   2.     CYCADALES. 

Palm-like  or  fern-like  dioecious  woody  plants  with  erect  trunks,  some- 
times short  and  wholly  buried  in  the  ground,  growing  only  from  the  summit 
and   thus   unbranched,    although   sometimes   forming    lateral   adventitious 


CYCADACEAE.  413 

Flowers  in  terminal 
cones,  or  on  modified  leaves.  Scales  of  the  staminate  cones  bearing  several 
anther-sacs.  Ovule-bearing  scales  or  leaves  with  two  or  more  naked  ovules. 
Seeds  drupe-like  or  nut-like.     Only  the  following  family. 

Family  1.     CYCADACEAE  Lindl. 

Cycad  Family. 

Nine  genera  and  about  90  species,  of  tropical  distribution. 

Cycas  revoluta  Thimb.,  iSago  Palm,  of  tropical  Asia,  Avidely  planted  for 
ornament,  and  very  luxuriant,  has  a  cylindric  rough  trunk  up  to  7°  high,  nearly 
1°  thick,  topped  by  a  crown  of  dark  green  stiff  shining  pinnate  leaves  3°-6° 
long,  short-petioled,  with  very  numerous,  nearly  linear  leaflets;  the  flowers  are 
in  large  yellowish  clusters,  which  alternate  with  a  crown  of  leaves ;  rarely  a 
few  leaves  are  borne  with  the  flower-cluster,  unfolding  at  the  same  time.  The 
leaves  are  gathered  and  exported  for  funeral  and  other  decorations. 

Zamia  floridana  DC,  Coontte,  Floridian,  observed  growing  at  Bellevue  in 
1913,  has  a  vertical  stem  several  inches  long,  nearly  completely  buried  in  the 
ground,  the  several  pinnate  leaves  arising  in  a  tuft  from  its  summit,  with  28-40 
linear  leaflets  3i'-6'  long  and  about  3"  wide;  its  fruit  is  an  oblong,  short- 
stalked  cone  of  peltate  scales;  its  staminate  cones  are  narrowly  oblong;  only 
pistillate  plants  were  seen  at  Bellevue. 

Dioon  edule  Lindl.,  Cycas-like  Dioon,  Mexican,  of  which  a  fine  specimen 
existed  at  Sunny  Lands  in  1914,  has  leaves  up  to  6°  long,  similar  to  those  of 
Cycas  revoluta,  with  very  many  lanceolate  rigid  entire  sharp-tipped  segments 
3'-4'  long  and  about  4"  wide ;  its  flowers  are  borne  in  a  terminal  cone,  that  of 
staminate  flowers  cylindric,  of  pistillate  ones  ovoid,  sometimes  12'  long. 

Dioon  spinulosum  Dyer,  Spinulose-leaved  Dioox,  also  Mexican,  growing 
with  the  preceding  at  Sunny  Lands,  has  leaves  as  large  or  larger,  their  spinulose- 
toothed  segments  5'-6'  long  and  8"-10"  broad. 

Order  3.     GINKGOALES. 

Trees,  with  broad  deciduous  leaves  and  dioecious  flowers  in  the  axils 
of  scales.  Staminate  flowers  in  catkin-like  clusters,  the  anthers  spirally 
aiTanged.  Pistillate  flowers  with  a  solitary  ovule  which  ripens  into  a 
fleshy  drupe.     The  order  consists  of  a  single  species. 

Ginkgo  biloba  L.,  Maidenhair-tree,  Ginkgo,  Chinese,  two  small  trees  of 
which  were  seen  at  Bellevue  in  1914,  is  one  of  the  most  peculiar  and  interesting 
gymnospermous  plants,  having  clustered  slender-petioled  finely  parallel-veined, 
broadly  wedge-shaped,  2-lobed  and  variously  toothed  leaves  2'-3'  broad  and 
somewhat  broader  than  long;  the  flowers  are  mostly  dioecious,  the  staminate  in 
catkins,  the  pistillate  2  together,  one  of  the  latter  ripening  into  a  drupe  about 
1'  long,  its  flesh  unpleasantly  odorous. 

Phylum  2.     PTERIDOPHYTA. 

Ferns  and  Fern-Allies. 
Plants  containing'  woody  and  vascular  tissues,  producing  spores 
asexually,  which,  on  germination,  develop  small  flat  mostly  green 


414  OSMUNDACEAE. 

prothallia  (gametophyte).  On  these  are  borne  the  reproductive 
organs,  the  female  known  as  archegones,  the  male  as  antherids. 
From  the  fertilization  of  the  egg  in  the  archegone  by  spermato- 
zoids  produced  in  the  antherid,  the  asexual  phase  (sporophyte)  of 
the  plant  is  developed;  this  phase  is  represented  by  an  ordinary 
fern,  lycopod  or  horsetail.  Comprising  about  6000  living  species, 
of  Avhich  more  than  three  fourths  are  confined  to  tropical  regions. 
The  native  species  have  all  reached  Bermuda  by  spores  carried  on 
the  wind. 

Spores  produced  in   sporanges  borne  on  the  leaves,   or  panicled  or   in  special   con- 
ceptacles. 

Spores  all  alike ;  Bermuda  species  all  terrestrial  plants.  Order  1.  Filicales. 

Spores  of  two  sizes  :  small  floating  plants.  Order  2.   Salviniales. 

Spores  produced  in  sporanges  borne  in  the  axils  of  scale-like 

leaves.  Order  3.  Lycopodiales. 

Order  1.     FILICALES. 

Spores,  all  of  one  kind  and  size,  produced  in  sporanges,  which  are 
borne  usually  in  clusters  (sori),  on  the  back  of  a  leaf,  or  on  greatly  modi- 
fied pinnae. 

Sporanges  opening  vertically,  panicled,  with  a  rudimentary  ring ;  marsh  ferns. 

Fam.    1.    OSMUXDACEAE. 

Sporanges  opening  transversely,  provided  with  a  vertical 

ring,  borne  in  sori  on  the  back  or  margin  of  a  leaf.  Fam.  2.  Polypodiaceae. 


Family  1.     OSMUNDACEAE  R.  Br. 

Royal  Fern  Family. 

Large  ferns  with  stout  often  erect  rootstocks,  1-2  pinnate  leaves  which 
are  coiled  in  vernation,  the  veins  free,  mostly  forked,  running  to  the 
margins  of  the  pinnules  or  lobes.  Sporanges  large,  globose,  with  mere 
traces  of  an  elastic  ring  of  cells  or  none,  borne  on  modified  contracted 
pinnae  or  in  clusters  (sori)  on  the  lower  surfaces  of  the  pinnules.  Three 
genera;  only  one  American. 

1.     OSMUNDA   [Tourn.]   L. 

Tall  marsh  ferns,  growing  in  large  crowns,  with  the  fertile  (spore-bearing) 
portions  very  much  contracted,  the  short-pedicelled  naked  sporanges  on  the 
margins  of  their  rachis-like  divisions,  which  are  destitute  of  chlorophyll.  Veins 
forked,  regular  and  prominent.  Sporanges  thin,  reticulated,  opening  by  a 
longitudinal  cleft  into  two  halves,  a  few  parallel  thickened  cells  near  the  apex 
representing  the  rudimentary  transverse  ring.  Spores  green.  [From  Osmunder, 
a  name  for  the  god  Thor.]  Eight  species,  mostly  of  the  north  temperate  zone. 
Type  species:    Osmunda  regalis  L. 

Leaves  biplnnate,  fertile  at  the  apex.  1.  O.  regalis. 

Sterile  leaves  once  pinnate  ;  pinnae  of  sterile  leaf  with  a  tuft  of 

tomentum  at  base :  fertile  leaf  distinct  from  sterile.  2.  O.  cinnamomea. 


OSMUNDACEAE. 


415 


1.  Osmunda  regalis  L.  Royal 
Fern.  (Fig.  449.)  Rootstock  stout, 
bearing  a  cluster  of  tall  bipinnate 
leaves  2°-6°  high,  and  1°  or  more 
wide.  "Sterile  pinnae  6-1°  long, 
the  pinnules  oblong-ovate  or  lance- 
olate-oblong, sessile  or  slightly 
stalked,  glabrous,  finely  serrulate, 
especially  near  the  apex  and  occa- 
sionally crenate  towards  the  trun- 
cate, oblique  or  cordate  base ;  sporo- 
phylls  linear-cylindric,  panicled 
at  the  summit,  withering  and 
shrivelling  with  age,  greenish  be- 
fore maturity,  but  becoming  dark 
brown  after  the  spores  have  fallen. 

Common  in  the  larger  marshes. 
Native.  North  America,  Europe  and 
Asia. 


2.  Osmunda    cinnamomea    L. 

Cinnamon  Fern.  (Fig.  450.) 
Rootstock  large,  widely  creeping, 
bearing  a,  circular  cluster  of  sterile 
leaves  with  one  or  more  fertile 
ones  within  or  some  leaves  partly 
sterile  and  partly  fertile.  Stipes 
1°  or  more  long,  clothed  with  fer- 
ruginous tomentum  when  young, 
glabrous  when  old ;  sterile  leaves 
l°-3°  long,  glabrous  when  mature, 
except  a  small  tuft  of  tomentum 
at  the  base  of  each  pinna;  pinnae 
linear-lanceolate,  deeply  pinnatifid 
into  oblong  obtuse  segments;  sporo- 
phyll  contracted,  bipinnate,  soon 
withering ;  sporanges  cinnamon- 
colored  after  the  copious  green 
spores   have   been    discharged. 

Common  in  the  larger  marshes. 
Native.  Eastern  North  America  to 
Mexico. 


Family  2.     POLYPODIACEAE  R.  Br. 

Fern  Family. 

Ferns  of  various  habit,  the  rootstoeks  horizontal  and  often  elongated, 

pinnate,  pinnatifid  or  decompound, 


or  short  and  erect,  the  leaves  entire, 


416 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


coiled  in  vernation.  Sporanges  borne  in  clusters  (sori)  on  tlie  lower  side 
or  margins  of  the  leaves  or  their  segments,  stalked,  provided  with  a  vertical 
ring,  opening  transversely.  Sori  with  or  without  a  membranous  covering 
(indusium).  Prothallium  green.  About  150  genera  and  4500  species  of 
wide  distribution. 

Sori  confluent,  covering  the  under  sides  of  leaf-segments.  1.  Acrostichum. 

Sori  separated,  not  covering  leaf-segments. 

Sori   without   indusia.  2.  Polijpodium. 

Sori  with  indusia. 
Indusia  marginal. 

Sporanges  on  continuous,  vein-like  receptacles. 
Indusia  simple. 

Stipe  of  leaf  with  one  fibrovascular  bundle.  3.  Pycnodoria. 

Stipe  with  more  than  one  fibrovascular  bundle.  4.  Anopteris. 

Indusia  double.  5.  Pteris. 

Sporanges  at  the  ends  of  veins.  6.  Adiantum. 

Indusia   dorsal. 

Sori  twice  as  long  as  wide  or  longer. 

Sori  parallel  to  the  midvein.  7.  Anchistea. 

Sori  oblique  to  the  midvein. 

Indusia   mostly   simple.  8.  Asplenium. 

Indusia  commonly  double.  9.  Diplazium. 

Sori  orbicular  or  nearly  so,  or  reuiform. 
Sori  borne  on  the  backs   of  veinlets. 

Indusia   orbicular,   peltate.  10.  Polystichum. 

Indusia  reniform.  11.  Dryopteris. 

Sori  borne  at  the  ends  of  veinlets.  12.  Nephrolepis. 


1.     ACROSTICHUM  L. 

Swamp-inhabiting  ferns,  with  the  leaves  growing  in  crowns.  Sporanges 
spread  over  the  whole  lower  surface  of  the  leaf-blades,  or  of  the  upper  seg- 
ments. Veins  forming  copious  areolae  without  free  veinlets.  [Greek,  signify- 
ing a  summit  row.]  A  few  species,  natives  of  warm  temperate  and  tropical 
America.     Type  species:  Acrostichum  aureum  L. 

1.  Acrostichum      excelsura 

Maxon.  GiAXT  Ferx.  (Fig.  451.) 
Eootstocks  erect,  solitary,  or  in 
masses.  Petioles  tufted,  erect, 
woody,  4'-27'  long,  flattish,  chan- 
neled; blades  leathery,  3°-4°  long, 
l°-li°  wide;  segments  10  pairs  or 
more,  rather  distant;  sporanges 
confined  to  the  upper  half  or  third 
of  the  leaf-blade,  or  all  segments 
spore-bearing,  or  all  without  spores ; 
segregate  of  corpuscles  covering 
sporanges  sausage-shaped ;  vena- 
tion fine,  oblique  to  the  margin. 
[A.  aureum  of  Eeade,  Hemsley, 
Jones  and  Lefroy;  A.  lomarioides 
Jenman,  not  Bory.] 

Common  in  marshes.  Native. 
Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Small 
plants  have  been  referred  to  the 
tropical  American  A.  cnn-eum  L., 
which  differs  in  having  star-shaped 
segregates  of  the  corpuscles  covering 
the  sporanges. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


417 


2.     POLYPODIUM  [Tourn.]  L. 

Pinnate  or  simple  ferns  with  stipes  articulated  to  the  creeping  rootstocks. 
Sori  hemispheric,  dorsal,  in  one  or  more  rows  on  either  side  of  the  midribs. 
Indusium  none.  Sporanges  pedieelled,  provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which 
bursts  transversely.  Veins  free  or  variously  anastomosing.  [Greek,  in  allu- 
sion to  the  knob-like  prominences  on  the  rootstocks  of  some  species.]  About 
350  species,  of  wide  distribution,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:   Polypodium 

ire  L. 


1.  Polypodium      Plumula      H.B.K. 

Plume  Polypody.  (Fig.  452.)  Leaves 
erect  or  spreading;  petioles  l'-4'  long, 
black,  slender;  blades  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, 8'-16'  long;  pinnae  numerous, 
narrow,  entire,  blunt,  the  lower  abruptly 
smaller,  the  surfaces  naked  except  the 
black  wiry  rachis;  veins  once  forked, 
obscure.  [P.  elasticum  A.  Eich. ;  P. 
pectinatum  of  Jones.] 

Shaded  holes  and  crevices  between 
Harrington  Sound  and  Castle  Harbor.  Na- 
tive.    Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 


Polypodium  pectinatum  L.,  a  similar  Floridian  and  tropical  American 
species,  is  recorded  as  Bermudan  by  Rein,  and  by  Hemsley  from  Walsingham, 
but  subsequent  collectors  have  failed  to  find  it  in  Bermuda.  It  differs  by 
being  usually  larger  and  in  having  veins  2-3-forked. 


3.     PYCNODORIA    Presl. 

Mostly  large  ferns,  the  petioles  not  jointed  with  the  rootstocks,  the  leaves 
variously  divided.  Sori  marginal,  continuous  or  nearly  so,  on  a  filiform  or 
narrow  receptacle  connecting  the  tips  of  the  free  veins;  indusium  simple, 
membranous,  formed  by  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf.  Sporanges  pedieelled, 
provided  with  a  vertical  ring  which  bursts  transversely.  [Greek,  thick- 
skinned.]  Many  species,  of  warm  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Pteris 
opaca  J.  Smith. 


28 


418 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


1.  Pycnodoria  longifolia  (L.) 
Britton.  Loxg-leaved  Brake. 
(Fig.  453.)  Leaves  somewhat 
spreading;  petioles  6-12'  long, 
clothed  below  with  pale  brown 
scales ;  blades  oblong-lanceolate, 
l°-2°  long;  pinnae  linear,  2"-o" 
wide,  entire,  sessile;  veins  close, 
usually  once  branched;  indusium 
vellowish  brown.  [Pteris  longifolia 
L.] 

Abundant  on  walls  and  banks  in 
Hamilton  and  vicinity  and  locally 
elsewhere.  Naturalized.  Native  of 
Florida  and  tropical  America.  First 
recorded  as  established  in  Bermuda 
by  Reade  in  1883 ;  it  wr.s  planted 
out  in  suitable  localities  by  Lefroy 
about  1875. 


4.     ANOPTERIS   [Prantl]   Diels. 
A   delicate   bright    green    fern,   with    short   rootstocks   and   pinnately    dis- 
sected dimorphous  leaves,  their  petioles  with  several  main  fibrovascular  bundles. 
Indusium  simple,  marginal,  lateral  on  the  pinnules.     [Greek,  not  Pteris.]     A 
monotypic  "West  Indian  genus. 


1..  Anopteris  hexagona  (L.) 
Christensen.  Cut-leaved  Brake. 
(Fig.  454.)  Eoots  thick-fibrous; 
leaves  tufted,  6-2°  long,  with 
slender  straw-colored  shining  peti- 
oles; leaves  ovate  in  outline,  2-3- 
pinnate,  the  pinnules  of  the  sterile 
leaves  broader  than  those  of  the 
fertile ;  indusium  membranous, 
linear,  not  extending  to  the  apex 
or  the  base  of  the  obovate  cune- 
ate,  serrate  pinnules.  [Adiantum 
hexagonum  L. ;  Pteris  heterophylla 
L.] 

Local  in  caves  and  crevices  be- 
tween Harrin^on  Sound  and  Castle 
Harbor.      Native.      West    Indies. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


419 


5.     PTERIS  L.      {Pteridium  Scop.) 

Large,  mostly  coarse  ferns,  gro^ving  in  open  sunny  places,  "^\'ith  variously 
divided  leaves,  and  marginal  linear  continuous  sori  which  occupy  a  slender  or 
filiform  receptacle,  connecting  the  tips  of  free  veins.  Indusium  double,  the 
outer  one  conspicuous,  membranous,  formed  of  the  reflexed  margin  of  the  leaf, 
in  inner  one  delicate  and  obscure.  Stipes  continuous  with  the  rootstock. 
[Greek  name  for  ferns,  from  the  fancied  resemblance  of  their  leaves  to  the 
wings  of  birds.]  A  few  species  of  wide  distribution.  Type  species:  Pteris 
aquilina  L. 


1.  Pteris     caudata     L. 

Southern  Bracken.  (Fig. 
455.)  Leaves  erect,  3°-6°  tall; 
blades  triangular  in  outline, 
2-4-pinnate;  divisions  pinnati- 
rid,  the  ultimate  segments  nar- 
row, with  recurved  margins,  re- 
mote from  one  another,  scarcely 
decurrent  on  the  rachis  except 
near  the  apex,  the  larger  with 
1-12  similar  but  shorter  seg- 
ments. [P.  aquilina  of  Jones 
and  Lefroy;  P.  aquilina  cau- 
data Hemsley;  Pteridium  cau- 
datum  Maxon.] 

Abimdant  in  fresh  water 
marshes,  and  occurs  also  in 
shaded  rocky  situations  between 
Harrington  Sound  and  Castle 
Harbor.  Native.  Florida  and 
the   West   Indies. 


6.     ADIANTUM   [Tourn.]   L. 

Graceful  ferns  of  rocky  hillsides,  woods,  and  ravines,  with  much  divided 
leaves  and  short  marginal  sori  borne  on  the  under  .side  of  the  reflexed  and 
altered  portion  of  the  pinnule,  which  serves  as  an  indusium.  Stipes  and 
branches  of  the  leaves  slender  or  filiform,  often  polished  and  shining.  [Name 
ancient.]  A  genus  of  over  175  species,  mostly  of  tropical  America.  Type 
species:  Adiantum  Capillus-Veneris  L. 


420 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


1.  Adiantum  bellum  T.  Moore. 
Bermuda  Maidex-Hair  Fern.  (Fig. 
456.)  Eootstock  short,  creeping.  Leaves 
tufted,  3-18'  high,  the  slender  petiole 
and  rachis  black;  l3lades  bipinnate,  the 
pinnules  on  short  filiform  stalks,  obovate- 
cuneate  or  flabellate,  variously  toothed  or 
lobed,  very  thin,  3"-10"  long,  the  forking 
veins  terminating  in  the  teeth  or  lobes ; 
sori  1-3  on  fertile  pinnules,  oblong  to 
nearly  circular,  sometimes  twice  as  long 
as  wide,  the  indusium  entire;  sterile 
leaves  are  much  more  plenty  than  those 
bearing  sori.  [Adiantum  cuneatum  of 
Lefroy,  Eeade,  and  .Jones;  A.  helium 
walsinghamense  Gilbert;  ?A.  tenerum  of 
Rugg;  A.  Capillus-Veneris  of  Jones.] 

Common  on  shaded  rocks,  walls  and 
cliffs  nearly  throughout  the  islands,  differ- 
ing greatly  in  size  and  somewhat  in  tex- 
ture when  exposed  to  different  degrees  of 
light.  Apparently  endemic,  although  re- 
corded from  Guiana.  Its  nearest  relative 
appears  to  be  A.  cuneatum  Langs.  &  Fisch., 
a  South  American  species,  with  which  it 
was  formerly  supposed  to  be  identical,  but 
T.  Moore,  in  his  original  description  of  the 
species  (Gardener's  Chronicle,  N.  S.  11  : 
172,  1870).  compares  it  with  A.  fragile 
of  the  West  Indies.  Spores,  from  which 
the  species  originated,  were  presumably 
brought  to  Bermuda  by  winds  from  a  great  distance  to  the  south.  Thomas  Moore, 
who  first  observed  that  this  fern  is  different  from  all  others,  was  not  the  same  man 
as  the  celebrated  poet  of  the  same  name. 

Adiantum  Capillus-Veneris  L.,  Venus-hair  Fern,  of  Europe  and  North 
America,  was  planted  out  by  Lefroy  about  1875,  among  other  Adianta  ''in 
promising  localities  about  Paynter's  A^ale";  Mr.  B.  D.  Gilbert  records  that  in 
1898  he  found  the  fern  in  the  Walsingham  region,  evidently  coming  across  one 
of  the  plants  set  out  by  Lefroy,  or  a  descendant ;  the  species  has  not  been 
seen  there  by  subsequent  collectors,  but  large  fronds  of  A.  helium  have  errone- 
ously been  taken  for  it. 


7.     ANCHISTEA  Presl. 


Large  ana  rather  coarse  swamp  ferns,  with  short  oblong  sori  sunk  in 
cavities  in  the  leaf  and  arranged  in  chain-like  rows  close  to  the  midribs. 
Leaves  uniform.  Indusia  fixed  by  their  outer  margins.  Veins  forming  a  single 
line  of  areolae  next  the  midrib,  then  free  to  the  margin.  [Greek,  referring  to 
itF  affinity  with  the  genus  WoodwardiaS\     A  monotypic  genus. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


421 


1.  Anchistea      virginica 

(L.)  Presl.  Virginia  Chain- 
fern.  (Fig.  457.)  Rootstock 
stout,  chaffy.  Petioles  stout, 
lo-lio  long,  nearly  or  quite 
naked,  dark-colored  below ; 
blades  oblong-lanceolate,  acute, 
narrowed  at  tlie  base,  l°-2° 
long,  6'-9'  wide,  once  pinnate; 
pinnae  linear-lanceolate,  usually 
alternate,  or  some  of  them  op- 
posite, leathery,  glabrous,  acu- 
minate, sessile,  2^-6'  long, 
deeply  pinnatifid  into  ovate  or 
oblong  obtuse  segments,  their 
margins  minutely  serrulate. 
[Blechnum  virginicum  L. ; 
Woodwardia  virginica  J.  E. 
Smith.] 

Frequent  in  the  larger  fresh- 
water marshes.  Native.  Eastei-n 
North  America. 


8.     ASPLENIUM  L. 

Large  or  small  ferns  with  entire  lobed  pinnate,  2-3-pinnate,  or  pinnatifid 
leaves,  and  linear  or  oblong  sori  oblique  to  the  midribs  or  rachises.  Leaves 
mostly  uniform.  A^eins  free.  Indusia  straight  or  curved,  opening  toward  the 
midribs.  [Ancient  Greek  name;  some  species  were  supposed  to  be  remedies 
for  diseases  of  the  spleen.]  A  genus  of  some  400  species,  of  very  wide 
geographic  distribution.     Type  species:  Asplenium  Trichomanes  L. 


Leaves  once  pinnate. 

Pinnae  6-8  pairs  ;  stipes  blacljish  only  at  the  base.  1.  A.  dentatum. 

Pinnae  20-40  pairs  ;  stipes  black,  shining.  2.  A.  hetcrochroum. 

Leaves  finely  twice  or  thrice  pinnate.  3.  A.  moutcvvnlcnisc. 


422 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


1.  Asplenium  dentatum 

L.  Toothed  Spleenwort. 
(Fig.  458.)  Petioles  tufted, 
2'-6'  long,  naked,  weak, 
blackish  below.  Fertile  leaf- 
blades  2-3'  long,  with  6-8 
pairs  of  stalked  oblong  or 
rhombic  pinnae,  the  lower 
side  truncate  with  a  curve, 
the  outer  edge  irregularly 
crenate;  sterile  leaves  simi- 
lar but  with  shorter  petioles ; 
rachis  naked;  sori  copious, 
in  parallel  rows. 

Shaded  rocks,  caves,  holes 
and  crevices  betwieen  Harring- 
ton Sound  and  Castle  Harbor 
and  on  Abbot's  Cliff ;  recorded 
by  Lefroy  from  Grace's  Islnad. 
Native.  Southeastern  United 
States  and  West  Indies. 


2.  Asplenium  heterochroum  Kunze. 
Long  Spleenwort.  (Fig.  459.)  Rootstock 
short ;  petioles  tufted,  black,  ^'-4'  long,  stiff, 
erect  or  somewhat  spreading;  leaf -blades 
linear  in  outline,  6'-16'  long,  1'  wide  or  less, 
once  pinnate,  with  mostly  20-40  pairs  of 
pinnae;  pinnae  close  together  or  the  lower 
distant,  mostly  opposite,  very  nearly  sessile, 
oblong,  obtuse,  few-toothed,  or  the  lower 
nearly  orbicular  and  much  smaller  than  the 
middle  ones,  all  subtruncate  at  the  base ; 
veins,  except  the  lowest  on  the  upper  side  of 
the  pinna,  simple;  sori  oblique,  about  14" 
long,  borne  close  to  the  midvein,  the  indu- 
sium  membranous.  [Asplenium  Tricliomanes 
of  Reade,  Lefroy,  Hemsley  and  Rugg;  A. 
Trichomanes  ma  jus  of  Gilbert;  A.  muticum 
Gilbert.] 

Common  on  cliffs,  walls  and  shaded  rocks 
in  most  parts  of  the  islands.  Native.  Florida, 
Cuba,  Porto  Rico.  For  some  years  after  the 
description  of  this  fern  by  Mr.  B.  D.  Gilbert,  as 
Asplenium  muticum  (Am.  Bot.  4:  86,  1903), 
it  was  supposed  to  grow  only  in  Bermuda  and 
in  Florida,  but  Mr.  W,  R.  Maxon  has  recently 
pointed  out  its  equivalency  with  A.  hetero- 
chroum. 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


423 


3.  Asplenium  monteverdense  Hook. 
Parsley  Fern.  (Fig.  460.)  Rootstock  very 
short;  roots  very  slender.  Leaves  tufted, 
10'  long  or  less,  the  petiole  smooth,  much 
shorter  than  the  delicately  2-3-pinnate 
blades,  which  are  oblong-lanceolate  in  out- 
line and  long-acuminate;  pinnae  lanceolate 
or  ovate-lanceolate  in  outline,  mostly  12-15 
on  each  side  of  the  rachis,  the  middle  pairs 
f '-1^'  long,  the  lower  much  smaller ;  pinnules 
obovate-cuneate  in  outline,  deeply  incised 
or  divided  into  several  oblong,  or  obovate- 
cuneate  obtuse  or  acute  segments ;  sori  few, 
scattered.  [A.  myriophylhim  of  Lefroy  and 
Gilbert;  A.  rJiizophyllum  of  Hemsley  and 
Verrill;  A.  cicutarium  of  Jones.] 

Local,  in  a  cave  between  Harrington  Sound 
and  Castle  Harbor.  Native.  Cuba,  Hispaniola, 
Jamaica. 

9.  DIPLAZIUM  Sw. 
Mostly  large  ferns,  with  simple  or  com- 
pound leaves,  the  venation  free.  Sori  linear, 
borne  at  the  sides  of  veinlets,  the  indusium 
mostly  of  a  double  membrane.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  double  indusium.]  Many 
species,  of  tropical  and  subtropical  distribution.  Type  species:  Asplenium 
Vlantaginifolium  L.  _  j_  Diplazium  Laffanianum   (Baker) 

Christenseu.  Governor  Laffan  's  Fern. 
(Fig.  461.)  Rootstock  short,  erect  or 
oblique,  bearing  several  leaves,  somewhat 
scaly.  Petioles  4'-8'  long,  blackish  and 
scaly  toward  the  base,  green  and  naked 
above,  the  brown  lanceolate  acuminate 
scales  2"-3"  long;  blades  bipinnate, 
ovate-deltoid  in  outline,  8'-12'  long, 
about  half  as  wide  as  long,  bright  green, 
rather  firm  in  texture,  smooth  on  both 
sides ;  pinnae  lanceolate  in  outline,  nearly 
sessile,  3^'-5'  long,  close  together;  pin- 
nules oblong  to  lanceolate,  obtuse,  or  the 
larger  acute,  serrate,  or  the  larger  incised ; 
sori  l"-2"  long,  simple,  or  mostly  so, 
slightly  curved,  the  persistent  indusium 
glabrous,  membranous.  [AspJenium  Laf- 
fanianum Baker;  A.  crenidatum  of  Le- 
froy,] Illustrated  at  pi.  12  Botany  of 
the  Challenger  Expedition. 

Local,  in  caves  and  crevices  between  Harrington  Sound  and  Paynters'  Vale, 
where  it  existed  up  to  1905,  but  has,  since,  apparently,  been  exterminated.  Endemic. 
Nearest  related  to  A.  Mildei  Kuhn,  of  tlie  Andes  of  Ecuador,  according  to  Gilbert ; 
allied  to  the  West  Indian  A.  Franconis  and  A.  crrnuhitum,  according  to  Baker. 

This  interesting  fern  was  first  described  by  Mr.  .T.  G.  Baker  in  Gardener's 
Chronicle,  51 :  673.  1882,  from  a  living  plant  sent  by  Governor  Sir  Robert  Lafifan 
to  the  Royal  Gardens.  Kew.  in  1880.  and  from  a  dried  specimen  contrilnited  by 
Governor  Lefroy  in  1874.  It  was  probably  easily  found  in  these  years,  but  by  1005 
it  had  become  verv  rare  ;  the  plant  was  observed  by  us  in  the  wild  state  in  the 
autumn  of  that  year,  but  we  could  not  find  it  again  at  a  known  locality  in  1013. 
Two  plants  were  taken  to  a  private  greenhouse  in  Hamilton  some  years  ago,  where 
we  had  the  pleasure  of  studying  them  in  1014.  and  afterwards  made  the  attempt  to 
raise  plants  from  spores  then  obtained,  unfortunately  without  success,  the  spores 
being  immature. 


424 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


10.  POLYSTICHUM  Eoth. 
Coarse  pinnate  or  bipinnate  ferns  growing  from  an  erect  rootstock,  with 
round  sori  usually  borne  on  the  backs  of  the  veins,  the  sterile  and  fertile  leaves 
similar  in  outline.  Indusium  superior,  centrally  peltate,  orbicular.  Stipe  con- 
tinuous, not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Veins  free.  [Greek,  signifying  many 
rows,  without  obvious  application.]  Some  100  species  of  wide  distribution. 
Type  species:  Polystichum  LoncTiitis  (L.)  Eoth. 

1.  Polystichum  adiantiforme  (Fors- 
ter)  J.  Smith.  Ten  Day  Fern.  Devon- 
shire Marsh  Fern.  (Fig.  462.)  Root- 
stock  stout,  creeping;  leaves  several,  1°- 
4°  high,  subcoriaceous,  2-3-pinnate. 
Lower  pinnae  the  largest,  sometimes  1° 
long,  3'-4'  wide;  pinnules  ovate-lanceo- 
late in  outline,  acuminate;  ultimate  seg- 
ments or  lobes  oblong  or  oblong-lanceo- 
late, acutish  serrate;  rachis  smooth  and 
somewhat  shining;  stipes  scaly  at  the 
base;  sori  nearly  1"  broad,  mostly  in  2 
rows  between  the  margin  and  the  mid- 
vein  of  the  segments.  [Polypodium 
adiantiforme  Forster;  Aspidium  capense 
Willd. ;  Dryopteris  capensis  Gilbert ; 
Aspidium  coriaceum  of  Hemsley  and  of 
Verrill.] 

Local  in  Devonshire  Marsh,  and  among 
shaded  rocks  between  Harrington  Somid  and 
Castle  Harbor.  Native.  West  Indies,  South 
America,  Polynesia,  Africa.  Figure  462 
shows  a  single  pinna. 


Polystichum  aculeatum  (L.)  Schott  is  recorded  by  Hemsley  as  found  at 
caves  by  Lefroy,  and  also  mentioned  as  Bermudan  by  Rein,  by  Verrill,  and  by 
Jones,  but  it  has  not  been  seen  here  recently.  It  may  have  been  in  cultivation, 
or  may  have  been  mistaken  for  P.  adiantiforme.  [Dryopteris  aculeata  Kuntze ; 
Aspidium  aculeatum  Sw.] 

11.     DRYOPTERIS  Adans. 

Ferns  with  2-3-pinnate  or  pinnatifid  leaves  and  round  sori  usually  borne 
on  the  backs  of  the  veins,  the  fertile  and  sterile  leaves  similar  in  outline. 
Indusium  flattish,  cordate,  reniform,  superior,  fixed  by  its  sinus.  Stipe  con- 
tinuous, not  jointed  with  the  rootstock.  Veins  free  or  anastomosing.  [Greek, 
signifying  oak-fern,  in  allusion  to  the  forest  habitat  of  most  species.]  Species 
several  hundred,  of  wide  distribution.     Type  species:  Polypodium  Filix-mas  L. 


Leaves  once  pinnate. 
Pinnae  all  sessile. 

Veinlets    not    forked. 
Veinlets   forked. 
At  least  the  lower  pinnae  short-stalked. 
Leaves   bipinnate   or   tripinnate. 


1.  D.  normalis. 

2.  D.  Thehjpteris. 

3.  D.  bermudiana. 

4.  D.  speluncae. 


OLYPODIACEAE. 


425 


1.  Dryopteris  nomialis  C.  Christen- 
sen.  Larger  Marsh  Shield-fern.  (Fig. 
463.)  Eootstocks  horizontal.  Leaves  sev- 
eral together,  the  blades  oblong,  l°-4° 
long,  softly  pubescent  beneath;  pinnae 
linear,  acuminate,  cleft  three-fourths  the 
way  to  the  midrib;  segments  numerous, 
the  basal  ones  longest;  veinlets  manifest, 
unforked,  the  lowest  ones  of  adjacent 
segments  often  uniting;  sori  near  the 
margins;  indusia  pubescent.  [Aspidium 
patens  and  Nephrodium  patens  of  pre- 
vious authors,  not  Aspidium  patens  Sw.] 

Common  in  marshes  and  occasional  on 
shaded  hillsides.  Native.  Florida,  West 
Indies. 


Dryopteris  mollis  [Aspidium  molle  Sw. ;  Nephrodium  molle  Desv.],  ad- 
mitted as  Bermudan  by  Reade,  by  Jones,  and  by  Hemsley,  is  recorded  by 
Lefroy  as  planted  out  by  him  about  1875.  There  is  no  evidence  that  it  ever 
grew  naturally  in  Bermuda. 


2.  Dryopteris  Thelypteris  (L.)  A. 
Gray.  Marsh  Shield-perx.  (Fig.  464.) 
Eootstocks  slender,  creeping.  Leaves 
erect;  blades  oblong-lanceolate,  scarcely 
narrower  at  the  base  than  at  the  middle, 
l°-3°  long,  short-acuminate,  membra- 
nous, pinnate;  pinnae  linear-lanceolate, 
short-stalked  or  sessile,  mostly  horizon- 
tal, acuminate  at  the  apex,  nearly  trun- 
cate at  the  base,  l'-24'  long,  slightly 
pubescent  beneath^  deeply  pinnatifid; 
segments  oblong,  obtuse,  or  appearing 
acute  from  the  strongly  revolute  mar- 
gins, the  veins  regularly  once  or  twice 
forked;  sori  crowded,  10-12  to  each  seg- 
ment; indusia  reniform,  slightly  glandu- 
lar, or  glabrous.  [Acrostichum  Tliehjp- 
teris  L. ;  Aspidium  Theh/pteris  Sw.] 


Frequent    in    fresh-water    marshes.     Native.     Temperate    North    America    and 
Europe. 


426 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


3.  Dryopteris    bermudiana 

(Baker)  Gilbert.  Bermuda 
Shield-fern.  (Fig.  465.)  Eoot- 
stock  thick,  creeping,  chaffy  at  the 
crown  with  lanceolate  acuminate 
scales.  Leaves  2°  long  or  less,  3'- 
6'  wide,  pinnate,  the  rachis  pilose; 
pinnae  lV-3'  long,  V-V  wide,  very 
short-stalked,  blunt,  cut  about  half- 
way to  the  midvein,  dark  green 
and  canescent  above,  paler  beneath, 
their  lobes  blunt,  entire,  the  basal 
ones  on  one  or  both  sides  enlarged ; 
veinlets  of  the  lobes  5-7  pairs,  un- 
forked,  pilose  beneath,  the  lowest 
veinlets  uniting  into  a  vein  running 
to  the  sinus;  sori  small;  involucre 
small,  reniform,  fugacious.  [Ne- 
pJirodium  hermudianum  Baker ;  Ne- 
phrodium  tetragonum  of  Lefroy 
and  of  Hunter.] 

In  caves,  holes  and  crevices  be- 
tween Harrington  Sound  and  Castle 
Harbor.  Endemic.  Illustrated  in 
Botany  of  the  Voyage  of  the  Chal- 
lenger plate  13,  in  which  work  it  was 
first  described  (p.  86)  by  Mr.  .J.  G. 
Baker  in  1885.  Its  nearest  relative 
appears  to  be  D.  asplenioides  (Sw.) 
Kuntze,  of  Jamaica. 
4.  Dryopteris  speluncae  (L.)  Un- 
derwood.   Bermuda  Cave-fern.     (Fig. 

466.)        Eootstocks.       Leaves     2°-3*° 

long,  bipinnate  or  tripinnate,  broadly 

ovate,  nearly  or  quite  as  wide  as  long, 

the   stipes  and   rachis   paleaceous   and 

pubescent   with   crisped  hairs;    pinnae 

ovate    to    ovate-lanceolate,    the    lower 

somewhat    stalked,    the    upper    sessile ; 

pinnules    oblong    to    oblong-lanceolate, 

obtuse    or    acutish,    crenate-serrate    or 

the  larger  ones  lobed,  pubescent  on  the 

veins  beneath,   the   veins   simple;    sori 

borne    about    halfway    from    the    mid- 
vein   to    the   margin    of   the    pinnules. 

[Polypodium    speluncae   L. ;     Nepliro- 

dium    villosum    of    Eein,    Lefroy    and 

Hemsley  ;I>r7/optms  villosa  of  Gilbert.] 

Caves,  holes  and  ledges,  between  Har- 
rington Soimd  and  Castle  Harbor,  and 
near  Smith's  Church.  Endemic.  Nearest 
related  to  Dryopteris  ampla  (H.B.K.) 
Kuntze,  of  Florida,  West  Indies  and  South 
America,  to  which  it  was  erroneously  re- 
ferred by  Lefroy,  Hemsley  and  Verrill. 

12.     NEPHROLEPIS    Schott. 
Leaves  spreading  or  pendent,   pinnate,   elongated;    pinnae  numerous,  ap- 
proximate, jointed  at  the  base,  with  whitish  dots  on  the  upper  surface.     Sori 
round,  arising  from  the  apex  of  the  upper  branch  of  a  vein,  usually  near  the 


POLYPODIACEAE. 


427 


margin.  Veins  free.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  shape  of  the  indusium.]  About 
12  species,  natives  of  tropical  and  warm-temperate  regions.  Type  species: 
Polypodium  exaltatum  L. 


1.  Nephrolepis  exaltata  (L.)  Schott. 
Sword-fern.  (Fig.  467.)  Petioles  4'-6' 
long;  leaf -blades  3°  long  or  less;  pinnae 
sessile,  lanceolate,  sometimes  crenulate, 
l'-3'  long,  the  upper  side  auricled  at  the 
base,  the  lower  rounded,  the  rachis  quite 
hairy;  sori  almost  marginal,  covered  with 
firm  distinctly  reniform  indusia.  [Poly- 
podium  exaltatum  L. ;  Aspidium  exalta- 
tum Sw.] 

Frequent  in  the  marshes  and  on  shaded 
rocks  between  Harrington  Sound  and  Castle 
Harbor ;  and  on  Abbot's  Cliff.  Native. 
Florida  and  the  West  Indies. 

Lefroy  records  the  introduction  by 
him  of  many  species  of  ferns  for  '.-ultiva- 
tion,  and  ferneries  have  been  maintained 
by  other  residents  from  time  to  time, 
but  few  species  will  flourish  without  care- 
ful attention,  much  moisture  and  proper 
protection.  Jones,  in  1873,  mentions  a 
number  of  species,  evidently  in  cultiva- 
tion at  that  time. 


Order  2.     SALVINIALES. 

Aquatic  or  mud-inhabiting'  herbs,  \vitli  horizontal  or  creeping:  stems, 
or  floating.  Leaves  various,  sometimes  filifonu,  or  blades  entire,  lobed  or 
4-foliolate.  Spores  of  two  kinds  (microspores  and  macrospores),  con- 
tained in  sporocarps.  Macrospores  germinating  into  simple  prothallia 
which  bear  archegones,  the  microspores  forming  still  simpler  prothallia 
bearing-  antherozoids. 

Family  1.  SALVINIACEAE  Reichenb. 
Salvinia  Family. 
Small  floating  plants  with  a  more  or  less  elongated  and  sometimes 
branching  axis  bearing  2-ranked  leaves.  Sporocarps  soft,  thin-walled, 
borne  2  or  more  on  a  common  stalk,  in  the  axils  of  the  submersed  leaves, 
1-celled,  with  a  central  often  branched  receptacle,  which  bears  macro- 
sporanges  containing  a  single  macrospore  or  microsporanges  containmg 
numerous  microspores.     The  family  consists  of  two  genera. 

1.     SAIiVINIA  A  dans. 
Floating  annual  plants  with  slender  stems  bearing  rather  broad  2-ranked 
floating  leaves.     Sporocarps  globose,  depressed,  9-14-sulcate,  membranous,  ar- 
ranged in  clusters,  1  or  2  of  each  cluster  containing  10  or  more  sessile  macro- 
sporanges,  each  containing  few  macrospores,  the  others  containing  numerous 


428 


SALVINIAOEAE. 


smaller  globose  pedicelled  microsporanges  with  very  numerous  microspores. 
Leaves  green,  finely  papillose  on  the  upper  surface.  [Name  in  honor  of  An- 
tonio Maria  Salvini,  1633-1729,  Italian  scientist.]  About  13  species  of  wide 
distribution.     Type  species:  Salvinia  natans  (L.)  Hoffm. 

1.  Salvinia  Olfersiana 
Klotzch.  Olfers  '  Salvinia.  (Fig. 
468.)  Completely  covering  the 
surface  of  still  water,  the  floating 
leaves  more  or  less  overlapping, 
the  slender  stems  2'  long  or  more, 
pilose.  Floating  leaves  broadly 
ovate,  6"-10"  long,  short-petioled, 
cordate  at  the  base,  obtuse  or 
notched  at  the  apex,  pinnately 
delicately  many-veined,  the  upper 
surface  bearing  many  short  4- 
horned  or  5-horned  papillae;  sub- 
merged leaves  short-petioled,  sev- 
eral-parted, root-like,  ll-'-3'  long, 
bearing  the  clustered  globose- 
ovoid  sporocarps. 

Common  in  ditches  in  Pembroke 
Marsh.  Naturalized ;  apparently  of 
recent  introduction.  First  observed 
by  us  in  1905.  Native  of  tropical 
continental  America.  H.  B.  Small, 
erroneously  designating  this  plant 
Lemna  trisulca,  states  that  it  was 
introduced    in    1903. 


Order  3.     LYCOPODIALES. 

Spores  jDroduced  in  sporanges,  which  are  borne  in  the 
like  or  elong'ated  leaves. 


ixils  of  scale- 


Spores  all  alike. 
Spores  of  two  kinds. 


Pam.    1.    PSILOTACEAE. 

Fam.  2.  Selaginellaceae. 


Family  1.     PSILOTACEAE  Pritzel. 

PsiLOTUM  Family. 

Perennial  slender  terrestrial  or  epiphytic  plants.  Sporanges  sessile 
in  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  2-3-celled,  opening  by  valves  at  the  apex. 
Spores  uniform. 

1.     PSILOTUM  E.  Br. 

Terrestrial  or  sometimes  epiphytic,  the  stem  dichotomously  forked.  Leaves 
alternate,  reduced  to  scales.  Sporanges  3-celled,  opening  by  3  valves  at  the 
apex.  Spores  mealy,  oval  or  elongated-reniform.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
nearly  naked  stems  and  branches.]  A  few  species  of  tropical  and  subtropical 
distribution,  the  following  typical. 


PSILOTACEAE. 


429 


1.  Psilotum  nudum  (L.)  Griseb. 
PsiLOTUM.  (Fig.  469.)  Stems  erect, 
8'-12'  tall,  or,  when  growing  in  caves, 
often  pendent,  3-angled  at  the  base,  co- 
piously forked  above,  the  ultimate  divi- 
sions with  3  wing-like  angles;  leaves  re- 
mote, awl-like,  less  than  1"  long; 
sporanges  in  interrupted  spikes.  [Lyco- 
podium  nudum  L. ;  P.  triquetrum  Sw.] 

At  bases  of  palmettos  in  Paget  Marsh, 
and  in  caves  and  in  bases  of  trees  between 
Harrington  Sound  and  Castle  Harbor.  Re- 
corded by  Verrill  as  having  grown  on  Ire- 
land Island.  Verrill  uses  for  this  plant 
the  name  "  Sea-side  Club  Moss  "  which  is 
misleading,  as  it  does  not  grow  in  prox- 
imity to  the  sea,  and  should  be  excluded 
from  his  list  of  sea-side  plants.  Native. 
Southeastern  United  States,  West  Indies 
and    tropical    continental    America. 


Family  2.     SELAGINELLACEAE  Uiiderw. 

Selaginella   Family. 

Terrestrial,  moss-like  plants  with  branching  stems  and  scale-like  leaves. 
Sporanges  1-celled,  solitary  in  the  axils  of  leaves  which  are  so  arranged  as 
to  form  more  or  less  quadrangular  spikes,  some  containing  4  macrospores 
(macrosporanges),  others  containing  numerous  microspores  (microspo- 
ranges).     The  family  consists  of  the  following  genus: 


1.     SELAGINELLA  Beauv. 

Characters  of  family.  [Name  diminutive  of  Selago,  ancient  name  of  a 
Lycopodium.]  About  600  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abundant  in  trop- 
ical regions. 

Selaginella  viticulosa  Klotzeh,  Selaginella,  South  American,  a  trailing 
moss-like  plant,  with  minute  bright  green  leaves  spreading  in  2  planes,  the  two 
kinds  of  sporanges  borne  in  narrow  spikes,  one  containing  4  large  spores,  the 
other  containing  many  very  minute  spores,  was  observed  in  1912  covering  a 
shaded  wall  at  Mt.  Langton,  apparently  well  established,  escaped  from  a 
greenhouse  nearby,  suggesting  that  this  beautiful  plant  might  readily  be  grown 
in  other  similar  situations.     It  is  occasionally  planted  on  rock-work. 

Other  sj^ecies  of  Selaginella  have  been  grown  at  times  as  house  plants  and 
under  glass. 

A  species  of  Equisetum  was  recorded  by  Lefroy,  and  doubtfully  referred 
to  E.  hogotense  by  Verrill,  but  no  trace  of  any  plant  of  this  genus  has  been 
found  by  recent  collectors.     (See  p.  50.) 


430  MUSCI. 

Phylum  3.     BRYOPHYTA. 

]\IOSSES    AND    HePATICS. 

Small  plants,  producing  minute  usually  spherical  bodies  (spores) 
in  capsules,  from  which  arise  a  protonema  on  which  are  borne 
the  plants  (gametophytes)  bearing  archegonia  and  antheridia,  from 
which  the  fruit  (sporophyte)  is  formed,  which  in  turn  bears  spores- 
There  are  two  classes  which  differ  from  each  other  as  follows: 

stems  erect  or  prostrate,  having  leaves  more  or  less  equally  developed  on  all  sides  ; 

calyptra  at  the  apex  of  the  capsule.  Class  1.  Musci. 

Stems    usually    prostrate,    with    the    leaves,    when    present, 

unequally    developed    on    the    upper    and    lower    surfaces ; 

calyptra  at  the  base  of  the  capsule.  Class  2,  Hepaticae. 

Class  1.     MUSCI. 

Mosses. 
Contributed  by  Elizabeth  G.  Britton. 

Terrestrial,  epiphytic,  or  rarely  aquatic  plants,  showing  two  dis- 
tinctly marked  but  closely  connected  and  continuous  phases  of 
growth,  or  alternate  generations.  Plant  (gametophyte)  usually 
differentiated  into  stem,  leaves  and  rhizoids  (true  roots  none), 
arising  from  a  more  or  less  ephemeral  protonema,  which  originates 
from  the  spore,  forming  either  a  filamentous  or  thallose  growth. 
Sexual  organs  borne  either  apically  or  laterally  on  the  stem,  usually 
in  special  buds ;  antheridia  and  archegonia  on  the  same  plant  or  on 
separate  plants.  Antheridium  containing  ciliate  sperms.  Arche- 
gonium  a  single  egg,  after  the  fertilization  of  which  the  embryo 
develops  into  the  fruit  (sporophyte),  rupturing  the  walls  of  the 
archegonium  in  its  growth.  Fruit  (sporophyte)  usually  forming 
a  pedicel,  the  base  of  which  is  imbedded  in  the  vaginule ;  upper  part 
of  the  archegonium,  carried  up  by  the  elongation  of  the  pedicel, 
forming  the  calyptra,  which  in  most  mosses  covers  and  protects  the 
sporogonium  Avhile  it  is  developing.  Capsule  (sporogonium)  usually 
with  a  central  axis  (endothecium)  forming  the  columella,  around 
which  the  spore-sac  (archesporium)  is  developed,  usually  separated 
from  the  walls  (amphithecium)  by  air-spaces  and  chlorophyl-bear- 
ing  tissue.  Capsule  dehiscent  regularly  by  a  lid  or  slits,  or  inde- 
hiscent  (cleistocarpous)  ;  when  dehiscent  frequently  developing 
specialized  appendages  around  the  mouth,  constituting  the  peri- 
stome, which  serves  in  the  dissemination  of  the  spores.  All  the 
species  of  Bermuda  are  native.  Their  spores  were  presumably 
brought  on  the  wind.  There  are  two  orders  represented  in  the 
Bermuda  Flora. 

Capsule  borne  on  a  pseudopodium  ;  spore-sac  arching  over  the  columella. 

I.   Sphagxales. 

Capsule  borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated  pedicel ;  spore-sac 
cylindric,  surrounding  the  columella  and  perforated  by  it  at  the 
base  and  apex.  II.  Brtales. 


SPHAGNACEAE.  431 


Order  1.     SPHAGNALES. 


Protonema  normally  thalloicl,  the  gametophyte  developing  from  its 
edge;  the  latter  at  first  branchless,  but  branches  soon  developing,  usually 
in  fascicles  of  3  or  more.  Archegonia  borne  on  more  or  less  differentiated 
branches;  antheridia  on  normal  or  slightly  differentiated  ones.  Calyptra 
rent  irregularly  by  the  ripening  capsule,  leaving  at  its  base  an  inconspic- 
uous sheath.  Capsule  nearly  sessile,  globose,  on  a  very  short  stalk  with  a 
bulbous  base;  capsule  at  maturity  raised  upon  a  prolongation  of  the  fruit- 
ing branch  (pseudopodium),  dehiscent  by  a  small  apical  lid;  peristome 
none;  endothecium  giving  rise  only  to  the  columella,  upon  whose  broad 
rounded  top  rests  the  dome-shaped  spore-sac.  Spores  tetrahedral.  The 
order  consists  of  but  one  family. 


Family  1.     SPHAGNACEAE  Nees. 
Peat-moss  Family. 
Characters  the  same  as  those  of  the  order.     Only  the  following  genus. 


1.     SPHAGNUM  [Dill.]  L. 

Large  erect  mosses  mostly  of  bogs,  and  wet  mountain  summits.  Plants 
developing  apically.  Branches  usually  in  fascicles  disposed  spirally  about  the 
stem,  densely  crowded  together  near  the  apex.  Leaves  of  the  stem  and 
branches  arranged  spirally,  composed  of  a  single  layer  of  two  kinds  of  cells. 
Stem-leaves  more  or  less  differentiated  in  shape  and  size,  less  closely  disposed 
than  the  branch-leaves.  Plants  monoicous  or  dioicous,  the  antheridial  and 
archegonial  branches  always  distinct.  Antheridia  long-pedicellate,  globose  to 
oval,  borne  each  at  the  side  of  a  perigonial  leaf,  opening  at  the  summit  when 
mature  and  releasing  vesicles  containing  each  a  spermatozoid ;  paraphyses  lack- 
ing. Archegonial  branches  single  or  rarely  two  together,  bearing  at  the  apex 
without  paraphyses  1-5  archegonia,  of  which  after  fertilization  only  one  de- 
velops into  a  capsule.  Perichaetial  leaves  much  larger  than  and  usually  other- 
wise differentiated  from  the  other  leaves,  enclosing  the  capsule  until  its 
maturity;  capsule  globose,  dark-brown  to  black,  with  small  lid,  without  annulus 
or  peristome;  spores  tetrahedral,  disseminated  by  explosive  discharge  from 
the  capsule.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  spongy  nature  of  the  plants.]  About 
250  species,  of  wide  geographic  distribution.  Type  species:  Sphagnum 
palustre  L. 

Stem-leaves  large,  long-lingulate  ;  branch-leaves  oval  to  ovate.      1.  S.  magcUanieum. 
Stem-leaves  small,  triangular-ovate  ;  branch-leaves  long- 
lanceolate  or  linear-lanceolate.  2.  S.  cusijidatutn. 


432 


SPHAGNACEAE. 


1.  Sphagnum    magellanicum    Brid. 

Magellan  Peat-moss.  (Fig.  470.) 
Plants  compact  to  robust,  bright-green 
or  variously  tinged  with  brown,  red- 
brown  or  more  commonly  pink  to  purple- 
red.  Stems  up  to  6  inches  high;  stem- 
leaves  large,  long-lingulate  to  lingulate- 
spatulate,  the  border  denticulate,  hyaline 
only  at  the  immediate  apex;  branches 
frequently  short,  in  fascicles  of  4  or  5, 
2  spreading;  branch-leaves  imbricate  or 
spreading^  broadly  ovate,  the  border  den- 
ticulate especially  toward  the  apex.  Dioi- 
cous.  Antheridial  branches  and  leaves 
hardly  differentiated,  the  latter  slightly 
more  highly  colored  than  the  others  (red 
or  brown).  Fruiting  branches  erect;  cap- 
sule dark-brown;  spores  brown,  minutely 
papillose.      [Sphagnum  medium   Limpr.J 

In  Devonshire  Marsh,  the  only  station. 
Labrador  southward  to  Alabama  and 
Florida  ;  Michigan  ;  Minnesota  ;  California  ; 
Vancouver  Island  to  Alaska  ;  also  in  Europe, 
Asia  and  South  America. 


2.  Sphagnum  cuspidatum  Ehrh.  Cuspidate  Peat- 
moss. (Fig.  471.)  Plants  delicate,  slender  and  float- 
ing or  sometimes  fairly  robust,  often  up  to  a  foot 
long,  green  or  yellowish.  Stem-leaves  small,  triangular- 
ovate,  strongly  concave,  slightly  toothed  but  not  lacerate 
at  the  apex;  the  border  strong,  considerably  broadened 
below,  its  cell-walls  pitted;  hyaline  cells  narrow,  short 
above,  divided;  branches  mostly  in  fascicles  of  3  or  4, 
2  spreading,  the  other  one  or  two  drooping,  not  closely 
applied  to  and  concealing  the  stem ;  branch-leaves  slightly 
or  not  at  all  undulate  when  dry,  long-lanceolate,  involute, 
the  apex  toothed,  the  border  normally  entire,  of  2-4 
rows  of  narrow  cells,  serrulate  on  the  margin  by  the  pro- 
jecting ends  of  the  narrow  border  cells.  Dioicous.  An- 
theridia  in  catkins  on  spreading  branches;  antheridial 
leaves  brown,  slightly  smaller  than  the  normal  branch- 
leaves,  relatively  broader  and  with  broader  areolation. 
Fruiting  branches  erect,  sometimes  very  long,  capsule 
brown;    spores  brown,  roughened. 

In  Pembroke  and  Devonshire  marshes.  Newfoundland 
to  Georgia  ;  also  in  Europe  and  Asia.  Only  the  form  with 
serrulate  leaves  is  known  in  the  Bermuda  flora. 


Order  2.     BRYALES. 

Protonema  usually  filamentous;  calyptra  apical;  pedicel  more  or  less 
elongated,  apical  or  lateral;  capsule  generally  with  a  well-developed  lid; 
peristome  present  or  absent,   neck  usually  with  stomata. 


DICEANACEAE. 


433 


Fam. 
Fam. 
Fam. 
Fam. 

1. 
2. 
3. 
4. 

DiCRANACEAE. 

Leucobrvaceae. 

FiSSIDENTACEAE. 

Calymperaceab. 

Fam. 

5. 

POTTIACEAE. 

Fam. 
Fam. 

6. 
7. 

Ft;nariace.\e. 
Bryaceab. 

Fain. 

8. 

HOOKERIACEAE. 

Fam. 
Fam, 

9. 

10. 

Rhacopilaceae. 
Leskeaceae. 

Fam. 
Fam. 

n. 

12. 

IlYP.NACEAE. 

Sematophyllaceae 

Capsule  with  a  simple  peristome. 

A.  Teeth  8  or  16,  bifid  or  entire. 
Leaf-blade  of  one  layer  of  cells. 
Leaf-blade  of  several  layers  of  tmlike  cells. 
Leaf  with  duplicate  basal  blades. 
Leaf  with  basal  cells  large  and  empty. 

B.  Teeth  lacking,  16  or  32,  usually  with  a  basal 
membrane. 

Capsule  with  a  double  peristome. 

A.  Pedicel  terminal. 
Leaves  with  large  cells,  about  as  long  as  broad. 
Leaves   with  cells  usually  longer  than  broad. 

B.  Pedicel  from  lateral  branches. 
Leaf-cells  smooth,  veins  2,  ending  near  apex. 
Leaf-cells  more  or  less  papillose,   vein  single. 

Leaves  of  two  sizes,  under  leaves  very  small. 
Leaves  of  uniform  size,  clearly  papillose. 
Leaf-cells    smooth,    vein    single    or    short    and 
double. 
Lid  short,  conic. 
Lid  long,  beaked. 

Family  1.     DICRANACEAE  B.   S.  G. 

DicRANUM  Family. 

Plants  perennial,  large  or  small,  gregarious  or  crowded;  stems  branch- 
ing dichotomously,  usually  densely  leafy  and  bearing  radicles.  Leaves 
straight  or  curved,  smooth  or  papillose ;  vein  usually  stout  and  percurrent, 
sometimes  ribbed  on  the  back;  basal  cells  usually  pale  and  rectangular, 
those  of  the  basal  angles  often  much  enlarged  and  colored;  upper  cells 
shorter,  the  walls  often  thickened,  pitted  and  sinuous.  Pedicel  long,  erect 
or  curved;  capsule  erect  and  symmetric  or  bent  and  curved,  sometimes 
furrowed;  calyptra  cucullate;  lid  conic,  beaked;  peristome  single,  teeth  16, 
usually  bifid.  About  48  genera,  with  some  1460  species  widely  distributed. 

1.     CAMPYLOPUS  Brid. 
Characters  of  the  family.    Leaves  usually  grooved  or  tubular,  subulate  and 


often  toothed  at  apex,  sometimes  with  a 
curved;  capsule  usually  horizontal  or  nod- 
ding; calyptra  mostly  fringed  at  base. 
[Greek,  in  reference  to  the  curved  pedicel.] 
A  tropical  genus  of  about  oOO  species. 
Type  species:  Bryum  flexuosiim  L. 

1.  Campylopus  bermudianus  E.  S.  Wil- 
liams. Bermuda  Campylopus.  (Fig.  472.) 
Plants  in  dark  green,  loose  tufts,  stems 
about  2^'  high,  branching,  often  with  fla- 
gellae;  leaves  often  crowded  at  the  apex, 
mostly  spreading  all  around,  lanceolate, 
grooved  above,  sharply  serrate  at  the  apex 
and  more  or  less  serrulate  on  the  margin ; 
vein  broad,  percurrent  or  slightly  excurrent, 
with  prominent  serrate  lamellae  2  or  3  cells 
high  on  the  back  above;  alar  cells  inflated, 
the  cells  just  above  mostly  rectangular,  pale, 
broad  toward  the  vein,  narrow  toAvard  the 
margin,  smaller  above,  with  slightly  thick- 
ened walls  rarely  pitted  near  the  vein. 

Paget  Marsh,  under  palmetto.     Endemic. 

29 


er  hair-point.     Pedicel    usually 


434 


LEUCOBRYACEAE. 


Family  2.     LEUCOBRYACEAE  C.  Muell. 

White  Moss  Family. 

Plants  perennial,  growing  in  dense  pale  green  cushions ;  stems  medium 
to  large,  branching;  leaves  crowded,  sometimes  fragile  and  breaking  off, 
vein  broad  filling  most  of  the  leaf,  blade  very  narrow,  the  green  cells  of 
the  leaf  small,  in  a  single  central  band  between  several  layers  of  larger 
hyaline  cells.  Pedicels  erect,  terminal;  capsule  erect  or  horizontal,  regular 
or  irregular ;  peristome  single,  teeth  8  or  16 ;  lid  beaked ;  calyptra  cucullate. 
Nine  genera  and  229  species  are  known. 


1.     LEUCOBRYUM  Hampe. 

Characters  of  the  family.  A  genus  of  121  species,  widely  distributed  in 
temperate  and  tropical  regions.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  pale  color  of  the 
plants.]     The  following  species  typical. 

1.  Leucobryum  glaucum 
(L.)  Sehimp.  White  Moss. 
(Fig.  473.)  Plants  in  com- 
pact, pale  green  cushions ;  stems 
branching,  seldom  more  than  2 
inches  high;  leaves  crowded, 
erect-spreading,  sometimes 
curved;  base  ovate,  narrowed  to 
a  tubular  point,  apex  acute, 
minutely  denticulate,  hyaline 
blade  of  the  lower  part  of  the 
leaf  about  5  cells  wide  on  either 
side  of  the  broad  vein;  pedicel 
dark  red;  capsule  nodding, 
strongly  curved  and  furrowed 
when  dry;  annulus  none;  peri- 
stome single,  teeth  16,  papillose, 
_L         "^^^d^  divided  to  below  the  middle ;  lid 

I  ^^^ft  vV  beaked;    spores   slightly   rough. 

On  the  ground  among  ferns 
and  palmettos  in  marshes.  New- 
foundland to  Minnesota,  south  to 
Florida  and  Louisiana ;  also 
throughout  Europe.  [Bryum  glau- 
cum L.] 


Family  3.     FISSIDENTACEAE  Bruch  &  Sehimp. 

FissiDENS  Family. 

Small  plants,  usually  growing  in  moist  shady  places,  on  earth  or 
stones;  stems  erect  or  decumbent,  simple  or  sparingly  branched;  leaves 
few,  always  two-ranked  and  conduplicate,  clasping  at  base,  with  a  single 
vein  and  with  an  apical  and  dorsal  prolongation  especially  in  the  upper 
leaves.     Pedicels  terminal  or  on  lateral  buds;  capsules  ovoid  or  eylindric, 


FISSIDENTACEAE. 


435 


straight  or  curved;  ealyptra  eucullate;  lid  conic  often  beaked,  peristome 
red,  single,  of  16  bifid  teeth,  often  thickened  at  joints  and  either  papillose 
or  spiral  at  apex.  A  large  family  of  4  genera,  containing  some  570 
species,  abundant  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions  of  which  three  are 
known  to  occur  in  Bermuda. 


1.     FISSIDENS  Hedw. 

Characters  the  same  as  the  family.     [Latin,  in  reference  to  the  split  teeth 
of  the  peristome.]      Type  species:  Hypnmn  hryoides  L. 


Fruit  nearly  basal ;  leaf-margins  serrate. 
Fruit  terminal  ;  leaf-margins  entire. 

Leaves  bordered  tliroughout,  cells  smooth. 

Leaves  bordered  only  on  duplicate  blade  of  uppermost  leaves, 
cells  papillose. 

1.  Fissidens  taxifdlius  (L.)  Hedw. 
Yew-leaved  FissiDENs.  (Fig.  474.)  Plants 
seldom  more  than  V  high,  usually  in  dense 
cushions;  stems  erect,  branching  from  the 
base;  leaves  7-10  pairs,  oblong-lingulate, 
broadly  pointed,  apiculate  with  vein  per- 
current,  margins  minutely  serrate,  one  row 
of  cells  often  paler,  but  not  bordered ;  cells 
intlated,  mamillose ;  pedicel  red,  from 
lateral  buds  near  the  base  of  the  stem ; 
capsule  at  length  nodding;  lid  beaked; 
peristome  red,  teeth  papillose. 

On  the  ground  in  woods  near  Walsingham 
Caves,  only  known  sterile.  Not  uncommon  in 
temperate  regions  of  North  America.  Also 
Europe,  Asia  and  Africa. 


1.  F.  taxifoUus. 

2.  F.  minutulus. 


3.  F.  Garberi. 


2.  Fissidens  minutulus  Sull.  Small  FissmENs.  (Fig. 
175.)  Plants  minute,  about  2"  high,  growing  usually  on 
stones  in  caves  and  gulleys.  Stems  erect  or  decumbent 
branching  by  basal  innovations ;  leaves  5-8  pairs,  increasing 
in  size  upward,  oblong-lanceolate,  acute;  vein  ending  in  the 
apex;  margins  bordered  by  1-2  rows  of  narrower  longer 
cells  generally  disappearing  below  the  minutely  toothed 
apex;  cells  small,  smooth.  Pedicel  short,  terminal,  becoming 
erect;  capsule  minute  ovoid  to  cylindric;  lid  beaked;  teeth 
spirally  thickened  and  papillose  at  apex. 

On  rocks  in  shaded  gulleys  and  caves  ;  also  in  North  Amer- 
ica and  Europe. 


436 


nSSIDENTACEAE. 


3.  Fissidens  Garberi  Lesq.  &  James.  Garber's  Fissi- 
DENS.  (Fig.  476.)  Plants  very  small,  about  1"  high,  dark 
green;  stems  erect  or  decumbent;  leaves  5-6  pairs,  but  on 
the  sterile  stems  occasionally  15-16  pairs,  lanceolate,  acumi- 
nate, upper  the  longest;  vein  ending  in  the  apex  or  percur- 
rent;  margins  not  bordered  except  at  the  base  of  the  upper- 
most pair  of  leaves;  cells  small,  dense,  papillose.  Pedicel 
terminal,  short,  erect;  capsule  small,  erect;  lid  comc-beaked ; 
peristome  red,  spirally  thickened  at  apex. 

On  moist  rocks  in  shade,  usually  in  gulleys  or  caves  ;  also 
in  the  southern  United  States  and  the  Bahamas,  usually  on 
limestone  rocks.  One  of  the  most  puzzling  and  variable  of  the 
smaller  species  of  this  genus  probably  including  several  other 
closely  allied  described  species  from  Cuba,  Porto  Rico,  Haiti, 
San  Domingo,  Jamaica,  Guadaloupe  and  Trinidad. 


Family  4.     CALYMPERACEAE  C.  Muell. 

Calymperes  Family. 

Plants  usually  growing  in  dense  dark  green  cushions  on  trees  in 
shade,  seldom  fruiting  but  often  propagating  by  brood-bodies,  growing 
in  ^clusters  from  the  tips  of  specially  modified  leaves.  Stems  mostly  erect 
and  sparingly  branched.  Leaves  often  crowded  at  the  ends  of  the 
branches,  erect  or  spreading,  broad  and  clasping  at  base,  lanceolate  or  con- 
tracted into  a  spathulate  apex ;  margins  entire  or  serrate  often  with  a  band 
of  elongated  submarginal  cells;  basal  cells  clear,  smooth,  upper  cells  small, 
round,  often  papillose.  Pedicel  terminal,  erect  usually  exserted;  calyptra 
cucullate  or  campanulate;  lid  long-beaked;  peristome  single  of  16  short 
teeth.  A  family  of  mostly  tropical  mosses,  containing  2  genera  and  about 
313  species. 


1.     SYRRHOPODON  Schwaegr. 

Differing  from  the  characters  of  the  family  only  in  the  often  specially 
modified  margins  of  the  leaves  which  are  either  thickened  or  double;  the 
calyptra  is  conic-campanulate.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  united  teeth  of 
the  peristome.]  Mostly  tropical  or  subtropical  species  of  which  215  have  been 
described.     Type  species:    Calymperes  Gardneri  Hook. 


CALYMPERACEAE. 


437 


1.  Syrrhopodon  floridanus  Sull. 
Florida  Sykrhopodon.  (Fig.  477.) 
Plants  about  1'  high,  forming  large 
dense,  dark  green  cushions;  stems 
simple  or  branching,  rooting  at  base, 
with  crowded  leaves,  which  are  curled 
and  twisted  when  dry,  spreading  when 
moist,  with  a  conspicuous  broad  white 
base  and  narrower,  dense,  dark  green 
apex;  margins  double  and  serrate; 
basal  cells  hyaline,  upper  cells  and 
back  of  vein  densely  papillose,  some- 
times bearing  dense  clusters  of  brood- 
bodies,  by  which  this  species  propa- 
gates. 

At  base  of  palmetto  in  marshes. 
Southern  United  States  and  Cuba. 


Family  5.     POTTIACEAE  Bruch  &  Schimp. 

PoTTiA  Family. 

Plants  small,  or  large,  growing  in  more  or  less  crowded  cushions; 
stems  usually  erect,  short  and  simple  or  branching,  not  tomentose;  leaves 
crowded,  spreading  often  twisted  when  dry,  of  various  shapes ;  vein  single, 
percurrent  or  excurrent  into  an  awn;  cells  of  the  basal  part  of  the  leaf 
often  larger  and  clearer  than  those  of  the  apical,  which  are  usually 
denser  and  often  papillose.  Pedicel  sometimes  ver\^  short,  mostly  elongate 
and  erect;  capsule  erect,  usually  straight,  seldom  inclined;  calyptra  cucul- 
late;  lid  conic  and  beaked;  peristome  single,  rarely  lacking,  occasionally 
with  a  deep  basal  membrane,  teeth  16  or  32,  often  papillose,  sometimes 
bifid  and  spirally  twisted.     A  large  family  of  46  genera  and  396  species. 


Leaves    much    curled    and    twisted   when    dry,    margins    incurved ;    peristome    short 
straight  or  lacking. 

Leaf-margins  entire  ;  teeth  16,  entire  or  irregularly  divided 

Leaf-margins  entire  ;  teeth  16,  split  or  bifid. 
Leaves  only  slightly  curved  or  bent  when  dry. 

A.  Peristome  short. 
Leaf-margins  toothed  at  base. 
Leaf-margins  finely  crenulate,  toothed  above. 

B.  Peristome  none. 

C.  Peristome  long,  twisted. 


1.  Wcisia. 

2.  TrUliostomum. 


3.  Euchidium. 

4.  OyroHcisia. 

5.  Hymcnosti/lium. 

6.  Tortilla. 


1.     WEISIA  Hedw. 

Plants  small,  crowded;  stems  erect,  with  branches;  leaves  much  curled 
and  twisted  when  dry,  mostly  subulate-lanceolate  with  incurved  margins;  vein 
ending  in  the  sharp  apex;  cells  rectangular  and  clear  at  base,  rounded  and 
small  above,  papillose  on  both  sides  above.  Seta  erect,  slender;  capsule  erect, 
ovoid  or  cylindric,  ribbed  when  dry;  peristome  single,  inserted  below  the 
mouth;  teeth  16,  irregular  and  papillose,  or  rarely  short  and  rudimentary. 
[Named  for  F.  W.  Weis.]  A  small  genus  widely  distributed  in  temperate 
regions.     Type  species:  Bryum  viridulum  L. 


438 


POTTIACEAE. 


1.  Weisia  viridula  (L.)  Hedw.  Bright- 
GREEX  Weisia.  (Fig.  478.)  Plants  growing  in 
more  or  less  crowded  bright  green  tufts,  up  to 
6"  high ;  stems  erect  and  simple  or  branched ; 
branches  short;  leaves  crowded  at  the  ends  of 
the  branches,  spreading,  from  an  erect  base, 
points  curled  and  twisted  when  dry,  base 
broader,  apex  with  inrolled,  entire  margins, 
forming  a  long  sharp  point ;  vein  stout,  excur- 
rent  into  a  short  mucronate  apex.  Monoicous; 
pedicel  erect,  slender,  yellow  or  brown;  capsule 
small  ovoid  to  cylindric,  erect  and  symmetric  or 
slightly  inclined ;  often  dark  brown  and  shin- 
ing; calyptra  cucullate;  lid  beaked;  annulus 
narrow,  persistent ;  peristome  inserted  below  the 
mouth;  teeth  16,  short,  papillose,  often  irregu- 
larly split  or  perforate  or  short  and  unde- 
veloped; spores  rough,  brown,  maturing  in 
spring. 

On  rocks  at  one  station  near  Walsingham.  A 
common  and  variable  species  of  wide  distribution 
in  temperate  regions. 


2.  TRICHOSTOMUM  Hedw. 
Plants  medium-sized,  usually  growing  crowded;  stems  erect,  simple  or 
branched;  leaves  curled  and  twisted  when  dry,  larger  at  base,  with  a  narrow 
sharp  apex;  margins  flat  or  inrolled,  entire;  vein  single,  usually  percurrent; 
basal  cell^  oblong  and  clear,  upper  cells  denser,  small  and  papillose  on  both 
sides.  Pedicel  erect,  elongate;  capsule  erect,  cylindric;  peristome  single; 
teeth  16,  either  entire  or  divided  to  base,  usually  papillose;  lid  conic-beaked; 
calyptra  cucullate.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the  narrow  teeth.]  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  various  temperate  and  tropical  regions.  Type  species:  Weisia 
cylindrica  Bruch. 

1.  Trichostommn  bermudanum  Mitt.  Bermuda 
Trichostomum.  (Fig.  479.)  Plants  in  crowded  bright 
green  or  yellowish-green  patches;  stems  up  to  9"  high, 
usually  simple;  leaves  crowded,  curled  and  twisted  when 
dry,  base  erect  clasping,  points  narrower  with  the  vein, 
smooth  and  excurrent  into  a  mucronate  apex;  margins 
entire,  incurved  above;  basal  cells  lax  with  longer  cells 
on  the  margins  extending  up  the  blade  to  the  papillose 
cells  of  the  upper  part.  Pedicel  yellow,  erect  and 
twisted;  capsule  erect,  cylindric,  lid  conic-beaked;  ca- 
lyptra cucullate;  peristome  single,  of  16  slender,  papil- 
lose, bifid  teeth;  often  disappearing  and  leaving  only  a 
ragged  membrane;  spores  large,  rough,  brown,  maturing 
in  spring. 

Very  common  on  walls,  rocks  and  on  the  ground.  En- 
demic.    Closely  related  to  T.  jamaicense  Mitt. 


POTTIACEAE. 


439 


3.  EUCIaADIUM  Br.  &  Sch. 
Plants  perennial,  in  dense  mats,  forming  calcareous  tufa;  stems  branching 
erect  and  crowded;  leaves  small,  spreading,  broadest  at  base,  long-pointed; 
vein  stout,  percurrent;  basal  cells  larger  and  clearer  than  the  upper  papillose 
cells.  Pedicel  erect,  exserted;  capsule  small,  ovoid  or  cylindric;  lid  beaked; 
calyptra  cucullate;  peristome  single;  teeth  16,  per- 
forate or  split.  [Greek,  referring  to  the  beautiful 
branches.]  A  genus  of  3  species.  Type  species: 
Brijum  verticiUatum  L. 

1.  Eucladium  verticiUatum  Br.  &  Sch.  Whorled- 
LEAVED  Eucladium.  (Fig.  480.)  Plants  growing  in 
dense  bright  green  cushions,  pale  brown  below;  stems 
up  to  9"  high,  slender  and  brittle,  rooting  at  intervals, 
and  branching  repeatedly ;  leaves  small,  in  clusters  at 
the  tops  of  the  branches,  base  broad,  with  a  few  sharp 
teeth,  apex  narrower,  margins  above  flat,  entire;  vein 
stout,  ending  in  the  rather  blunt  apex;  basal  cells 
oblong,  upper  round  and  small,  papillose.  Pedicel 
erect,  slender;  capsule  ovoid-cylindric,  erect  or  hori- 
zontal; calyptra  cucullate;  lid  beaked;  annulus  nar- 
row; teeth  16,  more  or  less  perforate  along  the 
median  line. 

On  wet  limestone  in  caves,  often  dripping  witti 
moisture  and  hardened  witti  lime  deposits.  Widely  dis- 
tributed in  North  America,  Europe  and  Asia. 


4.  GYROWEISIA  Schimp. 
iSmall  plants,  usually  growing  on  limestone  rocks;  stems  short  with 
a  few  short  lanceolate  or  Ungulate  leaves,  usually  blunt,  base  broader  hyaline, 
vein  single,  ending  below  the  apex;  upper  cells  round  and  dense,  often  swollen. 
Usually  dioicous.  Pedicel  erect,  short  and  twisted;  capsule  small,  ovoid  or 
cylindric ;  peristome  more  or  less  developed,  usually  falling  with  the  lid ; 
annulus  present;  lid  conic-apiculate  or  beaked.  [Greek,  in  reference  to  the 
twisted  annulus.]  A  genus  of  about  14  species,  found  in  subtropical  regions, 
from  Florida  to  Cuba,  Jamaica  and  Porto  Rico.  Type 
species:    Gymnostomum  tcnue  Schrad. 

1.  Gyroweisia  Barbula  (Schwaeger.)  Paris. 
Black-fruited  Gyroweisia.  (Fig.  481.)  Plants  sel- 
dom more  than  3"  high,  dark  green,  or  almost  black, 
stemless,  with  a  rosette  of  a  few  basal  leaves,  which 
are  linear-oblong  and  twisted  when  dry;  vein  ending 
below  the  blunt  apex;  margins  finely  crenulate- 
toothed,  inrolled  when  dry;  basal  cells  oblong,  lax  and 
clear;  upper  cells  round  and  swollen.  Pedicel  short, 
erect;  capsules  narrowly  cylindric,  straight  or  slightly 
curved,  mouth  narrow ;  lid  conic,  beaked ;  annulus 
present;  calyptra  cucullate;  peristome  usually  falling 
with  the  lid;  teeth  16,  bifid,  and  papillose;  spores 
smooth,  minute,  maturing  in  March  and  April.  [Tor- 
tula  melanocarpa  Mitt,  of  Challenger  Report ;  Gymno- 
stomum  Barbtila  Schwaegr.] 

On  limestone  usually  associated  with  Tortitia  agraria. 
Florida  ;  Cuba  ;  Jamaica  ;  Porto  Rico  ;  South  America. 


440 


POTTIACEAE. 


5.  HYMENOSTYLIUM  Brid. 
Plants  in  dense  crowded  tufts;  stems  tall,  slender  and  branching;  leaves 
crowded  small,  lanceolate-acuminate;  vein  single,  ending  below  the  apex;  cells 
smooth  or  papillose;  pedicel  erect,  elongate;  capsule  erect,  ovoid  and  shining; 
peristome  lacking;  lid  with  a  long  beak;  calyptra  cucullate.  [Greek,  referring 
to  the  membrane  covering  the  mouth  of  capsule.]  A  genus  of  17  species 
widely  distributed  on  limestone  rocks,  mostly  in  tem- 
perate regions.  Type  species :  Eymenostylium  xanthro- 
carpum   (Hook.)   Brid. 

1.  Hymenostylium  curvirostre  (Ehrh.)  Lindb. 
Curved-beaked  Hymenostylium.  (Fig.  482.)  Plants 
in  pale  green  calcareous  cushions;  stems  up  to  1'  high, 
slender  and  leafy  branches  short ;  leaves  crowded,  re- 
curved and  twisted  when  dry,  spreading  when  moist, 
lanceolate-acuminate,  short;  vein  stout,  smooth,  ending 
below  the  apex;  margins  entire,  often  slightly  re- 
curved at  base;  basal  cells  rectangular,  clearer  and 
larger  than  the  papillose  upper  cells.  Pedicel  terminal, 
becoming  lateral  by  innovations,  more  or  less  per- 
sistent; capsules  ovoid-pyriform,  erect,  with  a  long- 
beaked  lid  which  is  more  or  less  persistent;  annulus 
narrow;  peristome  none,  mouth  closed  by  a  mem- 
brane; spores  large,  maturing  in  summer.  [Pottia 
curvirostris  Ehrh.] 

Thus  far  only  found  sterile  under  dripping  rocks  in  caves  forming  lime-encrusted 
cushions.  Widely  distributed  in  temperate  regions  of  North  America  and  Europe, 
always  on  calcareous  rocks. 

6.     TOBTULA  Hedw. 

Plants  of  various  sizes,  sometimes  large  and  stout;  usually 

growing  on  the  ground  or  on  rocks  in  dense  cushions;    stems 

usually  simple,  rarely  branched;  with  the  leaves  crowded  at  the 

top  of  the  stem,  usually  spreading  when  dry,  or  twisted,  mostly 

broader  above  the  middle,  usually  entire,  with  a  single  vein, 

sometimes  excurrent  into  an  awn,  with  the  basal  cells  long  and 

clear    and    the    upper    small    and    dense,    sometimes    papillose. 

Pedicel    erect,    elongate;    capsule    erect,   cylindric;    lid   usually 

long-beaked;     calyptra    cucullate;     peristome    single,    usually 

twisted;  teeth  16  or  32;  slender,  papillose;  spores  small.     [Latin, 

with  reference  to  the  twisted  peristome.]     A  large  genus  of 

186  species  widely  distributed  in  all  parts  of  the  world.     Type 

species:   Bryum  miirale  L. 

1.  Tortula  agraria  Sw.  Common  Tortula.  (Fig.  483.) 
Plants  up  to  9"  high,  almost  stemless,  forming  a  rosette  of 
basal  leaves,  not  much  curled  or  twisted  when  dry;  widest 
above  the  middle,  base  oblong  with  clear,  long  cells;  apex 
acute,  cells  square,  smooth,  vein  stout  ending  in  a  mucronate 
point.  Pedicel  erect;  capsule  cylindric,  ribbed  when  dry; 
annulus  present;  lid  long-conic-beaked,  red  at  base;  peristome 
red,  papillose  twisted ;  teeth  16,  long  and  slender,  bifid  or  trifid 
with  a  short  basal  membrane ;  calyptra  cucullate ;  spores 
smooth,  small,  maturing  in  spring.      [Barhula  agraria  Hedw.] 

Common  on"  limestone  from  Florida  and  Texas  to  Mexico  and 
from  the  Bahamas  through  the  West  Indies  to  South  America. 


FUNAEIACEAE. 


441 


Family  G.     FUNARIACEAE  C.  Mueller. 

FuNARiA  Family. 

Plants  usually  annual  or  ephemeral,  seldom  biennial;  sometimes 
minute.  Stems  short,  erect  and  seldom  branched;  leaves  small  and  narrow 
or  large  and  broad,  margins  entire  or  toothed;  vein  present  or  rarely 
absent.  Pedicel  sometimes  short  and  immersed  or  long  and  exserted; 
capsule  erect  or  inclined,  symmetric  or  unsymmetric,  ovoid  or  pyriform; 
annulus  often  large  and  conspicuous  or  undeveloped;  calyptra  cucullate, 
often  inflated  and  oblique,  rarely  lobed  or  papillose;  peristome  absent, 
rudimentary  or  double,  teeth  straight  or  oblique.  A  small  family  of  wide 
distribution,  including  about  12  genera  with  some  244  species. 


1.     FUNARIA  Schreb. 

Plants  usually  scattered,  rarely  crowded ;  steins  short,  simple ;  leaves 
usually  crowded  at  the  summit,  usually  broadest  above  the  base,  entire  or 
serrate;  vein  ending  below  the  apex  or  percurrent  or  exeurrent;  pedicel  ex- 
serted, elongated;  capsules  erect  or  nodding,  often  pear-shaped;  lid  flat  or 
apiculate;  calyptra  much  inflated  at  base,  beaked;  peristome  single,  double 
or  rarely  lacking.  [Latin,  in  reference  to  the  twisted  pedicels.]  A  large 
genus  of  widely  distributed  cosmopolitan  species.  Type  species:  Mnium  luj- 
grometricum  L. 


Mouth  of  the  capsule  oblique  ;   leaves  serrate. 
Mouth  of  the  capsule  small ;  leaves  nearly  entire. 


1.  F.  hygrometrica. 

2.  F.  flavicans. 


1.  Funaria  hygrometrica  (L.)  Sibth.  Cord 
Moss.  (Fig.  484.)  Plants  up  to  1|'  high,  bright 
yellowish-green  turning  brown;  stems  short, 
simple;  leaves  few,  erect,  appressed  around  the 
base  of  the  pedicel,  broad  and  concave,  acute  or 
acuminate;  the  vein  ending  in  the  apex,  margins 
entire  or  faintly  toothed;  cells  clear,  smooth,  ob- 
long below,  shorter  and  hexagonal  above.  Pedicel 
pale,  twisted,  variable  in  length;  capsule  horizon- 
tal or  nodding,  ribbed  when  dry ;  mouth  oblique ; 
lid  bordered  with  a  red  rim ;  annulus  large  falling 
with  the  lid;  peristome  double,  oblique,  the  teeth 
with  apical  appendages;  calyptra  large,  inflated 
at  base;  spores  rough,  ripening  early  in  spring. 
[Mnium  hy grometricum  L.] 

On  burnt  ground  and  on  rocks,  not  frequent. 
Widely  distributed  in  temperate  and  tropical  regions. 


442 


FUNARIACEAE. 


2.  Funaria  flavicans  Rich.  Pale-green  Funaria. 
(Fig.  485.)  A  smaller  plant  than  the  last,  up  to  6" 
high,  differing  in  the  fewer  leaves,  which  are  entire,  the 
vein  ending  in  a  short  subulate  tip;  the  pedicel 
shorter,  the  capsule  more  symmetric,  its  mouth  not 
oblique;  spores  a  little  larger,  maturing  in  March. 

On  rocks,  not  common.     Southern  United  States. 


Family  7.     BRYACEAE  C.  Mueller. 

Bryum  Family. 

Plants  usually  growing  in  dense  cushions,  rarely  scattered;  stems 
erect,  simple  or  branching  near  the  apex,  often  slender;  leaves  scattered  or 
crowded  at  the  summit,  variable  in  shape,  from  oval  to  lanceolate,  often 
acuminate  and  subulate;  vein  single;  margins  entire  or  toothed;  cells 
smooth,  generally  hexagonal,  sometimes  narrower  on  the  border  and  rec- 
tangular at  the  base.  Pedicel  terminal,  erect;  capsule  erect  or  nodding, 
generally  symmetric  with  a  well-developed  neck;  calyptra  cucullate;  lid 
conic-apiculate,  peristome  usually  double,  rarely  single  or  lacking.  A 
large  family,  widely  distributed  in  various  regions  of  the  globe,  composed 
of  16  genera  with  over  950  species  most  abundant  in  temperate,  alpine  and 
arctic  regions.  The  sjDecimens  from  Bermuda  are  few  and  in  poor  con- 
dition. 


1.     BRYUM  L. 

Characters  of  the  family;  capsules  never  erect,  generally  pear-shaped; 
annulus  large  and  well-developed;  peristome  always  double,  the  inner  more  or 
less  developed,  with  or  without  cilia.  [Greek,  meaning  a  moss.]  A  large 
genus  of  over  600  species,  usually  growing  on  earth  or  rocks,  seldom  on  trees 
or  rotten  wood,  most  abundant  in  cold  and  temperate  regions.  Type  species: 
Bryum  argenteum  L. 

Leaves  bordered,  vein  excurrent  into  a  subulate  tip.  1.  B.  ca  pill  are. 

Leaves  not  bordered,  minutely  toothed,  gemmiferous,  vein  ending  in 

the  acute  apex,  2.  B.  CrUgeri. 


BRYACEAE. 


443 


1.  Bryum  capillare  L.  Hair-like  Bryum.  (Fig. 
486.)  Plants  up  to  I3'  high  in  rather  dense,  dark  green 
cushions ;  stems  short,  sparingly  branched ;  leaves  crowded 
in  a  rosette  at  the  apex,  curled  and  twisted  when  dry, 
ovate  to  lanceolate-acuminate,  margins  bordered  by  1-2 
rows  of  narrower  cells,  entire  or  slightly  toothed  near 
apex;  vein  ending  in  the  point  or  excurrent  into  a  mucro- 
nate  tip;  upper  cells  hexagonal,  basal  oblong,  smooth. 
Pedicel  long,  red,  bent  at  base,  paler  and  twisted  above ; 
capsule  elongated,  nodding;  neck  distinct;  lid  small, 
apiculate;  annulus  large;  peristome  brown;  teeth  paler 
and  papillose  above;  endostome  with  a  basal  membrane 
and  appendiculate  cilia;  spores  ripe  in  spring. 

On  rocks  and  roots  of  ferns  in  marshes,  usually  sterile, 
and  propagating  by  gemmae.     Cosmopolitan  and  variable. 


2.  Bryum  Crugeri  Hpe.     Cruger's 

Bryum.    (Fig.  487.)   Plants  forming  loose 

yellowish   green   cushions ;    stems   simple, 

up  to  8"  high ;  leaves  not  crowded,  shining, 

lanceolate,  acute;  vein  percurrent,  ending  in  the  cuspidate  apex; 
margins  plane,  not  bordered,  slightly  toothed  tow^ard  the  apex; 
cells  long  hexagonal,  basal  and  alar,  rectangular,  not  decurrent. 
The  Bermuda  specimens  propagate  by  gemmae  and  the  fruit  has 
not  been  found. 

On  stones  in  Devonshire  Marsh.  Ranging  from  Cuba  to  Trini- 
dad and  South  America  but  rarely  fruiting. 

Bryum  dichotomum  Hedw.,  of  the  Challenger  report  is 
a  doubtful  species  for  Bermuda;  specimens  cannot  be  found  in 
the  Mitten  Herbarium  and  no  definite  locality  was  recorded. 


Family  8.     HOOKERIACEAE  C.  Mueller. 

HooKERiA  Family. 

Plants  large  or  small,  usually  with  decumbent  rooting  stems;  leaves 
many-ranked,  symmetric  or  unequal  in  shape ;  veinless  or  usually  with  two 
veins;  cells  smooth  or  papillose,  not  different  at  basal  angles.  Pedicel 
erect,  smooth  or  rough;  capsule  mostly  horizontal;  calyptra  small,  usually 
lobed;  lid  conic-beaked,  peristome  double,  endostome  usually  without  cilia. 
A  large  family  of  tropical  mosses  numbering  over  300  species  grouped  in 
25  genera,  of  which  only  one  is  represented  in  Bermuda. 


1.     CYCIiODICTYON  Mitt. 
Plants  very  pale  and  hyaline,  leaves  2-veined,  cells  very  large  and  clear. 
[Greek,  referring  to  the  large  cells  of  the  leaf.]     Sixty-five  species  have  been 
described,  all  American.     Type  species:  HooJceria  laete-virens  Hook.  &  Taylor. 


444 


HOOKEEIACEAE. 


1.  Cyclodictyon  varians  (Sull.)  Broth. 
Pale  Cyclodictyon.  (Fig.  488.)  Plants  per- 
ennial, about  8"  high;  stems  decumbent  and 
rooting;  branches  short,  erect,  irregular;  leaves 
pale  green  or  yellow,  crowded  and  flattened 
in  several  ranks  the  lateral  ones  longer  and 
broader  than  the  upper  ones,  all  obscurely 
toothed  with  a  narrow^  border  of  one  row  of 
cells,  the  veins  narrow  and  ending  below  the 
acuminate  tip;  cells  lax  and  clear.  Pedicel 
smooth,  erect;  capsule  nodding,  ovoid-cylindric; 
lid  conic-apiculate;  annulus  large,  falling  with 
the  lid;  peristome  double;  teeth  red,  striate  with 
a  median  furrow;  endostome  yellow  with  a 
short  basal  membrane  and  16  keeled  segments, 
cilis  none;  spores  green,  smooth,  maturing  in 
March  and  April.      [HooTceria  varians  Sull.] 

On  damp  rocks  in  shade,  usually  in  caves. 
Florida  to  Guadeloupe. 


Family  9.     RHACOPILACEAE  Brotlierus. 

Hairy-cap  Family. 

Stems  decumbent,  usually  tomentose  and  branching;  leaves  crowded 
and  flattened  in  2  ranks,  the  under  leaves  much  smaller  and  different  in 
shape  from  the  lateral  ones ;  vein  single,  cells  hexagonal  smooth  or  slightly 
papillose.  Pedicel  erect;  capsule  ribbed  when  dry;  lid  beaked;  calyptra 
cucullate,  hairy;  annulus  present,  peristome  double.  A  family  of  one 
genus  only  and  39  tropical  or  subtropical  species. 


1.     RHACOPILUM  Beauv. 
Characters  the  same  as  those  of  the  family,  the  following  species  typical. 
[Latin,  in  reference  to  the  hairy  calyptra.] 

1.  Rhacopilum  tomentosura  (Sw.) 
Brid.  ToMEXTOSE  Hairy-cap.  (Fig. 
489.)  Plants  seldom  more  than  1' 
high,  dark  green,  perennial;  stems 
decumbent  irregularly  branched, 
densely  matted  with  brown  hairs; 
lateral  leaves  somewhat  unequal  at 
base,  sharply  toothed  with  the  vein 
ending  in  a  slender  awn,  cells  almost 
smooth;  under  leaves  narrower  and 
longer-pointed.  Pedicel  stout,  erect; 
capsule  horizontal,  curved  and 
strongly  ribbed  when  dry;  teeth  pale 
and  papillose  at  apex;  inner  seg- 
ments keeled  and  split ;  cilia  3 ;  spores 
small,  smooth,  maturing  in  summer. 
[Eypnum  tomentosum  Sw.] 

Growing  on  rocks  in  shade,  in  caves 
and  on  cliffs.  Also  in  Louisiana  and 
ranging  through  the  West  Indies  to 
South  America. 


LESKEACEAE. 


445 


Family  10.     LESKEACEAE   Reiclienbaeb. 

Leskea  Family. 

Plants  small  or  large ;  stems  creeping  and  branching,  somewhat  irregu- 
larly or  regularly  pinnate;  branches  short,  usually  slender  and  crowded 
with  small  leaves;  vein  single,  cells  usually  papillose  on  one  or  both  sur- 
faces; branch  leaves  smaller  than  the  stem  leaves^  rudimentary  leaves 
present.  Pedicel  erect  or  inclined;  calyptra  cucullate;  lid  conic  or  beaked; 
annulus  usually  present;  peristome  double,  inner  sometimes  shorter  and 
imperfect.     About  23  genera  containing  some  333  species. 

Leaves  papillose  only  on  the  back.  1.  HaplorJadimn. 

Leaves  papillose  on  both  surfaces.  2.   ThuiUium. 


1.     HAPLOCIiADIUM  C.  Miill. 
Branches  slender,  simple,  not  pinnately  divided;  leaves  papillose  only  on 
the  back,  those  at  base  of  pedicel,  erect,  longer  and  paler.     [Greek,  referring 
to   the   simple   branches.]      A   genus   of   43    species,   natives   of   America   and 
Eastern  Asia.     Type  species:  Haplocladium  macropiJum  C.  Muell. 

1.  Haplocladiummicrophyllum  (Sw.) 
Broth.  Small-leaved  Haplocladium. 
(Fig.  490.)  Plants  slender,  perennial, 
dark  green  or  yellow;  stems  creeping  and 
rooting,  sometimes  quite  slender  and  up 
to  several  inches  long;  branches  short 
and  simple,  erect ;  leaves  crowded,  spread- 
ing or  secund,  ovate-acuminate;  vein  ex- 
current  into  a  long  tip;  margins 
minutely  toothed;  cells  small,  square  or 
oblong,  papillose  only  on  the  back; 
leaves  at  base  of  pedicel  longer  and 
paler,  erect.  Seta  long  and  slender, 
erect;  capsule  horizontal  and  curved; 
annulus  falling  with  the  conic  lid;  peri- 
stome double;  inner  peristome  with 
keeled  segments  and  3  cilia;  spores 
smooth,  maturing  in  summer.  [Hypniim 
microphyllum  Sw.] 

On  rocks  in  shade  ;  not  common  fruit- 
ing. Also  found  in  various  parts  of  the 
United  States,  the  West  Indies  and  Mexico. 


2.  THUIDIUM  Br.  &  Sch. 
Plants  minute  or  taller  and  much  branched;  stems  creeping  or  erect; 
branches  rarely  simple,  more  often  regularly  pinnate  or  bipinnate;  leaves 
ovate,  acute  or  acuminate;  vein  single,  stout,  ending  in  or  below  the  tip; 
cells  small,  dense,  papillose  on  both  surfaces.  Pedicel  erect;  capsule  hori- 
zontal or  curved ;  calyptra  cucullate ;  lid  beaked ;  annulus  compound ;  peri- 
stome double.  [Diminutive  of  Thuja.]  A  large  genus,  widely  distributed  in 
temperate  regions,  with  some  63  species  in  America,  the  following  typical. 


446 


LESKEACEAE. 


1.  Thuidium  minutulum  (Hedw.)  Br.  &  Sch. 
Minute  Thuidium.  (Fig,  491.)  Stems  up  to  1'  long, 
very  slender  and  creeping,  branches  short  and  simple, 
somewhat  irregular  or  pinnate;  leaves  minute,  those  of 
the  stems  acuminate,  sharply  pointed,  branch  leaves 
shorter,  acute,  more  crowded;  vein  ending  below  the 
apex,  smooth;  cells  dense,  obscure  and  papillose  on  both 
surfaces;  margins  and  apex  with  projecting  multipapil- 
late  cells.  Pedicel  erect;  capsule  horizontal,  cylindrie 
or  curved;  lid  long-beaked;  annulus  large;  inner  peri- 
stome with  cilia;  spores  small,  maturing  in  autumn. 
[Hypnum  minutulum  Hedw.] 

On  rotten  wood  in  shade,  very  rare  in  Bermuda ;  not 
uucommon  in  United  States  and  Canada. 


Family  11.     HYPNACEAE  Hampe. 

Hypnum  Family. 

Plants  growing  in  loose  or  dense  tufts,  seldom  floating;  stems  usually 
decumbent  and  rooting,  sometimes  erect;  branches  regularly  pinnate  or 
irregular;  leaves  straight  or  curved,  erect,  spreading  or  seeund,  usually 
symmetric;  vein  either  lacking,  single  or  double;  cells  mostly  much  longer 
than  wide,  smooth  or  papillose,  those  of  the  basal  angles  often  different 
in  shape  and  size.  Pedicel  more  or  less  elongated  and  exserted;  capsule 
mostly  horizontal,  often  curved  and  unsymmetric;  peristome  double;  seg- 
ments keeled;  cilia  usually  present;  spores  small.  A  large  family,  widely 
distributed  in  all  parts  of  the  globe.  Composed  of  about  37  genera  with 
over  960   species. 

Vein  of  the  leaf  long,  single  ;  lid  of  the  capsule  conic,  blunt.  1.  Amhlystegium. 

Vein  of  the  leaf  short  and  double  or  none ;   lid  of  the  capsule 

sharp-pointed.  2.  Isopterygiiim. 


1.     AMBLYSTEGIUM  Bruch  &  S chimp. 

Plants  usually  growing  in  moist  localities;  stems  irregularly  branched; 
branches  slender;  leaves  symmetric,  spreading;  vein  single;  cells  smooth,  not 
much  longer  than  wide.  Pedicel  erect,  smooth;  capsule  usually  curved;  calyptra 
cucullate;  lid  conic;  annulus  present;  peristome  double.  [Greek,  referring  to 
the  blunt  lid.]  A  genus  of  47  species,  widely  distributed  in  America  and 
Europe.     Type  s]iecies :  Hypiium  riparium  L. 


HYPNACEAE. 


447 


1.  Amblystegium  varium  (Hedw.)  Lindb. 
Variable  Amblystegium.  (Fig.  492.)  Plants 
growing  in  loose  thin  mats  up  to  1'  high;  stems 
prostrate  and  branching;  branches  short  and 
slender,  erect  and  simple;  leaves  small,  spread- 
ing, ovate-acuminate,  margins  entire  or  rarely 
obscurely  toothed;  vein  stout,  ending  in  the  tip; 
cells  2-4  times  longer  than  wide,  those  of  the 
basal  angles  square  or  oblong.  Pedicel  erect; 
capsule  curved  and  contracted  below  the  mouth 
when  dry;  inner  peristome  finely  papillose  with 
keeled  segments  and  cilia;  spores  small,  slightly 
roughened,  maturing  in  spring.  [Leslcea  varia 
Hedw.] 

On  shaded  rocks  near  caves.     Very  common   and 
widely   distributed  in  America  and  Europe. 


2.     ISOPTERYGIUM  Mitt. 

Plants  usually  rather  small ;  stems  decumbent  and  irregularly  branched ; 
leaves  somewhat  flattened,  small  and  crowded,  usually  symmetric;  vein  short 
and  double  or  none;  pedicel  erect;  capsule  erect  or  horizontal;  lid  conic  or 
apiculate;  calyptra  cucullate;  peristome  double.  [Greek,  referring  to  the 
symmetric  leaves.]  A  large  genus  of  168  species,  mostly  American,  in  tem- 
perate and  tropical  regions.      Type   species:    Isopterygium  planissimum   Mitt. 


1.  Isopterygium  micans  (Sw.) 
Mitt.  Glossy  Isopterygium.  (Fig. 
493.)  Plants  up  to  8"  high  in  dense 
glossy  yellowish  green  mats;  stems 
Slender,  decumbent ;  branches  simple 
or  divided :  leaves  crowded,  spread- 
ing, small,  ovate-acuminate,  faintly 
serrate,  veins  short,  double,  obscure ; 
cells  long  and  narrow,  a  few  at  basal 
angles  distinctly  shorter  and  broader. 
Pedicel  erect,  slender;  capsule  hori- 
zontal, curved  and  contracted  below 
the  mouth  when  dry;  lid  conic,  slightly 
apiculate,  cilia  more  or  less  developed, 
spores  small.     [Hypmnn  micans  Sw.] 

On  roots  of  ferns  and  on  rotten 
wood  in  marshes.  Found  in  various 
parts  of  the  eastern  United  States  ;  also 
in  Cuba  and  Jamaica. 


448 


SEMATOPHYLLACEAE. 


Family  12.     SEMATOPHYLLACEAE  Brothems. 

Sematophyllum  Faimily. 

Plants  usually  forming  dense  tufts;  stems  creeping;  branches  erect, 
irregular  and  unequal,  sometimes  pinnate;  leaves  small,  crowded,  often 
secund;  veins  short,  double  or  lacking,  cells  usually  much  longer  than 
wide;  those  of  the  basal  angles  often  larger,  inflated  or  square.  Pedicel 
long,  erect;  capsule  usually  horizontal  without  an  annulus;  calyptra  cucul- 
late;  lid  usually  with  a  long  slender  beak;  peristome  double.  Twelve 
genera  and  448  species  widely  distributed  in  tropical  regions. 

1.     SEMATOPHYLLUM  Mitt. 
Characters  of  the   family.     [Greek,  in  reference  to   the  pointed  leaves.] 
A  large  genus,  315  species  known  mostly  from  tropical  America.     Type  species: 
Hypnum  suhstrumuloswm  Hpe. 


1.  Sematophyllum  adnatum  (Michx.)  E. 
G.  Britton.  Sematophyllum.  (Fig.  494.) 
Plants  small,  yellowish-green,  glossy;  stems 
short,  seldom  more  than  2"  long,  creeping; 
branches  erect,  somewhat  curved  at  apex; 
leaves  crowded,  spreading  or  secund,  acumi- 
nate; margins  recurved,  entire  or  faintly  ser- 
rulate; veins  short  or  none;  cells  spindle- 
shaped,  those  of  the  basal  angles  enlarged  and 
hyaline.  Pedicel  short;  capsule  very  small, 
ovoid,  contracted  below  the  mouth  when  dry; 
lid  long-beaked,  teeth  with  deep  projections 
on  the  inner  surface,  papillose  at  apex;  spores 
rough,  small,  maturing  in  summer.  [LesTcea 
adnata  Michx.] 


On  rotten  wood  in  shade.     Virginia  to  Florida. 


Class  2.     HEPATIOAE. 

Liverworts. 

Contributed   by   Alexander  W.   Evans. 

Terrestrial,  epiphytic,  or  rarely  aquatic  plants,  showing  a  dis- 
tinct alternation  of  generations,  the  gametophyte  existing  as  an 
independent  individual,  the  very  different  sporophyte  partially  or 
wholly  parasitic  on  the  gametophyte.  Gametophyte  dorsiventral, 
consisting  of  a  thallus  or  more  or  less  differentiated  into  stem  and 
leaves,  attached  to  the  substratum  by  means  of  rhizoids  (true  roots 
none),  growing  by  means  of  an  apical  cell.     Sexual  organs  borne 


MABCHAXTIACEAE.  449 

on  the  upper  surface  of  the  gametophyte  or  terminal  on  more  or 
less  differentiated  branches.  Fertilized  egg  developing  directly 
into  the  sporophyte,  the  wall  of  the  venter  of  the  archegoniuin 
usually  developing  into  a  protective  cover,  or  calyptra,  which  is 
not  ruptured  until  the  sporophyte  is  nearly  mature.  Sporophyte 
(in  all  the  Bermuda  species)  differentiated  into  a  capsule  (spore- 
bearing  organ),  a  stalk  or  a  growing  region,  and  a  foot  (absorbing 
organ).  Capsule  consisting  of  a  wall  of  sterile  cells  and  a  spore- 
sac,  the  latter  sometimes  with  a  median  sterile  portion  (columella), 
dehiscing  irregularly  or  by  means  of  a  lid  or  of  longitudinal  splits; 
spore-sac  containing  spores  only  or  spores  and  elaters,  the  latter 
consisting  of  sterile  cells  often  elongated  and  usually  developing 
spiral  bands  of  thickening  on  their  walls. 

Gametophyte    a    thallus    or    leafy    shoot.      Chloroplasts    minute,    many    in    each    cell. 
Capsule  short,   spherical  to  oval,  without  a  columella,  borne  on  a   translucent 
stalk. 
Gametophyte  a  thick  and  fleshy  thallus,  usually  pale 
and    differentiated    into    distinct    tissues,    rarely 
deep   green    and   succulent ;    green    tissue   usually 
with    air-spaces.       Capsule    splitting    irregularly 

or  by  means  of  a  lid.  Order  1.  March.\nti.\les. 

Gametophyte  a  delicate  thallus  or  a  leafy  shoot ; 
tissue  differentiation  slight :  air-spaces  not 
present.     Capsule  splitting  into  four  longitudinal 

valves.  Order  2.  JcNGERii.v.NMALEs. 

Gametophyte  a  thick  and  fleshy  thallus,  dark  green 
and  succulent,  tissue  differentiation  slight.  Chloro- 
plasts large,  borne  singly.  Capsule  long,  cylindrical, 
with  a  basal  growing  region,  splitting  into  two  longi- 
tudinal valves.  Order  3.  Anthocerot.\les. 

Order  1.     MARCHANTIALES. 

Gametophyte  a  prostrate,  strap-shaped,  clorsiventral  thaUus,  growing 
apically,  branching  dichotomonsly  or  from  the  ventral  surface  of  the 
median  portion,  and  showing  a  distinct  differentiation  into  tissues,  the 
green  tissue  usually  with  air-spaces.  Ventral  scales  more  or  less  distinct. 
Rhizoids  of  two  kinds,  the  one  with  smooth  walls,  the  other  with  tuberculate 
walls.  Antheridia  in  deep  depressions  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  thallus, 
sometimes  scattered,  sometimes  grouped  together  in  more  or  less  definite, 
sessile  or  stalked,  receptacles.  Archegonia  similar  in  position  but,  when 
borne  on  stalked  receptacles  (carpocephala),  becoming  displaced  to  the 
lower  surface  through  intercalary  growth.  Sporophyte  (in  all  the  Ber- 
muda species)  differentiated  into  capsule,  stalk,  and  foot;  elaters  (or  other 
sterile  cells)  usually  present  in  the  capsule. 

Family  1.     MARCHANTIACEAE. 

Marchantia  Family. 

Thallus  (except  in  Dumortiera)  with  a  distinct  dorsal  layer  of  air- 
chambers,  communicating  with  the  outside  air  by  means  of  epidennal 
pores.  Ventral  scales  in  two  (or  more)  longitudinal  rows.  Antheridia 
and  archegonia  borne   on   more   or   less   definite   receptacles;    antheridial 

30 


450 


MARCHANTIACEAE. 


receptacles  discoid,  sessile  or  stalked;  carpocephala  discoid,  invariably 
stalked,  the  stalk  sometimes  with  one  or  two  rhizoid-furrows.  Sporophyte 
differentiated  into  a  capsule,  stalk  and  foot,  the  capsule  forced  through  the 
eah^ptra  at  maturity  by  the  elongating  stalk  and  dehiscing  irregularly  or 
by  means  of  a  more  or  less  distinct  lid;  elaters  present  in  the  capsule. 
Gemmae  discoid,  present  in  two  genera.  About  25  genera  and  200  species, 
widely  distributed,  especially  in  warm  regions. 

Air-chambers  and  epidermal  pores   (visible  with  a  lens)   present. 

Boundaries  of  air-chambers  indistinct ;  gemmae  never  present.  1.  RebouUa. 
Boundaries  of  air-chambers  distinct ;  gemmae  usually  present. 

Gemmae  in  crescentic  conceptacles.  2.  Lnniilaria. 

Gemmae  in  circular  conceptacles.  4.  Marchantia. 

Air-chambers  and  epidermal  pores  not  present.  3.  Dumortiera. 

1.  REBOULIA  Eaddi. 
Thallus  branching  dichotomously  or  innovating  at  the  apex  and  thus 
appearing  jointed.  Air-chambers  with  indistinct  boundaries,  arranged  in 
several  layers  and  separated  from  one  another  by  plates  of  green  cells  with 
occasional  perforations;  epidermal  pores  bounded  by  several  concentric  rows 
of  cells  in  a  single  layer,  arranged  in  distinct  radiating  series,  not  opening 
into  all  the  air-chambers.  Ventral  scales  pigmented,  divided  into  a  basal 
portion  and  one  to  three  appendages.  Antheridial  receptacle  oval  to  semi- 
lunar, sessile,  surrounded  by  a  deep  groove  and  by  a  series  of  narrow  scales. 
Carpocephalum  arising  from  the  extremity  of  a  thallus-branch,  hemispherical 
and  bluntly  lobed,  the  long  stalk  with  a  single  rhizoid-furrow;  arehegonia  five 
to  eight  (mostly  six  or  seven),  arranged  peripherally  under  the  lobes;  in- 
volucre (around  each  archegonium  or  young  sporophyte)  consisting  of  two 
overlapping  longitudinal  folds  with  entire  margins;  pseudoperianth  none. 
Capsule  with  a  very  rudimentary  lid;  cells  of  wall  destitute  of  ring-like  thick- 
enings.    [Commemorates   Eugene    de   Eeboul,   a   French   botanist.]     A   mono- 

typic  genus.  -^^       /rx 

/.;*.>.      /^«  2   Reboulia      hemisphaerica       (L.) 

Raddi.  Eeboulia.  (Fig.  495.)  Thallus 
pale  green,  varying  to  purple,  about  5" 
wide  and  l'-2'  long,  more  or  less  crispate 
along  the  margin.  Appendages  of  ven- 
tral scales  usually  two,  narrowly  lanceo- 
late, composed  of  elongated  cells;  in- 
florescence dioecious  or  monoecious; 
antheridial  receptacle  terminal  on  a  thal- 
lus-branch or,  in  monoecious  plants,  some- 
times borne  immediately  behind  a  female 
receptacle;  spores  yellow  at  maturity, 
about  60  fi  in  diameter,  the  surface  loosely 
and  irregularly  reticulate  and  finely  ver- 
ruculose ;  elaters  usually  with  two  yellow 
bands  of  thickening.  [Marchantia  hemi- 
sphaerica L.] 

On  stone  walls  and  along  roadsides. 
The  commonest  thalloid  liverwort  on  the 
island ;  almost  cosmopolitan  in  its  distri- 
bution. 


MARCHANTIACEAE. 


451 


2.  LUNUIiARIA  Adans. 
Thallus  branching  dichotomoiisly  or  innovating  at  the  apex  and  thus  ap- 
pearing jointed.  Air-chambers  ^vith  distinct  boundaries,  forming  a  single  layer; 
green  cells  in  short,  simple  or  branched  filaments  rising  from  the  tloors  of  the 
chambers,  each  filament  two  or  three  cells  long;  epidermal  pores  bounded  by 
several  concentric  rows  of  cells  in  a  single  layer,  arranged  in  distinct  radiating 
series,  opening  into  all  the  air-chambers.  Ventral  scales  delicate  and  colorless, 
divided  into  a  basal  portion  and  an  appendage.  Antheridial  receptacle  as  in 
EehouUa.  Carpocephalum  arising  from  the  extremity  of  a  thallus-branch, 
composed  of  a  small  central  portion,  from  which  four  tubular  bilabiate  invo- 
lucres, each  with  one  or  rarely  two  archegonia  (or  sporophytes),  diverge  hori- 
zontally, the  long  stalk  destitute  of  rhizoid-furrows;  pseudoperianth  none. 
Capsule  with  a  distinct  lid,  the  lower  portion  splitting  irregularly  into  from 
four  to  eight  teeth;  cells  of  wall  destitute  of  ring-like  thickenings.  Gemmae 
discoid,  several  cells  thick  in  the  middle  and  with  two  growing  points,  borne 
in  crescentic  conceptacles.  [Latin,  lunula,  a  little  moon.]  A  monotypic 
genus. 

1.  Lunularia  cruciata  (L.)  Dumort.  Lu- 
NULARIA.  (Fig.  496.)-  Thallus  light  green, 
becoming  brownish  yellow  with  age,  not  pig- 
mented with  purple,  mostly  2^"-5"  wide  and 
V-V  long,  more  or  less  sinuate  along  the  hya- 
line margin.  Appendages  of  ventral  scales 
orbicular;  inflorescence  dioecious;  antheridial 
receptacle  terminal  on  a  thallus  branch;  spores 
yellowish  brown,  15-20 /a  in  diameter,  smooth; 
elaters  usually  with  two  yellowish  brown  bands 
of  thickening.     [Marchantia  cruciata  L.J 

On  earth  at  base  of  walls,  Hamilton,  M.  A. 
Howe.  Probably  introduced.  The  species  is 
native  to  the  Mediterranean  region  but  is  now 
naturalized  in  many  parts  of  the  world,  especially 
in  gardens  and  greenhouses.  It  is  rarely  fertile 
but  usually  produces  the  characteristic  gemmae- 
conceptacles. 


3.  DUMORTIERA  Eeinw.  Bl.  &  Nees. 
Thallus  branching  dichotomously  or  innovating  at  the  apex,  destitute  of 
air-chambers  and  epidermal  pores.  Ventral  scales  rudimentary  and  short- 
lived. Antheridial  receptacles  oval  or  circular,  terminal  on  a  thallus-branch, 
surrounded  by  bristle-like  hairs  and  borne  on  a  very  short  stalk  with  two 
rhizoid-furrows.  Carpocephalum  arising  from  the  extremity  of  a  thallus- 
branch,  bearing  a  few  scattered  bristle-like  hairs  on  the  upper  surface,  convex 
in  the  middle  and  with  six  to  ten  blunt  lobes,  the  long  stalk  with  two  rhizoid- 
furrows;  archegonia  (and  sporophytes)  borne  singly  under  the  lobes,  each  in 
a  tubular,  horizontal  involucre  extending  beyond  the  lobe  and  opening  by  a 
small  apical  slit ;  pseudoperianth  none.     Capsule  with  a  distinct  lid,  the  lower 


452 


MABCHANTIACEAE. 


portion  splitting  irregularly  into  from  four  to  eight  teeth;  cells  of  wall  with 
numerous  ring-like  thickenings.  [Commemorates  B.  C.  Dumortier,  born  1797, 
a  student  of  Hepaticae.]  Three  recognized  species,  especially  of  tropical 
regions,  the  following  typical. 


1.  Dumortiera  hirsuta  (Sw.) 
Eeinw.  Bl.  &:  Nees.  Dtjmortiera. 
(Fig.  497.)  Thallus  dark  green, 
mostly  4"-10"  w^ide  and  2'-4'  long, 
flat,  slightly  undulate  along  the  mar- 
gin. Inflorescence  dioecious;  spores 
brownish,  22-30  fi  in  diameter,  thickly 
tuberculate  or  papillose.  [MarcJiantia 
hirsuta  Sw.] 

On  wet  rocks.  Originally  collected 
by  Moseley.  Church  Cave,  E.  G.  Brit- 
ton,  M.  A.  Hoice.  A  large  species,  re- 
stricted to  very  wet  localities.  Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  regions ;  also  in 
western  and  southern  Europe  and  in  the 
eastern  United  States. 


4.  MARCHANTIA  L. 
Thallus  branching  dichotomously.  Air-chambers  with  distinct  boundaries, 
forming  a  single  layer;  green  cells  in  short,  simple  or  branched  filaments  rising 
from  the  floors  of  the  chambers,  the  filaments  mostly  three  or  four  cells  long; 
epidermal  pores  bounded  by  several  superimposed  layers,  each  usually  com- 
posed of  four  cells.  Ventral  scales  variable,  some  divided  into  a  basal 
portion  and  an  appendage.  Inflorescence  dioecious.  Antheridial  receptacle 
terminal  on  a  thallus-branch,  flat  or  slightly  convex,  more  or  less  lobed,  borne 
on  a  somewhat  elongated  stalk  with,  two  rhizoid-furrows.  Carpocephalum 
arising  from  the  extremity  of  a  thallus-branch,  composed  of  a  flat  or  convex 
central  portion  from  which  four  to  ten  lobes  radiate,  often  unsymmetrically, 
the  lobes  flat  or  grooved  underneath;  stalk  with  two  rhizoid-furrows;  arche- 
gonia  (and  sporophytes)  in  radiating  groups  between  the  lobes,  each  group 
enclosed  by  a  membranous  involucre  consisting  of  two  folds  with  fringed 
margins;  pseudoperianth  (around  each  sporophyte)  tubular,  membranous,  with 
an  open,  irregularly  cleft  mouth.  Capsule  without  a  lid,  splitting  into  from 
four  to  eight  irregular  teeth;  cells  of  wall  with  ring-like  thickenings.  Gemmae 
like  those  of  Lunularia,  borne  In  circular,  cup-like  conceptacles.  [In  honor  of 
Nicolas  Marchant,  director  of  the  ducal  garden  at  Blois,  died  1678.]  About 
50  species,  mostly  tropical,  the  following  typical. 


MARCHANTIACEAE. 


453 


1.  Marchantia  polymorpha 

L.  Marchantia.  (Fig.  498.) 
Thallus  deep  green,  often 
darker  in  the  median  portion, 
mostly  5"-10"  broad  and  2-8' 
long,  flat  or  slightly  furrowed, 
sinuate  along  the  margin.  Ven- 
tral scales  hyaline  or  pale 
brownish,  in  three  longitudinal 
rows  on  each  side  of  the  middle, 
those  of  the  innermost  row  with 
cordate  appendages,  the  others 
without  appendages ;  antheridial 
receptacle  with  eight  short 
rounded  lobes;  carpocephalum- 
deeply  lobed,  the  lobes  mostly 
nine,  cylindrical  on  account  of 
the  revolute  margins;  spores 
spherical,  10-12  ix  in  diameter, 
yellow,  densely  and  minutely 
papillose;  elaters  usually  with 
two  yellow  bands  of  thicken- 
ing; gemmae-conceptacles  with 
a  lobed  margin,  the  lobes 
spinose-ciliate. 

On   walls   and   on   moist   soil. 
A  cosmopolitan  species,  known  in  Bermuda  from  a  single  collection      made  by  Miss 
L.  DeP.  Haynes. 

Order  2.     JUNGERMANNIALES. 

Gametophyte  a  prostrate,  strap-shaped,  dorsiventral  thallus  or  more 
or  less  clearly  differentiated  into  stem  and  leaves,  showing  slight  tissue 
differentiation,  destitute  of  air-spaces.  Rhizoids  all  with  smooth  walls. 
Antheridia  in  deep  depressions  or  superficial  and  usually  protected  by 
scales  or  leaves,  sometimes  scattered,  sometimes  grouped  together  in  more 
or  less  definite  receptacles  or  androecia.  Archegonia  superficial  but  usually 
more  or  less  protected  by  scales  or  leaves.  Sporophyte  differentiated  into 
capsule,  stalk,  and  foot,  the  capsule  splitting  irregularly  at  maturity  or 
more  commonly  into  four  equal  valves;  elaters  always  present. 

Gametophyte  always  a  thallus    (in  Bermuda  genera)  ;   archegonia  not  terminal   and 

often  not  stopping  the  growth  of  the  archegonial  branch. 

Fam.  1.  Metzgeriaceae. 
Gametophyte    diflferentiated    into    stem    and    leaves ; 

archegonia  terminal  and  stopping  the  growth  of  the 

archegonial  branch.  Fam.   2.  .Tungermanniaceae. 


Family  1.     METZGERIACEAE. 

Metzgeria  Faimily. 

Thallus  with  lateral  or  ventral  branches  or  apparently  dichotomous, 
composed  of  similar  cells  throughout  or  with  a  distinct  median  strand 
of  elongated  cells.  Antheridia  borne  on  the  upper  surface  of  ordinary 
thallus-branches  or  of  short,  more  or  less  specialized  branches,  situated 
in  depressions  or  superficial,  in  the  latter  case  often  protected  by  scales. 


454 


METZGEKIACEAE. 


Archeg-onia  superficial,  borne  on  the  upper  surface  of  ordinary  tballus- 
branches  or  of  short,  more  or  less  specialized  branches,  often  protected  by 
scales  and  sometimes  by  tubular  pseudoperianths.  About  25  genera  and 
350  species,  most  abundant  in  trojiical  regions. 

Thallus  not  developing  a  median  strand  of  elongated  cells.  1.  Riccardia. 

Thallus  developing  a  distinct  median  strand  of  elongated  cells. 

Thallus     apparently     dichotomous,     antheridia     and     archegonia 


borne  on  short  ventral  branches. 


Thallus  branching  usually  by  adventive  ventral   branches,  some- 
times apparently  dichotomous  ;  antheridia  and  archegonia  borne 


2.   Metzgeria. 


on   ordinary   thallus-branches. 


3.  Pallavicinia. 


1.     RICCAKDIA  S.  F.  Grayr 

Thallus  dark  green,  linear,  vrith  distinct  lateral  branches,  the  latter  some- 
times perpendicular  to  the  substratum,  composed  of  parenchyma  with  little 
differentiation.  Antheridia  borne  in  two  rows  on  short  branches  with  involute 
and  often  crenulate  or  dentate  margins.  Archegonia  borne  in  irregular  clus- 
ters on  short  branches,  surrounded  by  irregular  and  minute,  scale-like  or  fila- 
mentous structures.  Calyptra  fleshy,  carrying  up  on  its  surface  some  of  the  pro- 
tective structures,  together  with  the  unfertilized  archegonia.  Pseudoperianth 
none.  Capsule  oval,  the  wall  splitting  into  four  equal  valves  two  cells  thick, 
some  or  all  of  the  cells  with  ring-like  thickenings.  Elaters  usually  with  a  single 
band  of  thickening,  remaining  attached  to  the  free  tips  of  the  valves.  Gemmae 
oval,  mostly  two-celled,  formed  directly  from  the  protoplasmic  contents  of 
superficial  thallus-cells.  [Probably  in  honor  of  F.  Eiccardi,  an  Italian  marquis.] 
About  150  species,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:  B.  multifida  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray. 

Thallus  irregularly  pinnate  or  palmate,  the  margins  opaque  and  entire.   1.  R.  latifrons. 
Thallus    regularly    bipinnate    or    tripinnate    when    well    developed, 

the  margins  translucent  and  often  crenulate.  2.  B.  multifida. 


1.  Riccardia  latifrons  Lindb. 
Broad  Eiccardia.  (Fig.  499.) 
Thallus  mostly  2"-5"  long,  irregu- 
larly pinnate  or  palmate,  the 
branches  mostly  V'-l"  wide,  often 
broadening  out  from  a  narrow 
base,  opaque,  thinning  out  to  an 
entire  margin  one  cell  thick  and 
one  cell  wide.  Inflorescence  autoe- 
cious ;  ring-like  thickenings  present 
in  inner  layer  of  capsule  wall,  ab- 
sent (or  nearly  so)  from  outer 
layer. 

On  roots  of  plants  and  on  the 
ground  in  swamps.  Devonshire 
Marsh.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America. 


METZGERIACKAE. 


465 


2.  Riccardia  multifida  (L.)  S.  F.  Gray. 
Cleft  Eiccardia.  (Fig.  500.)  Thallus 
mostly  5"-15"  long,  regularly  bipinnate  or 
tripinnate,  the  branches  about  5"  wide, 
uniform  in  width  or  slightly  tapering  toward 
the  apex,  thinning  out  to  a  crenulate  margin 
one  cell  thick  and  two  or  three  cells  wide. 
Inflorescence  autoecious;  ring-like  thicken- 
ings present  in  outer  layer  of  capsule  wall, 
absent  from  inner  layer.  [Jungermannia 
multifida  L.] 

On  moist  soil  in  swamps.  Devonshire  and 
Paget  marshes.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America. 

2.  METZGERIA  Baddi. 
Thallus  pale  green,  linear,  apparently 
regularly  dichotomous,  composed  of  a  median 
strand  of  elongated  cells  surrounded  by  a 
single  layer  of  enlarged  cortical  cells  and 
bounded  on  each  side  by  a  broad  wing  one 
cell  thick;  unicellular  hairs  usually  present. 
Antheridia  borne  on  short  ventral  circinate 

branches  with  involute  margins  and  distinct  midribs.  Archegonia  borne  on 
short  ventral  branches  without  a  distinct  midrib.  Calyptra  obovoid  or  clavate 
with  numerous  hairs.  Pseudoperianth  none.  Capsule  spherical,  the  wall 
splitting  into  four  equal  valves  two  cells  thick,  their  walls  without  ring-like 
thickenings.     Elaters   usually    with    a    single    band    of    thickening,    remaining 

attached  to  the  free  tips  of  the  valves. 
Gemmae  discoid,  with  or  without  mid- 
ribs, borne  on  the  margin  or  upper  surface 
of  the  thallus.  [Commemorates  .Johann 
Metzger,  German  horticulturist.]  About  75 
species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  M. 
furcaia   (L.)    Dumort. 

1.  Metzgeria  conjugata  Lindb.  Metz- 
GERIA.  (Fig.  501.)  Growing  in  depressed 
mats,  green,  varying  to  yellowish  green. 
Thallus  about  1"  wide  and  10"-15"  long, 
repeatedly  forking,  plane  or  somewhat  con- 
vex, the  midrib  bounded  above  by  two 
longitudinal  rows  of  cortical  cells,  below 
by  four;  hairs  borne  on  the  margin,  the 
lower  surface  of  the  midrib,  and  (occa- 
sionally) the  lower  surface  of  the  wings, 
the  marginal  hairs  usually  in  pairs;  intlo- 
rescence  autoecious;  gemmae  apparently 
none. 

On  rocks.  Thurch  Pave  and  WalsinRham. 
Almost  cosmopolitan.  The  Bermuda  specimens 
are  sterile  and  not  quite  characteristic,  and 
their  reference  to  the  present  species  is  there- 
fore doubtful. 


456 


METZGEEIACEAE. 


3.     PAIiLAVICINIA  S.   F.   Gray. 

Thallus  pale  to  dark  green,  forking  or  with  ventral  adventive  branches, 
consisting  of  a  thickened  median  portion,  or  midrib,  with  a  central  strand  of 
elongated  cells  and  two  broad  lateral  wings  one  cell  thick  except  toward  the 
midrib;  unicellular  hairs  lacking  and  margin  entire.  Antheridia  in  an 
elongated  median  group,  protected  by  imbricated  toothed  scales.     Archegonia 

in  a  circular  median  cluster,  surrounded  by 
variously  toothed  and  more  or  less  coalescent 
scales.  Pseudoperianth  tubular,  ciliate  or 
lacerate  at  the  mouth.  Capsule  elongated, 
oval,  the  wall  splitting  into  from  two  to  four 
valves,  two  to  six  cells  thick;  ring-like  thick- 
enings none.  Elaters  with  two  or  three  bands 
of  thickening,  free  from  the  valves.  [Probably 
in  honor  of  Ji.  Pallavicini,  Archbishop  of 
Genoa.]  About  25  species,  mostly  tropical 
and  subtropical.     The  following  typical. 

1.  Pallavicinia  Lyellii  (Hook.)  S.  F. 
Gray.  Lyell's  Pallavicinia.  (Fig.  502.) 
Growing  in  irregular  mats  or  scattered  among 
other  plants.  Thallus  almost  always  with 
ventral  branches  rapidly  broadening  out  from 
a  stalk-like  base,  mostly  2"-2J"  wide  and  10"- 
20"  long,  flat  or  slightly  crispate  along  the 
margins;  inflorescence  dioecious;  spores  mostly 
20-24 /x  in  diameter,  the  surface  finely  reticu- 
lated.     [Jungej-mannia  Lyellii  Hook.] 

On  moist  soil,  sometimes  submersed.  Devon- 
shire and  Paget  Marshes.  Widely  distributed, 
especially  in  tropical  regions. 


Family  2.     JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 

JuXGERilAXXIA   FaMILY. 

Plant  body  usually  prostrate  or  ascending,  dorsiventral ;  branches 
lateral  or  ventral;  leaves  normally  in  three  longitudinal  ranks,  two  dorsal 
or  lateral  and  one  ventral,  those  of  the  ventral  rank  (the  underleaves) 
smaller  than  the  others  and  sometimes  absent  altogether.  Antheridia  borne 
singly  or  in  small  groups  in  the  axils  of  more  or  less  specialized  leaves, 
the  perigonial  bracts.  Archegonia  borne  singly  or  in  groups  at  the  tips 
of  branches,  surrounded  by  specialized  leaves,  the  perichaetial  bracts  and 
bracteoles.  Perianth  present  in  many  genera,  consisting  of  a  cylindrical 
or  prismatic  tube  open  at  the  apex.  Capsule  spherical  to  cylindrical. 
About  150  genera  and  some  4000  species,  widely  distributed,  most  abun- 
dant in  tropical  regions. 

A.  Leaves  plane  or  nearly  so,  undivided  or  more  or  less  deeply  bifid  with  broad  lobes, 
1.  Leaves  succubous. 
Leaves  undivided. 

Leaves  ciliate.  1.   Plagiochila. 

Leaves  entire.  4.   Odontoschisma. 


J  UNGERMANNIACEAE. 


457 


Leaves  bifid. 

Leaf-cells     large,    measuring    3<>-d<)^    in    diameter; 

plants  pale  green. 
Leaf-cells    minute,    measuring    20/^    in    diameter   or 
less  ;  plants  dark  green  or  reddish. 
2.  Leaves  incubous,  undivided  or  sliglitly  bifid. 

B.  Leaves  deeply  divided  into  hair-like  lobes. 


2.  Cephalozia. 

3.  CephulozirUa. 

5.  CalyiJOfjriiJ. 

6.  Telaranca. 


Leaves  deeply  bilobed  and  complicate,  the  ventral  lobe,  or 
lobule,  smaller  than  the  dorsal  and  usually  specialized  as 
an  inflated  water-sac. 

1.  Underleaves  none. 

Plants  large,  perianth  flattened  and  with  a  broad  trun- 
cate mouth.  7.   Radula. 
Plants  minute,  perianth  abruptly  contracted  to  a  small 
tubular  mouth. 
Perianth  inflated,  five-keeled.  8. 
Perianth  flattened,  the  two  lateral  keels  sharp  and 
distinct.                                                                                   9. 

2.  Underleaves  present. 
Lobule  inflated  but  not  helmet-shaped,  attached  to  the 

dorsal  lobe  by  a  long  keel. 
Margin  of  dorsal  lobe  entire  or  nearly  so. 
Perianth  inflated,  sharply  five-keeled. 

Plants  pale  green  and  delicate.  10. 

Plants  yellowish  green  and  firm.  12. 

Perianth  flattened,  the  two  lateral  keels  sharp.       11. 
Margin    of    dorsal    lobe    crenulate    from    projecting 
cells.  13. 

Lobule  normally  inflated,  helmet-shaped,  with  a  stalk- 
like base,  keel  usually  very  short. 
Subfloral  innovations   (borne  just  behind  the  inner- 
most perichaetial  bracts)   present.  14. 
Subfloral  innovations  absent.                                              15. 


Cololcjrunra. 
Leptocolea. 


Lejcunea. 

Euo-smolejeunca. 

Rcctohjeunca. 

Crossotolcjcunea. 


Jubula. 
Frullania. 


1.  PLAGIOCHILA  Dumort. 
Steins  ascending  from  a  prostrate  rhizome,  simple  or  with  lateral  branches. 
Leaves  succubous,  undivided,  decurrent  dorsally  and  ventrally,  the  margin 
varying  from  entire  to  ciliate  or  spinose.  Underleaves  usually  minute  and 
short-lived.  Inflorescence  dioecious.  Antheridia  from  one  to  ten  in  the  axils 
of  bracts  saccate  at  the  base,  the  bracts 
imbricated  and  usually  arranged  in  elon- 
gated androecia  often  proliferating  at 
the  apex.  Perichaetial  bracts  similar  to 
the  leaves  but  often  broader  and  more 
toothed.  Perianth  laterally  compressed, 
the  mouth  broad,  truncate,  and  variously 
dentate  to  ciliate.  [Greek,  oblique  lip.] 
Some  800  species  or  more,  mostly  tropical. 
Type  species:  P.  asplenioides  (L.)  Dumort. 

1,  Plagiochila  Smallii  Evans. 
Small's  Plagiochila.  (Fig.  503.) 
Loosely  tufted,  usually  dark  green. 
Stems  sparingly  and  irregularly 
branched.  Leaves  obliquely  spreading, 
distant,  the  largest  about  1^"  long  and 
Y'  wide,  narrowly  ovate  to  ligulate, 
truncate  at  the  apex,  sharply  6-12- 
toothed;  perianth  campanulate,  sharply 
spinose-ciliate  at  the  mouth. 

On  moist  rocks.  Paynter's  Hill  and 
Paynter's  Vale.  Known  also  from  tropical 
Florida. 


458 


JUNGEEMANNIACEAE. 


2.  CEPHALOZIA  Dumort. 
Stems  sparingly  and  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  almost  always 
ventral,  sometimes  flagelliform.  Leaves  succubous,  obliquely  attached  and 
often  decurrent,  two-lobed.  Leaf-cells  large  (mostly  30-50 /i  in  diameter)  and 
transparent,  mostly  with  thin  walls.  Underleaves  minute  or  none.  Antheridia 
borne  singly  in  the  axils  of  more  or  less  saccate  bracts,  the  latter  imbricated, 
forming  androecia  variable  in  length  and  rarely  proliferating.  Archegonia 
usually  borne  on  short  ventral  branches.  Bracts  and  bracteoles  similar,  larger 
than  the  leaves,  variously  deft  or  lobed.     Perianth  triangular-prismatic  with 

one  keel  ventral,  the  mouth  constricted,  crenu- 
late  to  ciliate.  Gemmae  unicellular  or  bicellu- 
lar.  [Greek,  twig-headed.]  Species  about  60, 
mostly  of  temperate  regions.  Type  species; 
C.  hicuspidata   (L.)   Dumort. 

1.  Cephalozia  connivens  (Dicks.)  Lindb. 
Cephalozi.a.  (Fig.  504.)  Plants  pale  green, 
growing  in  depressed  mats.  Stems  bounded 
by  a  layer  of  large  cells;  leaves  loosely  ar- 
ranged on  the  stem,  almost  longitudinally  at- 
tached, orbicular,  bifid  one  half  or  less  with 
acute  connivent  lobes  and  a  rounded  sinus, 
leaf-cells  large,  about  50  /x  in  diameter ;  under- 
leaves none;  inflorescence  autoecious;  androe- 
cium  occupying  a  small  ventral  branch,  not 
proliferating;  archegonia  borne  on  a  small 
ventral  branch;  bracts  deeply  and  irregularly 
3-5-cleft  with  narrow  entire  acuminate  lobes; 
braeteole  bifid  with  similar  lobes,  more  or  less 
coalescent  with  the  bracts;  mouth  of  perianth 
long-ciliate.      [Jungermannia  connivens  Dicks.] 

On  moist  soil.  First  collected  by  Moseley. 
Devonshire  Marsh.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America. 


3.  CEPHAIiOZIEIiLA  [Spruce]  Schifen, 
Plants  very  small.  Stems  sparingly  and  irregularly  branched,  the 
branches  ventral  or  lateral,  never  flagelliform.  Leaves  almost  transversely 
inserted  and  often  somewhat  channeled,  two-lobed.  Leaf-cells  small  (mostly 
12-20 /tt  in  diameter),  often  with  thickened  and  pigmented  walls.  Underleaves 
sometimes  present.  Antheridia  borne  singly  in  the  axils  of  the  bracts,  the 
latter  similar  to  the  leaves  or  somewhat  specialized,  imbricated,  forming  more 
or  less  distinct  androecia  of  varying  length,  sometimes  proliferating.  Arche- 
gonia usually  borne  on  elongated  branches,  rarely  on  short  ventral  branches. 
Bracts  and  bracteoles  similar,  larger  than  the  leaves,  more  or  less  connate, 
v'ariously  lobed  or  cleft,  the  divisions  often  dentate.  Perianth  prismatic  with 
from  three  to  six  angles,  elongated,  the  mouth  contracted,  crenulate  or  dentate. 
Gemmae  unicellular  or  bieellular.  [Diminutive  of  Cephalozia.]  About  50 
species,  mostly  of  temperate  regions,  the  following  typical. 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 


459 


1.  Cephaloziella  byssacea  (Roth)  Warnst,  Cephaloziella. 
(Figt  505.)  P'lants  green,  often  more  or  less  pigmented  with 
reddish  or  purplish,  growing  in  more  or  less  compact  mats  or  mixed 
with  other  plants.  Leaves  distant  to  subimbricated,  quadrate, 
divided  to  the  middle  or  beyond  into  two  ovate-lanceolate,  mostly 
acute  divisions,  entire;  leaf-cells  10-15  ju  in  diameter,  slightly  or 
not  at  all  thickened;  underleaves  usually  distinct,  lanceolate  to 
ovate,  sometimes  shortly  bifid;  inflorescence  dioecious;  androecia 
composed  of  from  six  to  twelve  pairs  of  imbricated  bracts,  often 
proliferating;  archegonia  borne  on  an  elongated  branch;  bracts 
and  bracteole  bifid  with  sharply  dentate  lobes,  more  or  less  coales- 
cent;  mouth  of  perianth  crenulate.  IJungermannia  byssacea 
Roth.] 

On  moist  soil,  Devonshire  Marsh.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe, 
Asia,  and  North  America.  The  Bermuda  specimens  are  in  poor  condi- 
tion and  are  doubtfully  referred  to  the  present  species.  They  have 
already  been  listed  from  Bermuda  as  Ccphaloziu  divaricuta  (Sm.) 
Dumort.,  a  synonym  of  CephalozicUa  hyssacea. 

4.  ODONTOSCHISMA  Dumort. 
Stems  prostrate,  sparingly  and  irregularly  branched,  the 
branches  lateral  or  ventral,  often  flagelliform.  Leaves  succubous, 
obliquely  attached,  undiv^ided,  entire,  and  usually  rounded  or 
truncate  at  the  apex.  Leaf-cells  usually  with  more  or  less  thick- 
ened walls.  Underleaves  present  but  often  minute  and  short- 
lived. Antheridia  borne  in  the  axils  of  imbricated  and  bifid 
bracts,  the  latter  forming  androecia  of  variable  length,  not  pro- 
liferating. Archegonia  borne  on  short  ventral  branches,  the  ter- 
minal portion  swelling  after  fertilization.  Bracts  and  bracteoles  similar, 
usually  bifid,  not  coalescent.  Perianth  triangular-prismatic  with  one  keel 
ventral,  the  mouth  subcrenulate  to  ciliate,  constricted,  irregularly  sinuate  or 
lobed.  Gemmae  unicellular  or  bicellular.  [Greek,  split  tooth.]  Species  about 
'25,  largely  tropical.     Type  species:   0.  Sphagni   (Dicks.)   Dumort. 

1,  Odontoschisma  prostratum  (Sw.)  Trevis. 
Prostrate  Odoxtosciitsima.  (Fig.  506.)  Plants 
pale  green,  often  more  or  less  pigmented  with 
brownish,  growing  in  depressed  mats  or  creeping 
among  other  plants;  branches  all  ventral,  some  of 
them  flagelliform.  Leaves  distant  to  loosely  imbri- 
cated, orbicular  to  oblong,  about  V'  long,  median 
leaf -cells  about  20  ^  in  diameter,  thin-walled  but 
with  distinct  trigones;  marginal  cells  (in  from 
one  to  four  rows)  forming  a  distinct  border  ^ith 
walls  uniformly  thickened;  underleaves  minute; 
perichaetial  bracts  and  bracteoles  bifid  about  one 
half  with  Flender  acuminate  and  subentire  lobes; 
mouth  of  perianth  entire  to  short-setulose.  [Jun- 
germannia  prostrata  Sw.] 

On  moist  soil,  Devonshire  and  Paget  Marshes. 
Widely  distributed  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida  : 
also  in  tropical  America.  Easily  distinguished  by  its 
succubous,  undivided  leaves. 


460 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 


5.     CAIiYPOGEIA  Raddi. 

Stems  prostrate,  sparingly  and  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  almost 
always  ventral  and  arising  in  the  axils  of  the  underleaves.  Leaves  incubous, 
obliquely  attached,  oblong  or  ovate,  undivided  or  bidentate  at  the  apex, 
entire  or  nearly  so.  Leaf-cells  mostly  delicate  and  thin-walled.  Underleaves 
large,  distant  to  imbricated,  orbicular  to  reniform,  rounded  at  the  apex  or 
more  or  less  bifid.  Antheridia  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  small 
and  delicate  saccate  bracts,  variously  toothed  at  the  apex,  the  bracts  forming 
short  ventral  androecia,  not  proliferating.  Archegonia  borne  on  short  ventral 
branches;  bracts  minute  and  irregularly  toothed  at  the  apex;  perianth  none; 
sporophyte  developed  within  a  fleshy  pendent  perigynium.  Capsule  cylindric, 
with  spirally  twisted  valves.  Gemmae  unicellular  or  bicellular.  [Greek,  earth- 
calyx.]     Species  about  50,  largely  tropical.     Type  species:  C.  fissa  (L.)  Raddi. 


1.  Calypogeia  fissa  (L.)  Raddi.  Cleft 
Calypogeia.  (Fig.  507.)  Plants  glaucous 
green,  translucent,  growing  in  depressed 
mats  or  creeping  among  other  plants.  Leaves 
loosely  imbricated,  broadly  ovate,  mostly 
about  1"  long,  the  apex  variable  but  usually 
shortly  bilobed  or  bidentate  with  rounded  to 
subacute  lobes  or  teeth  and  a  shallow 
rounded  sinus ;  leaf -cells  about  45  fi  in  diam- 
eter, thin-walled  and  usually  without  tri- 
gones; underleaves  distant,  broader  than 
long,  deeply  bifid  with  blunt  lobes,  each 
often  bearing  a  lobe-like  tooth  on  the  outer 
side.      [Mnium  fissum  L.] 

On  moist  soil,  Devonshire  Marsh,  E.  G. 
Britfon.  Europe ;  eastern  North  America  ; 
perhaps  Japan.  Distribution  incompletely 
known.  Previously  listed  from  Bermuda  as 
Kantia    Trichomanis     (L.)     S.    F,    Gray. 


6.     TELARANEA   Spruce. 

Plants  delicate  and  filmy.  Stems  prostrate,  sparingly  and  more  or  less 
pinnately  branching,  the  branches  mostly  lateral,  rarely  ventral,  never  flagelli- 
form.  Leaves  almost  transversely  attached,  divided  practically  to  the  base  into 
two  or  three  filiform  divisions,  each  composed  of  a  single  row  of  elongated  and 
thin-walled  cells.  Underleaves  much  smaller,  bifid  (or  trifid)  with  short 
incurved,  filiform  divisions.     Antheridia  borne  singly  in  the  axils  of  scarcely 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 


461 


modified  bracts,  the  latter  in  about  five  pairs,  occupying  the  whole  or  the  apex 
of  a  lateral  branch.  Archegonia  usually  borne  on  a  short  ventral  branch,  more 
rarely  at  the  apex  of  the  stem  or  an  elongated  lateral  or  ventral  branch. 
Bracts  and  bracteoles  similar,  deeply  3-5-parted,  with  a  low  basal  membrane 
and  narrov^'  subulate  divisions.  Perianth  terete  below,  obtusely  triangular 
toward  the  constricted  and  ciliate  mouth.  [Greek,  cobweb.]  Two  species,  the 
following  and  the  typical  T.  chaetophylla  Spruce. 


1.  Telaranea       nematodes 

(Gottsche)  M.  A.  Howe.  Tela- 
ranea. (Fig.  508.)  Plants 
pale  green,  forming  loose  tufts 
or  creeping  among  other  plants. 
Leaves  distant  to  imbricated, 
the  divisions  four  to  eight  cells 
long,  and  the  cells  mostly  twice 
to  four  times  as  long  as  broad; 
underleaves  bifid  or  trifid  with 
the  divisions  two  or  three  cells 
long;  inflorescence  autoecious. 
\^J ung er manni a  nematodes 
Gottsche.] 

On  moist  soil,  Devonshire 
Marsh,  M.  A.  Howe.  Long  Island 
to  Florida  and  Louisiana ;  trop- 
ical America  and  Africa. 


7.     RADUIiA  Dumort. 

Stems  prostrate  or  growing  from  a  prostrate  rhizome,  with  numerous  lat- 
eral branches  arising  just  behind  normal  leaves;  rhizoids  always  borne  on  the 
ventral  lobes  of  the  leaves.  Leaves  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  larger 
than  the  ventral,  ineubous,  usually  entire  and  often  rounded  at  the  apex;  ventral 
lobes  attached  to  the  dorsal  by  a  more  or  less  elongated  keel,  the  free  margin 
usually  appressed  to  the  dorsal  lobe.  Underleaves  none.  Antheridia  borne 
singly  or  in  groups  of  two  or  three  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  latter 
forming  more  or  less  elongated  androecia.  Archegonia  borne  on  more  or  less 
elongated  branches,  sometimes  with  subfloral  innovations;  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves.  Perianth  usually  dorsiventrally  compressed,  rarely  subterete  or  plicate, 
truncate  and  bilabiate  but  otherwise  entire  at  the  broad  mouth.  Gemmae,  when 
present,  discoid,  multicellular.  [Latin,  a  scraper  or  spatula.]  About  400 
species,  largely  tropical.     Type  species:  B.  complanata  (L.)  Dumort. 


462 


JUXGERMANNIACEAE. 


1.  Radula  pallens  (Sw.)  Du- 
mort.  Pale  Radula.  (Fig.  509.) 
Plants  dark  green,  often  brownish, 
growing  in  loose  tufts.  Stems 
loosely  and  irregularly  pinnate,  the 
female  plants  often  apparently 
dichotomous  on  account  of  subfloral 
innovations;  leaves  imbricated,  the 
dorsal  lobe  ovate-orbicular  and 
rounded  at  the  apex,  the  ventral 
lobe  trapezoidal,  attached  to  the 
stem  throughout  the  greater  part 
of  its  length,  the  apex  inflexecT, 
blunt;  inflorescence  dioecious; 
perianth  elongated,  clavate,  com- 
pressed. 

On  rocks,  Church  Cave,  Har- 
rington House,  Paynter's  Hill,  Payn- 
ter's  Vale  and  Walsingham.  Widely 
distributed  in  tropical  America,  es- 
pecially in  the  West  Indies. 


8.     COLOLEJEUNEA    [Spruce]    Schiffn. 

Stems  prostrate,  minute  and  delicate,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches 
as  in  Hadula;  rhizoids  arising  from  the  ventral  surface  of  the  stem.  Leaves 
complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  larger  than  the  ventral,  incubous,  attached 
by  a  very  narrow  base,  convex,  widely  spreading,  broadly  ovate  to  lanceolate, 
entire  to  erenulate  or  denticulate  from  projecting  cells;  lobule  inflated,  at- 
tached to  the  lobe  by  a  long  arched  keel,  usually  with  two  teeth  in  the  apical 
region;  leaf  cells  uniform,  often  highly  convex  or  tuberculate,  usually  thin- 
walled  and  without  trigones.  Underleaves  none.  Antheridia  borne  singly  or 
in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,,  the  latter  in  more  or  less  elongated 
androecia.  Archegonia  borne  singly  on  more  or  less  elongated  branches,  with 
one  or  two  subfloral  innovations,  the  bracts  with  plane  lobules.  Perianth 
inflated,  5-keeled,  abruptly  narrowed  to  a  more  or  less  distinct  tubular  beak. 
Gemmae  discoid,  borne  on  the  surface  of  the  leaves.  [Greek,  clipped  Lejeunea.] 
About  100  species,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:  C.  calcarea  (Lib.)   Schiffn. 


JUNGERMAXXIACEAE. 


463 


1.  Cololejeunea  minutissima  (Sm.)  Schiffn, 
Minute  Cololejeunea.  (Fig.  510.)  Plants 
yellowish  green,  varying  to  dark  green,  loosely 
tufted  or  scattered.  Leaves  distant  to  subim- 
bricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  spreading,  convex, 
ovate  to  snbrotiind,  about  lo"  long,  crenu- 
late,  rounded  to  very  obtuse  at  the  apex ;  lobule 
almost  as  long  as  the  lobe,  inflated,  with  two 
teeth  in  the  apical  region  when  well  developed 
but  often  rudimentary;  leaf -cells  thin-walled 
throughout;  inflorescence  autoecious;  perianth 
obovoid,  sharply  5-keeled  in  upper  part,  trun- 
cate or  rounded  at  the  apex  with  a  short  beak. 
[Jungermannia  minutissima  Sm.] 

On  trees,  Devonshire  Marsh,  Walsingham 
Caves,  and  Abbot's  Clififs.  Western  and  southern 
Europe  ;   South  Carolina  to  Florida  and  Texas. 


9.     LEPTOCOLEA    [Spruce]    Evans. 

Distinguished  primarily  from  Cololejeunea 
by  its  strongly  flattened  perianth  with  sharp 
lateral  keels.  Dorsal  lobe  of  the  leaves  usually 
rounded  at  apex;  leaf-cells  more  variable  than  in  Cololejeunea,  sometimes  with 
thickened  walls  and  distinct  trigones,  sometimes  differentiated  as  ocelli  or  as 
empty  and  hyaline  cells.  In  other  respects  agreeing  with  Cololejeunea.  [Greek, 
slender  sheath.]  About  30  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  L.  micran- 
droecia  (Spruce)   Evans. 

1.  Leptocolea  Jooriana  (Aust.)  E%^ns. 
Joor's  Leptocolea.  (Fig.  511.)  Yellowish 
green  or  whitish,  loosely  tufted  or  scattered. 
Leaves  imbricated,  the  dorsal  lobe  widely 
spreading,  plane,  ovate,  about  \"  long, 
gradually  narrowed  to  the  apex,  usually  bear- 
ing from  one  to  ten  hyaline  cells  with  free 
extremities;  lobule  about  half  as  long  as  !he 
lobe,  with  two  teeth  in  the  apical  region ; 
leaf-cells  with  slightly  thickened  walls  and 
indistinct  trigones;  inflorescence  paroecious 
or  synoecious;  perianth  ovate  to  obovate  in 
outline,  truncate  to  very  slightly  retuse  at 
the  apex  with  a  very  short  beak.  [Lejeunca 
Jooriana  Aust.] 

On  trees,  Taynter's  Hill  and  Devonshire 
Marsh.  M.  A.  Hone.  North  Carolina  to 
Florida  and  Louisiana  ;  Bahamas  ;   Porto  Rico. 


464 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 


10.     LEJEUNEA  Libert. 

iStems  prostrate,  small,  irregularly  branched,  the  branches  as  in  Badula; 
rhizoids  springing  from  the  bases  of  the  underleaves.  Leaves  complicate- 
bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  larger  than  the  ventral,  incubous,  attached  by  a  long, 
almost  longitudinal  line,  plane  or  convex,  widely  spreading,  ovate  to  obovate, 
rounded  to  obtuse  at  the  apex,  entire  or  slightly  crenulate;  lobule  when  well 
developed  inflated,  acute,  bearing  a  hyaline  papilla  at  the  base  of  the  apical 
tooth  on  the  side  next  to  the  stem;  leaf-cells  thin-walled  but  sometimes  with 
small  trigones.  Underleaves  ovate  to  orbicular,  bifid,  the  division  mostly  entire 
or  crenulate.  Antheridia  borne  singly  or  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts, 
the  latter  in  more  or  less  elongated  androecia.  Archegonia  borne  singly  on 
branches  variable  in  length  with  one  or  two  subfloral  innovations,  the  bracts 
with  plane  lobules,  bracteole  bifid.  Perianth  inflated,  5-keeled,  abruptly  nar- 
rowed to  a  distinct  tubular  beak.  [Commemorates  A.  L.  S.  Lejeune,  Belgian 
botanist.]  Nearly  200  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  L.  cavi folia 
(Ehrh.)   Lindb. 

1.  Lejeunea  minutiloba  Evans.  Small- 
LOBED  Lejeunea.  (Fig.  512.)  Bright  or 
pale  green,  loosely  tufted  or  mixed  with 
other  plants.  Leaves  contiguous  or  slightly 
imbricated,  the  lobe  ovate,  about  3"  long, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or  nearly  so; 
lobule  represented  by  a  minute,  basal  fold; 
leaf-cells  thin-walled,  with  scarcely  evident 
trigones ;  underleaves  distant,  orbicular,  bifid 
about  one  third  with  broad,  rounded  or 
bluntly  pointed  lobes  and  a  narrow  sinus, 
slightly  crenulate  on  the  margins;  inflores- 
cence autoecious ;  female  inflorescence  borne 
on  a  long  or  short  branch  with  a  single  inno- 
vation; bracts  shorter  than  the  leaves;  brac- 
teole sharply  bifid  with  obtuse  to  rounded 
divisions;  perianth  obovate  in  outline,  5- 
keeled  in  the  upper  part. 

On  stones,  rocks,  and  trees,  Church  Cave 
and  vicinity,  1900,  M.  A.  Howe  7;  1908,  8. 
Brown,  50!,,  505  \  1912,  E.  a.  Britton  1088: 
Walsingham,  1900,  M.  A.  Hone  3;  1905.  E.  G. 
Britton  2S6 ;  Tuckerstown,  1905,  E.  O.  Britton 
323:  1908.  8.  Brown  516:  Abbot's  Cliff,  1912, 
1913,  E.  G.  Britton  8S8,  931,  932  (in  part),  933, 
1867:  without  definite  locality,  1908,  S.  Brown 
559a.  West  Indies.  Previously  listed  from 
Bermuda  as  L.  glaucescens  Gottsche. 


11,     RECTOLEJEUNEA  Evans. 

Differs  primarily  from  Lejeunea  in  its  flattened  perianth  with  sharp 
lateral  keels.  Dorsal  lobes,  lobules  and  underleaves  similar,  but  the  lobes 
commonly   broader;    ocelli    sometimes   present    among    the    leaf-cells.      [Greek, 


JUXGERMAXNIACEAE. 


465 


fragile    Lejeunea.]      About    40    species,    largely    of    tropical    America, 
species:  E.  flageUiformis  Evans. 

1.  Rectolejeunea  phyllobola  (X'ees  & 
Mont.)  Evans.  Rectolejeunea.  (Fig. 
513.)  Pale  green,  growing  in  depressed 
mats.  Leaves  loosely  imbricated,  the  lobe 
orbicular  ovate,  about  i"  long,  rounded  at 
the  apex,  entire  or  nearly  so ;  lobule  inflated, 
ovate,  apex  usually  tipped  with  a  single 
blunt  cell;  leaf-cells  thin-walled  with  small 
trigones;  ocelli  none;  underleaves  distant, 
bifid  to  beyond  the  middle  with  narrow  divi- 
sions and  an  acute  to  lunulate  sinus;  inflo- 
rescence autoecious;  female  inflorescence 
usually  borne  on  a  short  branch  with  a  single 
snbfloral  innovation;  bracts  similar  to  the 
leaves  but  with  plane  narrow  lobules;  brac- 
teole  bifid  about  one  third  with  acute  divi- 
sions and  a  narrow  sinus ;  perianth  obovate 
in  outline,  truncate  or  slightly  retuse  at  the 
apex,  beak  short,  ventral  surface  with  a 
broad  bluntly  2-angled  keel.  [Lejeiuiea 
phyllobola  Xees  &  Mont.] 

On  trees,  Church  Cave,  Walsingham  Caves, 
Paynter's  Hill,  Castle  Harbor ;  Florida ;  trop- 
ical North  America. 


Type 


12.     EUOSMOLEJEUNEA  [Spruce]  Schiffn, 

Yellowish  green  and  firm.  Stems  prostrate,  often  elongated,  irregularly 
branched,  the  branches  as  in  Eadula ;  rhizoids  springing  from  the  bases  of 
the  underleaves.  Leaves  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  much  larger 
than  the  ventral,  incubous,  attached  by  a  long  line,  broadly  ovate,  convex, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  entire  or  nearly  so;  lobule  strongly  inflated,  acute,  bear- 
ing a  hyaline  papilla  in  the  sinus,  at  the  base  of  the  apical  tooth ;  leaf-cells 
with  conspicuous  trigones;  ocelli  none.  Underleaves  varying  from  medium- 
sized  to  large,  sometimes  imbricated,  orbicular  and  often  cordate  at  the  base, 
usually  bifid  with  an  acute  to  lunulate  sinus,  rarely  undivided.  Antheridia 
usually  in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts,  the  latter  in  more  or  less 
elongated  androecia,  often  proliferating.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a 
more  or  less  elongated  branch,  with  one  or  two  subfloral  innovations;  bracts 
similar  to  the  leaves  but  with  plane  lobules  and  sometimes  with  pointed  lobes; 
bracteole  bifid,  free.  Perianth  often  roughened  by  projecting  cells,  sharply 
5-keeled,  the  keels  rounded  above,  beak  distinct.  Gemmae  none.  [Greek, 
fragrant  Lejeunea.]  About  35  species,  largely  tropical.  Type  species:  E. 
tr  if  aria  (Reinw.  Bl.  &  X^'ees)   Schiffn. 

31 


466 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 


1.  Euosmolejeunea  clausa  (Nees  & 
Mont.)  Evans.  Euosmolejeunea.  (Fig. 
514.)  In  loose  depressed  mats.  Leaves 
loosely  imbricated,  the  lobe  broadly  ovate, 
about  i"  long;  leaf -cells  with  large  tri- 
gones; underleaves  contiguous  or  imbri- 
cated, bifid  about  one  third  with  obtuse 
or  acute  divisions  and  an  obtuse  or  acute 
sinus;  inflorescence  dioecious;  androe- 
cium  borne  on  a  short  branch,  sometimes 
j)rolif erating ;  female  inflorescence  borne 
on  a  short  branch,  with  one  subfloral  in- 
novation. [Lejeunea  clausa  Nees  & 
Mont.] 

On  trees  and  rocks,  Paynter's  Hill,  M. 
A.  Howe.  South  Carolina  to  Florida  and 
Alabama  ;    tropical    America. 

13.      CE.OSSOTOLEJEUNEA    [Spruce] 
Schiffn. 
Yellowish    or    pale    green,    delicate. 

Stems  prostrate,  irregularly  branched, 
the  branches  as  in  Badula ;  rhizoids  springing  from  the  bases  of  the  under- 
leaves. Leaves  complicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  much  larger  than  the 
ventral,  incubous,  widely  spreading,  abruptly  expanded  from  a  narrow  base, 
ovate  to  orbicular,  mostly  acute  or  obtuse,  crenulate;  lobule  much  as  in 
Lejeunea;  leaf -cells  thin-walled  but  with  distinct  trigones  and  intermediate 
thickenings.  Underleaves  small,  ovate  to  orbicular,  deeply  bifid  with  acute 
lobes,  crenulate  or  dentate.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  short  branch  or  on 
an  elongated  branch,  with  one  or  two  subfloral  innovations;  bracts  and  brac- 
teole  similar  to  the  leaves  and  underleaves.  Perianth  sharply  5-keeled  with  the 
keels  more  or  less  crenulate  or  dentate.  [Greek,  fringed  Lejeunea.']  An 
American  genus  of  about  2o  species,  mostly  tropical.  Type  species:  C. 
Boryana  (Mont.)  Schiffn. 

1.  Crossotolejeunea  bermudiana 
Evans.  Bermuda  Crossotolejeunea. 
(Fig.  515.)  In  loose  depressed  mats. 
Leaves  distant  to  loosely  imbricated, 
the  lobe  widely  spreading,  more  or  less 
convex,  orbicular,  ovate,  about  i" 
long,  crenulate;  leaf -cells  with  .small 
but  distinct  trigones  and  intermediate 
thickenings  ;  ocelli  none  ;  underleaves 
distant,  orbicular,  bifid  about  one  half 
with  erect,  obtuse,  acute  or  apiculate 
divisions,  and  a  narrow  sinus,  crenu- 
late, sometimes  unidentate  on  each 
side;  inflorescence  autoecious;  an- 
droecium  occupying  a  short  branch; 
bracts  in  two  or  three  pairs,  with  two 
antheridia;  keels  of  perianth  crenu- 
late or  denticulate. 


^ 


ered 


On  the  ground  and  on  rocks,  Flatts   and    Paynter's    Vale, 
in    Florida,    but    known    from    no    other  localities. 


Recently    discov- 


J  UNGERMANNIACEAE. 


467 


14.  JUBULA  Dumort. 
Dark  green,  never  pigmented  with  red  or  brown.  Stems  prostrate,  spar- 
ingly branched,  most  of  the  branches  arising  at  the  bases  of  leaves  without 
lobules,  rhizoids  springing  from  the  base  of  the  underleaves.  Leaves  deeply 
eomplicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes  much  larger  than  the  ventral,  incubous, 
widely  spreading,  ovate  to  orbicular,  rounded  to  cuspidate,  margin  entire  or 
more  or  less  spinose-dentate,  lobules  normally  inflated,  helmet-shaped,  rarely 
explanate  and  pointed;  leaf -cells  with  distinct  trigones;  ocelli  none.  Under- 
leaves smaller  than  the  leaves,  bifid  with  a  narrow  sinus  and  obtuse  or  acumi- 
nate divisions,  entire  or  sparingly  spinose  on  the  margins\  Antheridia  mostly 
in  pairs  in  the  axils  of  saccate  bracts  with  explanate  lobules,  the  latter  form- 
ing more  or  less  elongated  androecia,  rarely  proliferating  at  the  apex.  Female 
inflorescence  borne  on  an  elongated  branch  or  on  a  subfloral  innovation,  with 
one  or  two  subfloral  innovations  arising  in  the  same  way  as  the  branches  of 
Eadula;  bracts  larger  than  the  leaves  and  with  explanate  lobules;  bracteole 
bifid,  frfee.  Perianth  sharply  3-keeled,  with  one  keel  ventral,  abruptly  con- 
stricted into  a  short  tubular  beak.  [Latin,  a  little  mane.]  About  10  species, 
chiefly  tropical.     Type  species:  J.  HutcMnsiae  (Hook.)   Dumort. 


1.  Jubula     pennsylvanica 

(Steph.)  Evans.  Pennsylvania 
JuBULA.  (Fig.  516.)  In  loose 
depressed  mats  or  creeping  among 
other  plants.  Leaves  loosely  im- 
bricated, the  lobe  rounded  to  apicu- 
late,  entire;  lobule  deMitute  of  an 
apical  spur ;  underleaves  with  blunt 
to  acuminate  divisions  and  entire 
margins;  inflorescence  autoecious; 
perichaetial  bracts  with  abruptly 
apiculate  or  acuminate  lobes,  en- 
tire or  unidentate.  [Frullania 
pennsylvanica  Steph.] 

On  wet  rocks,  Paynter's  Vale, 
M.  A.  Howe.  Nova  Scotia  to  Georgia, 
west  to  Arkansas. 


15.  FRUIiANIA  Raddi. 
Dark  green  or  more  or  less  pigmented  with  yellow,  brown  or  red.  Stems 
prostrate,  ascending  or  pendent,  more  or  less  copiously  branched,  the  branches 
all  arising  at  the  bases  of  leaves  without  lobules,  rhizoids  springing  from  the 
bases  of  the  underleaves.  Leaves  deeply  eomplicate-bilobed,  the  dorsal  lobes 
much  larger  than  the  ventral,  incubous,  widely  spreading,  ovate  to  orbicular, 
usually  entire;  lobule  normally  inflated,  helmet-shaped;  leaf-rells  with  distinct 
trigones;  ocelli  present  in  certain  species.     Underleaves  smaller  than  the  leaves. 


468 


JUNGERMANNIACEAE. 


usually  bifid,  Antheridia  mostly  in  pairs,  in  the  axils  of  inflated  bracts  with 
explanate  lobules,  the  bracts  imbricated  and  forming  short  or  more  or  less 
elongated  androecia.  Female  inflorescence  borne  on  a  more  or  less  elongated 
branch,  without  innovations;  bracts  larger  than  the  leaves,  with  explanate 
lobules  and  often  more  or  less  connate  with  the  bifid  bracteole.  Perianth 
normally  3-keeled,  with  one  keel  ventral,  but  often  with,  supplementary  folds, 
abruptly  contracted  into  a  short  tubular  beak.  [Commemorates  L.  Frullani,  a 
Florentine  minister  of  state.]  A  very  large  genus,  800  or  more  described 
species,  mostly  tropical.     Type  species:  F.  dilaiata  (L.)  Dumort. 

1.  Frullania  squarrosa    (Eeinw.  Bl. 

&  Nees)  Dumort.  Spreading  Frullania. 
(Fig.  517.)  Dark  green  or  pigmented 
with  brown,  scattered  or  growing  in  de- 
pressed mats.  Leaves  imbricated,  the 
lobe  rolled  around  the  stem  when  dry, 
strongly  squarrose  when  moist,  ovate, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  and  entire;  lobule 
about  as  broad  as  long;  under  leaves 
bifid,  usually  with  entire  margins;  inflo- 
resence  dioecious;  female  inflorescence 
borne  on  a  short  and  simple  branch, 
bracts  in  about  three  pairs;  perianth  ob- 
long, without  supplementary  keels,  sur- 
face more  or  less  roughened  by  scattered 
tubercles  'or  scales,  especially  along  ^  the 
kels.  [Jungermannia  squarrosa  Reinw. 
Bl.  &  Nees.] 

On  rocks  and  trees,  Paynter's  Vale  and 
Walsingham.  Widely  distributed  in  trop- 
ical and  subtropical  regions,  extending  as 
far  north,  in  the  United  States,  as  Con- 
necticut. 


Order  3,     ANTHOCEROTALES. 

Gametophyte  a  prostrate  dorsiventral  thallus,  varying  from  strap- 
shaped  to  circular,  with  very  little  cell-differentiation,  usually  quite  desti- 
tute of  air-spaces  but  sometimes  developing  intercellular  spaces  with  muci- 
lage; green  cells  with  one  or  a  few  large  flat  chloroplasts,  often  with  a 
single  pyrenoid.  Antheridia  borne  singly  or  in  groups  just  below  the 
upper  surface  of  the  tballus.  Archegonia  in  irregular  dorsal  groups,  im- 
bedded, the  tip  of  the  neck  alone  projecting.  Sporophyte  differentiated 
into  a  broad  foot  and  an  elongated  cylindrical  capsule,  the  latter  growing 
indefinitely  by  means  of  a  basal  embryonic  region,  splitting  at  maturity 
into  two  valves.  Spores  surrounding  a  central  sterile  structure,  the  colu- 
mella, and  interspersed  wath  irregular,  often  multicellular  elaters,  wdth  or 
without  bands  of  thickening.  Four  or  five  genera  and  about  150  species, 
widely    distributed. 


ANTHOCEROTACEAE. 


469 


Family  1.     ANTHOCEROTACEAE. 
Anthoceros  Family. 
Characters  of  the  order. 


1,  A.  laevis. 

2.  A.  punctatus. 


1.     ANTHOCEROS  L. 

Thallus  snborbicular,  variously  lobed  and  often  with  platedike  outgrowths, 
sometimes  irregularly  dissected,  several  cells  thick  and  destitute  of  a  distinct 
midrib;  green  cells  with  a  single  chloroplast.  Inflorescence  usually  (if  not 
always)  monoecious.  Capsule  erect,  much  longer  than  the  basal  sheath,  with 
green  cells  in  the  wall  and  stomata  in  the  epidermis.  Spores  variously  rough- 
ened; elaters  without  spiral  bands  of  thickening,  composed  of  one  to  several 
cells  and  sometimes  branched.  [Greek,  flowering  horn.]  About  50  species, 
largely  tropical.     Type  species:   A.  punctatiis  L. 

Spores  yellow. 

Spores  black  or  nearly  so. 

1.  Anthoceros  laevis  L.  Yellow-spored 
Anthoceros.  (Fig.  518.)  Thallus  nearly  plane 
on  the  upper  surface,  dark  green  and  somewhat 
lustrous,  destitute  of  intercellular  spaces.  Capsule 
mostly  i'-l^'  long,  the  base  surrounded  by  a  cylin- 
drical sheath  often  flaring  at  the  mouth;  spores 
yellow,  the  surface  granular-papillose;  elaters  yel- 
lowish, very  variable  in  size  and  form,  often 
branched. 

On  moist  soil,  Walsingham,  S.  Brown.  The  most 
widely  distributed  species  in  Europe,  Asia,  and  North 
America,   extending  into  higher  latitudes. 

The  slender  green  capsules  of  Anthoceros,  when 
abundantly  produced,  resemble  tufts  of  grass.  Mature 
spores  are  necessary  for  the  determination  of  the 
species. 


2.  Anthoceros  punctatus  L.  Black-spored  An- 
thoceros. (Eig.  510.)  Thallus  smaller  than  in  A. 
laevis,  and  more  or  le?s  roughened  on  the  upper  sur- 
face, paler  green  and  more  delicate,  with  distinct 
intercellular  spaces  in  the  interior.  Capsule  mostly 
y-lV  long,  the  base  surrounded  by  a  cylindrical 
sheath;  spores  black  or  nearly  so,  the  outer  surface 
covered  with  short  spines  or  papillae ;  elaters  brown- 
ish, very  variable  in  size  and  shape,  rarely  (if  ever) 
more  than  three  cells  long. 

On  moist  soil.  Basset  Cave  Road  and  Walsingham 
Caves,  H.  Kennedy.  Widely  distributed  in  Europe  and 
North  America. 


470  '  LICHENES. 

Phylum  4.     THALLOPHYTA. 

This  phylum  includes  many  thousand  species  of  simple  organi- 
zation, grouped  in  many  genera  and  families.  The  plants  compos- 
ing it  have  scarcely  any  woody  tissue,  and  are  propagated  either  by 
spores  or  by  vegetative  division.  Most  of  them  are  small,  but  there 
are  some  large  and  conspicuous  types  in  all  the  classes. 

Terrestrial,  saxicolous,  or  corticicolous  plants,  composed  of  filaments  without  chloro- 
phyll and  of  cells  containing  chlorophyll.  Class  1.  Lichenes. 

Terrestrial     or     corticicolous     plants,     or    microscopic     aquatics, 

wholly  without  chlorophyll.  Class  2,  Fungi. 

Aquatic  plants,  or  microscopic  terrestrial  or  corticicolous  organ- 
isms with  chlorophyll.  Class  3.  Algae. 

Class  1.    LICHENES. 

Lichens. 
Contributed  by  Lincoln  W.  Riddle. 

INTRODUCTION. 

Lichens  vary  so  much  in  appearance  and  in  structure  that  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  formulate  in  non-technical  terms  any  precise  statement  of  their 
characters.  In  general,  they  have  a  plant-body,  known  as  a  thallus,  which 
may  appear  merely  as  a  discoloration  on  the  bark  or  rock,  or  as  an  irregu- 
lar, and  variously  divided  membrane,  separable  from  the  substratum,  or 
as  a  tufted  growth  with  erect  or  pendent  branches.  The  color  of  this 
thallus  varies  as  much  as  the  structure:  gray,  gray-green,  whitish  or 
brownish,  being  the  commonest,  but  orange,  red,  and  black,  also  occurring. 
But  with  all  their  variety,  lichens  never  have  an  axis  and  leaves,  and  are 
never  grass-gTeen. 

Investigations  have  shown  that  this  lichen-thallus  is  actually  formed 
by  a  fungus  growing  in  association  with  an  alga,  the  association  usually 
being  so  intimate  and  the  resulting  structure  so  definite  that  it  appears  to 
be  an  independent  type  of  plant.  On  this  thallus  are  borne  fruiting-bodies, 
in  the  form  either  of  minute  closed  flasks  ( perithecia ) ,  or,  more  commonly, 
as  open  disk-like  or  cup-shaped  apothecia. 

Lichens  may  grow  on  rocks,  on  the  ground,  or  on  the  branches  or 
trunks  of  trees.  Oftentimes  they  grow  on  bare  surfaces  that  will  not 
support  any  other  form  of  plant-life. 

Our  knowledge  of  the  lichens  of  Bermuda  is  based  upon  three  sets  of 
collections.  The  first  was  made  by  H.  N.  Moseley  in  connection  with  the 
Challenger  Expedition  in  1872.  A  list  of  these  lichens,  25  in  number,  was 
published  by  Crombie  in  the  Journal  of  the  Linnaean  Society  of  London 
for  1877.     In  1880  and  again  in  1881,  Professor  W.  G.  Farlow,  of  Harvard 


LICHENES.  471 

University,  visited  Bermuda  and  collected  about  20  species  of  lichens, 
some  of  which  were  studied  by  Tuckerman.  Between  1905  and  1914,  col- 
lections were  made  by  Dr.  and  Mrs.  N.  L.  Britton,  Dr.  F.  J.  Seaver,  and 
Messrs.  Stewardson  Brown  and  Paul  Bisset,  resulting  in  the  finding  of  65 
species  and  varieties,  of  which  50  had  not  been  previously  reported.  As  a 
result  of  these  several  collections,  we  now  have  a  total  of  85  species  and 
varieties  of  lichens  known  to  occur  in  Bermuda.  Ten  of  these  species 
are  endemic.  An  enumeration  of  these  lichens  with  descriptions  of  new 
species  and  varieties  was  published  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Torrey  Botanical 
Club  for  April,  1916. 

It  is  probable  that  continued  search  in  the  islands  would  reveal  a  few 
additional  species.  But  it  does  not  seem  likely  that  there  are  over  100 
lichens  in  the  flora.  The  small  area  of  the  islands,  the  so-called  coral 
formation,  and  the  large  proportion  of  cultivated  land,  all  combine  to 
make  the  conditions  unfavorable  for  any  considerable  development  of 
lichens.  As  a  general  rule,  the  higher  foliose  and  fruticose  lichens,  being 
more  exposed  on  account  of  their  looser  connection  with  the  substratum, 
demand  for  their  development  more  favorable  conditions  than  do  the  less 
exposed  crustose  forms.  The  proportion  of  23  species  of  the  former  types 
to  62  of  the  latter  is  interesting  testimony  as  to  the  character  of  the 
environment.  Further  evidence  of  this  is  afforded  by  the  considerable 
number  of  sterile  or  depauperate  specimens. 

Given  these  conditions  it  will  be  of  interest  to  see  what  lichens  there 
are  occurring  in  Bermuda,  and  then  to  indicate  briefly  the  geographical 
affinities  of  the  lichen-flora.  The  lichens  will  be  taken  up  in  systematic 
order  with  brief  notes  as  to  the  more  easily  recognizable  characters. 

GENERAL   SYSTEMATIC  ACCOUNT. 
Order   1.     PYRENOCARPALES. 
Family  1.     VERRUCARIACEAE. 

The  three  species  of  this  family  grow  on  calcareous  rocks,  especially 
along  the  shore.*  The  black  perithecia  are  at  first  more  or  less  immersed 
in  the  rock,  but  when  mature  fall  out  leaving  shallow  pits.  They  play  an 
important  part  in  the  weathering  of  the  rocks.  Verrucaria  ruprstris 
Schrad.  is  a  cosmopolitan  lichen,  represented  in  Bermuda  by  two  fonns: 
the  typical  form  with  very  thin  continuous  thallus,  of  a  grayish  color;  and 
the  var.  ruderum  DC.  with  a  thicker  thallus  which  is  more  or  less  cracked 
and  areolate;  the  spores  are  one-celled.  The  other  two  species  are  endemic, 
and  belong  to  the  genus  Thelidium,  which  is  distinguished  by  having  two- 
celled  spores.  Both  species  were  discovered  by  Professor  W.  G.  Farlow, 
and  the  first  has  been  named  in   his  honor.     Thelidium    Farloici  Riddle 

*  It  is  to  be  understood  that  all  general  and  comparative  statements  In  this 
account  of  the  lichens  are  intended  to  apply  to  the  Bermuda  species  only. 


472  PYEENULACEAE. 

appears  as  a  dark  bluisli-gTay  stain  on  the  rocks,  with  the  perithecia  tend- 
ing to  be  confluent  in  groups  of  two  or  more,  and  has  spores  measuring 
18-20  X  ~-9  micromillimeters ;  T.  bermudanum  (Nyl.)  Riddle  has  scarcely 
any  visible  thallus,  and  the  perithecia  are  smaller  and  scattered,  and  the 
spores  only  11-12  X  3.5-4.5  micromillimeters. 

Family  2.     PYEENULACEAE. 

These  lichens  all  grow  on  bark  or  dead  wood.  Porina  nucida  Ach., 
growing  on  orange  trees  at  Paynter's  Vale,  has  a  pale  brown  thallus  and 
rather  prominent,  globose  perithecia  of  the  same  color,  except  for  the 
ostioles  which  are  reddish.  Porina  tetracerae  (Ach.)  Mueli.  Arg.,  on 
coffee  trees  at  Walsingham,  has  a  shining,  olive-green  thallus  which  makes 
it  conspicuous,  and  in  this  the  perithecia  are  buried,  with  only  the  black 
ostioles  showing.  Porina  phaea  (Ach.)  Muell.  Arg.  is  quite  different  and 
looks  more  like  a  fungus ;  its  thin  gray  thallus  is  scarcely  noticeable  and 
the  innate  perithecia  are  entirely  black ;  it  has  been  found  only  at  Harring- 
ton House,  where  it  grows  on  Juniperus. 

Pyrenula  aurantiaca  Fee  is  one  of  the  most  striking  of  tropical  lichens, 
its  very  smooth  thallus  forming  orange  patches  of  considerable  size  on  the 
bark  of  RJiizophora,  and  entirely  covering  the  perithecia.  Pyrenula 
hrachysperma  Muell.  Arg.  is  a  rare  species  collected  at  one  locality  on 
Hall's  Island,  where  it  was  growing  on  the  bark  of  Eugenia  axillaris;  it 
was  previously  known  only  from  northern  Brazil.  In  appearance  this 
species  is  very  distinct ;  the  whitish  thallus  is  very  thin ;  and  the  perithecia, 
often  confluent  in  twos,  form  conspicuous  black  spots  on  the  bark.  The 
species  is  also  distinct  in  its  two-celled  spores.  Pyrenula  leucoplaca 
(Wallr.)  Koerb.  has  a  very  smooth  white  thallus,  thicker  than  in  the  pre- 
ceding species,  and  the  minute  perithecia  are  inconspicuous.  It  appears  to 
be  common  on  various  trees,  having  been  collected  in  five  different  localities. 
P.  leucoplaca  is  well-known  in  northern  regions,  but  its  occurrence  in 
Bermuda  is  noteworthy.  Another  common  and  variable  Pyrenula  is  P. 
nitida  nitidella  (Flke.)  Schaer.,  with  a  thallus  vars'ing  from  olivaceous  to 
brown,  and  with  small  perithecia.  P.  mamillana  (Ach.)  Trev.  has  a  thallus 
resembling  that  of  the  preceding  species,  but  the  perithecia  are  about  twice 
as  large. 

Anthracothecium  tetraspermum  Riddle  is  an  endemic  species,  found  by 
Mrs.  Elizabeth  G.  Britton,  growing  on  the  trunk  of  a  palmetto  on  Devon- 
shire Marsh.  It  has  an  olivaceous  thallus,  which  is  rough  and  dull,  instead 
of  smooth  and  shining  as  in  Porina  tetracerae.  The  specific  name  was 
chosen  on  account  of  the  brown,  muriform  spores  being  constantly  four  in 
each  ascus.  The  nearest  relative  of  this  species  appears  to  be  a  plant  of 
the  island  of  St.  Thomas  in  the  Antilles. 

Family  3.     TRYPETHELIACEAE. 

This  family,  abundantly  represented  in  tropical  countries,  has  but  two 
species  in  Bermuda.  Both  grow  on  bark,  and  have  the  black  perithecia 
confluent  in  irregular  patches:  Melanotheca  aggregata  (Fee)  Muell.  Arg. 
has  a  thallus  of  a  brownish  tint,  while  M.  cruenta  (Mont.)  Muell.  Arg.  is 
a  striking  species  sure  to  attract  attention  by  its  deep  red  thallus. 


GEAPIIIDACEAE.  473 

Order  2.     CONIOCARPALES. 
Family  1.     CYPHELIACEAE. 

This  order  has  a  single,  interesting  representative  in  Bennuda,  Pj/rgil- 
lus  cuhanus  Nyl.  This  species  has  been  known  previously  from  the 
original  collection  only,  made  in  Cuba  by  Charles  Wright  over  half  a 
century  ago.  The  Bermuda  specimens  grew  on  the  same  palmetto  trunk 
on  Devonshire  Marsh,  upon  which  was  found  the  new  Anthracothecium 
tetraspermum.  Pyrgillus  cuhanus  has  a  dull,  olive-brown  thallus,  with 
raised,  wart-like  apothecia,  the  tops  of  which  are  minutely  roughened,  and 
red  with  a  darker  center.  The  spores  with  two  globose  cells  would  at  once 
distinguish  this  species  if  examined  microscopically. 

Order  3.     GRAPHIDALES. 
Family  1.     ARTHONIACEAE. 

This  is  a  group  of  inconspicuous  lichens,  the  crustose  thallus  being 
very  thin  and  the  minute  apothecia  irregular  in  outline.  All  grow  on  bark. 
Arihonia  rubella  (Fee)  Nyl.  has  stellate  apothecia,  the  divisions  being 
linear  and  wavy,  and  varying  from  flesh-color  to  reddish-l)ro^^^l.  {Sclero- 
phyton  elegans  Eschw.,  although  not  belonging  to  this  family,  has  suffi- 
cient resemblance  to  Arthonia  rubella  to  mention  it  here;  it  may  be  recog- 
nized by  its  long,  flexuous,  branched  apothecia,  which  have  the  fineness  of  a 
hair.)  Arthonia  conferta  (Fee)  Nyl.  is  a  fairly  common  species,  being 
found  most  often  on  the  bark  of  Melia  Azederach.  It  is  less  inconspicuous 
than  the  preceding  species,  on  account  of  the  abundant  and  crowded,  dark 
brown  apothecia,  which  are  very  irregular  in  outline  but  rarely  stellate.  .1. 
polymorpha  Ach.  may  be  distinguished  from  .-1.  conferta  by  the  fact  that 
the  apothecia  are  wholly  black.  Arthothelium  spectabile  (Flot.)  Massal. 
resembles  externally  Arthonia  polymorpha,  although  the  apothecia  being 
covered  with  a  whitish  bloom  are  less  prominent ;  under  the  microscope  this 
species  can  be  recognized  at  once  by  its  spores,  which  are  divided  longi- 
tudinally as  well  as  transversely. 

Family  2.     GRAPHIDACEAE. 

The  species  of  this  family,  with  a  few  exceptions,  resemble  each  other 
very  closely,  the  distinctions  among  them  being  based  on  technical  char- 
acters, and  their  determination  requiring  expert  knowledge.  In  the  genus 
Opegrapha  the  apothecia  are  more  superficial  than  in  any  black-fruited 
species  of  Graphis  found  in  Bermuda.  Two  of  the  Bermuda  species  of 
Opegrapha  grow  on  rocks,  and  three  on  bark.  The  rock-inhabiting  sjiecies 
are  O.  Chevallieri  incarnata  Riddle  and  0.  ophites  Tuck.  The  former  has 
a  moderately  thick  thallus,  tinged  with  rose-color,  or  sometimes  fading  to 
coftee-color,^  and  the  apothecia  are  under  one  millimeter  in  length :  the 
latter,  no  visible  thallus,  and  apothecia  up  to  2.5  millimeters  in  length. 
The  bark-inhabiting  species  require  examination  of  the  spores  in  order  to 
distinguish  them.  In  0.  atra  Pers.  the  s]-)ores  are  four-celled,  in  0.  vulgata 
six-celled,  and  in  0.  Bonplandi  Fee,  eight-  to  ten-celled.  The  first  two  have 
a  white  or  gray  thallus;  in   0.  Bonplandi  it  may  be  whitish,  but  more 


474  GRAPHIDACEAE. 

eommonlj^  it  is  olivaceous,     0.  Bonplu,ndi  has  been  fotind  in  a  number  of 
localities  in  Bermuda  and  on  a  variety  of  trees. 

Gr aphis  Afzeiii  Ach,  is  so  striking  and  distinct  that  it  would  attract 
the  attention  of  anj'one,  having  prominent  white  apothecia  of  large  size  (tip 
to  5  mm.  long  and  1  mm.  wide)  standing  out  against  the  brown  thallus. 
Graphis  scripta  (L.)  Ach.  and  its  close  allies,  G.  Lineola  Acli.  and  G. 
Pavoniana  Fee,  all  have  fine,  black  apothecia,  very  variable  in  length  and 
in  the  degree  of  curving  and  branching;  the  disk  is  a  mere  cleft.  G. 
striatula  (Ach.)  Nyl.  closely  resembles  G.  scripta,  but  if  the  apothecia  are 
examined  with  a  hand-lens,  the  margins  will  be  seen  to  be  longitudinally 
furrowed.  In  Phaeograpliis  lobata  (Eschw.)  Muell.  Arg.,  the  apothecia 
are  also  black,  but  the  disk  is  flat  and  relatively  broad.  All  of  these  species 
grow  on  bark,  and  are  well-known  tropical  lichens  with  a  wide  distribution. 

Family  3.     CHIODECTONACEAE. 

The  genus  Chiodecton  is  doubtfully  represented  by  a  sterile,  white, 
crustose  thallus,  soft  and  more  or  less  cottonj^  in  texture,  found  in  several 
localities.  This  agrees  with  the  thalline  characters  of  C.  Montagnei  Tuck., 
but  as  it  has  not  yet  been  found  in  fruit,  the  identity  of  the  plant  is 
uncertain. 

Sclerophyton  elegans  Eschw.  belongs  to  this  family,  but  on  account 
of  its  resemblance  to  an  Arthonia  it  has  been  discussed  under  that  genus. 
It  might  be  taken  for  a  Graphis  but  its  violet-brown  apothecia  are  more 
delicate  than  in  any  Bermuda  species  of  Graphis. 

Glyphis  cicatricosa  Ach.  is  another  instance  of  a  well-known  tropical 
lichen  common  in  Bermuda.  Several  apothecia  are  immersed  in  a  common 
stroma,  the  disks  being  dark  brown,  flat,  and  irregular  in  outline.  This  is 
the  only  lichen  in  Bermuda  having  the  fruit  in  a  stroma  and  an  open, 
flat  disk. 

Order  4.     CYCLOCARPALES. 

Family  1.     THELOTREMACEAE. 

The  lichen-flora  of  Bermuda  is  of  interest  not  only  for  the  species 
found  there,  but  also  for  the  absence  of  species  that  one  would  expect. 
Thus,  the  families  Trypetheliaceae  and  Thelotremaceae  are  well-represented, 
both  as  to  species  and  as  to  individuals,  in  the  West  Indies  and  in  the 
southern  United  States,  yet  these  families  have  only  two  representatives 
each  in  Bermuda.  Gyrostomum  scyphidiferum  (Ach.)  Fr.  and  Leptotrema 
trypaneoides  (Nyl.)  Riddle  are  the  Bermuda  species  of  Thelotremaceae. 
Both  grow  on  bark.  But  they  are  very  distinct  from  each  other  and  from 
all  other  Bermuda  lichens.  Gyrostomum  has  urn-shaped  apothecia,  with  a 
comparatively  thick,  black  rim,,  more  or  less  surrounded  by  the  pale 
thallus.  Leptotrema  trypaneoides  has  the  apothecia  entirely  immersed  in 
the  thallus  and  opening  by  small  holes,  so  that  the  thallus  appears  as  if 
perforated  with  pin-pricks. 

Family  2.     GYALECTACEAE. 

Microphiale  lutea  (Dicks.)  Steiner,  although  common  elsewhere,  is 
apparently  rare  in  Bermuda,  only  a  single  small  specimen  having  been 
found  on  the  bark  of  Melia  at  Tucker's  Town.     The  thallus  is  vei^^  thin 


CLADOXIACEAE.  475 

and  whitish,  and  the  delicately  colored,  waxy,  discoid  apothecia  are  so 
small  as  easily  to  escape  notice.  The  apothecia  resemble  those  of  Bilimbia 
Brittoniana,  but  the  thallus  is  entirely  different. 

Gyalecta  Farlowi  Tuck,  is  another  of  the  endemic  species  found  on 
the  calcareous  rocks.  Like  the  preceding  species  it  is  easily  overlooked, 
the  minute  apothecia  being  almost  immersed  in  the  white  thallus. 

Family  3.     LECIDEACEAE. 

In  this  family,  a  knowledge  of  the  spore-characters  is  necessary  in 
order  to  distinguish  even  the  few  species  found  in  Bermuda.  Those  here 
described  all  grow  on  bark.*  The  most  distinctive  of  these  is  the  endemic 
Bilimhia  Brittoniana  Riddle,  which  has  a  minutely  powdery,  straw-colored 
thallus,  made  up  entirely  of  fine  granules,  among  which  are  hidden  the 
minute,  thick-margined,  flesh-colored  apothecia.  The  species  is  named 
in  honor  of  Dr.  and  Mrs.  Britton,  the  original  specimens  having  been  col- 
lected by  Mrs,  Britton,  along  the  north  shore,  where  it  was  growing  on 
Jimijierus. 

The  remaining  three  species  resemble  each  other  closely  in  external 
appearance,  all  having  a  thin  thallus  and  convex  apothecia,  which  vary 
from  flesh-colored  or  pallid-brown  to  dark  brown.  They  can  readily  be 
distinguished  by  their  spores,  since  Biatora  fuscorubescens  (Nyl.)  Riddle 
has  one-celled  spores;  Bilimbia  sphaeroides  vacillans  (Nyl.)  Riddle  has 
short,  spindle-shaped  spores  with  four  cells;  and  Bacidia  fuscoruhella 
(Hoffm.)  Th.  Fr.  has  long,  needle-like  spores  with  eight  or  more  cells. 

Family  4.     CLADONIACEAE. 

Conditions  in  Bermuda  are  not  favorable  for  the  plants  of  this 
family.  Few  species  have  been  found,  and  the  specimens  of  these  are  not 
altogether  typical.  There  are  only  two  common  species.  Cladonia 
mitrida  Tuck,  is  a  small  species,  growing  on  the  ground,  and  always  well- 
fruited,  the  brown  apothecia  being  borne  on  slender,  simple  or  sparingly 
branched  stalks,  less  than  one  centimeter  high.  C.  fimbriata  (L.)  Fr.  is  a 
polymorphic  species  represented  in  Bermuda  by  at  least  three  varieties, 
in  all  of  which  the  ends  of  the  podetia  are  typically  cup-sha]>ed.  C.  fim- 
briata simplex  (Weis.)  Flot.  has  short  podetia,  rarely  branched,  and  with 
regular  cups.  The  other  two  varieties,  nemoxyna  (Ach.)  Coem.  and  bor- 
bonica  (Del.)  Wainio,  are  taller  and  variously  branched,  with  cups  more 
irregular  or  even  absent  on  some  of  the  podetia;  they  can  be  distinguished 
by  the  fact  that  the  podetia  of  the  latter  variety  are  much  more  granulose 
than  is  the  case  in  the  former.  In  addition  to  these  two  connnon  siiecies, 
C.  rangiformis  pungens  (Ach.)  Wainio,  with  copiously  branched  podetia, 
was  collected  by  the  Challenger  Ex])edition,  but  does  not  seem  to  have 
been  found  since,  and  C.  pityrea  (Flke.)  Fr.,  a  nondescript  species,  has 
been  found  growing  with  C.  mitrida,  from  which  it  may  be  distinguished 
by  the  scurfy-granulate  surface  of  the  podetia,  as  well  as  by  the  occasional 
occurrence  of  reduced  cups. 

*  Any  resident  of  Bermuda  who  could  make  careful  collections  of  the  rock- 
lichens  would  probahlv  find  additional  species  of  Lecideaceae.  In  th»'  Journal  of  the 
Linnean  Society  of  London,  volume  14  (IST.")).  Stirton  described  three  such  species, 
but  they  were  "based  on  such  fragmentary  specimens  that  they  can  not  be  accepted 
until  more  is  known  of  them. 


476  PYEENOPSIDACEAE. 

Family  5.     PYRENOPSIDACEAE. 

The  three  species  of  Pyrenopsidaceae  are  small  plants,  of  a  black  or 
blackish-green  color,  and  gelatinous  and  soft  when  moist.  They  are  con- 
fined to  calcareous  rocks,  and  are  of  interest  because  they  are  local  in 
their  distribution,  evidentlj^  being  exacting  in  their  reciuirements.  Psoro- 
tichia  hermudana  Riddle,  an  endemic  species,  has  a  verrucose  ("warty") 
crustose  thallus,  broken  into  small  patches.  The  species  of  Omphalaria 
have  a  foliose  thallus.  0.  cubana  Tuck,  has  the  thallus  radiately  lobed,  one 
centimeter  or  less  in  diameter,  and  the  surface  rough  and  much  wrinkled. 
It  has  been  found  only  at  Castle  Harbor  in  Bermuda,  and  elsewhere  only 
in  Cuba.  0.  lingulata  Tuck,  has  very  smooth,  tongue-shaped  lobes,  usually 
under  five  millimeters  in  length.  It  was  collected  by  Prof.  Farlow  at 
Walsingham  in  1881,  and  in  the  same  region  by  Dr.  Britton  in  1912. 

Family  6.     COLLEMACEAE. 

These  are  also  dark  or  lead-colored  lichens  of  a  gelatinous  consistency 
when  moist.  Collema  bermudanum  Tuck,  and  C.  thamnodes  Tuck,  are 
endemic  species,  forming  compact  cushions  less  than  one  centimeter  high, 
on  the  calcareous  rocks  at  Walsingham.  The  former  is  foliose  and  bears 
some  resemblance  externally  to  Omphalaria  cubana^  but  it  is  more  divided 
and  the  apothecia  become  larger  and  superficial.  C.  thamnodes  is  fruti- 
cose,  which  will  distinguish  it  from  any  of  the  other  gelatinous  lichens 
except  Leptogium  tenuissimum,  from  which  it  differs  in  the  granular 
(isidiose)  lobes.*  Collema  nigrescens  (Huds.)  Ach.  and  C.  flaccidum 
Ach.  are  quite  different  from  the  two  preceding  species.  They  are  foliose 
lichens  of  considerable  size,  growing  on  the  trunks  of  trees.  C.  nigres- 
cens has  a  radiately  wrinkled  thallus  with  numerous  small  apothecia, 
measuring  about  one  millimeter  in  diameter,  and  without  any  margin.  In 
C.  flaccidum  the  thallus  is  less  wrinkled  and  the  apothecia  are  fewer  and 
about  twice  as  large. 

The  species  of  Leptogium  are  paler  than  those  of  Collema.  L. 
tenuissimum  (Dicks.)  Koerb.  is,  perhaps,  the  most  interesting  of  the  Ber- 
muda species.  It  has  a  fruticose  thallus,  the  minute,  erect  lobes  being 
crowded  into  a  crust.  It  has  been  found  growing  on  the  ground  at 
Paynter^s  Vale.  The  material  is  sterile  and  a  jiriori  we  should  not 
expect  this  distinctly  northern  species  to  occur  in  Bermuda,  but  the 
thalline  characters  agree  so  well  that  there  is  not  much  doubt  about  the 
identity  of  the  plant.  From  the  point  of  view  of  distribution  the  next 
species,  Leptogiwm  marginellum  (Sw.)  Mont.,  presents  a  striking  con- 
trast, as  it  is  a  tropical  species  characteristic  of  the  AYest  Indies  and  found 
in  the  United  States  only  in  the  tropical  portions  of  the  Gulf  States. 
Anyone  who  has  once  seen  the  abundant,  minute,  cup-shaped  apothecia, 
each  with  its  coronal  fringe  of  delicate  lobules,  will  never  have  any  diffi- 
culty in  recognizing  the  plant  again.  The  third  and  last  species  of  this 
genus,  Leptogium  tremelloides  (L.  f.)  S.  F.  Gray,  is  cosmopolitan  in  dis- 
tribution and  is  one  of  the  commonest  lichens  in  Bermuda,  growing  on 
trees  of  various  kinds  in  many  localities.     It  has  a  lead-colored  thallus, 

*  Collema  thamnodes  is  known  only  from  sterile  specimens  collected  by  Professor 
W.  G.  Farlow  in  1881.  It  is  very  desirable  that  the  plant  should  be  found  again  in 
the  hope  of  obtaining  the  fruit  and  thus  completing  our  knowledge  of  the  species. 


PERTUSAKIACEAE.  477 

variously  divided,  but  with  much  smoother  lobes  and  larger  apothecia  than 
in  any  other  species  of  this  family.  Two  forms  are  found :  one  with 
abundant  apothecia  and  few  lobules,  the  other  sparingly  fruited  and  with 
the  lobes  more  or  less  fringed  with  lobules. 

Family  7.     PERTUSARIACEAE. 

Pertusaria  multipuncta  (Turn.)  Nyl.  belongs  to  the  section  of  the 
genus  in  which  the  apothecia  are  replaced  by  soralia  (i.  e.  powdery  ])us- 
tules).  As  it  is  the  only  species  of  this  section  known  from  Bornuida  it 
will  be  easily  recognized.  The  only  species  with  which  it  could  possibly 
be  confused  is  Pyxine  picta,  but  that  has  a  foliose  thallns,  while  all  species 
of  Pertusaria  have  a  crustose  thallus. 

In  the  other  section  of  the  genus,  the  apothecia  are  enclosed  in 
thalline  "warts"  (verrucae)  and  resemble  the  closed  perithecia  of  Pyre- 
nocarpic  lichens.  Of  these  species,  Pertusaria  tuhercidifera  Nyl.,  with  a 
white  thallus,  has  the  largest  and  finest  verrucae,  measuring  two  or  three 
millimeters  in  diameter.  In  the  other  three  species,  the  veiTucae  are 
smaller,  rarely  over  one  millimeter,  and  flatter.  P.  lutescens  (Eschw.) 
Krplh.  has  a  yellowish-green  coloration  to  the  thallus.  In  P.  Jeioplaca 
(Ach.)  Schaer.  and  P.  jDustulata  (Ach.)  Nyl.,  the  thallus  is  white  to  gray 
or  brownish;  in  the  former  the  verrucae  are  generally  constricted  at  the 
base  and  the  ostioles  are  scattered;  in  the  latter  the  verrucae  spread  out, 
oTadually  merging  into  the  thallus  and  the  ostioles  are  confluent  and 
sometimes  appear  single. 

Pertusaria  tuhercidifera  and  P.  lutescens  are  tropical  lichens;  the 
others  are  widely  distributed.     xW\  grow  on  bark. 

Family  8.     LECANORACEAE. 

This  family  is  characterized  by  a  crustose  thallus  and  discoid  apothecia 
furnished  with  a  margin  colored  like  the  thallus  and  usually  contrasting 
with  the  disk. 

Haematomma  puniceum  (Ach.)  Wainio  will  be  easily  distinguished 
from  all  other  Bennuda  lichens  by  the  bright  red  disk  of  the  apothecia, 
set  on  a  gray  thallus.     It  is  a  common  tropical  species,  growing  on  bark. 

Five  rather  closely  related  siDecies  of  Lccanora  have  been  found  in 
Bermuda,  on  bark  or  old  fences.  L.  pallida  (Schreb.)  Schaer,  is  the 
easiest  of  recognition  on  account  of  the  dense  white  "  bloom  "  covering  the 
flesh-colored  disk  of  the  fruit.  The  other  four  species,  all  lacking  this 
bloom,  are  more  difficult  to  distinguish,  as  their  separation  deiiends  mainly 
upon  the  color  of  the  apothecia  and  this  is  a  variable  character.  Plants 
with  a  greenish  disk  may  be  assigned  to  L.  varia  (Hoffm.)  Ach.;  with 
the  diskblackening  to  L.  bermudensis  Nyl.;  those  with  the  disk  decidedly 
brown,  to  L.  subfusca  (L.)  Ach.;  while  those  with  the  disk  more  or  less 
flesh-colored  or  pallid  belong  to  L.  cinereocarnea  (Eschw.)  Wainio.  The 
last  named  is  the  most  abundant  of  the  species  of  this  genus:  it  varies 
much  in  the  character  of  the  thallus,  from  a  thick,  wrinkled  thallus  to  a 
form  in  which  the  thallus  is  entirely  absent. 

Family  9.     PARMELIACEAE. 
The  genus  Parmelia,  with  folioso  thallus.  requires  for  its  development 
more   favorable  conditions   than   occur  in   Bernuida.     Consequently,   it    is 


478  PHYSCIACEAE. 

poorly  represented  there,  only  three  species,  that  can  be  identified  with 
certainty,  having  been  found,  and  these  only  in  sterile  specimens.  Par- 
melia  tinctorum  Despr.  is  distinct  in  the  isidia  (tubercles)  growing  on  the 
surface  of  the  thallus.  P.  perlata  (L.)  Ach.  and  P.  latissima  cristifera 
(Tayl.)  Hue  are  more  difficult  to  separate;  the  latter  is  generally  whiter, 
with  broader  lobes,  and  larger  soredia. 

Family  10.     USNEACEAE. 

In  discussing  the  Thelotremaceae,  certain  striking  gaps  in  the  lichen- 
flora  of  Bermuda  were  noted.  In  the  family  Usneaceae  we  find  another 
such  case.  The  family,  commonly  abundant  in  all  regions,  has  but  a 
single  rejDresentative  in  Bermuda,  Ramalina  comjjlanata  (Sw.)  Ach.  This 
is,  however,  one  of  the  commonest  of  Bermuda  lichens,  growing  on  the 
branches  of  trees,  and  easily  recognized  by  its  much  branched,  tuberculate 
thallus. 

Family  11.     BUELLIACEAE. 

Buellia  parasema  (Ach.)  Th.  Fr.  is  a  cosmopolitan  lichen,  which  is 
common  in  Bermuda,  especially  on  the  cedar;  it  has  a  crustose  thallus, 
which  sometimes  disappears  almost  entirely,  and  flat  black  apothecia  with 
a  persistent  black  margin,  this  last  character  serving  to  distinguish  it  from 
the  next  two  species,  in  which  the  apothecia  are,  except  when  very  young, 
convex  and  marginle'ss.  Buellia  myriocarpa  (DC.)  Mudd  and  Einodina 
insperata  (Nyl.)  Zahlbr.  resemble  each  other  in  general  appearance;  in 
the  latter,  however,  the  apothecia  when  moist  are  brown  rather  than  black, 
and  the  spores  are  of  the  peculiar  type  known  as  polar-bilocular.  These 
two  species,  although  gTowing  on  bark  like  Buellia  parasema,  are  compara- 
tively rare. 

There  have  been  collected  from  a  roadside  wall  at  Devonshire,  speci- 
mens of  a  small,  chalky  lichen,  with  a  whitish  subfoliose  thallus  and 
radiate,  confluent  lobes.  No  fruit  has  been  found,  so  the  plant  can  not 
be  determined  with  certainty,  but  the  thalline  characters  agree  exactly 
with  those  of  Buellia  canescens  (Dicks.)  DeNot.,  which  is  very  common 
on  the  same  habitat  in  England.  As  the  species  is  entirely  unknown  in 
America,  the  interesting  possibility  suggests  itself  of  this  species  having 
been  introduced   into   Bermuda  from  England. 

Family  12.     CALOPLACACEAE. 

Blastema  floridana  (Tuck.)  Zahlbr.  is  a  minute,  inconspicuous  lichen. 
It  might  be  confused  with  Lecanora  suhfusca,  but  the  disk  is  commonly 
darker,  and  the  spores  are  two-celled. 

Family  13.    PHYSCIACEAE. 

This  family  includes  three  species  very  common  in  Bermuda,  and  two 
that  are  less  known  there.  All  have  a  grayish,  foliose  thallus,  and  may 
grow  on  rocks  as  well  as  on  trees.  In  the  cosmopolitan  Physcia  stellaris 
(L.)  Nyl.,  the  thallus  has  radiating,  convex  lobes,  without  soredia.  P. 
alba  (Fee)  Muell.  Arg.  is  also  without  soredia,  but  has  flat  lobes.  In  the 
other  three  species,  the  thallus  is  more  or  less  sorediate  (powdery).  P. 
crispa    (Pers.)    Nyl.    has   broad   lobes,   with   the    soredia    confined   to   the 


FUNGI.  479 

• 
margins.     Physcia  integrata  sorediosa  Wainio   and  Pyxine  picta    (Sw.) 
Tuck,  agree  in  having  narrow  lobes,  with  the  soredia  in  soralia  (powdery 
pustules)  ;  but  in  the  latter  the  thallus  is  more  closely  appressed  to  the 
substratum  and  has  confluent  lobes. 

SUMMARY  OF  GEOGRAPHICAL  AFFINITIES. 

The  results  of  an  analysis  of  the  geographical  range  of  the  species 
making  up  the  lichen-flora  of  Bermuda  may  be  shown  in  the  following 
table : 

Endemic 10 

Occurring  in  the  West  Indies  or  Tropical  South  America,  but  not  in 

the  United  States   14 

Occurring   in   the   West   Indies   and   also   in   the   southern    United 

States    29 

Occurring  in  the  southern  United  States  but  not  in  the  West  Indies.  0 
Widely  distributed  in  the   Temperate  as  well   as  in   the   Tropical 

Zone   21 

Typically  northern  species  not  known  in  Tropical  regions 4 

(Note:    The  difference  in  the  total  number  given  here  and  in  the 
introduction  is  due  to  the  omission  of  certain  unimportant  varieties.) 

An  inspection  of  the  table  will  show  clearly  that  the  lichen-flora  of 
Bermuda  is  most  closely  related  to  that  of  the  West  Indies.  The  rela- 
tively northern  position  of  the  islands,  however,  permits  of  the^  growth  of 
four  species  of  colder  countries,  that  are  not  found  in  the  West  Indies. 
Finally,  the  peculiar  conditions  existing  in  Bermuda  have  resulted  in  a 
comparatively  large  number  of  endemic  species. 

Class  2.    FUNGI. 

Moulds,  Blights  and  Mushrooms. 
Contributed  by  Fred  J.  Seaver. 

INTRODUCTION. 

The  fungi,  which  are  more  commonly  known  under  such  names  as 
puffballs,  mushrooms,  mildews  or  moulds,  constitute  a  group  of  plants 
which  are  represented  in  the  entire  world  by  more  than  fifty  thousand 
species.  They  are  often  referred  to  as  degenerate  plants,  the  term  degen- 
erate being  applied  more  on  account  of  their  habits  of  life  than  because 
of  their  simplicity  of  structure,  for  while  many  of  them  are  simple,  nu\ny 
others  show  much  complexity  in  general  structure  as  well  as  in  their  repro- 
ductive processes. 

Probably  the  inability  of  the  fungi  to  manufacture  their  own  food,  as 
is  done  bv  the  higher  green  plants,  together  with  the  fact  that  many  of 
them  are  small  and  grow  in  out  of  the  way  places,  often  livuig  as  scaven- 
gers on  decavino;  matter,  has  done  more  to  cause  them  to  be  looked  upon  as 
degraded  forms"  of  vea-etation  than  any  simiilicity  or  peculiarity  of  struc- 
ture. Whether  as  a  cause  or  a  consequence,  the  fungi  are  entirely  devoid 
of  green  coloring  matter  or  chlorophyll,  and  are  therefore  dependent  upon 


480  FUNGI. 

other  plants  or  animals  for  their  food.  On  account  of  this  fact,  the  fungi 

are  often  popularly  divided  into  two  groups,    (1)    saprophytes  or  those 

which  feed  upon  dead  matter,  and  (2)  parasites  or  those  which  feed  upon 
living  animals  or  plants. 

SAPROPHYTIC  FUNGI. 

Saprophytic  fungi  maj*  be  found  growing  on  dead  leaves,  twigs, 
humus,  the  dung  of  animals,  and  in  fact  in  almost  any  situation  where 
there  is  a  supply  of  decaying  organic  material.  While  these  fungi  may 
often  attain  a  size  of  more  than  a  foot  in  diameter,  many  others  are  so 
small  that  they  are  never  seen  by  the  casual  obser\'er  and  their  collection 
even  by  the  trained  expert  requires  much  time  and  patience. 

The  larger  forms  are  often  extensively  used  as  articles  of  food,  being 
highly  esteemed  on  account  of  their  flavor  as  well  as  for  their  nutritive 
value.  But  on  account  of  the  poisonous  properties  of  many  of  the  species 
the  entire  gToup  is  often  looked  upon  with  suspicion  by  the  amateur  col- 
lector. Even  the  smaller  and  more  inconspicuous  forms  play  an  important 
part  in  the  scheme  of  nature,  being  one  of  the  most  active  agents  in  bring- 
ing about  the  decay  of  organic  matter,  without  which  the  surface  of  the 
earth  would  become  covered  over  with  the  litter  of  dead  animals  and  plants. 

PARASITIC  FUNGI. 

The  parasitic  fungi  are  of  unusual  economic  importance  because  of 
their  relation  to  the  diseases  of  the  higher  plants.  They  may  attack  the 
leaves,  stem,  or  almost  any  part  of  the  living  plant,  causing  a  slight 
retardation  in  growth  or  the  death  of  the  entire  plant.  The  amount  of 
damage  caused  each  year  to  cultivated  plants  by  such  fungi  is  enormous. 
Fungi  may  also  occasionally  attack  the  bodies  of  living  animals,  including 
man,  although  the  number  of  such  cases,  except  bacterial  diseases,  are  com- 
l)aratively  few.  Parasitic  fungi  are  sometimes  made  use  of  in  combating 
haiTuful  insects.     The  bacteria  of  Bermuda  have  not  been  studied. 

STRUCTURE  AND  REPRODUCTION. 

The  fungi  in  the  course  of  their  life  histories  exhibit  two  distinct 
phases,  the  vegetative  or  growing  stage  and  the  reproductive  stage.  The 
vegetative  stage  of  most  true  fungi  consists  of  a  mass  of  minute  threads 
known  as  mycelium  or  spawn.  The  simpler  types  of  fungi  consist  of  little 
more  than  a  mass  of  such  mycelium.  The  reproductive  stage,  however, 
may  show  considerable  complexity  of  structure,  especially  in  the  higher 
forms.  The  reproductive  bodies  themselves  are  known  as  spores  and  are 
so  minute  in  size  that  they  are  usually  invisible  to  the  unaided  eye  except 
where  they  are  present  in  great  numbers.  Functionally  the  spores  of  the 
fungi  correspond  to  the  seeds  of  the  higher  plants. 

DISTRIBUTION. 

On  account  of  their  minute  size  the  spores  of  the  fungi  may  be 
carried  great  distances  by  the  wind  and  other  agents.  While  the  wind  is 
probably  the  chief  agent  in  the  distribution  of  the  spores,  a  few  species 
show  special  adaptation  for  insect  distribution. 


FUNGI.  481 

In  addition  to  their  minute  size,  the  spores  of  the  fungi  have  heen 
shown  to  be  able  to  keep  their  viability  for  several  years  under  the  most 
adverse  conditions.  These  facts  will  probably  go  far  to  account  for  the 
wide  distribution  of  many  species  of  fungi,  they  being  more  cosmopolitan 
in  their  distribution  than  almost  any  other  group  of  plants.  This  being 
the  case  we  would  naturally  expect  the  fungous  flora  of  an  isolated  region 
such  as  Bermuda  to  be  proportionately  larger  than  that  of  the  higher 
plants,  as  seems  to  be  the  case  so  far  as  can  be  judged  from  the  limit^'d 
observations  made. 

The  number  of  species  occurring  in  any  region  would  be  limited,  how- 
ever, by  the  food  supply,  and  since  the  fungi  depend  largely  upon  the 
higher  plants  for  their  food,  a  region  which  contains  a  comparatively 
small  number  of  higher  plants  would  of  necessity  show  a  relatively  small 
number  of  fungi  since  even  the  saprophytic  fungi  are  often  very  selective 
in  their  food  habits. 

It  is  difficult  to  account  for  the  occurrence  of  a  number  of  European 
species  of  fungi  in  Bermuda  which  have  not  been  found  elsewhere  in  North 
America.  If  they  had  been  introduced  through  the  agency  of  man,  it  is  diffi- 
cult to  understand  why  they  have  not  been  introduced  into  the  mainland  of 
North  America  as  well.  This  apparent  discrepancy  might  be  accounted 
for  by  the  incompleteness  of  our  knowledge  of  the  fungi  of  our  own  states, 
owing  largely  to  the  minute  size  of  the  plants  and  the  ease  with  which  they 
are  overlooked. 

SYSTEMATIC  ARRANGEMENT. 

The  fungi,  like  other  plants,  are  divided  into  a  number  of  main 
groups  and  each  group  again  subdivided  into  orders,  families,  genera  and 
species.  This  arrangement  is  based  entirely  upon  those  structural  char- 
acters which  show  natural  relationship  without  regard  to  their  habits  of 
life,  so  that  the  same  group  may  contain  either  parasitic  or  saproj^hytic 
species  or  both.  In  fact  the  same  species  may  in  exceptional  cases  ai)i;ear 
either  as  a  parasite  or  as  a  saprophj^te. 

In  the  present  discussion,  the  fungi  will  be  taken  uj)  in  accordance 
with  their  systematic  arrangement,  especial  attention  being  given  to  those 
species  which  are  the  cause  of  serious  plant  diseases. 

Local  Work  in^  Bermuda. 

The  fungous  flora  of  Bermuda  has  probably  received  less  attention 
than  any  other  phase  of  the  natural  history  of  the  islands,  largely  through 
the  misapprehension  that  there  are  few  fungi  there.  While  it  is  true  that 
the  larger  forms  of  fungi  seem  to  be  poorly  represented  from  our  own 
brief  experience  the  writer  is  inclined  to  believe  that  the  number  of 
species  of  fungi  occurring  in  Bermuda  will  eventually  be  found  to  be 
surprisingly  large. 

The  "first  list  of  which  we  have  any  record  is  that  of  the  Challenger 
Expedition  of  1873,  in  which  twenty-four  species  were  recorded.  Pro- 
fessor Farlow  in  the  course  of  his  visits  to  the  islands  has  collected  and 
described  a  few  additional  species.  About  forty  species  were  collected  by 
Dr.  and  Mrs.  B.  0.  Dodge  in  1911,  the  largest  collection  of  which  we  have 
any  knowledge  up  to  tliat  date.  Scattering  species  have  frequently  been 
brought  in  by  collectors  of  flowering  plants,  including  members  of  the 
staff'of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

32 


482  MYXOMYCETES. 

In  August,  1916,  the  writer  published  in  the  Memoirs  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden  a  list  of  all  of  the  species  of  fungi  from  Bermuda  of 
which  we  have  any  authentic  record.  The  list  included  one  hundred  and 
twenty  species  and  a  number  of  varieties.  Most  of  the  species  listed  here 
were  collected  during  a  two-weeks'  visit  (November  29-December  14,  1912). 
The  fungi  are  so  evanescent  in  their  occurrence  that  it  is  impossible  to 
form  an  adequate  conception  of  the  number  of  species  occurring  in  any 
locality  in  so  short  a  time,  so  that  this  list  must  be  considered  extremely 
incomplete. 

Sub-class  1.     MYXOMYCETES. 

Slime-Moulds. 

The  slime-moulds  comprise  a  group  of  living  organisms  of  doubtful 
affinity,  but  which  on  account  of  the  fungus-like  structure  of  their  fruiting 
stage  are  often  included  with  the  fungi.  Although  they  are  usually  con- 
sidered as  plants,  some  students  even  go  so  far  as  to  regard  them  as 
intermediate  between  the  animal  and  plant  kingdoms. 

These  organisms  receive  their  name  "  slime-mould "  from  the  fact 
that  their  vegetative  or  growing  stage  takes  the  form  of  a  slimy  mass. 
This  mass  varies  much  in  color  according  to  the  species,  white,  pink,  and 
yellow  being  most  commonly  encountered.  That  this  slimy  mass  is  really 
living  matter  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  it  possesses  the  ability  to  move 
about  by  a  streaming  motion.  It  is  this  property  which  suggests  their 
affinity  with  certain  lower  forms  of  animal  life. 

Like  the  true  fungi,  the  slime-moulds  are  unable  to  make  their  own 
food  and  must  feed  either  on  dead  or  living  organic  matter.  The  vege- 
tative stage  of  the  slime-mould  usually  grows  hidden  from  view  where  it 
quietly  feeds  on  the  decomposing  organic  matter  of  plant  and  animal  re- 
mains. Through  some  natural  impulse,  however,  they  almost  invariably 
come  to  the  surface  before  producing  their  fruit  and  often  even  climb  on 
surrounding  objects  to  considerable  height.  This  is  a  decided  advantage 
to  the  plants  since  it  enables  them  to  bring  about  a  wider  distribution  of 
their  spores  which,  as  in  true  fungi,  is  accomplished  mainly  by  the  wind. 
In  some  species,  the  vegetative  stage  consists  of  a  mass  several  inches  or 
rarely  a  foot  or  more  in  diameter,  and  such  a  mass  will  frequently  climb 
several  feet  directly  up  the  trunk  of  a  tree  or  other  object  before  maturing 
its  spores.  Rotten  logs,  leaves,  twigs,  blades  of  grass,  and  in  fact  almost 
any  available  object  will  furnish  a  suitable  substratum  on  which  these 
plants  may  produce  their  fruit. 

While  the  slime-moulds  in  their  vegetative  stage  resemble  some  of  the 
lower  forms  of  animal  life,  in  their  fruiting  stage  they  are  decidedly  plant- 
like and  show  a  close  resemblance  to  the  fniiting  stage  of  the  fungi.  The 
remains  of  the  old  fruiting  bodies  will  often  be  found  in  clusters  on  rotten 
logs  and  resemble  minute  feathers  or  plumes,  varying  in  color  from  brown 
to  red  or  golden-yellow.     Still  others  take  the  form  of  small  puffballs. 

A  number  of  species  of  Stemonitis,  Arcyria,  Hemitricliia  and  Physa- 
rum  have  been  collected  in  Bermuda.  In  addition  to  these,  Lycogala  epi- 
dendrum,  one  of  the  puffball-like  species,  has  been  several  times  collected. 
The  latter  in  its  vegetative  stage  is  of  a  delicate  pink  color  which  varies  to 
bronze  as  the  fruiting  body  matures.     So  far  as  is  known,  no  attempt  has 


PHYCOMYCETES.  483 

been  made  to  study  the  Bermuda  species  of  this  group  critically.     Such  a 
study  by  some  resident  botanist  would  doubtless  yield  interesting  results. 

Sub-class  2.     PHYCOMYCETES. 

The  Phycomy*cetes  are  often  known  as  the  algal-fungi  because  of  their 
resemblance  to  certain  of  the  lower  algae  or  seaweeds.  Some  of  the  species 
are  aquatic  and  most  of  them  require  a  very  moist  habitat,  often  i)rnducing 
spores  which  are  able  to  swim  about  in  water.  The  fish-mould  which  often 
causes  epidemics  among  fish  belongs  to  this  group. 

To  this  group  of  fungi  also  belong  the  so-called  white  rusts  which 
occur  as  parasites  on  the  leaves  and  stems  of  various  kinds  of  plants.  They 
are  called  white  rusts  because  the  spores  form  white  blisters  on  the  leaves 
and  stems  of  the  host  plant,  the  blisters  resembling  in  form  those  of  the 
true  plant-rusts  which  will  be  considered  later  on. 

Many  of  the  white  rusts  are  very  destructive  parasites,  and  while  all 
of  the  species  are  parasitic,  many  of  them  occur  on  plants  which  are  of  no 
economic  importance  or  are  not  serious  enough  to  cause  any  great  damage. 
Only  one  species  of  white  rust  has  been  collected  in  Bermuda  so  far  as  is 
known.  This  is  Albugo  Candida,  a  parasite  which  attacks  the  leaves  and 
stems  of  plants  belonging  to  the  Mustard  Family.  The  Beniiuda  species 
Avas  collected  on  the  stems  and  leaves  of  the  cultivated  radish. 

Another  fungus  which  belongs  to  the  Phyeomycetes  is  the  Mucor  or 
common  bread-mould.  Specimens  of  one  species  of  this  genus  were  found 
abundantly  on  richly  fertilized  soil. 

Still  another  Phycomycete  found  in  Bermuda  is  Pilobolus  crystallinus, 
a  minute  fungus  wliich  grows  on  the  dung  of  animals.  This  fungus  is 
provided  with  an  explosive  apparatus  by  means  of  which  the  spore-caps 
may  be  thrown  some  distance  into  the  air.  The  entire  cap  which  is  about 
the  size  of  a  fly-speck  is  often  found  adhering  to  the  stems  and  leaves  of 
surrounding  plants.  Since  the  spores  of  many  species  of  fungi  which 
grow  on  the  dung  of  animals  are  able  to  pass  through  the  body  of  the 
animal  and  keep  "their  viability,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  the  spores  of  this 
species  behave  in  this  manner.  The  adhesive  device  may  be  an  adaptation 
for  placing  the  spores  where  they  may  be  eaten  by  cattle  and  other 
herbivorous  animals.  After  passing  through  the  body  of  the  animal  they 
are  then  ready  to  resume  growth. 

Order  1.     PERONOSPORALES. 

A  single  species  belonging  to  this  order  has  been  recorded,  the  white 
rust  named  above. 

Order  2.     MUCORALES. 

Two  species  belonging  to  different  genera  have  been  collected  in  Ber- 
muda one  of  which  is  listed  above. 

Sub-class  3.     ASCOMYCETES. 

The  Ascomyeetes  represent  a  very  large  group  of  fungi  of  extremely 
varied  habits.  Many  of  the  plants  of  this  group  are  parasites  and  some 
of  them  very  destructive,  while  many  others  live  a  retinng  sort  of  life  as 


484  ASCOMYCETES. 

mere  saprophytes  and  thus  escape  popular  notice.  The  fruiting  bodies 
vary  in  size  from  those  which  are  scarcely  visible  to  the  unaided  eye  to 
more  than  a  foot  in  diameter. 

The  group  is  characterized  by  having  their  spores  borne  in  closed 
receptacles  which  are  known  as  spore-sacs  or  asci,  the  number  of  spores  in 
each  being  very  constant  and  vaiying  in  the  following  ratios  :  two,  four,  eight, 
sixteen,  thirty-two,  etc.  In  many  cases  the  spores  at  maturity  are  forcibly 
extruded  from  the  ascus  like  shot  from  a  gun,  and  in  such  numbers  as  to 
appear  to  the  unaided  eye  like  a  cloud  of  smoke.  They  are  then  caught 
up  by  the  wind  and  widely  disseminated  so  that  the  atmosphere  is  never 
free  from  some  of  these  minute  bodies. 

One  of  the  groups  of  Ascomycetes  which  is  usually  well  represented 
in  tropical  and  subtropical  regions  is  that  commonly  known  as  the 
sooty  moulds.  These  plants  receive  their  name  from  the  sooty  appear- 
ance of  the  superficial  mycelium  which  overspreads  the  substratum  often 
for  several  inches.  The  plants  of  this  group  are  for  the  most  part  epi- 
phytic, that  is  they  grow  on  living  plants  ^\ithout  actually  drawing  their 
nourishment  from  them.  They  usually  feed  upon  the  remains  or  excre- 
tions of  minute  insects  such  as  plant-lice,  which  in  turn  suck  their  nourish- 
ment from  the  tissues  of  the  plants  on  which  they  live.  The  fruiting 
bodies  consist  of  minute  subglobose  perithecia  scarcely  visible  to  the  un- 
aided eye  which  in  turn  contain  the  asci  and  spores.  Many  of  the  speci- 
mens collected  in  Beraiuda  did  not  show  mature  perithecia  and  for  this 
reason  their  identity  is  uncertain.  Several  mature  specimens  belonging 
to  the  genera  Meliola,  Dimerospormm  and  Asterina  were  collected  in 
Bermuda. 

The  Pyrenomycetes  constitute  a  very  large  group  of  Ascomycetes 
which  also  have  their  asci  borne  in  closed  or  nearly  closed  perithecia,  the 
sooty  moulds  being  often  included  with  this  group.  The  fruiting  bodies 
of  the  Pyrenomycetes  are  usually  black,  which  has  suggested  the  name. 
In  a  few  of  them,  however,  the  fruiting  bodies  are  bright-colored.  One  of 
the  latter  is  Cordyceps,  a  fungus  which  grows  on  dead  insects  or  their 
pupae  and  of  which  one  species  has  been  collected  in  Bermuda.  Whether 
these  fungi  attack  the  insect  while  living  there  is  some  difference  of 
opinion,  but  it  is  not  unlikely  that  they  do.  About  thirty  species  belong- 
ing to  the  Pyrenomycetes  have  been  collected  in  Bermuda.  Most  of  the 
species  collected  are  saprophytes  and  of  no  especial  interest  from  an  eco- 
nomic point  of  view. 

Still  another  group  of  Ascomycetes  of  considerable  size  is  known  as 
the  Discomycetes  or  cup-fungi.  As  implied  by  the  name,  a  large  number 
of  the  plants  of  this  group  are  cup-shaped  and  vary  in  size  from  that  of  a 
pin-head  to  the  size  of  a  tea  cup,  or  in  rare  cases  even  a  foot  in  diameter. 

While  most  of  the  Discomycetes  are  cup-shaped,  some  are  club-shaped 
or  spathulate.  To  the  latter  belong  the  smooth  and  hmvy  earth-tongues, 
several  species  of  which  have  been  collected  and,  in  fact,  found  to  be  quite 
common  in  Bermuda.  The  plants  grow  on  damp  soil  or  among  mosses, 
are  black  in  color,  and  reach  a  height  of  several  inches.  It  is  because  of 
their  flattened  form  that  they  have  come  to  be  popularly  known  as  '^  earth- 
tongues." 

Of  the  true  cup-fungi  the  species  Lamprospora  Planchoms,  a  small 
purple  cup-fung-us  sometimes  reaching  a  size  of  nearly  an  inch  m  diameter 


ASCOMYCETES.  485 

and  occurring  everywhere  by  roadsides,  is  the  commonest  species  in  the 
islands.  So  far  as  known  this  species  has  not  been  found  elsewhere  in 
North  America  having-  originally  been  described  from  Europe.  None  of  the 
very  large  species  have  been  collected  in  Bermuda,  although  they  are  likely 
to  be  found  to  occur  there. 

Probably  the  most  abundant  collections  of  Discomycetes  made  in  Ber- 
muda consisted  of  those  species,  usually  small,  which  occur  on  the  dung  of 
animals.  In  addition  to  a  number  of  the  common  species,  one,  Ascophanus 
hermudensis,  has  been  described  as  new  and  is  known  only  from  Bermuda. 

Another  species  of  considerable  interest  is  Pyronema  omphalodes 
which  forms  pink  masses  on  burned  places.  So  far  as  known,  this  plant 
occurs  in  nature  only  on  ground  which  has  been  heated  by  burning.  In 
greenhouses  it  occurs  on  soil  which  has  been  steamed  or  heated  in  some 
other  manner.  The  fungus  is  probably  world-wide  in  its  distribution  and 
has  attracted  a  great  deal  of  interest.  Actual  experiment  has  shown  the 
spores  to  be  able  to  keep  their  viability  for  nearly  three  years  under  the 
most  unfavorable  conditions.  This  and  the  ease  with  Avhich  the  spores  are 
disseminated  will  probably  account  for  the  occurrence  of  this  and  other 
similar  species  in  Bermuda  with  its  conditions  of  isolation. 

Still  another  species  which  is  attractive  and  interesting  is  Pithya 
Cupressi.  The  species  forms  great  numbers  of  fruiting  discs  about  an 
eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter  on  recently  killed  foliage  of  Bermuda  cedar. 
While  the  fungus  appears  to  be  a  saprophyte,  it  is  possible  that  the 
mycelium  attacks  the  trees  while  living,  producing  its  fruit  after  the 
branches  have  died.  While  the  plants  were  collected  but  once  in  Bermuda, 
Ihey  were  found  in  large  quantities. 

Order  3.     PERISPORIALES. 

This  order  includes  the  sooty  moulds  of  which  the  following  species 
have  been  collected  and  named:  Dimerosporium  melioloides  (Berk.  &  Curt.) 
Ellis  &  Ev.  on  the  living  leaves  of  Baccharis;  Meliola  Cookeana  Speg.  on 
the  leaves  otLippia;  Meliola  circinans  Earle  on  the  leaves  of  saw-grass  and 
Asterina  pelliculosa  Berk.,  the  last  being  reported  by  the  Challenger  Ex- 
pedition on  coffee  leaves. 

Order  4.     HYPOCREALES. 
Family  1.     NECTRIACEAE. 

Of  this  family  the  blood-red  fungus,  Nectria  sanguinea  (Bolton) 
Fries  has  been  collected,  also  Sphaerostilbe  flammea  (Berk.  &  Rav.)  Tul., 
the  latter  being  associated  with  scale  insects.  Three  endemic  sj^ecies  have 
also  been  described  by  the  writer,  Nectria  Lantanae  Seaver,  Caloncctria 
Umbelliferarum  Seaver  and  Calonectria  granulosa  Seaver. 

Family  2.     HYPOCREACEAE. 

Three  species  of  this  family  have  been  collected,  Cordyceps  militaris 
(L.)  Link  on  pupae  of  insects;  also  Hypocrea  patella  Cooke  &  Peck  and 
Stilbocrea  liypocreoides  (Kalch.  &  Cooke)  Seaver,  the  last  two  on  decay- 
ing wood. 


486  ASCOMYCETES. 


Order  5.     FIMETARIALES. 

Some  of  the  species  of  this  order  occurring  in  Bermuda  are :  Fimetaria 
fimicola  (Rob.)  D.  Griif.  &  Seaver;  Pleurage  fimiseda  {Ces.  &  DeNot.)  D. 
Griif.,  Sporormia  minima  Auersw.  and  an  unnamed  species  of  Chaeto- 
mium.     All  occur  on  the  excrement  of  animals. 

Order  6.     SPHAERIALES. 

This  is  a  large  order  and  well  represented  in  Bermuda.  One  of  the 
most  common  species "  is  Rosellinia  subiculata  (Schw.)  Sacc,  a  species 
formin-g  small  black  knobs  on  rotten  wood  and  occurring  on  a  large  variety 
of  substrata.  Xylaria  filiformis  (Albert.  &  Schw.)  Fries  was  also  found 
to  be  abundant  on  dead  leaves  and  Poronia  Oedipus  Mont,  on  the  excre- 
ment of  cows.  The  last  named  species  is  rather  conspicuous  and  attrac- 
tive. Several  species  of  Hypoxylon  were  also  collected,  the  plants  of  the 
genus  forming  black  crusts  on  decaying  wood  and  other  substrata. 

Order  7.     HELVELLALES. 

This  order  includes  the  "earth-tongues"  of  which  Trichoglossum 
hirsutum  Wriglitii  Durand  and  Geoglossum  nigritum  Cooke  are  the  most 
common  both  occurring  on  rocky  moss  covered  hillsides. 

Order  8.     PEZIZALES. 

This  order  which  is  a  very  large  one  contains  the  true  cup-fungi  of 
which  about  twenty  identifiable  species  have  been  collected.  Among  these 
the  hairy  cups,  Laclinea  pulcherrima  (Cr.)  Boud.  and  Lachnea  theleboloides 
(Albert.  &  Schw.)  Gill,  are  found  to  be  common  on  the  excrement  of  cows. 
Ascophanus  granuliformis  (Cr.)  Boud.,  Ascobolus  stercorarius  (Bull.) 
Schroet.,  Ascobolus  immersus  Pers.,  Saccobolus  Kerverni  (Cr.)  Boud., 
Lasiobolus  equinus  (Muell.)  Karst.  and  Thecotheus  Pelletieri  (Cr.)  Boud. 
also  occur  on  the  dung  of  different  animals.  Among  the  wood-inhabiting 
species  are  Gongoniceps  Pumilionis  Rehm,  Dasycypha  earoleuca  Berk.  & 
Br.,  Patellaria  atrata  (Hedw.)  Fries  and  Karschia  lignyota  (Fries)  Sacc, 
the  last  two  resembling  lichen  apothecia. 

Order  9.     HYSTERIALES. 

The  black  boat-shaped  fruiting  bodies  of  the  fungi  of  this  order  are 
usually  found  on  rotten  wood.  Two  species  were  found  to  be  common, 
Gloniopsis  lineolatum  (Cooke)  Sacc,  and  Hysterographium  praelongum 
(Schw.)  Sacc. 

Order  10.     PHACIDIALES. 

The  plants  of  this  order  resemble  those  of  the  preceding  but  are  not 
always  black.  Three  species  have  been  collected,  Propolis  faginea 
Schrad.)    Karst.,  Stictis  radiata   (L.)    Pers.,  and  Stictis  graminum  Desm. 

Sub-class  4.     BASIDIOMYCETES. 

The  Basidiomycetes  also  comprise  a  very  large  group  of  fungi  of 
varied  form  and  habits.     Unlike  the  Ascomycetes,  the  spores  of  the  Basid- 


BASIDIOMYCETES.  487 

iomycetes  are  never  borne  in  closed  sacs  but  are  borne  externally  on  little 
stems  like  miniature  clusters  of  cherries  or  other  fruit.  Several  devices 
also  occur  for  ejecting  the  spores  with  force  which  greatly  facilitate  the 
matter  of  distribution. 

One  important  subdivision  of  the  Basidiomycetes  is  that  known  as  the 
plant  rusts,  the  term  "  rust "  referring  to  the  color  of  the  spores  in  some 
of  the  species.  The  rusts  are  all  parasitic  and  from  an  economic  point  of 
view  occupy  a  high  place  among  parasitic  fungi.  Unlike  most  parasites 
the  rusts  have  several  distinct  stages  in  their  life  cycles  and  the  different 
stages  often  occur  on  different  host  plants.  Such  parasites  are  known  as 
heteroecious  parasites. 

The  common  grain  rust  which,  although  it  is  not  at  present  known  to 
occur  in  Bermuda,  is  likely  at  any  time  to  be  found  there,  is  one  of  the 
most  important  of  the  plant  rusts.  The  early  or  spring  stage  of  this  rust 
occurs  on  the  leaves  of  the  barberrj^  bush.  The  spores  produced  here 
cannot  reinfect  the  leaves  of  the  barberry  but  germinate  readily  on  the 
leaves  and  stems  of  the  common  grains,  both  the  summer  and  winter  stages 
being  produced  on  the  same  host.  Two  different  plants  are  then  made  use 
of  in  order  to  enable  the  fungus  to  complete  its  life  cycle.  It  has  been 
repeatedly  shown,  however,  that  this  fungus  can  thrive  in  countries  where 
the  barberry  is  unknown,  so  that  this  host  is  not  absolutely  necessary  to 
the  life  of  the  fungus.  Just  how  the  rust  is  carried  over  without  the 
presence  of  this  host  is  a  question  that  has  never  been  veiy  satisfactorily 
answered. 

Nine  species  of  plant  rusts  have  been  collected  in  Bennuda,  occurring 
on  about  twelve  different  hosts,  some  of  which  are  of  no  particular  economic 
importance.  The  rust  of  Sorghum  and  that  of  cultivated  peaches  are 
likely  to  be  of  some  economic  importance.  Additional  species  may  be 
expected  to  appear  in  Bermuda  as  the  work  of  agriculture  and  horticulture 
becomes  more  extended  in  the  islands.  While  only  nine  species  have  been 
collected,  it  is  not  unlikely  that  more  occur  but  have  escaped  notice. 

Among  these  is  a  cedar  rust  known  as  Gymnosporangium  hermudi- 
anum,  a  species  which  is  related  to  our  own  cedar-apple  rust,  affecting  red 
cedar  and  cultivated  and  wild  apples,  and  causing  great  losses  where  apples 
and  cedars  are  cultivated  in  close  proximity.  The  cedar  rust  occurring  in 
Bermuda  apparently  causes  little  or  no  damage. 

Another  group  which  is  usually  included  with  the  lower  Basidiomycetes 
are  the  smuts,  so-called  because  of  the  black  mass  of  spores  which  are 
formed  usually  associated  with  the  flowers  or  fruit  of  the  host.  The  only 
species  observed  in  Bermuda  is  the  common  corn-smut,  a  species  which 
causes  great  losses  wherever  maize  is  extensively  cultivated.  This  is  one 
of  the  parasitic  fungi,  however,  which  can  be  easily  controlled  by  the  appli- 
cation of  the  principles  of  scientific  agriculture. 

The  Basidiomycetes  contain  those  forms  known  as  puffballs,  toad- 
stools and  mushrooms,  many  of  which  are  commonly  used  as  articles  of 
food.  While  some  edible  species  were  collected  in  Bennuda,  they  were 
found  only  sparingly  and  whether  these  occur  in  sufficient  quantity  to  be  of 
practical  use,  it  is  difficult  to  say;  although  they  are  likely  to  be  abundant 
during  periods  of  excessive  rainfall. 

Among  the  puffballs  the  only  species  collected  was  one  of  the  earth- 
stars,  Geaster  saccatus.     The  earthstars  differ  from  the  other  puffballs  in 


488  BASIDIOMYCETES. 

that  the  outer  peridium  splits  star-like  and  folds  back,  elevating  the  fruit 
body  in  such  a  way  as  to  aid  in  the  distribution  of  the  spores. 

The  Basidiomycetes  also  include  the  woody  fungi  which  occur  on  the 
trunks  of  trees  and  are  often  the  source  of  great  damage  by  causing  heart 
rot.  The  number  of  such  species  found  in  Bermuda  was  surprisingly  small, 
perhaps  on  account  of  the  small  number  of  kinds  of  native  host  plants. 

Order  11.     USTILAGINALES. 

The  smuts,  which  belong  to  this  order,  are  often  included  with  the 
lower  Basidiomycetes.  One  species  has  been  found  in  Bermuda,  Ustilago 
Zeae  (Beckm.)  Unger,  a  very  destructive  parasite. 

Order  12.     UREDINALES. 

Some  of  the  species  of  plant  rusts  belonging  to  the  present  order  oc- 
curring in  the  islands  are:  Nigfedo  proeminens  (DC)  Arthur  occurring  on 
leaves  of  Poinsetta  and  various  species  of  Cliamaesyce,  and  Nigredo  Medi- 
caginis  (Pass.)  Arthur  on  the  leaves  of  Medicago  denticulata.  Other 
species  are :  Puccinia  Lantanae  Farlow^  Puccinia  Dichondrae  Mont.,  Puc- 
cinia  Cladii  Ellis  &  Tracy,  Puccinia  Polygoni-amphihii  Pers.  and  Puccinia 
purpurea  Cooke.  Tranzschelia  jyunctata  (Pers.)  Arthur  occurs  as  a  para- 
site on  the  leaves  of  cultivated  peach. 

Order  13.     AGARICALES. 

This  order  contains  the  edible  mushrooms.  Among  the  endemic 
species  are:  Agaricus  alphitopliorus  Berk.,  Agaricus  helictus  Berk.,  Maras- 
mius  bermudensis  Berk.,  Marasmius  Sabali  Berk.,  Marasmius  praedecur- 
rens  Murrill,  Pleurotopsis  niduUformis  Mun^U  and  Tyromyces  graminicola 
Murrill.     In  all  thirty  species  of  the  order  have  been  recorded. 

Order  14.     AURICULARIALES. 

One  endemic  species  belonging  to  this  order  has  been  collected,  Hirne- 
ola  coffcicolor  Berk. 

Order  15.     LYCOPERDALES. 

The  earthstar  named  above  is  the  only  representative  of  this  order. 

Order  16.     PHALLALES. 

A  single  species  belonging  to  the  genus  ClatJirus  has  been  collected 
but  was  in  such  poor  state  of  preservation  that  it  could  not  be  determined. 

Imperfect  Fungi. 

In  addition  to  the  main  groups  of  fungi,  there  are  a  large  number  of 
species  which  are  thought  to  represent  stages  in  the  life  cycles  of  other 
fungi,  especially  the  Ascomycetes.  These  are  included  in  the  group  com- 
monly known  as  the  Imperfect  Fungi,  since  their  histories  are  imperfectly 
known.  Fourteen  species  of  such  fungi  collected  in  Bermuda  have  been 
named.  Many  of  these  occur  as  parasites  and  are  the  cause  of  serious  leaf 
and   stem   injuiy.     One    species,   Helminthosporium   Ravenelii,   forms   its 


BASIDIOMYCETES.  489 

spores  in  a  black  mass  over  the  flowers  of  its  host,  one  of  the  grasses.  On 
account  of  the  large  size  of  the  spores,  the  fungus  is  very  beautiful  and  the 
large  masses  of  spores  render  it  a  very  attractive  species. 

Order  17.     SPHAEROPSIDALES. 

Among  the  fungi  of  this  order  are  the  leaf-spots,  a  number  of  which 
have  been  collected.  Some  of  the  species  are:  Septoria  oleandrina  Sacc, 
Phyllosticta  Opuntiae  Sacc.  &  Speg.,  Phoma  Musarum  Cooke  and  Pestal- 
lozzia  Guepini  Desm. 

In  addition  to  these  a  number  of  Hyphomycetes  have  been  collected 
among  which  are :  Macrosporium  Solani  Ellis  &  Martin,  Sclerotium  Semen 
Tode  and  Helicoma  larvula  Morgan. 

In  order  to  make  a  careful  survey  of  the  fungi  of  any  region,  it  is 
necessary  to  study  the  region  not  only  through  the  season  but  for  several 
seasons,  since  many  of  the  fungi  are  not  persistent  as  are  the  higher  plants. 
Many  of  them  last  for  only  a  few  days  at  most,  and  in  some  cases  may  not 
appear  again  for  years.  The  best  means  of  securing  a  complete  knowledge 
of  the  fungi  of  Bermuda  is  for  some  permanent  resident  to  take  up  a  study 
of  the  grc'jp  and  continue  it  indefinitely.  Such  a  study  would  not  only 
furnish  interesting  occupation,  but  would  extend  our  local  knowledge  of 
the  fungi  and  doubtless  result  in  adding  many  species  to  those  already 
known. 

Class  3.    ALGAE.* 
Contributed  by  Marshall  A.  Howe. 

The  shores  of  Bermuda  and  the  adjacent  sea-bottoms  offer  wider  areas 
and  doubtless  more  diversified  conditions  for  the  growth  and  development 
of  plants  than  do  the  parts  of  Bermuda  that  are  permanently  above  the 
sea.  It  is  probable  that  thorough  investigations  will  show  that,  even  when 
the  microscopic  diatoms,  not  especially  numerous  here,  are  excluded,  the 
number  of  species  of  marine  plants  of  Bermuda  and  vicinity  is  equal  to 
that  of  the  seed-bearing  plants  of  the  dry  land.  Many  of  the  organisms 
that  first  attract  the  eye  in  the  famous  "sea  gardens  "  of  Bennuda,  such  as 
the  corals,  the  sponges,  and  their  relatives,  are  members  of  the  animal 
kingdom,  though  it  is  not  surprising  that  the  earlier  naturalists,  observing 
these  organisms  to  be  attached,  like  the  undoubted  plants  of  the  land  and 
sea,  were  inclined  to  look  upon  them  as  plants.  And  it  is  not  surprising 
that  this  idea,  as  regards  some  of  these  organisms,  has  now  and  then  per- 
sisted, with  those  who  have  never  made  a  special  study  of  such  things,  even 
down  to  the  present  day. 

Of  the  marine  plants  that  wash  ashore  in  Bermuda,  especially  after 
a  severe  storm,  and  that  are  commonly  referred  to  as  "  seaweeds,"  a  few 
are  seed  plants  belonging  to  such  genera  as  Tlialassia,  the  Turtle  Grass; 
Zostera,  the  Eel  Grass;  and  Cijmodocea,  the  Manatee  Grass.  However, 
most  of  the  plants  found  in  the  beach  drift  or  seen  growing  near  the  line 
of  the  low  tide  or  in  deeper  water,  are  less  highly  organized,  non-vascular 
plants,  and  are  representatives  of  the  large  and  much  diversified  group 
known  to  botanists  as  the  algae.     Probably  by  reason  of  the  more  scorch- 

*  Chiefly  marine,  as  represented  in  Bermuda  and  as  here  treated. 


490  ALGAE. 

ing  effects  of  the  sun's  rays,  the  algae  are  less  conspicuous  between  the 
tide  lines  in  the  warmer  parts  of  the  earth  than  in  many  of  the  colder 
parts.  In  this  respect,  as  also  in  the  genera  and  species  that  are  repre- 
sented, Bermuda  has  more  in  common  with  Florida  and  the  West  Indies 
than  with  the  northern  United  States  and  Great  Britain.  The  direct 
physical  connection  with  more  southern  shores  by  the  northward-flowing 
Gulf  Stream  and  the  more  or  less  similar  conditions  as  to  illumination  and 
water  temperatures  are  doubtless-  the  main  factors  in  determining  the 
obviously  marked  affinity  between  the  marine  flora  of  Bermuda  and  that  of 
the  Antillean  region.  A  certain  number  of  species  of  marine  algae — a 
number  that  seems  to  increase  rather  than  diminish  as  a  result  of  critical 
study — is,  so  far  as  is  now  known,  peculiar  to  Bermuda ;  other  species 
occur  also  on  the  North  Atlantic  coasts  of  the  American  continent ;,  others, 
again  are  found  also  on  the  shores  of  Europe,  the  Azores,  the  Canary  Isles, 
etc. ;  but  to  still  larger  degree  the  algae  of  Bermuda  appear  to  be  identical 
in  species  with  those  of  the  Bahamas,  southern  Florida,  and  the  Greater 
Antilles. 

The  marine  algae  of  Bermuda  have  received  a  considerable  amount  of 
attention  from  naturalists.  One  species  and  one  variety  reached  the  hands 
of  Dawson  Turner  and  were  described  by  him  in  the  first  volume  of  his 
classic  Historia  Fucorum,  published  in  1808.  Four  principal  lists  of  Ber- 
mudian  algae  have  been  published  up  to  the  date  of  writing,  all  of  which 
are  referred  to  in  the  general  bibliography.  In  the  first  of  these,  by 
Alexander  F.  Kemp,  published  in  1857,  seventy-one  species  of  marine 
algae  are  named  and  others  are  referred  to  the  genus  only.  In  the  second, 
by  Johannes  Justus  Rein,  published  in  1873,  the  number  enumerated  is 
one  hundred  and  nine.  In  the  third,  published  in  the  report  of  the  Chal- 
lenger Expedition  in  1884  and  based  in  a  considerable  part  on  the  two 
lists  already  mentioned,  one  hundred  and  thirty-two  species  are  named  as 
occurring  in  these  islands. 

But  by  far  the  most  complete  list  of  Bermuda  algae  ever  published 
is  contained  in  a  paper  on  "  The  Algae  of  Bermuda"  by  F.  S.  Collins  and 
A.  B.  Hervey,  which  has  appeared  just  as  the  present  work  is  going  to 
press  and  in  which  410  species  are  recognized.  Collections  of  algae  have 
been  made  in  Bermuda  by  one  or  both  of  the  authors  of  this  recent  im- 
portant paper  at  all  seasons  of  the  year,  and  250  numbers  of  dried  speci- 
mens of  Bermuda  algae  have  been  distributed  by  them  in  the  Phycotheca 
Boreali-Americana  of  Collins,  Holden  &  Setchell.  In  the  following  dis- 
cussion of  the  marine  flora  these  specimens  are  often  cited  under  the  abbre- 
viation "Phyc.  Bor.-Am."  In  addition  to  these  specimens,  the  writer  has 
had  access  to  a  considerable  amount  of  material,  both  dried  and  in  fluid, 
generously  supplied  to  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  by  Mr.  Collins, 
and  also  to  a  collection  of  329  numbers,  both  dried  and  in  fluid,  made  by 
the  writer  during  a  single  four  weeks'  visit  to  Bennuda  in  the  summer  of 
1900,  as  well  as  to  a  number  of  specimens  collected  and  distributed  by  Pro- 
fessor W.  G.  Farlow,  Professor  Herbert  M.  Richards,  and  others.  In 
view  of  the  very  recent  appearance  of  the  Collins  &  Hervey  list  and  in  view 
of  the  more  limited  material  at  the  disposal  of  the  present  writer,  no 
attempt  to  offer  a  complete  list  of  species  will  be  made  in  the  following 
pages.  An  effort  will  be  made,  however,  at  least  to  mention  the  more 
common  and  more  conspicuous  algae  occurring  in  the  islands,  with  remarks. 


ALGAE.  491 

sometimes  diagnostic  or  semi-diagnostic,  on  some  of  the  more  characteristic 
species. 

Among  the  algae  as  a  whole,  as  the  term  is  commonly  restricted  by 
modern  writers,  three  great  sub-classes  are  recognized,  known  as  the  Chloro- 
phyceae  or  the  Green  Algae,  the  Phaeophyceae  or  Brown  Algae,  and  the 
RhodoiDhyceae  or  Red  Algae.  The  algae  in  general  possess  more  or  less 
chlorophyl,  the  green  pigment  characteristic  of  most  of  the  higher  plants, 
and  in  the  sub-class  Chlorophyceae,  the  chlorophyl  is  as  a  rule  comparatively 
free  from  admixture  with  other  coloring  matters,  so  that  the  plants  impress 
one  as  being  more  or  less  grass-green  in  color.  In  the  sub-class  Phaeophyceae, 
the  chlorophyl  is  accompanied  by  one  or  more  brownish  or  yellowish  pig- 
ments and  the  resulting  color  is  commonly  a  brownish  green  or  an  olive- 
green.  In  the  sub-class  Rhodophyceae,  the  chloro])hyl  is  ordinarily  masked  or 
obscured  by  a  red  pigment,  so  that  the  plants  usually  exhibit  some  shade  of 
red,  pink,  violet,  or  purple,  though  in  certain  kinds  the  shade  is  so  dark 
as  to  be  almost  black.  Associated  with  these  color  differences  as  exhibited  by 
these  three  sub-classes,  and  perhaps  of  more  fundamental  import,  are  cer- 
tain differences  in  structure  and  in  modes  of  reproduction.  But  the  deter- 
mination of  these  characters  involves,  as  a  rule,  the  use  of  the  higher 
powers  of  the  microscope  and  they  have  been  referred  to  only  occasionally 
in  the  discussion  that  follows. 

Sub-class  CYANOPHYCEAE. 

In  addition  to  the  three  classes  of  plants  mentioned  in  the  preceding 
paragraph,  the  term  algae  is  verj^  often  extended  to  include  also  another, 
somewhat  simpler  class  known  as  the  Cyanophyceae  or  Myxophyceae,  com- 
monly referred  to  as  the  Blue-green  Algae,  a  group  that  exhibits  points 
of  contact,  on  the  one  hand,  with  the  Bacteria  and,  on  the  other  hand,  with 
the  simplest  Red  Algae.  In  this  group,  the  chlorophyl  is  associated  with 
another  pigment  which  commonly  gives  the  cell  contents  a  bluish-green 
shade,  though  in  mass,  to  the  naked  eye,  the  plants  veiy  commonly  appear 
nearly  black.  They  are  usually  plants  of  small  size  but  when  associated 
in  colonies  as  is  their  ordinary  habit,  they  form  masses  that  may  readily 
attract  the  eye.  In  many  of  them  reproductive  processes  are  so  little 
differentiated  from  those  of  ordinaiy  vegetative  growth  that  it  is  difficult 
to  say  just  what  should  be  considered  an  individual  plant  and  what  an 
aggregation  of  individuals.  In  some  of  them  the  single  microscopic  cell  is 
more  or  less  obviously  the  individual;  in  certain  others  it  is  a  filament, 
made  up  usually  of  a  single  row  of  cells.  The  Cyanophyceae  are  wholly 
non-sexual  in  their  modes  of  multiplication.  In  the  simpler  forms  the 
multiplication  of  individuals  occurs  through  simple  division  or  fission;  in 
the  higher,  certain  cells,  known  as  spores  or  resting  cells,  differentiated 
from  the  ordinary  vegetative  cells  in  size  and  other  characters,  take  upon 
themselves  the  function  of  originating  new  individuals.  The  Cyanophyceae 
may  form  gelatinous  or  slimy  dark  scums  on  rather  stagnant  water  or 
somewhat  similar  films  or  crusts  on  rocks  or  on  the  larger  aquatic  plants, 


492  CHROOCOCCACEAE. 

either  between  the  tide  lines  or  permanently  submerged.  They  are  not 
confined  to  the  sea,  but  are  perhaps  even  more  common  in  brackish  or  fresh 
water.  They  also  occur  on  moist  ground  and  even  on  trunks  of  trees  and 
rocks  where  rains  and  atmospheric  moisture  are  their  only  sources  of  water- 
supply.  A  few  of  the  species  of  Cyanophyceae  that  have  been  found  in 
Bermuda  may  be  mentioned : 

Family  CHROOCOCCACEAE. 

Chroococcus  turgidus  (Kiitz.)  Xaeg.,  a  minute  one-celled,  more  or  less 
colonial  plant,  occurs  in  brackish  pools,  commonly  associated  with  other  small 
Cyanophyceae. 

Chroothece  Richteriana  Hansgirg,  forms  verdigris-green  or  dark  blue- 
green  gelatinous  cushions  or  crusts  on  rocks,  sometimes  at  a  considerable  dis- 
tance from  the  sea,  as  in  Church  Cave. 

Chroothece  cryptarum  Farlow,  of  somewhat  similar  appearance  to  the 
naked  eye,  also  forms  crusts  or  films  on  rocks  in  caves,  as  at  Agar 's  Island. 

Gloeothece  rupestris  (Lyngb.)  Bornet,  another  unicellular  form,  occurs 
as  a  dark  or  bluish  olive-green  gelatinous  film  on  moist  ground,  as  at  Spanish 
Point. 

Family  OSCILLATORIACEAE. 
Oscillatoria  amphibia  Ag.,  a  filamentous  plant,  forms  gelatinous  masses 
in  brackish  pools,  often  associated  with  other  species  of  the  same  genus  or 
class.  Several  other  species  of  the  genus  occur  in  Bermuda.  This  genus  re- 
ceives its  name  from  the  fact  that  the  filaments  in  a  living  condition  show 
slow  swaying  movements,  visible  under  a  compound  microscope. 

Lyngbya  majuscula  (Dillw.)  Harv.,  sometimes  known  as  Mermaid's 
Hair,  forms  conspicuous  slimy  intricate  mats  or  tufts  that  may  vary  in  color 
from  bluish  green  to  blue-black.  The  individual  threads  are  easily  visible  to 
the  unaided  eye  and  seem  sometimes  to  attain  a  length  of  several  inches.  It 
flourishes  best  in  salt  water  that  is  little  disturbed,  as  in  the  ponds  of  Walsing- 
ham  and  in  the  tide-pools  of  St.  David's  Island. 

Lsmgbya  confervoides  violacea  Collins,  has  been  found  by  Collins  to  occur 
in  a  small  pond  near  Harrington  Sound,  where  it  forms  a  reddish  film  on 
decaying  algae,  in  company,  it  is  said,  with  Lynghya  lutea  (Ag.)  Gom.  and 
L.  semiplena   (Ag.)   J.  Ag. 

Microcoleus  chthonoplastes  (Mert.)  Thuret,  representing  a  genus  in 
vrhich  numerous  filaments  occur  in  bundles  enclosed  in  a  common  sheath,  forms 
a  bluish  green  turf  or  film  on  littoral  soil,  on  wooden  piers,  on  borders  of  tide- 
pools,  etc. 

Hydrocoleum  comoides  (Harv.)  Gom.  has  been  found  on  rocks  near  low- 
water  mark  at  Cox's  Bay,  Devonshire.  In  this,  as  in  the  Microcoleus,  there 
is  a  number  of  threads  inside  a  common  sheath,  but  the  number  is  less. 


NOSTOCACEAE.  493 

Family  NOSTOCACEAE. 

Nostoc  commune  Vaueh.  is  not  uncommon  both  on  moist  ground  and  on 
ground  that  is  apparently  dry  a  good  deal  of  the  time.  It  forms  a  con- 
spicuous olive-green  or  nearly  black  membranous  crust  that  is  gelatinous  when 
moist  and  rather  brittle  when  dry.  It  often,  especially  when  dry,  appears  to 
lie  loose  on  the  ground,  without  attachments  of  any  sort.  The  more  or  less 
confluent  thalli  sometimes  appear  to  be  several  inches  broad  and  show  ele- 
vated lobes  and  bullae  and  very  irregular  pits  and  lacunae  on  the  upper  sur- 
face. Under  a  compound  microscope,  the  cells,  imbedded  in  a  gelatinous- 
matrix,  look  like  chains  of  beads,  with  occasional  yellowish  usually  larger  cells 
known  as  heteroeysts. 

Family  SCYTONEMATACEAE. 

Scytonema  ocellatum  (Dillw.)  Thuret,  forms  a  dark  almost  black  turf  of 
minute  intricate  or  suberect  threads  on  the  sand  dunes  of  Paget.  In  the 
Scytonemataceae  the  sheaths  of  the  filaments  are  firm  and  are  scarcely  gelat- 
inous even  when  wet ;  the  filaments  often  show  a  so-called  * '  false ' '  branching ; 
and,  as  in  most  of  the  other  genera  of  the  family,  there  are  heteroeysts  some- 
what like  those  of  Nostoc. 

Scytonema  myochrous  Ag.,  which,  like  the  former,  can  hardly  be  con- 
sidered a  marine  species,  forms  a  short  nap  or  felt  on  rocks,  as  about  Harring- 
ton Sound. 

Scytonema  junipericola  Farlow,  forms  dark  velvety  patches  on  the  bark 
of  the  Bermuda  cedar. 

Family  STiaONEMATACEAE. 

Hapalosiphon  intricatus  W.  &  G.  S.  West,  a  delicate  freshwater  fila- 
mentous species,  has  been  reported  by  Collins  from  the  Devonshire  marshes, 
where  it  occurs  in  ditches,  Avith  Sphagnum.  In  this  genus  the  filaments  show 
''true"  lateral  branching  and  intercalary  heteroeysts  are  present. 

Family  RIVULARIACEAE. 

Eivularia  polyotis  (Ag.)  Born.  &  Flah.  forms  small  blackish  green 
sinuose-bullate  gelatinous  cushions  on  rocks  and  other  objects  between  the 
tide  lines.  In  the  Eivulariaceae  there  is  a  distinct  differentiation  of  base  and 
apex  of  the  filament,  the  apex  running  out  into  a  thin  hair.  In  Rivvlaria,  the 
filaments  have  a  more  or  less  radial  arrangement  and  there  is  a  hcterocyst  at 
the  base  of  each  filament. 

Calothrix  scopulorum  (Web.  &  Mohr)  Ag.  has  been  found  liy  Mr. 
Collins  at  Shelly  Bay,  where  it  formed  a  blackish  green  layer  on  a  rock  n»\nr 
the  high-water  mark. 

Polythrix  corymbosa  (Harv.)  Grun.  forms  a  turf  on  rocks  just  below  the 
low-water  mark.     The   erect   subdichotomously  branched    fastigiate  blue-green 


494  ULVACEAE. 

threads  seem  coarser  than  those  of  most  Cyanophyceae,  but  the  microscope 
shows  that  each  thread  is  a  eylindric  bundle  of  closely  compacted  filaments  of 
the  Eivtdaria  or  Calothrix  type.     Mangrove   Bay    (Hervey.) 

Sub-class  CHLOROPHYCEAE. 

The  affinities  of  the  marine  algae  of  Bermuda  with  those  of  southern 
Florida  and  the  West  Indian  region  are  nowhere  more  clearly  shown  than 
in  the  order  Siphonales  of  the  sub-class  Chlorophyceae,  more  particularly  in 
such  genera  as  Caulerpa,  Avrainvillea,  Udotea,  Penicillus,  Halimeda, 
Codium,  Valonia,  Batophora,  Dasycladus,  Neomeris,  Acicularia,  and  Ace- 
tabulum, all  of  the  species  of  which  seem  identical  with  those  from  farther 
south.  It  is  probable  that  systematic  dredging  operations  in  waters  from 
50  to  300  feet  deep  would  materially  increase  the  number  of  species  of 
Siphonales  that  Bermuda  shares  with  Florida  and  the  West  Indies.  Some 
of  the  larger  Green  Algae  that  have  been  found  are  the  following: 

Family  ULVACEAE. 

ITlva  Lactuca  L.,  the  Sea  Lettuce,  in  various  forms,  is  not  uncommon, 
especially  in  sheltered  places.  The  thallus  consists  of  a  thin  flat  green  mem- 
brane, which  is  shown  by  the  microscope  to  be  two  cells  thick. 

The  genus  Monostroma,  in  which  the  thallus  is  outwardly  rather  similar 
to  that  of  the  Sea  Lettuce,  but  consists  in  the  main  part  at  least  of  only  one 
layer  of  cells,  is  represented  by  one  or  more  species. 

The  genus  Enteromorpha,  in  most  of  the  species  of  which  the  thallus  is 
tubular  with  the  walls  one  cell  thick,  is  represented  by  several  species  growing 
in  shallow  water  or  on  rocks  or  other  objects  between  the  tide  lines.  Entero- 
morpha intestinalis  tenuis  Collins,  E.  flexuosa  (Wulf.)  Ag.,  E.  flexuosa 
submarina  Collins  &  Hervey,  E.  plumosa  Klitz.,  and  E.  minima  Naeg.  are  the 
names  employed  by  Collins  for  the  species  issued  in  the  Phycotheca  Boreali- 
Americana.  E.  plumosa  Kiitz.,  the  branches  of  which  commonly  terminate  in 
a  single  row  of  cells,  has  been  found  by  Collins,  attached  to  floating  wood. 

Family  VALONIACEAE. 

Valonia  ventricosa  J.  Ag.,  Sea  Bottles,  one  often  finds  washed  ashore  on 
South  Beach.  The  plant  is  essentially  an  ovoid,  pyriform,  or  subglobose  mem- 
branous sac  filled  with  protoplasm  and  attaining  a  diameter  of  one  or  two 
inches.  When  living  it  is  dark  green  and  more  or  less  iridescent.  On  being 
killed  and  bleached  it  becomes  beautifully  pellucid  and  is  as  attractive  then 
as  when  living. 

Valonia  macrophysa  Kiitz.  In  this  species  the  vesicles  are  smaller  than 
in  the  preceding  and  they  often  branch  copiously,  forming  clumps  as  large  as 
a  man's  fist  or  even  head.  It  occurs  in  shaded  sheltered  places,  as  in  man- 
grove swamps,  and  has  an  extraordinary  development  in  the  ponds  near 
Walsingham,  where  it  forms  large  beautifully  iridescent  masses  attached   to 


VALONIACEAE.  495 

submerged  rocks  and  logs.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1867;  Alg.  Exs.  Am.   Bor.  171, 
as  F.  utricularis  Ag.) 

Ernodesmis  verticillata  (Kiitz.)  B^rg.  This  plant  was  formerly  consid- 
ered to  be  a  Valonia,  to  which  genus  it  is  closely  related.  The  plant  is 
repeatedly  branched,  the  slender  club-shaped  branches  or  vesicles  occurring 
in  whorls  of  4  to  12.  The  species  has  been  found  in  Harrington  Sound  and  in 
a  shallow  tidal  stream  flowing  into  Hungry  Bay.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1907.) 

Dictyosphaeria  favulosa  (Ag.)  Decaisne,  has  been  found  at  Harris  Bay 
by  Hervey  (Phyc  Bor.-Am.  £015).  It  forms  hollow  membranous  thalli  that 
are  at  first  subglobose  or  lightly  wrinkled  or  lobed,  becoming  later  irregularly 
torn  or  somewhat  cup-shaped,  the  thallus  often  as  large  as  one 's  fist.  The 
surface  of  the  thallus  shows  numerous  hexagonal  facets,  mostly  a  half  line  or 
less  in  diameter,  suggesting  a  miniature  honeycomb.  The  plant  grows  at- 
tached to   rocks  in  shallow  water. 

Siphonocladus  tropicus  (Crouan)  J.  Ag.  has  lateral  flagelliform  branches 
0.5-2  inches  long,  clothed  with  irregular  often  crowded  proliferations  mostly 
j.^-i  inches  long. 

Siphonocladus  rigidus  M.  A.  Howe,  has,  for  the  most  part,  a  dichotomous 
or  subdichotomous  mode  of  branching,  though  short,  irregular  or  subsecund, 
mostly  unicellular,  lateral  proliferations  are  of  occasional  occurrence.  The 
cell  walls  are  thick  and  under  a  microscope  conspicuously  lamellate,  and  the 
septa  are  often  mammillate  or  tuberculate  on  their  upper  faces.  It  grows  on 
rocks  and  pebbles  in  shallow  water  or  at  the  low-tide  line.  Agar's  Island 
(Collins),     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  £169.) 

Petrosiphon  adhaerens  M.  A.  Howe,  forms  closely  appressed  slightly  calci- 
fied light  green  crusts  or  cushions  in  tide-pools  or  on  limestone  rocks  near  the 
low-water  mark.  It  has  a  radially  striate  or  sulcate  appearance  owing  to  its 
radio-marginal  growth.  The  plant  is  actually  attached  to  the  rock  by  boring 
rhizoids  and  can  not  well  be  removed  without  use  of  hammer  and  chisel.  The 
species  was  originally  described  from  the  Bahamas,  but  has  recently  been 
found  in  the  Bermudas  by  Hervey.     (Phyc.   Bor.-Am.   £073.) 

Anadyomene  stellata  (Wulf.)  Ag.  is  not  uncommon  on  rocks,  growing 
mostly  in  1-20  feet  of  water.  It  forms  a  membranous  bright  green  subsessile 
thallus  usually  1-3  inches  high  or  broad  and  looking  a  little  like  a  young  Ulva 
but  crisper  and  more  rigid  to  the  touch.  Under  a  hand-lens  or  even  to  the 
naked  eye  it  shows  an  elegant  system  of  venation,  with  the  principal  veins 
radiating  in  a  palmate,  flabellate,  or  semicircular  fashion  from  radially  suc- 
cessive foci.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1906.) 

Struvea  ramosa  Dickie,  was  originally  described  from  the  Bermudas  from 
material  dredged  in  deep  water  by  the  Challenger  Expedition  and  has  since 
been  reported  from  the  Canary  Islands.  The  plant  is  two  or  three  inches  tall, 
more  than  half  of  which  consists  of  the  slender  simple  or  oppositely  branehe<i 
stipe,  which  is  rugose-annulate  near  the  base  or  also  at  the  base  of  its  branches. 


496  YALONIACEAE. 

Terminating  the  stipe  or  each  of  its  branches  is  a  plane  elliptic  or  ovate  net- 
work of  opposite  or  substellate  cohering  branches  and  branchlets.  The  plant 
is  easily  distinguished  from  Anadyomene  by  its  long  slender  stalk  and  by  the 
less  solid  or  more  lacunose  network.  In  this  Struvea  the  vacant  spaces  among 
the  united  branchlets  occupy  an  area  that  is  in  the  aggregate  fully  equal  to 
that  occupied  by  the  branchlets  themselves,  while  in  Anadyomene  the  mem- 
brane is  very  nearly  solid  and  continuous. 

Boodlea  struveoides  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov.  Thallus  weakly  stipitate,  the 
stipe  simple  or  dichotomous,  5-30  mm.  (1-4  cells)  long,  200-450  At  in  diameter, 
its  cells  4-40  times  as  long  as  broad;  branches  variously  disposed,  often 
mostly  opposite  and  developing  in  a  single  plane,  their  branchlets  cohering 
frequently  by  tentacula  and  forming  a  flat  uniaxial  frond  often  1  cm.  long 
and  wide  (4-16  meshes  wide),  these  fronds,  in  turn,  cohering  with  others  of 
their  kind  and  forming  dense  spongy  confervoid  cushions  2-4  cm.  in  diameter; 
or,  branches  subpalmate,  palmately  subdistichous,  subverticillate,  or  emerging 
irregularly  and  in  all  directions;  cells  of  the  main  axes  150-320 /t  in  diameter, 
mostly  2-5  times  as  long  as  broad,  becoming  scarcely  longer  than  broad  above; 
branches  and  branchlets  numerous,  patent  or  divaricate,  the  ultimate  cells  GO- 
SO  /i  in  diameter,  2-4  times  as  long  as  broad,  often  recurved. 

On  rocks  in  about  3  dm.  of  water,  Harrington  Sound  (type,  Howe  131, 
in  herb.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.). 

This  species  is  somewhat  intermediate  between  Boodlea  siamensis  Reinb. 
and  Struvea  anastomosans  (Harv.)  Piccone,  but  can  not  be  accurately  identi- 
fied with  either.  Its  nearest  relatives  are  doubtless  the  East  Indian  B. 
siamensis  Eeinb.  and  B.  paradoxa  Eeinb.,  from  both  of  which  it  apparently 
differs  in  the  development  of  a  weak  stipe  (sometimes  as  much  as  3  cm.  long) 
and  in  the  commonly  more  Struvea-like  development  of  its  upper  parts.  It  is 
also  more  rigid  and  somewhat  coarser  in  all  its  parts  than  B.  siamensis,  a  type 
duplicate  of  which  has  been  compared  with  it.  The  frequent  irregular  develop- 
ment of  the  branches  in  all  planes  makes  the  plant  a  Boodlea  rather  than  a 
Struvea.  Of  the  Bermudian  algae,  this  plant  is  perhaps  most  likely  to  be 
confused  with  small  pulvinate  Cladophoras  or  with  Cladophoropsis  mem- 
hranacea,  but  examination  with  a  hand-lens  or  attempts  to  disentangle  the 
mats  disclose  the  cohesions  of  the  branchlets  and  the  net-like  meshes  of  the 
Boodlea.     Apparently  endemic. 

Family  CLADOPHORACEAE. 

Cladophoropsis  membranacea  (Ag.)  Bjzirg.  occurs  on  rocks  near  the  low- 
water  mark,  on  roots  of  mangroves,  and  in  pools,  forming  bright  green  attached 
cushions  or  loose  irregular  detached  clumps.  In  structure  it  resembles  a 
Cladopliora,  but  the  branches  are,  usually  at  least,  without  a  septum  at  the 
base.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1866.) 

Cladophora  fuliginosa  Kiitz.  Somewhat  similar  to  Cladophoropsis  mem- 
hranacea  and  possibly  a  derivative  of  it,  is  the  composite  organism  described 
and  figured  by  Harvey  as  Blodgettia  confervoides,  which  occurs  in  Bermuda 
in  similar  places,  though  often  in  more  agitated  water.  This  turns  blackish 
on  being  killed  and  is  often  blackish  when  found  growing.     There  is  present 


CLADOPHORACEAE.  497 

in  the  cell  walls  a  peculiar  filamentous  fungus,  to  which  E.  P.  Wright  has 
restricted  the  generic  name  Blodgettia,  with  the  new  &-pecifie  name  Bornetii. 
Whether  this  algicolous  fungus  is  to  be  considered  a  lichenogenous  one  or 
simply  a  parasite  is  possibly  a  matter  of  definition  of  terms,  though  it  seems 
to  conform  better  to  the  usual  conception  of  a  parasite.  The  cell  walls  of  the 
host  are  commonly  more  rigid  and  the  branches  more  commonly  have  a  septum 
at  the  base  than  is  the  case  in  Cladophoropsis  memhranacca.  The  combina- 
tion of  fungus  and  alga  was  apparently  first  described  by  Kiitzing  under  the 
name  Cladophora  fuliginosa,  a  name  recently  revived  by  Collins  and  by 
B^rgesen.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  SOIS.) 

Cladophora  catenifera  Kiitz.  was  originally  described  from  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  The  name  has  been  applied  by  Collins  to  a  Bermudian  plant 
that  is  somewhat  similar,  but  has  shorter,  more  fasciculate-divaricate  ramuli. 
It  is  one  of  the  largest  and  coarsest  of  the  Cladophoras,  In  a  sheltered  place 
in  Red  Bay,  St.  David's  Island,  it  forms  stiff  erect  dark  green  tufts  that  are 
sometimes  nearly  a  foot  and  a  half  high. 

Cladophora  crystallina  (Roth)  Kiitz.  is  the  name  under  which  Collins 
has  distributed  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1865)  Bermudian  specimens  from  pools  on 
the  South  Shore  and  at  Harrington  Sound.  The  plant  has  fine  soft  copiously 
branched  filaments  and  has  a  glossy  appearance  on  being  pressed  and  dried. 

Cladophora  Howei  Collins  forms  compact  yellowish  green  mats  or  tufts 
about  half  an  inch  high  on  rocks  in  tide  pools  on  Gibbet  Island.     Endemic. 

Cladophora  fracta  (Vahl)  Kiitz.  is  a  widely  distributed  an<l  variable 
species  of  fresh  or  brackish  water.  It  has  been  found  by  Hervey  in  a 
reservoir  near  Spanish  Rock.      (Phye.  Bor.-Am.  2013.) 

Cladophora  corallicola  B^rg.  is  a  name  that  has  been  adopted  by  the 
editors  of  the  Phyeotheea  Boreali-Americana  {2010)  for  a  plant  collected  at 
Tucker's  Town  by  Dr.  Hervey.  The  name  was  first  proposed  for  a  Danish 
West  Indian  plant,  dredged  from  a  depth  of  about  100  feet,  where  it  formed 
a  dense  covering  on  dead  corals  and  shells. 

Cladophora  crispula  Tickers,  was  originally  described  from  Barbados, 
where  it  forms  dense,  closely  interwoven,  spongy,  olive-green  or  dusky  green 
masses,  lobes  of  which  sometimes  grow  out  as  irregular  rope-like  strands  an 
inch  or  so  long.  Under  a  lens  the  ultimate  branchlets  are  seen  to  be  curved 
and  inflexed,  giving  a  densely  crisped  or  curled  appearance  to  the  matted  sur- 
face. The  name  has  been  applied  in  the  Phyeotheea  Boreali-Americana 
{2011)  to  a  lighter-colored,  much  less  crisped  and  spongy  plant  from  Harring- 
ton Sound. 

Cladophora  utriculosa  Kiitz.  is  a  name  under  which  a  plant  from  Harring- 
ton Sound  has  been  distributed  in  the  Phyeotheea  Boreali-Americana  {£01  f). 
The  cells  of  this  Bermudian  plant,  however,  seem  to  be  on  the  average  much 
shorter  than  those  of  the  original  plant  from  the  Adriatic  Sea.  It  is  very 
difficult,  if  not  impossible,  to  define  the  limits  of  currently  recognized  species 
of  Cladophora  and  the  interpretation  of  the  species  and  their  range  of  varia- 

33 


498  CLADOPHOKACEAE. 

tion  is  a  subject  of  widely  varying  treatment  by  phycological  writers.  Clado- 
phora,  in  fact,  seems  to  be  a  genus  in  whicli  clearly  defined  species  do  not 
exist.     Other  species,  as  currently  recognized,  certainly  occur  in  Bermuda. 

Chaetomorpha  Linum  (O.  F.  Mlill.)  Kiitz.  occurs  in  quiet  water,  as  in 
Harrington  Sound,  the  ponds  of  Walsingham,  Hamilton  Harbor,  and  at 
Hungry  Bay.  It  forms  unattached  tangled  mats  of  delicate  unbranched 
threads  (diam.  tV-b  of  a  line)  made  up  of  a  single  row  of  cells.  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  1863,  as  C.  aerea,  forma  Linum.) 

Chaetomorpha  crassa  (Ag.)  Kiitz.  is  a  species  with  coarser  filaments 
(^f  of  a  line  in  diameter)  that  is  found  in  tide  pools,  fish  ponds,  mangrove 
swamps,  etc.      (Phyc,  Bor.-Am.  1864.) 

Chaetomorpha  brachygona  Harv.,  collected  at  Walsingham  by  Collins, 
has  filaments  of  i— J  the  diameter  of  those  of  C.  Linum  and  C.  crassa,  with 
cells  scarcely  longer  than  broad. 

Chaetomorpha  minima  Collins  &  Hervey,  is  a  name  under  which  the 
editors  of  the  Phycotheca  Boreali- Americana  {2007)  have  distributed  a  slender 
plant  found  by  Hervey,  attached  to  CladopJiora,  Codium,  etc.  in  Harrington 
Sound.     Endemic. 

Rhizoclonium  hieroglyphicum  (Ag.)  Kiitz.,  a  widely  distributed  species, 
has  been  reported  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2009)  as  occurring  in  Bermuda  in 
reservoirs  and  in  fresh-water  rock-pools. 

Rhizoclonium  crassipellitum  W.  &  G.  S.  West,  originally  described  from 
Portuguese  West  Africa,  has*  been  reported  from  a  fresh-water  pool  near  Ely 's 
Harbor   (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2008). 

Rhizoclonium  Hookeri  Kiitz.,  or  something  close  to  it,  occurs  associated 
with  a  moss,  Eucladiiim  verticillatum,  on  the  walls  of  Smuggler 's  Cave,  near 
Castle  Harbor,  The  filaments  are  apparently  more  robust  than  those  of  plants 
from  Kerguelen  's  Island  to  which  the  name  was  first  applied. 

Rhizoclonium  tortuosum  Kiitz.,  which  is  perhaps  an  untenable  name,  may 
be  used  for  the  present  for  a  plant  that  is  found  in  tangled  mats  on  rocks  at 
the  high-tide  line  on  the  Paget  shore  of  Hamilton  Harbor. 

Rhizoclonium  Kerneri  Stockmayer,  is  a  name  that  has  been  applied  by 
Collins  to  a  plant  that  forms  a  dark  green  film  on  branches  and  roots  of  the 
mangroves,  accompanying  Caloglossa  Leprieurii.  Its  filaments  are  somewhat 
coarser  than  those  of  the  type  of  this  species. 

Family  DASYCLADACEAE. 

Dasycladus  vermicularis  (Scop.)  Krasser,  a  dirty-yellowish-green  cylin- 
drie  or  club-shaped  plant,  mostly  1-3  inches  high  and  i-i  inch  broad,  with 
densely  compacted  whorls  of  branches,  which  are  in  turn  two  or  three  times 
verticillately  ramulose,  has  been  found  on  pebbles  in  a  shallow  bay  on  Cooper 's 
Island  by  Collins.  In  this  genus  the  gametangia  are  terminal  on  the  primary 
branches.      (Phyc.   Bor,-Am.   1868,   as  Dasycladus  clavaeformis.) 


DASYCLADACEAE.  499 

Batophora  Oerstedi  occidentalis  (llarv.)  M.  A.  Howe,  is  usually  a 
smaller  plant  than  the  foregoing,  with  more  widely  spaced  whorls  of  primary 
branches.  The  sporangia,  containing  large  firm-walled  aplanospores  are  lat- 
eral at  the  distal  ends  of  the  primary  or  secondary  branches.  It  occurs  on  old 
shells,  old  shoes,  pebbles,  etc.  at  Spanish  Point,  etc.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  J910 
and  e016.) 

Neomeris  annulata  Dickie,  is  a  light  green  or  whitish  lime-encrusted, 
worm-like  plant  scarcely  one  inch  high,  with  a  cortex  that  shows  under  a  hand 
lens  numerous  small  hexagonal  facets  in  regular  transverse  rows.  It  grows  on 
stones  in  shallow  water  on  White's  Island  in  Hamilton  Harbor  and  in  Har- 
rington Sound,  maturing  in  the  month  of  July.  The  strongly  calcified 
sporangia  cohere  laterally  and  form  transverse  rings  in  the  lower  half  of  the 
plant.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1909.) 

Acetabulum  crenulatum  (Lamour.)  Kuntze,  the  dainty  Mermaid's  Wine 
Glass,  is  not  uncommon  on  pebbles,  shells,  pieces  of  dead  coral,  etc.  in  shallow 
water,  growing  especially  in  rather  protected  places.  Particularly  attractive 
specimens  are  found,  in  the  summer  at  least,  in  the  tidal  stream  that  forms  the 
outlet  of  one  of  the  ponds  in  the  Walsingham  region.  The  plants  are  1-4 
inches  high  and  are  terminated  by  a  disc  or  cup  ^-§  inch  broad.  Practically 
the  whole  plant  is  usually  strongly  coated  with  lime  and  it  becomes  a  chalky 
white  soon  after  being  taken  -from  the  water  and  exposed  to  the  light,  though 
in  the  living  state  the  cup  part,  at  least,  is  commonly  a  light  green.  Each  of 
the  35-60  radial  chambers  of  which  the  cup  is  composed  is  in  large  part  a 
sporangium,  containing  in  the  present  species  200-500  subglobose  firm-walled 
aplanospores,  which  are  not  calcified.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1908,  as  Acetabularia 
crenulata.) 

Acicularia  Schenckii  (Mob.)  Solms,  looks  a  little  like  the  preceding  but 
is  smaller  in  every  way  and  is  less  common.  The  disc  or  cup  is  very  nearly 
flat,  is  only  about  i  in.  broad,  and  has  only  30-42  radial  chambers,  and  the 
aplanospores  are  embedded  in  a  coherent  mass  of  lime.  It  was  found  late  in 
the  month  of  June,  growing  on  stones  in  a  tidal  creek  flowing  from  a  man- 
grove thicket  at  Hungry  Bay.  The  species  was  originally  described  from 
Brazil  and  is  of  occasional  occurrence  in  the  West  Indies. 

Family  BRYOPSIDACEAE. 

Bryopsis  hypnoides  Lamour.,  a  species  with  repeatedly  compound  irregu- 
lar ramification,  almost  suggesting  an  Ectocarpus  or  certain  Hadophoras  in  the 
tenuity  of  its  branches  and  general  habit,  occurs  in  shallow  water  in  Hamilton 
Harbor,  Harrington  Sound,  etc.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1S70.) 

Bryopsis  Harveyana  J.  Ag.,  a  much  coarser  plant  than  the  preceding,  with 
the  main  branches  interruptedly  pectinate-plumose  towards  the  apices  and  the 
ultimate  ramuli  subsecund  and  often  glomerate-fascicled,  occurs  in  shallow 
water  at  Tobacco  Bay    (Howe  £68). 


500  CAULEEPACEAE. 

Bryopsis  pennata  Lamour.,  a  plant  with  long  naked  stalks  and  simply 
pinnate  terminal  plumes  (a  plant  more  slender  and  delicate  than  the  type  of 
the  species),  has  been  found  growing  on  a  rock  at  the  low-water  line  at  Castle 
Harbor  by  Mr.  Collins.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1871,  2166  and  2167.) 

Family  CAULERPACEAE. 

Caulerpa  prolifera  (Forsk.)  Lamour.  has  a  particularly  luxuriant  develop- 
ment in  3-10  feet  of  water  in  the  ponds  of  the  Walsingham  region,  where  its 
stolons,  2-3  feet  long,  send  up  stalked  occasionally  proliferous  dark  green 
laminae  that  are  5-8  inches  high  and  5-1  inch  broad.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1872.) 

Caulerpa  sertularioides  (S.  G.  Gmel.)  M.  A.  Howe,  though  not  uncommon 
elsewhere,  is  particularly  well  developed  in  the  locality  just  mentioned.  Its 
erect  branches  are  regularly  pinnate,  with  the  numerous  sharp-pointed  sub- 
terete  ultimate  ramuli  scarcely  coarser  than  bristles.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1873.) 

Caulerpa  crassifolia  (Ag.)  J.  Ag.  also  has  pinnate  branches,  but  its 
pinnules  are  broader  (aV^iV  in.  wide),  and  less  numerous,  distinctly  flattened, 
linear-oblong  or  subfalcate,  slightly  overlapping  or  free  and  spaced.  The 
species  grows  on  rocks,  stones,  roots  of  mangroves,  etc.  in  rather  sheltered 
places,  as  in  Port  Eoyal  Bay,  Hungry  Bay,  the  ponds  of  "Walsingham,  Harring- 
ton Sound,  Castle  Harbor,  etc.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.   1919.) 

Caulerpa  cupressoides  (West)  Ag.  has,  in  the  Bermuda  forms,  the  short 
small  sharp-pointed  ramuli  in  several  ranks.  It  is  an  extremely  variable 
species,  originally  described  from  the  Danish  West  Indies.  The  prevailing 
Bermuda  form  is  the  forma  erici folia  (Turn.)  Web.  v.  Bosse,  which  was 
described  and  figured  from  Bermuda  by  Turner  in  1808.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am. 
1920.) 

Caulerpa  racemosa  occidentalis  (J.  Ag.)  B^rg.  is  common  in  1-20  feet 
of  water  on  rocks  and  piers  in  Hamilton  Harbor.  Its  pyriform-clavate  ulti- 
mate ramuli,  which  are  commonly  rather  abruptly  swollen  at  the  rounded- 
obtuse  apices,  are  in  several  or  many  irregular  ranks.  The  largest  specimens 
seen  came  from  Castle  Harbor.  In  these  the  main  branches  are  nearly  two 
feet  long.  Other  varieties,  also,  of  this  species  have  been  reported  from 
Bermuda.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2020,  2021  and  2022.) 

Caulerpa  verticillata  J.  Ag.  has  been  found  by  Hervey  at  St.  George's 
and  what  we  take  to  be  a  form  of  it  also  at  Harris  Bay.*  The  latter,  which 
grew  in  a  tide  pool,  appears  to  be  a  reduced  or  poorly  developed  condition  of 
forma  charoides  (Harv.)  Web.  v.  Bosse.  It  has  a  creeping  rhizome  an  inch 
or  more  long,  from  which  arise  erect  dark  green  composite  branches  a  line  or 
two  high.  Under  a  lens  these  erect  branches  are  seen  to  bear  numerous  short 
hair-like  branchlets  which  are  rather  irregularly  arranged  and   several  times 

*  C.  pnsilla  Collins,  Holden  &  Setchell,  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2019 — perhaps  not  C. 
piisiUa  Martens  &  Hering,  which  seems  to  be  certainly  known  only  from  Pernambuco. 
If  it  should  be  found  impossible  to  maintain  C.  pusilla  and  C.  verticillata  as  distinct 
species,  the  rules  of  nomenclature  would  seem  to  require  the  conservation  of  the 
name  pusilla,  as  it  probably  had  a  slight  priority,  perhaps  of  only  a  few  weeks  or 
days,  in  actual  printed  publication. 


CODIACEAE.  501 

dichotomous.  In  its  typical  condition,  C.  verticillata  is  a  plant  of  lagoons 
and  of  the  mangrove  association,  being  often  found  attached  to  the  roots  of 
Bhisophora  near  the  low-water  mark.  Its  erect  branches  may  then  attain  a 
height  of  1-6  inches  and  the  dichotomous  ramuli  occur  in  a  more  or  less 
clearly   defined  succession   of  whorls   or   tufts. 

Family  CODIACEAE. 

Avrainvillea  nigricans  Decaisne,  occurs  on  rocks  just  below  the  low- 
water  mark,  as  at  Gibbet  Island  and  Harris  Bay.  It  is  spongy  and  blackish 
and  the  flabelliform,  cuneiform,  or  oblong  upright  part  is  in  the  Bermuda 
specimens  mostly  only  2  or  3  inches  high.  Under  the  compound  microscope 
the  filaments  of  the  flabellum  are  found  to  be  moniliform.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am. 
^171.) 

Avrainvillea  longicaulis  (Kiitz.)  Murr.  &  Boodle,  occurs  in  the  ponds  of 
Walsingham,  where  it  gets  to  be  more  than  a  foot  tall.  It  here  has  a  long 
stalk,  finally  terminated  by  an  irregular  flabellum  that  is  sometimes  several 
inches  long  or  broad.  In  external  form,  however,  this  species  and  A.  nigri<:ans 
often  resemble  each  other  closely  and  the  best  distinguishing  characters  are 
found  in  the  form  of  the  filaments  of  the  flabellum,  which  in  A.  longicaulis 
are  commonly  cylindrie  with  a  strong  constriction  at  the  base  of  each  branch. 
From  the  Udoteas,  the  Avrainvilleas  are  distinguished  by  their  lack  of  calci- 
fication, by  their  softer  more  spongy  texture,  and  by  their  blackish  or  dusky 
brown  color.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2170.) 

Udotea  Flabellum  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  M.  A.  Howe,  is  a  more  or  less  fan- 
shaped  calcified  light  yellowish  green  or  dark  olive-green  plant,  mostly  2-10 
inches  high,  and  showing  concentric  zonations.  The  flabellum  has  a  compact 
firm  cortex.  Forms  occur  in  which  the  .flabellum  is  variously  lobed  and 
laciniate.  The  species  is  rather  common  in  1-50  feet  of  water,  growing 
mostly  on  a  sandy  or  muddy  bottom.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1914.) 

TJdotea  conglutinata  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamour.  is  usually  a  smaller 
lighter  green  plant,  the  flabellum  of  which  is  destitute  of  a  highly  specialized 
cortex.  Under  a  hand  lens  the  surface  of  the  flabellum  appears  spongiose  or 
longitudinally  strigose.  With  a  higher  magnification  each  of  the  flabellum 
filaments  is  seen  to  be  enclosed  in  a  porose  calcareous  sheath.  This  species 
has  been  found  on  South  Beach  in  Paget  by  Farlow  and  at  Harris  Bay  by 
Hervey.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1913.) 

PeniciUus  capitatus  Lamarck,  the  Merman's  Shaving  Brush,  is  common, 
usually  on  a  sandy  or  muddy  bottom  in  shallow  water.  ^  It  has  a  subterete  and 
strongly  calcified  stalk  and  a  commonly  subglobose  head,  the  free  dichotomous 
filaments  of  which  are  each  enclosed  in  a  porose  calcareous  sheath.  The  plants 
are  usually  from  1  to  9  inches  in  height.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.   1911   and  191S.) 

PeniciUus  pyriformis  A.  &  E.  S.  Gepp,  has  a  more  pyriform-obovoid  or 
obconic  head  and  usually  a  shorter  stalk  and  the  filaments  of  the  hea.l  are  more 
intertangled.     The  best   distinguishing  characteristics  are,  however,   found  in 


502  CODIACEAE. 

cortex  of  the  stalk,  which,  under  a  hand  lens,  appears  spongiose  or  velutinous- 
tomentulose,  while  that  of  P.  capitatus  is  compact,  indurated,  and  smooth. 
Under  higher  magnification,  the  ultimate  branchlets  of  the  corticating  fila- 
ments are  seen  to  be  elongate  and  taper-pointed,  while  in  P.  capitatus,  they 
are  short-oblong,  obtuse,  truncate,  or  capitate.  P.  pyriformis  has  its  best 
development  in  the  Bahamas,  but  it  has  been  found  in  Ely's  Harbor  and 
Harris  Bay  and  doubtless  occurs  elsewhere  in  the  Bermudas.  (Phyc.  Bor.- 
Am.  2075.) 

Halimeda  Tuna  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamour.  occurs  on  rocks  in  shallow 
water,  as  at  Spanish  Point,  Gibbet  Island,  inlet  of  Harrington  Sound,  Achilles 
Bay,  etc.  In  this,  as  in  all  the  Halimedas,  the  thallus  is  calcified  and  jointed. 
In  H.  Tuna,  the  segments  are  discoid,  mostly  reniform  or  semi-orbicular.  The 
filaments  of  the  central  strand  fuse  in  twos  or  threes  at  the  nodes  but  are 
otherwise  commonly  free.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1918.) 

Halimeda  tridens  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamour.  grows  usually  on  a  sandy  or 
muddy  bottom  and  in  1-100  feet  of  water.  It  is  more  shrubby  in  its  habit 
than  H.  Tuna  and  the  segments  are  typically  flattened  and  3-lobed  or  3- 
dentate,  though  variable  as  to  this  character,  as  also  in  the  shape  of  the  seg- 
ments, which  range  from  subquadrate-orbicular,  with  the  long  axis  transverse, 
to  obovate,  deltoid-obovate,  cuneiform,  or  occasionally  subcylindric.  When 
decalcified  the  cells  of  the  cortex  are  found  to  measure  49-77  jU  in  average 
maximum  diameter  in  surface  view. 

Halimeda  Monile  (Ell,  &  Soland.)  Lamour.  differs  from  B.  tridens  ohi^^j 
in  having  its  segments  mostly  subcylindric  and  in  having  its  surface  cells  only 
30-44 /«.  in  average  maximum  diameter.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1915;  also  1917 — as 
H.  tridens — in  the  one  copy  examined.) 

Halimeda  simulans  M.  A.  Howe,  imitates  E.  Tuna  in  its  discoid  usually 
subentire  or  crenate  segments,  but  it  is  really  more  akin  to  B.  tridens  and 
H.  Monile,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  the  filaments  of  the  central  strand,  as 
in  these  two,  form  a  single  coherent  inter-communicating  mass  at  each  node. 
The  surface  cells  are  small,  as  in  B".  Monile.  H.  simulans  has  recently  been 
found  near  Tucker's  Town  by  Hervey.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.   1916.) 

Halimeda  Opuntia  (L.)  Lamour.  This  species  was  reported  from  Ber- 
muda by  Eein,  but  we  have  seen  no  Bermudian  specimens.  It  is,  however,  very 
common  in  the  Bahamas,  southern  Florida,  and  the  West  Indies,  and  its  exist- 
ence in  the  Bermudas  is  not  improbable.  It  often  occurs  in  rather  deep 
Vvater  (10-100  ft.)  and  may  be  brought  to  light  in  Bermuda  by  dredging 
operations.  It  differs  from  the  other  species  in  forming  large  tangled  mats  or 
cushions.  It  is  strongly  calcified,  and  the  discoid  segments  are  clearly  or  ob- 
scurely nerved.  The  branches  and  their  segments  are  very  often  turned  or 
twisted  at  various  angles,  and  in  its  more  luxuriant  development  its  branches 
form  long  tangled  chains.  Certain  naturalists  claim  to  have  experienced  a 
prickling  sensation  as  of  a  slight  electric  shock  when  handling  plants  of  this 
species,  either  with  bare  hands  or  with  metal  implements. 


CODIACEAE.  503 

The  late  Sir  John  Murray  in  reporting  the  results  of  the  Challenger  Ex- 
pedition intimates  that  calcareous  seaweeds  and  their  broken  down  fragments 
were  the  dominating  elements  in  three  out  of  four  analyzed  samples  of  so- 
called  ''coral"  sand  or  mud  from  Bermuda  and  Dr.  Henry  B.  Bigelow  in  a 
paper  on  ''The  Shoal-water  Deposits  of  the  Bermuda  Banks"  has  named 
Halimeda  as  a  genus  that  has  contributed  an  important  part  to  the  formation 
of  such  sand  or  mud.  If  this  determination  is  correct,  it  might  be  taken  as 
an  indication  of  the  existence  of  Halimeda  Opuntia  in  Bermudian  waters,  for 
the  other  species  of  the  genus,  both  here  and  in  the  West  Indies,  would  hardly 
seem  to  occur  in  sufficient  masses  to  be  an  important  factor  in  the  making  of 
sand  and  mud. 

Codium  intertextum  Collins  &  Hervey,  forms  spongy  dark  green,  closely 
adherent  or  repent,  irregularly  lobed  or  branched,  mats  or  cushions  under 
shelving  rocks  or  in  rock  crevices  near  the  low-water  mark,  as  at  Gibbet 
Island  and  Bailey's  Bay.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  S018.)     Also  West  Indian. 

Codium  tomentosum  (Huds.)  Stackh.  is  not  uncommon  on  rocks  near 
the  low-tide  line,  forming  spongy  masses  that  are  mostly  from  four  inches  to 
two  feet  long.  Its  branches  are  cylindric  or  slightly  flattened  and  repeatedly 
dichotomous. 

Codium  isthmocladum  Vickers,  is  much  like  C.  tomentosum,  but  is  more 
flaccid  and  more  nitent  when  dry  and  its  branches  are  often  constricted  at 
their  bases.  Under  a  microscope,  the  utricles  forming  the  superficial  layer 
are  seen  to  be  about  twice  as  broad  as  those  of  C.  tomentosum.  (Phyc.  Bor.- 
Am.  1869,  as  Codium  tomentosum.) 

Codium  decorticatum  (Woodw.)  M.  A.  Howe  (C  elongatum  Ag.)  is  per- 
haps not  always  distinct  from  C.  tomentosum  but  is  usually  recognizable  by 
being  more  elongate,  more  sparingly  branched,  by  flattened  expansions  under 
the  dichotomies,  and  by  the  much  larger  utricles.  Some  remarkable  specimens 
collected  in  Tobacco  Bay,  St.  George's,  late  in  June  were  2-4  feet  long,  with 
flattened  expansions  A   to  8  inches  broad.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2017.) 

Family  VAUCHERIACEAE. 
Dichotomosiphon  pusillus  Collins,  forms  a  dark  green  felt  of  slender  inter- 
tangled  filaments  on  sand-covered  rocks  or  in  rock  crevices  near  low-water 
mark,  as  at  Shelly  Bay  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2023)  and  on  roots  of  mangroves,  in 
company  with  Bostrychia  Montagnci.  Under  a  compound  microscope  its 
usually  dichotomous  or  trichotomous  filaments  are  seen  to  be  constricted  here 
and  there  and  there  is  nearly  always  a  strong  constriction  at  the  base  of  each 
branch.  A  complete  constriction  or  an  imperforate  septum  is,  however,  of  a 
very  rare  occurrence.  The  mode  of  reproduction  has  not  been  observed  and 
there  is  accordingly  some  doubt  as  to  the  generic  and  family  affinities  of  the 
plant.  In  its  vegetative  characters  it  shows  resemblances  to  the  Codiaceae. 
The  type  locality  is  on  the  island  of  Jamaica. 


504  ECTOCARPACEAE. 

Family  CHARACEAE. 
Chara  foliolosa  Muhl.,  a  common  stonewort  of  the  West  Indian  region, 
has  been  reported  from  the  Pembroke  Marsh  (Farloiv)  by  H.  &  J.  Groves  (in 
Urban,  Symb.  Antill.  7:  43.  1911),  under  the  name  Chara  zeylanica  Willd. 
forma  curassavica  Braun.  What  is  doubtless  the  same  thing,  with  same 
locality  and  collector,  is  listed  by  Collins  and  Hervey  as  Chara  gymnopus  var. 
Berteroi  A.  Braun. 

Sub-class  PHAEOPHYCEAE. 

Family  ECTOCARPACEAE. 
Ectocarpus  Mitchellae  Harv.,  a  species  originally  described  from  Nan- 
tucket, but  since  found  to  be  widely  distributed,  has  been  reported  from  Ber- 
muda (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1921),  but  the  specimen  distributed  does  not  seem  to 
the  writer  to  belong  to  this  species.  The  plurilocular  sporangia  in  E. 
Mitchellae  are  sessile,  ellipsoid-oblong,  and  very  obtuse.  In  the  genus  Ecto- 
carpus the  thallus  consists  of  delicate  copiously  branched  filaments  made  up 
of  a  single  row  of  cells. 

Ectocarpus  siliculosus  arctus  (Kiitz.)  Kuck.,  collected  at  Harris  Bay 
by  Hervey  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1922)  has  more  pointed,  ovoid,  not  always  sessile, 
plurilocular   sporangia. 

Ectocarpus  confervoides  (Eoth)  Le  Jolis,  with  spindle-shaped,  sessile  or 
short-stalked  plurilocular  sporangia,  has  been  found  in  Bermuda  by  Hervey. 
Other  species  of  Ectocarpus  certainly  occur  in  Bermuda,  but  their  determina- 
tion awaits  more  critical  study. 

Ascocyclus  orbicularis  (J.  Ag.)  Magnus,  has  been  reported  by  Collins 
from  Cooper's  Island  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1878),  where  it  forms  minute  olive- 
green  spots  on  the  leaves  of  the  Turtle  Grass  (Thalassia). 

All  of  the  four  Ectocarpaceae  mentioned  above  are  species  of  wide  dis- 
tribution and  are  best  known  from  more  northerly  waters. 

Family  SPHACELARIACEAE. 
Sphac:laria  tribuloides  Menegh.  forms  brownish  tufts  of  fine  sparingly 
branched  filaments  about  A-1  inch  high  in  tide  pools  and  in  rock  pockets  and 
crevices  between  the  tide  lines,  especially  on  the  South  Shore.  The  younger 
terminal  branches  consist  of  a  single  row  of  cells,  but  the  older  parts  of  the 
filaments  are  made  up  of  bundles  of  parallel  cells.  The  apical  cells  in  this 
genus  are  commonly  somewhat  enlarged,  are  especially  rich  in  protoplasm,  and, 
often  somewhat  blackened,  are  usually  conspicuous  under  a  hand-lens  in  the 
preserved  specimen.  In  the  present  species,  the  filaments  commonly  bear 
small  multicellular  stalked  gemmae  which  in  form  suggest  the  fruits  of  certain 
species  of  Tribidus  and  Trapa. 

Family  ENCOELIACEAE. 
Colpomenia  sinuosa    (Roth)   Derb.  &  Sol.,  a  widely  distributed  plant  of 
warm  temperate  and  tropical  waters,  forms  brownish  hollow  often  irregularly 


ENCOELIACEAE.  505 

lobed  or  wrinkled  cushions,  sometimes  as  large  as  a  man's  fist,  on  rocks  just 
below  the  low-water  marks,  as  on  White's  Island,  in  Hamilton  Harbor,  ctr. 
(Phyc.   Bor.-Am.  S0S4.) 

Hydroclathrus  cancellatus  Bory,  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  above  in  color, 
habit  and  distribution,  but  it  has  a  perforate  or  net-like  thallu^.  Si.ntiish 
Eock.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  S078.) 

Scytosiphon  Lomentaria  (Lyngb.)  J.  Ag.  is  one  of  the  few  algae  of  the 
North  Atlantic  that  occur  also  in  Bermuda.  It  has  a  hollow,  unbranched, 
cylindric  or  slightly  flattened,  brownish  or  olive-green  thallus,  often  constricted 
at  intervals,  and  commonly  2-10  inches  long,  and  ^-\  inch  in  diameter. 
(Shelly  Bay,  Hervey—^Fhjc.  Bor.-Am.  2079.) 

Rosenvingea  intricata  (J.  Ag.)  B^rg.  has  a  tubular  very  irregularly 
branched  thallus.  Single  plants  form  flattened  tangled  olive-green  mats 
mostly  1  to  5  inches  broad.  The  main  branches  attain  a  diameter  of  1  or  2 
lines,  this  diameter  being  much  reduced  at  the  dichotomo-palmate  extremities. 
(Harris  Bay,  Hervey — Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  S173.) 

Family  MESOGLOIACEAE. 

Castagnea  Zosterae  (Mohr?)  Thuret  (?)  is  a  name  that  may  be  applied 
with  considerable  doubt  to  a  brownish  gelatinous  irregularly  branched  plant 
that  grows  attached  to  leaves  of  the  Turtle  Grass  (Thalassia  lestudinum)  in 
Castle  Harbor  and  doubtless  elsewhere  in  the  Bermudas.  It  grows  to  be  from 
four  to  eight  inches  long,  with  its  larger  branches  about  -^^  in.  in  diameter  and 
the  smaller  about  -j^  in.  It  is  a  larger,  more  copiously  branched  plant  than 
those  from  more  northern  waters  to  which  the  above  name  is  currently  applied. 
There  is  doubt  not  only  as  to  its  specific  identity,  but  even  more  as  to  the 
legality  of  the  nomenclature  here  provisionally  adopted.  It  is  probable  that 
a  thorough-going  revision  of  the  Mesogloiaceae,  accompanied  by  a  critical 
study  of  the  type  specimens  on  which  various  genera  and  species  have  been 
based,  may  show  that  the  legal  generic  name  for  this  plant  is  Aegira,  proposed 
in  1825  by  Elias  Fries  for  the  LincTcia  Zosterae  of  Lyngbyc.  The  various 
genera  proposed  later  for  members  of  this  'group  seem  to  be  distinguished 
from  each  other  by  characters  of  uncertain  value  and  constancy  and  it  is 
probable  that  one  or  more  of  the  names  Myriocladia  J.  Ag.,  Cladosiphon 
Kiitz.,  Castagnea  Derb.  &  Sol.,  and  Eudcsme  J.  Ag.  may  be  found  to  be  generic 
synonyms  of  Aegira.  The  Bermuda  plant  has  been  distributed  in  the  Phyco- 
theca  Boreali-Americana  (1879)  as  Castagnea  mediterranca  (Kiitz.)  Bornet, 
but  it  is  a  more  slender,  more  freely  branched,  and  more  gelatinous  jdant  than 
the  original  Cladosiphon  mediterraneus  Kiitz.  and  has  longer  peripheral  fila- 
ments. Moreover,  C.  mediterraneus  is  the  monotype  of  Chulosiphnn  and  the 
current  rules  of  nomenclature  would  forbid  its  transfer  to  the  lator-])ublished 
Castagnea. 

Family  SPOROCHNACEAE. 

Sporochnus  BoUeanus  Mont,  is  foun.l  wasliod  ashore  on  the  South  Peach. 
It  is  a  brownish  freely  branched  plant  a  foot  or  more  in  height.     The  main 


506  SPOROCHXACEAE. 

branches  and  the  lateral  branchlets  each  end  in  a  subglobose  or  pyriform 
enlargement  bearing  a  dense  tuft  of  delicate  filaments.  The  lateral  tuft-bear- 
ing enlargements  are  sessile  in  the  younger  parts,  but  a  stalk  for  each  develops 
and  lengthens  with  age  until  the  plant  is  terminated  and  fringed  by  a  great 
number  of  small  brush-like  structures.  The  enlargements  also  elongate  with 
age  and  together  with  the  stalks  form  club-shaped  ramuli  i  inch  or  more  long 
in  the  older  parts,  finally  becoming  naked  by  the  disappearance  of  the  crown 
of  filaments.  When  the  living  plant  is  suspended  in  the  water  and  properly 
lighted  the  terminal  tufts  appear  luminous  and  iridescent,  the  whole  sug- 
gesting some  sort  of  miniature  candelabrum  of  small  torches.  S.  BolJeanus  was 
originally  described  from  the  Canary.  Islands,  but  has  since  been  reported 
from  Porto  Rico.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  £174.) 

Family  TILOPTERIDACEAE. 

Heterospora  Vidovichii  (Menegh.)  Kuck.  has  been  reported  as  occurring 
on  the  walls  of  the  inlet  near  the  Hotel  Frascati  [Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  £0^6,  as 
Haplospora  Vidovichii  (Menegh.)  Bornet].  It  forms  long  tufts  of  delicate 
brownish  green  threads.  Heterospora  resembles  Ectocarpus  in  general  habit, 
but  differs  in  mode  of  reproduction.  H.  Vidovichii  was  first  described  from 
the  Adriatic  Sea. 

Family  FUCACEAE. 

Ascophyllum  nodosum  (L.)  LeJolis,  one  of  the  commonest  rockweeds  of 
north-temperate  coasts,  has  been  found  floating  in  Bermudian  waters,  by  Collins. 

Turbinaria  tricostata  E.  S.  Barton,  which  is  perhaps  not  always  distinct 
from  Turhinaria  turbinata  (Xi.)  Kusatze  (T.  trialata  Klitz.),  grows  on  surge- 
swept  rocks  near  the  low- water  mark  or  in  low  tide-pools  on  the  South  Shore, 
as  at  Hungry  Bay.  Its  ultimate  branches  are  peltate  or  subturbinate,  about 
half  an  inch  long,  consisting  of  a  suborbicular  dentate-margined  terminal  ex- 
pansion supported  by  a  3-winged  or  3-angled  stalk.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1877.) 

Sargassum  natans  (L.)  Meyen  [S.  hacciferum  (Turn.)  Ag.],  the  Gulf 
Weed,  is  common,  washed  ashore,  especially  on  South  Beach.  The  species  of 
Sargassum  have  a  thallus  that  is  differentiated  into  parts  resembling  the  stem 
and  leaves  of  the  higher  plants  and  most  of  them  have  a  branching  basal 
holdfast  suggesting  roots,  but  the  present  species  is  known  only  in  a  free- 
floating  or  pelagic  condition  and  is  destitute  of  a  holdfast.  It  is,  however, 
doubtless  derived  as  a  species,  if  not  as  individuals,  from  attached  forms  that 
are  known  under  another  specific  name  or  possibly  under  two  or  more  specific 
names.  Its  alliances  seem  to  be  with  attached  plants  known  as  Sargassum 
Filipendula,  S.  foliosissimum,  or  S.  vulgare.  In  the  genus  Sargassum  there 
are,  in  the  mature  state,  stalked  air-vesicles  of  about  the  size  of  a  pea  or 
often  smaller.  The  leaf -like  parts  are  more  or  less  distinctly  unicostate  and 
in  most  species  show  to  the  naked  eye  or  under  a  hand  lens  small  dark  spots 
or  pits  (cryptostomata)  from  which  minute  hairs  arise.  In  S.  natans  such 
spots  are  wanting  or  few  and  obscure.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2180.) 


FUCACEAE.  607 

Sargassum  fluitans  B0rg.  is  also  found  in  a  free-floating  condition  and  is 
another  inhabitant  of  the  "Sargasso  Sea."  It  is  a  coarser  plant  than  S. 
natans,  with  broader  leaves,  these  with  shorter  and  proportionally  broader 
teeth  and  often  with  more  obvious  cryptostomata;  its  air-vesicles  are  shorter- 
stalked,  more  numerous,  often  more  nearly  spherical,  and  they  lack  the  apical 
appendage  which  is  often  a  conspicuous  feature  of  S.  natans;  its  stem  is 
roughened  by  short  spinules  or  outgrowths,  which  are  commonly  lacking  in 
S.   natans.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2177.) 

Sargassum  Filipendula  Ag.  In  the  ponds  of  Walsingham  and  doubtless 
elsewhere.  The  leaves  show  conspicuous  cryptostomata  and  the  stems  are 
smooth  or  nearly  so.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2176.) 

Sargassum  lendigerum  (L.)  Ag.  is  a  name  that  has  been  applied  by  J. 
Agardh  and  others  to  a  Bermuda  plant  that  is  not  uncommon  on  rocks  a  little 
below  low-water  line.  The  lowest  or  first  leaves  are  often  forked  and  rarely 
subpinnate,  but  most  of  them  are  simple,  oblong  or  linear-oblong  and  dentate, 
the  cryptostomata  are  conspicuous,  and  the  lower  parts  of  the  stem  are  often 
much  roughened  by  short  irregular  outgrowths;  vesicles  are  often  wanting. 
The  Linnaean  type  of  the  species  was  from  Ascension  Island,  lying  in  the 
Atlantic  south  of  the  Equator,  and  the  current  identification  of  the  Bermuda 
specimens  is  open  to  question.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2178.) 

Sargassum  linifolium  (Turn.)  Ag.,  a  name  originally  given  to  a  Mediter- 
ranean and  Adriatic  plant,  has  been  used  for  a  somewhat  similar  Bermudian 
form.  It  is  related  to  the  foregoing  species,  but  apparently  differs  in  the 
linear  commonly  subentire  leaves,  the  upper  of  which  as  well  as  the  lower  are 
sometimes  forked.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2179.) 

Family  DICTYOTACEAE. 

Spatoglossum  Schroederi  (Mert.)  Klitz.  occurs  in  the  ponds  of  Walsing- 
ham, in  Hamilton  Harbor,  etc.  The  thallus  in  well-developed  conditions  reaches 
a  height  or  length  of  5-8  inches;  it  is  irregularly  dichotomous,  and  its  main 
segments,  which  show  no  costa,  are  i-5  of  an  inch  wide.  Its  margins  are 
irregularly  toothed  and  often  proliferous.  The  color  of  the  younger  parts  is 
an  olive-green ;  of  the  older,  a  fuscous  or  fuliginous  brown.  Small  irregularly 
scattered  dark  spots  indicate  the  position  of  hair-clusters  or  of  reproductive 
organs.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2027.) 

Zonaria  zonalis  (Lamour.)  M.  A.  Howe.  (Fncus  zonaJis  Laniour.  Diss. 
38.  pi.  25.  f.  1.  1805;  Dictyota  sonata  Lamour.  Nouv.  Bull.  Sci.  Soc.  Philom.  1: 
331.  My  1809;  Jour,  de  Bot.  2:  40.  1809;  Zonaria  lohata  kg.  Syst.  Alg.  265. 
1824;  Stypopodium  lobatum  Kiitz.  Tab.  Phyc.  9:  25.  pi.  63.  f.  1.  1859.) 
This  is  common  on  rocks  in  shallow  water  in  rather  exposed  places  along  the 
South  Shore,  where  it  is  often  found  washed  up  on  the  beach.  It  grows  in 
large  masses  and  is  more  or  less  bluish-iridescent  when  living  and  submerged. 
The  plants  attain  a  height  or  length  of  about  one  foot;  the  thallus  is  repeatedly 
cleft  or  lobed  in  a  somewhat  dichotomo-palmate  fashion,  the  ultimate  lobes 
being  cuneate,  cuneate-oblong,  or  cuneate-flabelliform,  and  }-3  inch  in  greatest 


508  DICTYOTACEAE. 

■u-idtli;  the  lobes  are  marked  by  conspicuous  dark  slightly  curved  transverse 
lines,  these  forming  the  boundaries  of  zones,  which  are  mostly  i-i  inch  broad; 
the  color  of  the  younger  parts  is  a  brownish  olive-green,  occasionally  verging 
towards  red;  the  older  parts  are  dark  brown,  becoming  nearly  black  on  drying. 
More  ragged  and  dissected  forms  also  occur,  with  lobes  or  laciniae  scarcely 
more  than  i  inch  broad.  This  typically  West  Indian  species  was  first  described 
from  Santo  Domingo,  but  what  seems  to  be  the  same  thing  occurs  also  in  the 
Canaries.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1876,  as  Zonaria  lohata.) 

Zonaria  variegata  (Lamour.)  Ag.  occurs  on  rocks,  Udoteas,  Halimedas, 
and  other  objects  that  may  be  reached  by  wading  at  low  tide,  as  at  Gibbet 
Island,  Harrington  Sound,  Castle  Harbor,  Hungry  Bay,  and  St.  David's 
Island,  and  is  also  found  washed  ashore  from  deeper  water,  as  on  South  Beach. 
It  is  a  much  smaller,  less  stalked,  less  lobed,  and  less  distinctly  zonate  plant 
than  Z.  zonalis.  The  thallus  is  semiorbicular  or  flabelliform,  mostly  1-3 
inches  broad,  nearly  entire  or  showing  a  few  flabelliform  segments;  the 
margins  are  subentire  or  erenate-lobed;  the  color  is  olive,  brownish  olive, 
fuscous  brown,  or  now  and  then  reddish.  It  sometimes  suggests  a  Padina  but 
the  apical  margins  are  not  inrolled  as  in  that  genus.  This  typically  West 
Indian  species  has  been  reported  also  from  the  Canaries  and  elsewhere. 
Zonaria  collaris  Ag.  is  probably  a  synonym.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2028.) 

Padina  is  a  genus  of  the  Dictyotaceae  that  is  represented  in  Bermuda  by 
three  species  growing  on  rocks  near  the  low-tide  mark,  or  in  shallow  water. 
The  three  species  have  been  more  or  less  confused  with  each  other  and  all 
have  been  identified  with  the  Padina  pavonia  of  southern  Europe,  with  which 
only  one  of  the  three,  and  that  the  rarest,  appears  to  be  identical.  The  three 
often  resemble  each  other  very  much  in  outward  habit.  In  all,  the  thallus  is 
distinctly  zoned,  and,  as  in  nearly  all  Padinas,  the  apical  margins  are  narrowly 
Inrolled. 

Padina  Sanctae-Cnicis  B^rg.,  which  is  probably  the  commonest,  has,  in 
Bermuda,  a  semi-orbicular,  fan-shaped,  or  occasionally  renif orm  thallus,  mostly 
1^-3  inches  broad,  subentire  or  sparingly  divided  or  lobed,  and  is  conspicuously 
encrusted  with  lime  on  the  ventral  surface;  when  living,  it  is  commonly  con- 
cave in  such  a  fashion  as  to  be  a  little  suggestive  of  the  human  ear  or  of  cer- 
tain bivalve  shells;  sections,  examined  microscopically,  show  that  the  thallus  is 
only  two  cells  thick  except  at  the  extreme  base,  where  it  is  three  cells  thick. 
The  tetrasporic  sori  occur  just  above  every  second  piliferous  line  and  are  pro- 
vided with  an  evanescent  indusium.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2082.) 

Padina  pavonia  (L.)  Gaill.  has  been  found  on  Gibbet  Island  by  Hervey 
(Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2081).  It  resembles  the  preceding  but  has  a  more  cuneiform 
thallus  or  thallus-lobes,  the  thallus  is  mostly  3  cells  thick,  the  tetrasporic  sori 
commonly  border  each  side  of  every  second  piliferous  line,  and  the  indusium 
is  conspicuous  and  rather  persistent. 

A  third  species  {Padina  variegata  Hauck,  Zonaria  variegata  Kiitz.,  not 
Zonaria  variegata  (Lamour.)  Ag.],  for  which  Dr.  W.  D.  Hoyt  is  soon  to  pub- 
lish a  valid  name,  has  ultimately   a  larger   thallus   than   the   two   preceding, 


DICTYOTACEAE.  509 

reaching  a  height  of  five  or  six  inches,  is  rather  more  lobeii,  the  fan-shape<l 
lobes  mostly  1^-3  inches  broad,  and  is  less  whitened  by  lime  on  its  ventral 
surface.  Sections  show  that  the  thallus  is  3-6  cells  thick  except  for  a  narrow 
zone  at  the  apical  margin,  where  it  is  but  2  cells  thick.  The  tetrasporic  sori 
are  mostly  in  the  form  of  compact  dot-like  clusters  scattered  irregularly  in  each 
interpilar  zone  or  forming  a  narrow  irregular  line  a  little  above  the  middle  of 
the  zone;  indusium  subpersistent.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2083,  as  Padina  variegata.) 

Neurocarpus  delicatulus  (Lamour.)  Kuntze  [Dictyopteris  deUcatula 
Lamour. ;  Haliseris  delicotula  (Lamour.)  Ag.]  occurs  on  rocks  in  shallow 
water  in  well-shaded  and  sheltered  places,  as  at  Red  Bay,  St.  David  's  Island. 
The  species  of  this  genus  are  distinguished  from  other  members-  of  the  family 
by  possessing  a  thallus  with  a  distinct  midrib.  In  the  present  species  the 
thallus  is  of  thin  delicate  texture  and  is  several  times  regularly  and  somewhat 
divaricately  forked.  It  reaches  a  length  of  2  or  3  inches  and  the  thallus  seg- 
ments are  i  to  2  lines  broad.  Dried  specimens  are  a  brownish  or  yellowish 
olive-green,  but  when  living  and  immersed  it  often  shows  brilliant  iridescent 
blue-green  hues.  The  species  was  first  described  from  Santo  Domingo  and  i"? 
typically  West  Indian  in  its  distribution.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  19S4,  as  Dictiiop- 
teris  deUcatula.) 

Neurocarpus  Justii  (Lamour.)  Kuntze  [Dictyopteris  Jiistii  Lamour.; 
Haliseris  Justii  (Lamour.)  Ag.]  is  a  much  larger  plant  that  grows  on  rocks  in 
more  exposed  places,  mostly  in  1^20  feet  of  water.  The  thallus  is  collate  and 
several  times  dichotomous,  as  in  the  last,  but  it  reaches  a  length  of  8-12  inches 
and  its  segments  are  i-li  inches  broad.  Its  color  is  a  dark  olive  or  a  fuscous 
brown.  It  is  often  found  washed  up  on  the  South  "Shore.  Like  the  last,  it  was 
first  made  known  from  Santo  Domingo  and  is  a  typically  West  Indian  species, 
(Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  19S5,  as  Dictyopteris  Justii.) 

Dictyota  Bartayresii  Lamour.  (Dictyota  crispata  Lamour. ;  Dictyota  par- 
dalis  Kiitz.)  occurs  in  shallow  water,  as  at  Spanish  Point,  in  the  ponds  of 
Walsingham,  and  at  St.  David's  Island.  It  forms  loosely  intertangled  mats 
3-6  inches  high.  The  thallus  ig  repeatedly  dichotomous  and  its  segments  are 
mostly  1-3  lines  broad,  with  margins  entire  or  irregularly  proliferous.  The 
species  of  Dictyota  are  difficult  to  define.  The  form  of  the  thallus,  width  of 
the  segments,  etc.  evidently  vary  greatly  according  to  conditions  of  growth,  and 
it  is  probable  that  more  species  are  currently  recognized  than  may  be  reasonably 
assumed  to  exist  in  nature.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1874.) 

Dictyota  dichotoma  (Iluds.)  Lamour.  is  less  common  in  Bermuda  than  the 
preceding  species.  It  is  more  regularly  and  less  divaricately  dichotomous  an<l 
has  a  broader  thallus,  with  segments  mostly  '2-4  lines  wide.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am. 
2175.) 

Dictyota  ciliolata  Kiitz.  (Dictyota  ciliata  J.  Ag.— not  D.ciliota  Lamour.; 
Dictyota  crenulata  Collins  in  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1875— not  D.  crcnulata  J.  Ag.) 
occurs  in  Harrington  Sound,  in  pools  on  the  South  Shore,  etc.  The  thallus 
has  few  or  many  small  simple  teeth  or  short  cilia  on  its  margins;  its  segments 


510  DICTYOTACEAE. 

are  mostly  1-2  lines  wide;    and  its  texture  is  rather  more  rigid  than  in  D. 
Bartayresii. 

Dictyota  linearis  (Ag.)  Grev.  is  a  name  that  seems  applicable  to  a  very 
narrow  repeatedly  dichotomous  plant  with  segments  only  about  one  quarter  of 
a  line  wide  that  occurs  attached  to  stones,  Halimedas,  etc.  in  shallow  water,  as 
at  Spanish  Point. 

Dictyota  dentata  Lamour.  [Dictyota  Brongniartii  J.  Ag. ;  D.  Mertensii 
(Mart.)  Kiitz. ;  D\  subdentata  Kiitz.]  is,  like  D.  Bartayresii,  typically  a  species 
of  the  West  Indies  and  northeastern  South  America.  It  has  been  found  by 
Mr.  Collins  floating  in  Hungry  Bay  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1926).  In  this  species, 
the  thallus  is  less  dichotomous  and  more  pinnatifid  than  in  the  other  Bermudian 
species  of  the  genus.  The  apices  of  the  lobes  vary  from  sharply  acuminate  to 
obtuse. 

Dilophus  guineensis  (Kiitz.)  J.  Ag.  grows  near  low-water  mark  on  rocks 
that  are  Avell  exposed  to  surf  action,  as  at  Hungry  Bay.  The  thallus  is  rather 
regularly  dichotomous  and  is  commonly  1^-3  inches  high  with  segments  4  to  1 
line  broad.  In  a  cross  section,  examined  microscopically,  the  medulla  is  seen  to 
consist  of  two  layers  of  cells  (or  more  in-  the  basal  parts),  while  in  the  genus 
Dictyota  the  medulla,  normally  at  least,  consists  of  a  single  layer  of  large 
cells.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2080.) 

Sub-class  RHODOPHYCEAE. 

Family  BANGIACEAE. 

Bangia  fuscopurpurea  (Dillw.)  Lyngb.,  which  forms  a  soft  fleece  of  fine 
dark  purple  unbranched  filaments  l-l  inch  long  on  rocks  and  wharves  between 
the  tide-lines,  has  been  found  in  Harrington  Sound  by  Dr.  Hervey. 

Bangia  compacta  Zanard.,  which  also  occurs  on  rocks  in  Harrington  Sound 
{Howe  129),  appears  to  differ  from  the  foregoing  in  having  filaments  that  are 
only  |-1  line  long  and  in  its  cells  in  the  uniseriate  vegetative  parts  (except 
base)  being  discoid,  mostly  2-4  times  as  broad  as  long,  closely  compacted  and 
Lynghya-like,  instead  of  being  mostly  as  long  as  broad,  as  is  the  case  in  the 
Bermuda  specimens  referred  to  B.  fuscopurxiiirea.  In  spite  of  their  small  size 
the  filaments  are  often  fertile  and  evidently  mature. 

Porp]i3n:a  atropurpurea  (Olivi)  De-Toni  (Porphyra  leucosticta  Thuret) 
has  been  reported  by  Collins  as  growing  on  mangroves  (presumably  close  to  the 
low- water  mark)  near  the  Flatts  Bridge  and  Ely's  Harbor  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am. 
1927  and  2085).  It  forms  a  thin  oblong  membranous  pink  thallus  only  one 
cell  in  thickness.  The  species  is  monoecious;  the  antheridia  form  decelerate 
patches  among  the  darker  sporocarps,  both  appearing  first  near  the  margins  of 
the  thallus. 

Erjrthrotrichia  camea  (Dillw.)  J.  Ag.  forms  a  commonly  sparse  and  in- 
conspicuous fringe  of  exceedingly  delicate  rose-colored  or  reddish  filaments  on 
other  marine  algae  (Polysiphonia,  Hypnea,  etc.)  and  on  marine  spermatophytes. 


NEMALIONACEAE.  511 

The  filaments  are  usually  only  a  line  long  or  less.  Under  a  compound  micro- 
scope they  are  seen  to  be  unbranehed  and  to  consist  commonly  of  a  single  row 
of  cells,  which  are  mostly  about  as  broad  as  long.  In  older  conditions  the 
filaments  may  become  more  than  one  cell  broad. 

Family  NEMALIONACEAE. 

Acrochaetium  crassipes  Bclrg.  This  species'  was  originally  described  from 
the  Danish  West  Indies.  It  is  a  very  minute  plant,  only  a  few  cells  high,  with 
a  few  branches  1-6  cells  long.  It  occurs  as  a  microscopic  epiphyte  on  Centro- 
ceras  clavulatum  at  St.  David's  Island.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2033.) 

Acrochaetium  infestans  Howe  &  Hoyt,  is  a  microscopic  filamentous  plant, 
of  which  the  vegetative  parts'  are  chiefly  endozoic,  creeping  in  the  gelatinous  or 
chitinous  stalks  and  stolons  of  hydroids  and  of  filamentous  bryozoa.  The 
interior  filaments  are  freely  and  irregularly  branched,  usually  in  a  loose  ram- 
bling intricate  fashion,  but  occasionally  forming  a  sort  of  pseudoparenchyma 
with  shorter,  more  compacted  cells.  The  monosporangia  are  borne  on  external 
filaments,  which  are  commonly  very  short  and  few-celled,  simple  or  with  a  few 
short  branches,  or  occasionally  reduced  to  a  single  exserted  monosporangium. 
[Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2194,  as  BhodocJwrton  memhranaceum.] 

Acrochaetium  (Chantransia)  is  a  genus  of  small,  filamentous,  chiefly  epi- 
phytic, endophytic,  epizoic,  or  endozoic  red  algae.  It  is  doubtless  represented 
in  Bermuda  by  several  other  species,  the  determination  of  which  awaits  critical 
study.  One  of  these,  in  and  on  Dudresnaya  crassa,  has  been  distributed  by 
Collins  as   Chantransia   corymbifera   Thuret*    (Phyc.   Bor.-Am.   1880.) 

Trichogloea  Herveyi  Setchell  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2034)  is  a  more  or  less  cal- 
cified, very  lubricous,  irregularly  branched  plant,  reaching  a  length  of  four  or 
five  inches.  No  diagnosis  of  the  species  has  been  published  up  to  the  date  of 
writing.  It  occurs  at  or  below  low-water  mark,  as  at  Cooper's  Island. 
Endemic. 

Helminthocladia  Calvadosii  (Lamour.)  Setchell,  more  commonly  known 
as  Helminthocladia  purpurea  (Harv.)  J.  Ag.,  appears  to  occur  in  the  spring 
months  at  Long  Bird  Island  {Collins,  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2035)  and  at  Bailey's 
Bay  (JVadsworth).  Though  not  calcified,  it  is  rather  firmer  in  texture  and  a 
little  less  lubricous  than  the  Trichogloea  Herveyi  and  is  more  brownish  red  or 
greenish  red  (less  pink)  in  color.  The  Bermuda  plant  differs  somewhat  in 
habit  from  the  European,  but  in  other  respects  seems  to  offer  little  or  nothing 
to  distinguish  it. 

Liagora  valida  Harv,  grows  on  surf -swept  rocks  between  the  tiile  lines,  as 
at  Hungry  Bay,  Cox's  Bay,  Achilles  Bay,   and  St.   David's   Island.     In   this 

*  To  a  French  plant,  hemi-endophytic  in  Hrlmintlwclndia  Cnlradn.tii  and  de- 
scribed and  figured  by  Bornet  and  Thuret  under  the  name  Chantran.sia  roiymhifcra 
Thuret  the  Bermudian  plant  in  Dudrcsmn/a  bears  considerable  resemblance.  How- 
ever, the  original  description  of  C.  conivihifmi  apparently  confused  two  species, 
though  only  one  of  them,  an  epiphyte  on  Cmimium  luhnnu,  was  actually  cited. 
This  epiphvte  on  Ceramium,  which  has  been  renamed  [CJinvtranMio  Thurcttt  (Bornet) 
Kylin],  should  manifestly  be  considered  the  type  of  Chantransia  cori/mbtfera  Thuret. 


512  NEMALIOXACEAE. 

genus  the  thallus  is  usually  terete,  repeatedly  forked,  or  sometimes  subpinnate 
or  laterally  proliferous,  more  or  less  calcified,  and  is  usually  lubricous  Tvhen 
living,  at  least  in  the  younger  parts.  Some  of  the  species  of  Liagora  bear  a 
superficial  resemblance  to  certain  Corallinaceae,  but  the  Liagoras  are  more 
lubricous  and  when  examined  under  a  microscope  after  decalcification  '\vith  an 
acid  the  thallus  is  seen  to  be  more  distinctly  and  loosely  filamentous  in  struc- 
ture, with  a  more  sharply  defined  central  strand  of  filaments.  L.  valida  forms 
dense  tufts  or  clusters,  mostly  2-5  inches  high  or  long;  the  thallus  is  many 
times  forked,  the  numerous  branches  being  about  half  a  line  in  diameter ;  the 
older  parts  are  solidly  encrusted  with  lime,  are  white,  and  become  transversely 
cracked  or  irregularly  jointed;  the  color  of  the  younger  parts  varies  from  pink 
to  brownish  red.  Small  superficial  spots,  less  calcified,  usually  concave  and 
waxy  in  the  dried  condition,  and  easily  visible  under  a  hand-lens,  mark  the 
position  of  the  immersed  cystocarps.      (Phyc.  Bor,-Am.  1929.) 

Liagora  ceranoides  Lamour.  is  more  slender,  more  lubricous,  and  more 
divaricately  dichotomous  than  the  preceding.  The  calcification  appears  under 
the  hand-lens  to  take  the  form  of  scaly  or  mealy  flakes  instead  of  a  more  or 
less  continuous  crust.  The  plant  occurs  on  rocks  near  the  low-water  line  in 
Castle  Harbor,  etc.  The  type  of  the  species  was  from  the  island  of  St. 
Thomas  in  the  Danish  West  Indies.  The  later-described  Liagora  pulverulenta 
Ag.  as  currently  (and,  with  little  doubt  correctly)  interpreted  is  apparently 
the  same  species.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1928,  as  Liagora  pulverulenta.) 

Species  of  Liagora  other  than  the  two  mentioned  certainly  occur  in  Ber- 
muda, but  their  determination  awaits  critical  study.  A  not  uncommon  species 
has  been  referred  sometimes  to  Liagora  elongata  Zan.,  originally  described 
from  the  Eed  Sea,  and  sometimes  to  L.  Cheyneana  Harv.,  originally  described 
from  western  Australia.  Possibly  L.  farinosa,  a  name  applied  by  Lamouroux 
in  1816  to  a  plant  from  the  Eed  Sea,  will  be  found  to  be  available  for  it. 
This  plant  is  less  regularly  dichotomous  than  either  L.  valida  or  L.  ceranoides 
and  commonly  shows  numerous  lateral  proliferations.  The  peripheral  filaments 
project  more  or  less  beyond  the  zone  of  calcification  and  form  a  reddish  nap 
on  the  surface.  The  plant  is  coarser  than  L.  ceranoides  and  much  less  calci- 
fied and  less  rigid  than  L.  valida.  Under  the  microscope  it  differs  from  both 
in  the  broader  cells  of  the  less  moniliform  peripheral  filaments,  in  the  dense 
globose  tufts  of  antheridia,  etc. 

Family  CHAETANaiACEAE. 

Galaxaura  is  a  genus  of  more  or  less  calcified  algae,  the  plants,  however, 
being  less  thoroughly  calcified  and  more  flexible,  at  least  when  fresh,  than 
plants  of  the  family  Corallinaceae.  They  are,  for  the  most  part,  coarser 
plants  than  the  Liagoras  and  usually  have  a  firmer  more  obvious  cortex. 

Galaxaura  sutoverticillata  Kjellm.  is  a  shaggy,  reddish  brown  or  sordid 
green  plant  with  its  longer  assimilatory  filaments  in  more  or  less  distinct 
whorls,  especially  toward  the  apices.  It  apparently  represents  the  tetrasporic 
phase  of  G.  rugosa  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamour.,  not  yet  reported  from  Bermuda. 
It  has  been  found  on  rocks  in  shallow  water  at  Eed  Bay,  St.  David's  Island. 


CHAETANGIACEAE.  513 

G-alaxaura  flagelliformis  Kjellm.  is  similar  to  the  foregoing,  but  has  more 
elongate  branches  and  the  longer  assimilatory  filaments  are  tufted,  crowded, 
or  irregularly  disponed  without  any  obvious  tendency  to  a  whorled  arrange- 
ment. It  probably  represents  the  tetrasporic  phase  of  G.  squalida  Kjellm., 
with  which  it  occurs  at  Bethel's  Island  (Collins  8i86).  In  the  West  Indiet^, 
G.  subverticillata  and  G.  flagelliformis  seem  sometimes  to  intergrade,  as  do 
also  their  probable  sexual  phases,  G.  rugosa  and  G.  squalida. 

Galaxaura  squalida  Kjellm.  has  usually  a  smooth  firm  cortex,  though 
parts  of  the  surface  often  bear  few  or  numerous  free  assimilatory  filaments. 
It  occurs  on  rocks  and  washed  ashore  at  Hungry  Bay,  Gravelly  Bay,  Bethel 's 
Island,  etc.,  forming  greenish,  reddish  green,  or  finally  whitening  tufts  or 
clusters  mostly  2-4  inches  high.  It  has  terete,  regularly  dichotomous  branches, 
about  16  in.  wide  or  a  little  more,  commonly  collapsing  or  flattened  towards 
the  apices  on  drying.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1882.) 

Galaxaura  marginata  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamour.  has  a  dark  red,  grayish 
red,  or  greenish  red  thallus  that  is  for  the  most  part  strongly  flattened  even 
when  living.  Its  sexual  phase  (G.  occidenialis  BjzTrg.)  has  a  firmer  cortex  and 
often  a  more  shiny  surface  than  the  tetrasporic  plant,  and  from  certain  parts 
of  its  epidermis,  especially  at  or  near  the  margins,  there  grow  out  few  or 
numerous  papilla-like  cells,  making  darker  roughened  areas,  barely  visible 
under  a  hand-lens.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1930,  as  Brachycladia   marginaia.) 

Galaxaura  obtusata  (Ell.  &  Soland.)  Lamour.  has  a  coarse,  terete,  smooth 
dichotomous  thallus  2-5  inches  long,  its  segments  ^-ut  inches  in  diameter, 
usually  constricted  and  jointed  at  either  end,  and  often  tapering  towards 
either  end.  It  is  more  rigid  and  fastigiate  than  G.  squalida.  and  its  forkings 
are  wider-angled.  It  occurs  unattached  in  fish-ponds,  etc.  near  Tucker's  Town, 
where  it  is  often  less  calcified  than  when  growing  under  normal  conditions  in 
deeper  water,  as  met  with  in  the  West  Indies.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1881.) 

Family  GELIDIACEAE. 

Wrangelia  penicillata  (Ag.)  Ag.  is  one  of  the  delicate  feathery  or 
''mossy"  red  seaweeds.  Its  tufts  reach  a  height  or  length  of  2  to  6  inches. 
Its  usual  color  is  a  dull  red  or  brownish  red,  becoming  blackish  with  age  or 
partial  decay.  The  thread-like,  almost  microscopic,  branchlets  are  in  regular 
whorls,  as  may  be  determined  with  a  hand-lens,  and  towards  the  sometimes 
subcircinate  apices  of  the  main  branches  they  are  often  tufte.l  or  subsecund. 
The  species  occurs  in  warm  shallow  bays,  as  at  Spanish  Point,  Ely's  Harbor, 
Achilles  Bay,   and   Harrington   Sound.      (Phyc.    Bor.-Am.    ISSfi.) 

Naccaria  corymbosa  J.  Ag.  bears  some  resemblance  to  the  above  in  gen- 
eral habit,  but  is  a  rather  smaller  plant,  mostly  1  to  2  inches  high,  is  less 
likely  to  darken  on  drying,  and  the  branch  system  is  alternate  throughout. 
The  ultimate  branchlets  are  so  short,  minute,  and  crowded  as  to  be  demon- 
strable only  with  a  compound  microscope.  The  larger  branchlets  that  are 
visible  with  a  hand-lens  are  slender  and  taper-pointed,  and  do  not  have  the 
tufted-plumose    appearance    of    the    corresponding    branchlets    of    Wrangelia 

34 


514  GELIDIACEAE. 

penicillata.  N.  corymhosa  was  originally  described  from  Key  West,  but  it  has 
recently  been  found  in  Bermuda  by  Hervey  (Buildings  Bay,  Phyc.  Bor.-Am. 
£036)  and  by  Collins  (St.  George's). 

Gelidium  crinale  (Turn.)  J.  Ag.,  like  other  species  of  Gelidium,  has  none 
of  the  exceedingly  delicate,  almost  microscopic  filaments  that  characterize  the 
two  preceding  genera.  It  forms  dark  red  or  blackish  mats  1  to  3  inches  high, 
the  lower  parts  terete  or  slightly  flattened,  scarcely  coarser  than  a  bristle,  the 
numerous  mostly  flattened  branches  and  branehlets  irregularly  two-ranked, 
the  ultimate  often  spatulate,  becoming  J-^  of  a  line  broad.  It  occurs  on 
stones  and  rocks  near  low-water  mark,  as  at  Walsingham  and  at  Dingle  Bay. 
(Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2089.) 

Gelidium  caemlescens  Klitz.  (?).  The  type  of  this  species  came  from 
New  Caledonia  in  the  South  Pacific,  but  a  more  or  less  similar  plant  occurs 
in  Bermuda  and  the  West  Indies.  Its  branches  are  broader  (J— §  line)  than 
those  of  the  preceding  and  are  rather  more  regularly  disposed,  and  the  color 
of  the  plant  is  more  red-purple  and  often  iridescent. 

Gelidium  pusillum  conchicola  Piccone,  creeps  on  shells  of  mussels,  etc.,  its 
linear  or  spatulate  ascending  branches  being  usually  only  i  of  an  inch  high  or 
less,  and  ^-J  of  a  line  broad.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2183.) 

Gelidium  rigidum  (Vahl)  Grev.  [Gelidiopsis  rigida  (Vahl)  Web. -v.  Bosse] 
is  a  rather  coarse  rigid  cartilaginous  plant  with  a  repent  base  and  regularly 
or  often  very  irregularly  pinnate  or  bipinnate  erect  branches  1-3  inches  high. 
It  has  been  placed  by  most  recent  writers  in  the  genus  Gelidiopsis  of  the 
family  Sphaerococcaeeae,  though  in  absence  of  known  cystocarps  its  generic 
position  is  not  wholly  clear.  In  the  character  of  its  apical  cell  and  of  its 
usually  indistinct  central  axis  it  does  not  seem  very  different  from  Gelidi/um 
cartilagineiim,  which  is  allowed  to  remain  in  this  genus,  but  it  diverges  from 
typical  species  of  Gelidium  in  having  a  thallus  that  is  essentially  terete 
throughout  and  in  the  often  irregularly  disposed,  not  always  two-ranked 
branches.  The  tetrasporangia  occur  on  somewhat  enlarged  conic  or  conic- 
terete  apices  of  some  of  the  ultimate  branehlets,  easily  recognizable  under  a 
hand-lens.  It  has  been  found  in  tide-pools  and  on  stones  in  shallow  water, 
as  at  Harris  Bay,  in  the  Walsingham  region,  etc.  (Alg.  Exs.  Am.  Bor.  142, 
and  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2090.) 

Family  GIGARTINACEAE. 

Gigartina  acicularis  (Wulf.)  Lamour.  forms  tangled  tufts  IJ-S  inches 
high.  It  has  a  dark  red,  subterete  or  slightly  flattened,  freely  and  irregularly 
branched  thallus,  mostly  i—k  line  broad,  with  awl-shaped  or  taper-pointed, 
often  recurved,  ultimate  branehlets.  This  widely  distributed  species  has  been 
found  by  Colling  on  flat  rocks  overhung  by  a  cliff  at  Tucker's  Town.  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  1884.) 

Family  RHODOPHYLLIDACEAE. 

Catenella  Opuntia  pinnata  Harv.  is  a  small  red-purple  plant,  mostly  i-l 
inch  long,  dichotomous,  trichotomous,  or  subpinnate,  more  or  less  narrowed  or 


RHODOPIIYLLIDACEAE.  515 

constricted  at  the  nodes,  snbterete  in  lower  parts  and  strongly  flattened  above, 
the  ultimate  segments  mostly  g-i  of  a  line  wide,  lanceolate,  oblong,  spatulate, 
obovate,  or  linear.  It  is  commonly  found  creeping  on  the  roots  of  mangroves 
near  the  high-water  mark,  making  solid  mats  or  more  often  intertangled  with 
CalogJossa,  Bostrychki  and  other  algae,  as  at  Walsingham  and  Hungry  Bay. 
(Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1885.) 

Eucheuma  isiforme  (Ag.)  J.  Ag.  is  a  coarse,  spiny,  much-branched, 
coralline-red  seaweed,  forming  shrubby  tufts  from  six  inches  to  a  foot  or  more 
in  diameter,  with  the  main  axes  ^-i  inch  in  diameter  when  fresh.  Its  more 
or  less  whorled  ultimate  ramuli  may  be  elongate  and  awl-shaped  or  short,  thick, 
and  merely  acute  or  sometimes  blunt.  In  weathering  and  fading  its  color  may 
become  scarlet,  or  yellowdsh  before  it  reaches  its  final  whitish  or  translucent 
condition.  The  plant  has  a  firm  horn-like  consistency  on  drying.  It  is  fre- 
quently found  groT\ing  on  rocks  or  washed  ashore  in  shallow  bays,  as  at 
Hungry  Bay,  Bailey's  Bay,  Tobacco  Bay,  Tucker's  Town,  etc.  (Phyc.  Bor.- 
Am.  1886.) 

Eucheuma  Gelidium  (J.  Ag.)  J.  Ag.  is  somewhat  similar  to  the  foregoing 
in  size,  color,  cartilaginous  consistency,  and  spiny  habit,  but  the  main  axes  are 
decidedly  flattened  and  the  branches  are  pronouncedly  two-ranked.  It  has 
been  found  at  Harris  Bay  and  on  St.  David's  Island  by  Hervey.  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  S184.) 

Wurdemannia  setacea  Harv.  forms  densely  intertangled  dark  red  mats  on 
rocks,  on  the  stalks  of  Gorgonians,  and  among  the  larger  algae.  The  thallus 
has  about  the  diameter  of  a  horse-hair,  is  very  irregularly  branched,  and  the 
branches  usually  cohere  and  anastomose  freely,  so  that  the  filaments  are  not 
readily  separated.  Under  a  hand-lens  the  rather  short  ultimate  branchlets 
are  mostly  acute.  On  drying,  the  plant  is  rather  rigid  and  it  does  not  adhere 
very  well  to  paper  when  dried  under  pressure.  It  has  been  found  in  Hamilton 
Harbor,  at  Walsingham,  and  in  Harrington  Sound.      (Phyc.  Bor.  Am.  1887a.) 

Family  SPHAEROCOCCACEAE. 

Gracilaria  ferox  J.  Ag.  has  a  copiously  branched  thallus,  with  main  axes 
mostly  i-i  a  line  broad.  These  axes  are  usually  distinctly  flattened  and  the 
branching  manifestly  disticho-dichotomous,  but  conditions  occur  in  which  the 
axes  are  very  slightly  if  at  all  flattened  and  in  which  the  branches  emerge  in 
nearly  all  directions.  In  the  latter  case  the  plants  bear  some  resemblance  to 
Eypnea  musciformis,  but  may  be  distinguished  microscopically  by  the  scat- 
tered instead  of  localized  tetrasporangia.  The  ultimate  branchlets  are  acute 
or  taper-pointed.  The  species  is  rather  common  in  shallow  bays.  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  193S.) 

Gracilaria  mammiUaris  (Mont.)  M.  A.  Howe  (Hhodumcnia  nwmviiUoris 
Mont.  Ann.  Sci.  Nat.  II.  18:  252.  1842)  has  a  flat  deep  red  flabellately  sub- 
dichotomous  thallus  with  segments  mostly  1-4  lines  broad  an<l  the  ultimate 
lobes    usually    rounded-obtuse.     It    is    of    occasional    occurrence    on    rocks    in 


516  SPHAEROCOCCACEAE. 

shallow  water  on  St.  David's  Island,  in  the  bays  of  St.  George's,  and  on  the 
South  Shore.  (Phye.  Bor.-Am.  1931 — as  GracUaria  dichotomo-flaiellata 
Crouan.) 

Gracilaria  horizontalis  Collins  &  Hervey,  is  a  thick,  tough,  fleshy,  cartilag- 
inous plant,  expanding  horizontally  from  a  central  irregular  disc,  with  short 
thick  crowded  scarcely  attenuate  branches,  and  closely  adherent  to  the  sub- 
stratum or  its  overgrown  parts  by  coarse  haptera.  The  plant  seems,  from  the 
authors'  description,  to  be  closely  related  to  Gracilaria  crassissima  Crouan 
(J.  Ag.  Sp.  Alg.  3*:  78.  1901 — type  from  Guadeloupe),  if  not  identical  with  it. 

Hypnea  musciformis  (Wulf.)  Lamour.  is  a  copiously  and  somewhat  vir- 
gately  branched  dusky  red  plant  with  terete  main  axes  about  J  of  a  line  in 
diameter.  Its  longer  filiform  branches  are  often  hooked  or  incurved  at  the 
apex  and  act  somewhat  like  tendrils  in  grasping  other  algae  or  other  branches 
of  its  ow-n  kind.  Its  shorter  branchlets  are  taper-pointed  and  sometimes  a 
little  spine-like.  It  occasionally  resembles  the  narrower  more  terete  conditions 
of  Gracilaria  ferox,  but  the  tetrasporangia,  as  in  other  species  of  Hypnea,  are 
confined  to  som.ewhat  swollen  spear-like  branchlets  instead  of  being  scattered 
through  the  cortex  in  general,  and  under  a  compound  microscope  the  tetraspores 
are  seen  to  be  arranged  in  rows  of  four  (zonate)  instead  of  in  collateral  pairs 
(cruciate).     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2185.) 

Hypnea  spinella  (Ag.)  Kiitz.  forms  low  densely  intertangled  dark  red  or 
scarlet  mats  or  cushions  on  rocks  in  shallow  water  in  Hamilton  Harbor.  Its 
main  axes  are  terete,  angular,  or  slightly  flattened,  about  i  of  a  line  in  diam- 
eter, and  it  has  numerous  short  sharp-pointed  branches  that  become  rigid  and 
spiny  on  drying,  giving  the  plant  somewhat  of  the  aspect  of  a  miniature 
Kncheuma.  The  tetrasporangia  are  borne  on  spool-shaped  or  conic,  usually 
rostrate,  enlargements  of  short  branchlets. 

Family  RHODYMENIACEAE. 

Cordylecladia  irregularis  Harv.  is  a  rather  rigid  irregularly  branched 
thread-like  plant  (about  1— 3  of  a  line  in  diameter)  that  forms  dense  mats  or 
creeps  among  other  algae  near  the  low-water  mark.  When  living  its  color  is 
a  greenish  or  brownish  red  with  touches  of  a  steel-blue  iridescence.  Its 
branching  is  usually  very  irregular  but  often  shows  a  tendency  to  a  secund 
arrangement;  occasionally  opposite  branches  are  found.  The  tetrasporangia 
occur  on  pod-like  enlargements  of  the  ends  of  certain  branchlets.  The  species 
sometimes  bears  a  slight  resemblance  to  Wiirdemannia  setacea,  but  it  is 
coarser,  the  branches  are  less  acute  and  apparently  do  not  anastomose;  and 
the  filaments  are  hollow,  as  may  be  determined  by  examination  of  cross-sections 
with  a  hand-lens.  It  scarcely  adheres  to  paper  on  drying.  [Phyc.  Bor.-Am. 
2186,  as  C.  rigens   (Ag.)  Collins  &  Hervey.*] 

Chrysymenia  •  uvaria  (L.)  J.  Ag.  may  be  recognized  by  its  suggestiveness 
of  elongate,  branched,  usually  lax  clusters  of  red  or  brownish-red  grapes.     In 

*  The  type  of  Sphaerococctis  rigens  Ag.  is  a  .Japanese  plant  different  in  struc- 
ture from  the  Bermudian  and  West  Indian. 


SHODYMENIACEAE.  617 

form  it  is  slightly  suggestive  of  conditions  of  Caulerpa  racemosa  (both  occur 
under  one  name  in  the  Linnaean  herbarium),  but  the  Chrysymenia  is  red, 
unless  deeolorate,  v/hile  the  Caulerpa  is  green.  The  plant  is  commonly  3  to  8 
inches  tall  and  the  subglobose,  obovoid,  or  occasionally  subpyriform  hollow 
vesicles  that  form  the  ultimate  branchlets  are  mostly  1^-3  lines  long.  The 
American  plants  appear  to  be  larger  in  all  respects  than  those  of  the  Adriatic 
and  Mediterranean  seas.  This  species  occurs  in  Harrington  Sound  and  in 
Castle  Harbor.  (Alg.  Exs.  Am.  Bor.  150;  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  ]f)33.)  It  usually 
inhabits  rather  deep  water. 

Chrysymenia  pyriformis  B0rg.  resembles  the  foregoing,  but  is  a  smaller 
plant  (1-2  inches  high)  with  vesicles  that  are  larger  (^,-5  inch  long)  and  more 
uniformly  pyriform.     It  has  been  found  at  Tucker's  Town  by  Collins. 

Lomentaria  uncinata  Menegh.  [Eooperia  Baileyana  (Harv.)  J.  Ag.]  is  a 
hollow,  thread-like,  irregularly  branched  plant,  sometimes  slightly  resembling 
Cordylecladia  irregularis,  but  is  deeper  red  and  always  softer,  more  gelatinous, 
and  adheres  firmly  to  paper  on  drying.  It  is  also  usually  more  slender  and 
delicate,  its  branches  being  mostly  i  to  i  of  a  line  in  diameter.  Its  longer 
branches  or  axes  are  often  arched  or  recurved,  with  the  branchlets  in  a  more 
or  less  seeund  series  on  the  convex  side.  Both  the  generic  position  of  the 
American  plant  and  its  identity  with  the  little-known  Adriatic  and  Mediter- 
ranean species  with  which  it  is  currently  associated  have  been  called  in  ques- 
tion and  both  points  deserve  further  study.  The  plant  has  been  found  at 
Hungry  Bay  by  Collins  and  in  the  Walsingham  region  by  Hervey. 

Cliampia  parvula  (Ag.)  Harv.  forms  subglobose  tufts  1-4  inches  in 
diameter  on  Tlialassia,  Zostera,  the  larger  algae,  and  on  rocks.  Its  main  axes 
are  mostly  i-i  a  line  in  diameter  and  its  branches  are  irregularly  and  variously 
disposed,  being  alternate,  opposite,  or  sometimes  whorled.  The  plant  is  ob- 
viously jointed-nodose  throughout,  the  barrel-shaped  internodes  in  the  older 
parts  being  mostly  1*  times  as  long  as  broad ;  microscopic  examination  shows 
that  the  internodes  are  hollow,  with  a  septum  or  diaphragm  at  each  noile.  The 
plants  are  somewhat  gelatinous  and  adhere  firmly  to  paper  on  drying,  yet  they 
do  not  collapse  when  taken  from  the  water.  The  species  has  been  found  in 
Harrington  Sound.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1934.) 

Coelarthrum  Albertisii  (Pice.)  B0rg.  has  a  jointed,  hollow,  septate  thallus, 
somewhat  like  that  of  Champia,  but  the  branching  is  dichotomous,  the  constric- 
tions are  deeper,  the  internodes  or  segments  are  more  ellipsoid  or  obovoid,  and 
the  consistency  is  more  gelatinous.  It  is  also,  so  far  as  known,  a  smaller  plant, 
attaining  a  height  of  scarcely  more  than  one  inch,  with  broader  segments,  these 
mostly  1-3  lines  broad.  The  type  of  the  species  was  from  the  Canary  Islands. 
It  seems  that  the  species  was  first  found  in  Bermuda  by  Farlow  who  got  it  in 
1881  at  Ducking  Stool  near  Hamilton  and  at  Cooper's  Island.  Hervey  has 
since  found  it  at  Buildings  Bay   (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  209!)   and  at  Bailey's  Bay. 

Family  DELESSERIACEAE. 

Nitophyllum  Wilkinsoniae  Collins  &'  Hervey  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2037)  is  a 
recently  published  species  apparently  related  to  N.  occUa.tum  (Lamour.)  Grev. 
It  was  found  growing  on  rocks  below  low-water  mark  at  Dingle  Bay.    Endemic. 


S18  RHODOMELACEAE. 

Caloglossa  Leprieurii  (Mont.)  J.  Ag.  creeps  on  rocks,  wooden  piles,  man- 
grove roots,  and  other  solid  objects  between  the  tide-lines,  mostly  near  the 
high-water  mark  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  S038).  It  has  a  thin,  purple,  membranous, 
costate,  diehotomous,  rather  regularly  constricted  thallus  that  commonly  reaches 
a  length  of  1  or  2  inches,  with  segments  mostly  4-1  line  in  maximum  width. 
The  segments  of  the  terminal  forkings,  which  are  commonly  unequal  at  first, 
are  lanceolate  or  elliptic  and  are  acuminate.  The  segments  in  general  are 
constricted  at  the  base,  either  gradually  or  abruptly.  A  tuft  of  root-hairs  is 
usually  to  be  found  on  the  ventral  surface  at  each  forking  of  the  costa. 
Although  typically  an  inhabitant  of  salt  or  brackish  water,  this  species  is 
found  also  in  mountain  streams  in  Porto  Rico  at  an  elevation  of  1200  or 
1500  feet. 

Taenioma  perpusiUum  (J.  Ag.)  J.  Ag.  has  been  reported  from  Bermuda  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  1935),  but  the  writer  has  seen  no  Bermuda  specimen.  The  one  copy  of 
Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1935  that  has  been  examined  shows  a  small  Rhodomelaceous  plant 
bearing  some  slight  resemblance  to  the  Taenioma. 

Family  RHODOMELACEAE. 

Laurencia  obtusa  (Huds.)  Lamour.  The  species  of  Laiirencia  as  cur- 
rently recognized  appear  to  intergrade.  Although  many  of  the  alleged  species 
are  different  enough  in  their  typical  conditions,  individual  specimens  are 
often  difficult  to  place.  Of  the  six  Bermudian  species  or  forms,  L.  ohtusa  is 
perhaps  the  commonest,  growing  in  tide-pools  or  in  shallow  water  on  rocks 
and  reefs.  It  forms  conic,  subpyramidal,  or  subglobose  tufts,  mostly  2-7 
inches  high,  and  when  living  is  often  greenish  with  pink  tips.  Pressed  speci- 
mens sometimes  have  the  appearance  of  being  3-6  times  irregularly  pinnate, 
but  the  branches  and  branchlets  are  in  various  planes  and  for  the  most  part 
alternate,  though  at  times  apparently  opposite  or  verticillate.  The  plants 
have  well-developed  main  axes  that  are  mostly  ^-i  a  line  in  diameter.  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  S092.) 

Laurencia  intricata  Lamour.  (L.  implicata  J.  Ag.)  is  perhaps  a  variety 
of  the  foregoing,  differing  chiefly  in  the  lax,  weak  intertangled  habit  of 
growth  and  the  lack  of  clearly  defined  leading  axes.  It  occurs  unattached  or 
loosely  attached  to  other  algae  or  to  rocks,  as  at  Gibbet  Island  and  Tobacco 
Bay. 

Laurencia  microcladia  Kiitz.  (L.  glomeraia  Suhr,  not  L.  glomerata  Kiitz.) 
also  is  possibly  a  variety  of  L.  ohtusa  but  the  two  occur  near  each  other  in 
Bermuda  and  maintain  a  considerable  degree  of  distinctness.  L.  microcladia 
is  distinguished  by  the  narrowly  virgate  habit  of  the  plant  as  a  whole  or  of 
its  principal  branches  and  by  its  minute,  numerous,  often  clustered  clavate  or 
clavate-turbinate  ultimate  ramuli.  It  occurs  on  rocks  between  the  tide-lines 
at  Achilles  Bay,  at  Spanish  Rock,  and  at  Hungry  Bay  and  other  points  along 
the  South  Shore  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1888,  as  L.  ohiiisa,  var.  gelatinosa).  It  is 
a  small  plant,  1-3  inches  high. 

Laurencia  Poitei  (Lamour.)  M.  A.  Howe  (Fucus  Poitei  Lamour.  Diss.  63. 
pi.  31.  f.  S,  S.  1805;  Laurencia  Chauvini  Bory,  Diet.  Class.  Hist.  Nat.  9:  239. 


RHODOMELACEAE.  619 

1826;  L.  tuberculosa  J.  Ag.  1852;  L.  gcmmifera  Harv.  1853;  L.  7nexic'a?ia 
Kiitz.  1865.)  This  much-named  species  is  usually  easily  recognizable,  though 
its  slenderer  more  freely  branched  conditions  sometimes  approach  forms  of  L. 
obtusa,  while  its  simpler  conditions  may  sometimes  bear  a  superficial  resem- 
blance to  L.  papulosa.  It  is  coarser  than  L.  obtusa  and  its  branches  are  more 
inclined  to  be  distichous.  Its  numerous  short  tubercle-like  branchlets,  which 
are  less  crowded  than  in  the  following  species,  are  one  of  its  characters.  The 
Bermuda  specimens  seen  are  not  wholly  typical.  Specimens  that  seem  to 
belong  here  have  been  collected  at  Red  Bay,  St.  David's  Island,  and  at 
Tobacco  Bay,  St.  George's. 

Laurencia  papillosa  (Forsk.)  Grev.  is  a  widely  distributed  species  that  is 
common  on  rocks  near  the  low-water  mark  in  Bermuda  and  the  West  Indies. 
It  ordinarily  grows  1-5  inches  high,  is  sparingly  and  irregularly  branched  or 
once  or  twice  subpinnate,  the  main  branches  bearing  usually  crowded  wart-like, 
button-like,  subglobose,  or  short-truncate-clavate  ramuli,  which  are  irregularly 
disposed  on  all  sides  or  somewhat  4-ranked  and  are  simple  or  bear  still  smaller 
similar  branchlets.  Not  only  do  the  plants  as  a  whole  seem  to  the  naked  eye 
to  be  papillate  or  adorned  with  numerous  pegs,  but  in  certain  individuals, 
especially  in  those  growing  in  exposed  positions  between  the  tide-lines,  the 
younger  superficial  cells,  under  a  compound  microscope,  are  seen  to  be  strongly 
aculeate-papillate. 

Laurencia  Corallopsis  (Mont.)  M.  A.  Howe  {SpJiaerococcus  corallopsis 
Mont,  in  Sagra,  Hist.  Cuba.  Bot.  PI.  Cell.  49.  1842  (French  ed.)  ;  in  Sagra, 
Ic.  PI.  Fl.  Cuba,  pi.  3.  f.  1.  1863 ;  Laurencia  cervicornis  Harv.  Ner.  Bor.-Am. 
2:  73.  pi.  18.  /.  C.  1853).  This  species  appears  to  be  the  most  distinct  of  any 
of  the  West  Indian  forms  of  Laurencia,  differing  from  the  others  in  its 
dichotomo-cormybose  or  cervicorn  habit  of  branching,  with  few  or  numerous 
lateral  proliferations.  It  grows  2-6  inches  tall  and  its  main  axes  are  mostly 
A-1  line  in  diameter.  It  occurs  on  rocks  in  shallow  water  at  Buildings  Bay, 
Red  Bay,  Tobacco  Bay,  etc.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2187,  as  L.  cervicornis  Harv.) 

Laurencia  perforata  Mont.,  a  species  originally  described  from  the  rnnary 
Islands,  has  been  recently  reported  from  the  Bermudas  (Phyc.  Bor.-.Vra.  Ifii^'J),  l)ut 
the  specimen  distributed  under  that  name  in  the  one  set  of  the  Phycotheca  examined 
has  not  the  apical  vegetative  structure  of  a  Laurencia  or  of  any  other  member  of 
the  Rhodomelaceae. 

Chondria  curvilineata  Collins  &  Hervey,  is  a  straggling,  rather  incon- 
spicuous, irregularly  branched  plant,  scarcely  more  than  an  inch  long,  that 
forms  tangled  mats  in  shallow  water,  as  at  The  Flatts,  Heron  Bay  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  2039),  and  in  a  mangrove  swamp  near  Hamilton.  Its  ultimate 
ramuli  are  long-clavate  and  obtuse.  The  most  remarkable  character  of  the 
species,  determinable  with  the  aid  of  a  compound  microscope,  is  found  in  the 
thickened  crescentic  transverse  septa  separating  the  members  of  the  poly- 
siphonous  axis,  these  crescents,  with  their  convexities  towards  the  plant-apex, 
being  easily  visible  through  the  overlying  cortex.  The  species  of  Chondria 
may  usually  be  distinguished  from  those  of  Laurencia  under  a  hand-lens  by 
the  much  narrowed  often  dccolorate  necks  of  the  commonly  more  slender 
ultimate  ramuli,  and  in  Bermuda  the  species  of  Chondria  are  more  slender,  less 


520  RHODOMELACEAE. 

succulent,  more  irregularly  branched,  and  more  intricately  intertangled  than 
are  those  of  the  genus  Laurencia.     Apparently  endemic. 

Chondria  polyrhiza  Collins  &  Hervey,  is  somewhat  like  the  foregoing  in 
general  habit,  but  is  rather  larger,  more  dusky  red,  even  more  irregular  in  its 
branching,  more  intertangled  in  habit  of  growth,  and  its  ultimate  ramuli  are 
taper-pointed.  It  lacks  the  conspicuous  thickened  crescentic  trans\-erse  in- 
ternal septa  of  C.  curvilineata,  though  it  often  shows  somewhat  similar  longi- 
tudinal or  irregularly  disposed  thickenings,  and  it  develops  frequently  ventral 
or  latero-ventral  multicellular  haptera,  indicating  a  creeping  habit.  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  £040.)      Apparently  endemic. 

Acanthophora  spicifera  (Yahl)  Bj^rg.  is  common  in  shallow  bays,  tidal 
streams,  and  tide-pools  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1938).  It  grows  usually  3  to  8  inches 
tall,  is  a  dusky  red  or  purple  when  living,  often  blackens  on  drying,  is  irregu- 
lar and  often  sparing  in  its  main  ramification,  and  the  wand-like  main  branches 
are  clothed  with  more  or  less  4-ranked  subulate  ramuli,  mostly  ~i-2  lines  long, 
which  are  beset  with  minute,  single  or  clustered,  patent  or  reflexed  spines. 

Digenea  simplex  (Wulf.)  Ag.  is  a  shaggy,  rigid,  tawny-  or  dingy-red, 
rather  unattractive,  irregularly  dichotomous  plant  that  commonly  grows  1-4 
inches  high,  being  found  especially  in  tide-pools  and  on  sand-covered  rocks 
near  the  low-water  line,  as  along  the  South  Shore  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1939). 
The  branches,  particularly  in  their  upper  parts,  are  more  or  less  densely  clothed 
with  mostly  simple  rigid  filaments  that  are  usually  1-4  lines  long  and  that 
appear  transversely  segmented  under  a  hand-lens.  The  main  branches,  thus 
clothed,  are  sometimes  suggestive  of  fox-tails  or  of  Lycopodium  Selago. 

Polyslphonia  ferulacea  Suhr,  is  probably  the  most  common  of  the  several 
Bermudian  Polysiphonias  that  have  four  pericentral  siphons.  Its  filaments 
are  more  or  less  rectangular-prismatic  and  its  segments  are  often  shorter  than 
broad.  The  plant  is  commonly  1-4  inches  high,  tufted  in  habit,  rather  spar- 
ingly branched,  subpellucid  when  living,  and  brownish  red  or  fuscescent  on 
drying.  It  grows  in  tide-pools  and  on  rocks  and  stones  just  below  the  low- 
water  line.  It  prefers  somewhat  agitated  water,  as  on  the  rocks  at  Hungry 
Bay.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1940.) 

Polyslphonia  havanensis  Mont,  is  also  a  4-siphoned  species.  It  is  more 
slender,  softer,  and  more  gelatinous  than  the  preceding,  and  its  segments  are 
more  terete  and  are  relatively  longer,  the  median  and  lower  being  often  2-3 
times  as  long  as  broad.  It  is  usually  found  in  association  with  mangroves, 
near  the  low-water  mark.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1941.) 

Polysiphonia  macrocarpa  Harv.  is  a  name  that  has  been  adopted  in  the  Phyco- 
theca  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2093)  for  an  extremely  slender  and  delicate  4-siphoned  species 
found  coating  the  roots  of  mangroves  between  the  tide-lines  at  Hungry  Bay.  It  dif- 
fers specifically,  however,  from  the  Irish  plant  to  which  Harvey  gave  this  name  in 
its  more  slender,  more  sparingly  and  more  dichotomously  branched  filaments,  its 
shorter  segments,  its  violet-red  color,  etc.  The  only  specimen  examined  was  ap- 
parently sterile. 

Polyslphonia  foetidissima  Cocks,  has  7-9  pericentral  siphons  and  seg- 
ments mostly  1-2  times  as  long  as  broad.     It  is  commonly  2-5  inches  high  and 


RHOBOMELACEAE.  521 

of  a  brownish-  or  violet-red  color.     It  has  been  found  in  Hamilton  Harbor  and 
near  Hotel  Fraseati.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1890.) 

Polysiphonia  opaca  (Ag.)  Zan.  has  14-20  pericentral  siphons  and  the 
median  segments  mostly  1-1^  times  as  long  as  broad.  It  is  commonly  2-5 
inches  high  and  is  of  a  brownish  color,  darkening  with  age.  It  grows  in 
tide-pools  on  the  South  Shore,  on  rocks  at  Tucker's  Town,  etc.  (Phyc.  Bor.- 
Am.  1891.) 

Herposiphonia  teneUa  (Ag.)  Ambronn,  is  rather  common,  creeping  on 
Ealimeda,  TJdotea,  Sargassum,  etc.  and  on  roots  of  Hhizophora.  In  habit,  due 
chiefly  to  the  length  of  its  ''short"  branches,  it  varies  greatly  according  to 
habitat,  these  branches  being  20-50  segments  long  in  the  form  on  Bhi^ophora 
and  mostly  12-25  segments  long  in  the  forms  on  algae,  but  intermcfliates  ap- 
parently occur.  The  Herposiphonias  differ  from  the  Polysiphonias  in  their 
creeping  habit,  dorsiventral  organization,  the  dorsally  recurved  and  inrolled 
apex,  and  the  ''short"  branches  alternating  in  two  regular  dorsal  rows.  In 
both  this  species  and  the  next,  the  segments  show  8-10  pericentral  siphons 
and  are  mostly  1-2  times  as  long  as  broad.  In  the  present  species  there  is  a 
branch  of  some  sort  at  nearly  every  node  of  the  main  axes,  complete  regularity 
being  interfered  with  occasionally  by  suppression  or  abortion.  (Phyc.  Bor.- 
Am.   1943.) 

Herpostphonia  secunda  (Ag.)  Ambronn,  like  the  preceding,  usually  creeps 
on  various  algae  (Sargassum,  Laurencia,  etc.).  It  is  best  distinguished  by  the 
less  frequent  branches,  these  commonly  occurring  at  every  third  or  fourth 
node.  The  "short"  branches  are  usually  shorter  than  in  the  preceding,  being 
mostly  7-20  segments  long.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2041.) 

Lophosipsonia  obscura  of  current  writers  [not  Hutrhinsia.  ohsnira  Ag.,* 
which  is  LopliosipJuynia  suhadunca  (Kiitz.)  Falkenb.]  is  rather  common,  form- 
ing dense  felted  mats  about  half  an  inch  deep  on  rocks  near  the  high-water 
mark.  The  primary  axes  creep,  somewhat  as  in  Herposiphonia,  but  the 
branches  are  less  regular  in  their  origin  and  development;  the  branches  are 
endogenous  in  origin  and  are  not  laid  down  in  a  regular  exogenous  series  at 
the  apex  of  the  main  axis  as  in  Herposiphonia.  The  Bermuda  plant  commonly 
has  10-12  pericentral  siphons  and  its  segments  are  mostly  about  as  long  as 
broad.  The  current  specific  name,  though  invalid,  is  here  used,  pending 
further  studies  of  its  synonymy.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1892.) 

Lophosiphonia  Saccorhiza  Collins  &  Hervey,  is  a  new  name  that  has 
recently  been  given  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2042)  to  a  minute  4-siphoned  plant  that 
creeps  on  and  among  the  utricles  of  Codium.  It  occasionally  shows  free  parts 
that  suggest  the  genus  Polysiphonia  rather  than  Lophosiphonia.  Pohisiphonia 
codiicola  Zan.  is  perhaps  a  close  relative. 

Dipterosiphonia  rigens  (Schousb.)  Falkenb.  {Lophosi phonic  hermudcnsis 
Collins  &  Hervey).     This  is  a  minute  plant  that   creeps  on  Sargassum,  Lau- 

*  Diatoms  that  coated  Agardh's  type  specimen  and  obscured  Its  structure  are 
apparently  responsible  for  this  specific  name. 


522  RHODOMELACEAE. 

rencia,  Halimeda,  and  other  algae,  growing  near  the  low-water  mark,  as  at 
Hungry  Say.  Its  main  axes  have  5  or  6  pericentral  siphons,  its  often  short, 
divaricate,  subulate  or  spinescent  branchlets  sometimes  have  only  4,  and  its 
tetrasporic  branches  often  7  or  8.  The  segments  of  the  main  axes  are  about 
as  long  as  broad,  sometimes  longer,  sometimes  shorter,  while  those  of  the 
branches  are  commonly  shorter  than  broad.  The  branches  are  4-ranked, 
though  occasionally  they  may  have  an  illusory  appearance  of  being  2-ranked. 
The  branches,  however,  occur  in  alternating  pairs,  of  which  the  more  ventral 
of  each  pair  becomes  a  ramified  ''long"  branch,  while  the  more  dorsal  of  each 
pair  becomes  a  simple  ''short"  branch,  in  which  respect  Dipterosiphonia 
differs  from  Herposiphonia  and  Lophosiphonia.  In  the  present  species,  as 
noted  by  Falkenberg,  this  regularity  is  often  not  manifest  on  account  of  the 
slight  development  of  the  "long"  branches.  In  the  free  parts,  also,  the 
branches  are  only  sparingly  developed  and  their  relations  are  obscure,  but  in 
the  younger  conditions  and  in  creeping  parts,  the  form  and  relations  of  the 
branches  are  manifest  and  the  plant  is  a  typical  Dipterosiphonia. 

Falkenbergia  Hillebrandii  (Born.)  Falkenb.  may  be  recognized  by  its 
having  only  3  pericentral  siphons,  the  siphons  of  one  segment  usually  alternat- 
ing regularly  with  the  siphons  of  the  next.  The  filaments  are  very  slender, 
delicate,  and  flaccid  and  adhere  firmly  to  paper  on  drying.  The  color  is  a 
reddish  purple,  tending  sometimes  to  rose  and  sometimes  to  brown.  The 
branching  is  lateral  or  pseudodichotomous.  Not  uncommon  on  other  algae, 
sticks,  etc.,  occurring  particularly  in  association  with  mangroves  and  in  the 
ponds  of  the  Walsingham  region.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2043.) 

Wrightiella  Blodgettii  (Harv.)  Schmitz,  is  of  occasional  occurrence  near 
low-water  mark,  as  at  Harris  Bay  and  elsewhere  along  the  Sx)uth  Shore.  It  is 
confmonly  4^7  inches  high,  with  a  few  plumose  main  axes  that  have  the 
appearance  of  being  distichously  pinnate  when  dried  and  pressed,  though  the 
branches  and  branchlets  are  in  reality  spirally  alternate  in  four  ranks.  The 
numerous  short  branches  are  mostly  about  I  inch  long  and  are  beset  with 
minute  conic  or  awl-shaped  ramull  that  are  visible  with  a  hand-lens.  Fila- 
mentous monosiphonous  branchlets  that  soon  fall  off  also  occur,  alternating 
with  the  stouter  ones.  Except  for  these  the  plant  is  corticated  throughout,  a 
section  showing  four  pericentral  siphons.  The  tetraspores  occur  on  the  mono- 
siphous  branchlets.  The  cystocarps  are  short-stalked  and  urceolate  and  are 
conspicuous  when  present.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1942.) 

Wrightiella  Tumanowiczi  (Gatty)  Schmitz.  The  types  of  both  this 
species  and  the  preceding  came  from  Key  West,  Florida,  where  the  two  differ 
rather  markedly  in  habit,  W.  Tumanowiczi  being  more  flaccid,  having  more 
persistent  monosiphonous  branchlets  and  being  almost  destitute  of  the  short 
branches  (about  I  inch  long)  that  are  responsible  for  the  distichous-pinnate 
appearance  of  the  main  branches  of  dried  specimens  of  W.  Blodgettii.  TV. 
Tumanowiczi  resembles  slender  conditions  of  Dasya  pedicellata,  while  TV. 
Blodgettii  is  slightly  suggestive  of  lax  forms  of  Bryothamnion  Seaforthii. 
Under  a  microscope  the  texture  of  TV.  Tumanoiviczi  is  rather  more  translucent 


EHODOMELACEAE.  523 

and  the  minute  pointed  ramuli  are  rather  smaller,  more  slender,  and  more 
aculeate-subulate.  The  Bermuda  specimens  that  have  been  referred  (Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  S095)  to  this  species  show  some  of  the  indicated  differences,  yet  it 
seems  difficult  to  distinguish  them  with  certainty  from  W.  Blodgettii. 

Murrayella  periclados  (Ag.)  Schmitz,  occurs  on  the  roots  of  mangroves 
and  in  rock  caverns  between  the  tide-lines,  commonly  associated  with  species 
of  Bostrychia.  Its  main  axes  are  1  or  3  inches  long,  free,  erect  or  pendent, 
from  rhizomatous  bases,  and  are  plumose  with  spirally  alternating  branches  of 
various  kinds.  The  main  axes  have  4  undivided  and  uncorticated  pericentral 
siphons  throughout,  differing  in  this  respect  from  species  of  Bostrychia. 
Some  of  the  branches  are  simple  and  monosiphonous,  others  are  branched  and 
monosiphonous,  others  are  short,  branched,  and  polysiphonous  at  base,  and 
monosiphonous  above,  and  others  are  long  and  polysiphonous  like  the  main 
axes.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2096.) 

Bostrychia  tenella  (Vahl)  J.  Ag,  creeps  on  the  walls  of  caverns,  on 
shaded  rocks,  on  roots  of  mangroves,  and  other  objects,  mostly  near  the  high- 
water  line  or  a  little  above  it,  often  forming  a  dense,  though  usually  thin,  turf 
in  the  older  parts  of  the  colonies.  The  main  axes  are  mostly  ^-1  inch  long  and 
are  twice  or  thrice  pinnately  branched,  the  somewhat  palmate-pinnate  ultimate 
branchlets  ending  in  monosiphonous  prolongations  that  are  usually  10-40  cells 
long.  The  main  axes  and  principal  branches  of  this  and  of  the  other  Bermu- 
dian  species  of  Bostrychia  are  densely  corticated.  The  tetraspores  occur  in 
cylindric-rostrate  or  lanceolate  swellings  (stichidia)  of  the  primary  or  sec- 
ondary corticated  branches,  these  stichidia  being  4-10  times  as  long  as  broad 
and  moderately  decurved.  (Alg.  Exs.  Am.  Bor.  137,  as  B.  calamistrata ;  Phyc. 
Bor.-Am.  1894a,  h,  c — all  more  or  less  mixed  with  other  species  of  Bostrychia 
in  the  set  examined.) 

Bostrychia  Sertularia  Mont,  is  found  chiefly  on  the  roofs  of  caverns  above 
the  ordinary  high-water  line.  It  is  closely  related  to  B.  tenella,  with  which  it 
is  sometimes  associated,  but  is  apparently  distinct.  It  is  more  slender  and 
delicate  in  all  its  parts,  the  main  axes  are  regularly  and  pectinately  bipinnate, 
the  ultimate  branchlets  are  mostly  6-15  cells  long,  sometimes  monosiphonous 
except  at  base,  sometimes  irregularly  polysiphonous  except  for  one  or  two  cells 
at  apex;  in  the  monosiphonous  parts,  the  cells  are  mostly  broader  than  long, 
while  in  B.  tenella,  the  reverse  is  true;  when,  as  occasionally  happens,  the 
monosiphonous  apices  are  more  prolonged,  the  prolongations  are  commonly 
decolorate,  which  is  rarely  the  case  in  B.  tenella.  The  stichidia  are  ovoid  or 
short-cylindric-clavate,  mostly  2-4  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  are  acute, 
obtuse,  or  apiculate.  The  color  of  the  plant  is  a  blue-  or  violet-purple,  while 
that  of  B.  tenella,  even  when  growing  with  it,  is  a  more  brownish  purple. 
(Alg.  Exs.  Am.  Bor.  138;  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2094.)  Bostrychia  Macci  Crouan, 
at  least  as  represented  by  Maze  &  Schrannu,  Alg.  Guad.  S'JO  in  herb.  Mus. 
Paris,  is  this  species. 

Bostrychia  Montagnei  Ilarv.  is  a  much  larger  plant  than  either  of  the 
two  preceding  species,  being  1^-4  inches  long,  and,  with  its  tri-quadripinnatc 


524  EHODOMELACEAE. 

ramification,  spreading  about  equally  broad.  Its  branches  are  more  widely 
spaced  and  not  so  obviously  two-ranked.  .  The  apices  are  conspicuously  in- 
rolled;  monosiphonous  prolongations  of  the  ultimate  branchlets  occur  in  the 
younger  parts.  The  stichidia  are  cylindric-lanceolate,  rostrate,  and  usually 
4-6  times  as  long  as  broad.  The  blackish  or  violet-brown  plants  are  ascend- 
ing, or  pendent  rather  than  creeping.  The  species  occurs  in  caverns  and 
under  shelving  rocks,  but  is  at  its  best  on  roots  of  mangroves,  growing  just 
below  the  high-tide  mark,  mostly  at  a  lower  level  than  B.  tenella.  (Alg.  Exs. 
Am.  Bor.  136;  Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1893.) 

Heterosiphonia  Wurdemanni  (Bail.)  Falkenb.  is  a  small  plant,  mostly 
A-1  inch  long  or  high,  growing  on  other  algae  and  on  Gorgonians.  The  main 
axes  have  4-6  (usually  5)  pericentral  siphons  and  are  uncorticated  throughout. 
These  axes  bear,  usually  at  intervals  of  two  segments,  minute  rather  rigid 
branchlets  which  are  monosiphonous  throughout  or  polysiphonous  at  base  and 
are  several  times  divaricately  dichotomous.  These  branchlets  are  primarily 
2-ranked  and  alternate,  but  this  regularity  is  sometimes  interfered  with  by  the 
development  of  adventitious  or  secondary  branchlets.  The  cells  of  the  branch- 
lets  are  mostly  a  little  longer  than  broad.  The  stichidia  are  ovoid-conic 
or  obpyriform,  about  twice  as  long  as  broad,  provided  with  a  one-celled 
apiculus,  and  subsessile  on  a  pedicel  that  is  unicellular,  at  least  as  to  its 
basal  segment.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2097.) 

Dasya  corymbifera  J.  Ag.  is  usually  li-'2^  inches  long  and  grows  under 
shelving  rocks  near  the  low-water  mark.  In  the  pressed  and  dried  condition  it 
shows  a  vaguely  pinnate  mode  of  branching.  The  main  branches,  together 
with  their  small,  spirally  alternate,  monosiphonous,  several  times  dichotomous, 
fasciculate-corymbose  branchlets,  are  i-1  line  broad.  The  branchlets  taper 
decidedly  and  the  ultimate  divisions  are,  for  the  most  part,  strongly  incurved 
or  subfalcate.  The  main  axes  are  strongly  corticated,  and  in  the  uncorticated 
upper  parts  the  segments  are  a  little  longer  than  broad,  the  individual  peri- 
central siphons  being  usually  3-6  times  as  long  as  broad.  Cells  of  the  branch- 
lets  are  2-5  times  as  long  as  broad.  The  stichidia  are  conic-subulate,  on 
monosiphonous  pedicels  1  or  2  (rarely  3)  cells  long, 

Dasya  Collinsiana  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov.  Plants  dingy  red,  often  yellowish 
on  drying,  forming  rather  dense  subhemispheric  tufts  1-3  cm.  high,  5-8  times 
subdichotomous,  the  branches  corymbose  or  somewhat  fastigiate,  the  terminal 
(with  branchlets)  alopecuroid,  and  1-1.5  mm.  in  diameter;  main  axes  0.5-0.75 
mm.  in  diameter  near  base,  densely  but  rather  pellucidly  corticated  up  to  the 
last  two  or  three  dichotomies;  segments  of  upper  uncorticated  or  lightly  cor- 
ticated parts  often  poorly  defined  owing  to  overlapping  of  siphons,  varying 
from  one  half  as  long  as  broad  to  slightly  longer  than  broad,  the  five  peri- 
central siphons  translucent,  conspicuous,  varying  from  slightly  longer  than 
broad  to  2-3  (rarely  4)  times  as  long  as  broad,  often  subquadrate;  branch- 
lets  monosiphonous,  patent,  divaricate,  or  subsquarrose,  0,5-0.9  mm.  long,  4  or 
5  times  divaricately  dichotomous,  the  lower  rigid  and  slightly  tapering,  those 
of  the  terminal  coma  softer,  connivent,  more  tapering  and  often  short-pilif- 
erous;  basal  cells  of  the  branchlets  100-130 /a  in  diam.,  commonly  shorter  than 
broad,  "the  terminal  and  subterminal  cells  mostly  45-55  At  in  diam.  (except  in 
apical  coma),  about  twice  as  long  as  broad;  stichidia  alopecuroid,  acuminate- 


RHODOMELACEAE.  525 

apiculate,  300-350  ju  long,  90-130/1  broad,  2-4  times  as  long  as  broad,  sub- 
sessile  on  a  very  short  one-celled  pedicel. 

Growing  on  rocks  and  on  Sargassmn,  near  low-water  mark.  Type  from 
Red  Bay,  St.  David's  Island  {Hoiue  293,  in  herb.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.).  This 
species  is  most  nearly  related  to  the  Adriatic  and  Mediterranean  Das)/a  rigi- 
dula  (Kiitz.)  Ardiss.  (which  apparently  has  been  sometimes  confused  with 
Heterosiphonia  Wurdemanni) ,  and  to  the  European  species  that  currently 
bears  the  invalid  name  Dasya  Arhuscula*  but  it  differs  from  both  in  the 
dichotomo-corymbose  arrangement  of  its  main  branches  and  in  the  short, 
broad,  pericentral  siphons,  which  commonly  appear  almost  quadrate.  Ber- 
muda specimens  have  recently  been  referred,  sometimes  to  D.  Arhusciila  and 
sometimes  to  T).  ramosissima  Harv.  From  the  latter  it  differs  in  its  small 
size,  dichotomo-corymbose  habit,  mostly  shorter  pericentral  siphons,  more 
rigid,  and  more  divaricately  forked  branchlets,  etc.  In  its  rigid  divaricately 
forked  branchlets,  the  species  suggests  Heterosiphonia  Wurdemanni,  but  is 
readily  distinguished  by  the  cortication  of  its  main  branches  and  by  the 
spirally  alternate  instead  of  distichous  ramification.  Its  nearest  Bermuda 
relative  is  D.  corymhifera  J.  Ag.,  from  which  it  is  best  distinguished  by  the 
dichotomo-corymbose  arrangement  of  its  main  branches,  its  shorter  pericentral 
siphons,  its  more  crowded,  more  divaricately  forked,  less  tapering  branchlets, 
which  show  little  or  no  tendency  to  be  incurved  or  falcate  at  their  apices,  and 
by  its  more  sessile,  more  apiculate  stichidia.  Apparently  endemic.  The 
species  is  dedicated  to  Mr.  F.  S.  Collins,  the  well-known  American  phycologist 
and  co-author  of  the  recently  published  treatise  on  '  *  The  Algae  of  Bermuda. 

Dasya  pedicellata  Ag.  [P.  elegans  (Mart.)  Ag.]  is  the  largest  of  the 
Bermudian  members  of  the  genus,  being  commonly  from  six  inches  to  two 
feet  long,  with  long  unequal  irregular  branches,  which  may  remain  simple  or 
may  be  again  branched.  The  main  axes  are  mostly  1-2  lines  in  diameter.  All 
parts,  with  the  occasional  exception  of  the  oldest,  are  densely  clothed  with 
tufts  of  dichotomous  monosiphonous  ramelli  1-4  lines  long.  The  plants  are 
flaccid  and  are  reddish  purple  or  lake-red.  Cystocarps  conspicuous,  urn- 
shaped,  borne  on  the  main  branches  on  pedicels  of  about  half  their  own 
length.  Tetrasporic  stichidia  ovoid-rostrate  to  lanceolate-subulate,  often 
slightly  curved,  borne  on  the  monosiphonous  ramelli. 

Dasya  splnuligera  Collins  &  ITcrvoy,  reseml)los  small,  slender,  lielicate, 
much-branched,  less  villous  conditions  of  D.  pedicellata,  but  most  of  the  mono- 
siphonous ramelli  are  borne  on  rather  rigid  subulate  branchlets,  such  as  are 
wanting  or  of  rare  occurrence  in  the  typical  D.  pedicellata.  And  the  species 
differs  markedly  in  the  much  elongate,  cylindric,  often  clustered  stichidia, 
which  are  5-10  times  as  long  as  broad.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.    ?'^^^\^      Kn.i.M.nr. 

Family  CERAMIACEAE. 
PtUothamnion  bipinnatum  (Collins  &  Hervey)  M.  A.  Howe  (Gymnotham^ 
nion  lipinnatum  Collins  &  Ilervey,  Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sci.  43:   139.  pi 

*The  type  of  Conferva  Arhuscula  Dillw.,  on  which  Dasua  Arhuscula  Ap.  was 
based,  is  evidently  a  CaUithamnion. 


526  CEEAMIACEAE. 

4.  f.  26.  Au  1917),  is  an  exceedingly  minute,  almost  microscopic  plant  tHat 
creeps  on  rocks  in  caverns  in  company  with  other  algae.  It  is  monosiphonous 
and  uncorticated  throughout.  The  creeping  parts  are  attached  by  discs  or 
manifest  rhizoids;  the  erect,  ascending,  or  semiprostrate,  flexuous  main 
branches  are  less  than  a  line  long,  and  have  a  more  or  less  elongate  naked  stipe 
above  which  they  are  regularly  and  oppositely  pinnate  or  somewhat  bipinnate, 
the  pinnae  patent  or  somewhat  divaricate,  mostly  4-12  cells  long,  usually  a 
pair  from  the  upper  part  of  each  internode.  In  the  more  or  less  bipinnate 
conditions,  the  pinnules,  1-4  cells  long,  are  chiefly  confined  to  a  secund  row 
along  the  upper  (inner)  side  of  the  pinna.  Occasionally  a  pinna  will  develop 
more  luxuriantly,  like  one  of  the  main  suberect  branches.  Cells  of  the 
rhizome  are  mostly  1^-4  times  as  long  as  broad,  those  of  the  main  suberect 
axes  li-2  times  as  long  as  broad.  Tetrasporangia  occur  at  the  ends  of  the 
pinnae  and  are  tetrahedrally  divided  (tripartite).  The  nearest  relative  of  this 
species  is  perhaps  the  Irish  cave-inhabiting  Ptilothamnion  lucifugum  Cotton, 
from  which,  however,  it  is  amply  distinct.  The  Bermuda  plant  was  found 
by  F.  ,S.  Collins  in  a  cave  by  the  Ducking  Stool.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2190,  as 
Gymnothamnion  hipinnatum  Collins  &  Hervey.)     Apparently  endemic. 

Spermothamnion  gorgoneum  (Mont.)  Bornet,  is  a  name  that  may  be  used 
tentatively  for  a  plant  that  forms  a  delicate  red-purple  plush  on  the  surface  of 
species  of  Codium  (Bethel's  Island,  Collins  S488).  The  plant  is  monosiphonous 
and  uncorticated  throughout,  sending  up  erect  somewhat  flexuous  branches  less 
than  a  line  long  from  a  creeping  basal  filament,,  the  erect  branches  simple  or 
rather  sparingly  laterally  or  subdichotomously  ramified,  the  branchlets  often 
subsecund,  very  rarely  opposite  or  3-vertieillate.  The  cells  are  mostly  3-7 
times  as  long  as  broad.  The  Bermuda  specimen  examined  seems  to  be  sterile, 
as  was  also,  apparently,  the  African  type  of  the  present  species.  The  Ber- 
muda plant  is  manifestly  different  from  the  cystocarpic  and  polysporic  codiico- 
lous  plants  from  Jamaica  ((Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  441)  and  Barbados  (Vickers,  Alg. 
Barb.  179)  that  have  been  distributed  as  SpermotJiamnion  gorgoneum. 

Spermothamnion  macromeres  Collins  &  Hervey,  forms  soft  cushions  about 
half  an  inch  high  on  sand-covered  rocks  near  the  low-water  mark,  with  Poly- 
siphonias  and  other  small  algae,  as  at  Pink  Bay  and  Gravelly  Bay  (Phyc.  Bor.- 
Am.  2044).  Like  other  members  of  the  genus,  the  plant  is  monosiphonous  and 
uncorticated  and  sends  up  erect  branches  from  a  creeping  base.  The  erect 
branches  are  simple,  sparingly  subdichotomous,  or  provided  with  a  few 
lateral  branchlets.  The  cells  are  mostly  4-10  (-15)  times  as  long  as  broad, 
often  curved,  and  commonly  contracted  at  the  septa.  The  tripartite  tetra- 
sporangia  are   loosely    clustered,    sessile    or   pedicellate.     Apparently   endemic. 

Griffithsia  globulifera  Harv.  {G.  Bornetiana  Farl.).  The  Griflathsias  are 
delicate,  monosiphonous,  uncorticated,  cespitose  plants,  the  filaments  mostly 
erect  and  regularly  dichotomous,  or,  in  some  species  laterally  branched.  The 
tetrasporangia,  in  the  Bermuda  species,  are  borne  on  minute  branchlets  form- 
ing whorls  at  the  upper  nodes.  The  cystocarps  also  occur  at  the  nodes  and 
are   furnished   with   an   involucre.     In   G.   glohulifera,   the   antheridia   densely 


CERAMIACEAE.  527 

cover  the  apical  half  of  the  obovoid  or  subglobose  terminal  cells.  The  male, 
female,  and  tetrasporic  plants  in  this  species  have  each  their  characteristic 
habit  and  form  of  cell,  the  male  plant  being  smaller,  1-3  inches  high,  with 
lower  cells  cylindric-obovoid,  the  upper  pyriform,  obovoid,  or  subglobose.  In 
the  female  and  tetrasporic  plants  the  cells  vary  from  cylindric  to  cylindric- 
clavate,  cylindric-obovoid,  or  ellipsoid;  they  are  mostly  4-10  times  as  long  as 
broad  in  the  lower  parts  and  1-4  times  as  long  as  broad  in  the  upper,  and 
are  moderately  contracted  at  the  septa.  In  all  forms  of  G.  globulifera  the 
branching  is  dichotomous  or  subdichotomous.  The  only  Bermuda  specimens 
seen  are  sterile  and  their  determination  is  not  wholly  certain. 

Griffithsia  Schousboei  Mont,  is  a  smaller  plant  than  G.  globulifera,  with 
shorter  and  broader  cells  that  are  very  strongly  contracted  at  the  septa, 
giving  the  filaments  a  moniliform  habit.  The  cells  vary  from  cylindric- 
clavate  below  to  pyriform,  ellipsoid,  subglobose,  and  oblate-spheroid  above, 
the  septal  isthmi  being  only  *-4  the  maximum  diameter  of  the  cells.  At  the 
apices  the  filaments  often  diminish  in  diameter  abruptly  or  gradually  to  cells 
i-rV  the  diameter  of  the  larger  subjacent  cells.  The  writer  has  not  seen 
antheridia  in  the  Bermuda  plants,  but  the  species  is  said  to  have  the  antheridia, 
like  the  tetrasporangia,  in  verticils  at  the  nodes. 

Griffithsia  tenuis  Ag.  may  be  recognized  by  its  straggling  habit  an.l  its 
irregular,  mostly  lateral,  patent  or  divaricate  branching.  The  plants  are 
usually  about  two  inches  long,  and  most  of  the  branches,  which  are  commonly 
rather  few,  spring  from  near  the  middle,  or  below  the  middle,  of  an  mternode. 
In  the  youngest  parts  there  are  often,  also,  nodal  verticils  of  very  short,  ex- 
ceedingly delicate  branchlets.  The  cells  in  the  younger  parts  are  1-4  times 
as  long  as  broad;  in  the  older,  3-6  times.  In  the  younger  parts  the  filaments 
are  often  lightly  contracted  at  the  septa;  in  the  older,  they  are  often  swollen 
at  the  septa.  All  specimens  seen  by  the  writer  have  been  apparently  sterile. 
(Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1895.) 

CaUithamnion  corymbosum  (Sm.)  Lyngb.  This  species  forms  delicate 
gelatinous  rose-colored  or  brownish  rose  tufts  mostly  1-3  inches  high.  The 
main  axes  are  corticated  in  the  basal  parts,  the  main  branches  are  several 
times  irregularly  ramified,  the  secondary  branches  are  alternately  pinnate 
with  dichotomo-multifid  ramuli,  the  ultimate  ramelli  corymbose-fastigiate.  The 
cells  of  the  main  axes  are  variable  in  length  but  are  mostly  3-8  times  as  long 
as  broad  and  are  often  more  or  less  enlarged  just  above  the  septum  The 
writer  is  inclined  to  refer  here  specimens  (sterile  so  far  as  seen)  collecte. 
by  A  B  Hervey  on  various  other  algae  at  the  mouth  of  Harrington  Sound 
and  distributed  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1896)  as  CalUaamnion  Haime  Collins 
from  the  Key  West  type  of  which  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  ^..S^)  they  differ  in  the 
corticated  main  axes,  the  longer  cells,  the  much  more  corymbose-fast.giatc 
ramelli,  the  frequent  presence  of  terminal  hairs,  etc. 

CaUithamnion  cordatum  B0rg.  is  a  name  that  has  been  ^J^^^^y  ^^!^'' 
(Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  ^189)  to  a  dingy  red  plant  1-2  inches  high  found  at  Budd- 
ngs  Bay.     Its  ultimate  ramelli  are  corymbose-fastigiate,  somewhat  as  in  the 


528  CEKAMIACEAE. 

foregoing  species,  but  it  differs  from  that  and  the  other  Bermudian  species 
of  Callithamnion  here  mentioned  in  having  the  main  axes  essentially  uncor- 
ticated,  though  the  extreme  base  of  the  Bermudian  plant  is  more  or  less 
felted  with  both  adherent  and  free  rhizoids.  The  cells  in  the  basal  parts  are 
short,  being  about  as  broad  as  long.  The  type  of  the  species  was  from  the 
Danish  West  Indies  and  the  specific  name  was  given  in  allusion  to  the  cordate 
geminate  cystocarps.  The  Bermudian  plants  seen  by  the  writer  are  apparently 
sterile.  The  ultimate  ramelli  would  seem  to  be  stouter  and  less  abruptly 
tapering  than  in  the  type  as  figured  by  BjzJrgesen, 

Callithamnion  Herveyi  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov.  Plants  dingy  purple,  sub- 
fuscous  in  age,  gelatinous,  forming  tufts  or  cushions  2-4  cm.  high,  ramifica- 
tion densely  and  repeatedly  decompound,  for  the  most  part  irregular  or  ob- 
scurely tetrastichous,  the  ultimate  ramelli  more  or  less  subdistichous  or 
diehotomo-distichous ;  main  axes  with  rhizoidal  cortications  for  three  fourths 
or  more  of  their  length,  0.3-0.35  mm.  in  diameter  at  base  and  in  older  parts 
loosely  hirto-tomentulose  with  simple  or  irregularly  branched  rhizoidal 
ramelli ;  cells  of  the  largest  uncorticated  branches  40-80  fi  in  diameter,  sub- 
cylindric,  mostly  l^-S  times  as  long  as  broad,  their  walls  12-25  fi  thick;  ante- 
penultimate ramuli  cylindric-plumose,  mostly  0.8-1.5  mm.  long,  and,  with  the 
patent  or  erecto^patent  ramelli,  0.3-0.6  mm.  bro'ad;  cells  of  the  ultimate 
ramelli  li-2  (rarely  3)  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  terminal  obtuse,  8-12^  in 
diameter,  occasionally  piliferous;  dioicous;  antheridia  subglobose  or  sub- 
hemispheric,  30-50  fji  in  diameter,  usually  crowning  a  short  but  manifest  one- 
celled  pedicel ;  cystocarps  subglobose,  100-220  fi  in  diameter,  scarcely  lobed, 
often  geminate;  tetrasporangia  lateral,  mostly  solitary,  irregularly  scattered 
or  occasionally  subsecund,  obovoid  or  subglobose,  mostly  38-40  fi  in  maximum 
diameter,  tetrahedrally  divided  or  spores  sometimes  subdecussately  paired; 
monosporangia  terminal,  frequent  on  cystocarpic  plants,  occasional  on  anthe- 
ridial  and  tetrasporic  plants,  scattered  or  irregularly  clustered,  solitary,  some- 
times concatenate  in  twos  (very  rarely  in  threes),  olDOvoid,  ellipsoid,  pyriform, 
or  subglobose,  36-65  fi  in  longer  liameter.  [Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2046  as  Cal- 
lithamnion Eooheri  (Dillw.)  Ag.] 

Type  from  Smith's  Bay,  December,  1913,  communicated  by  F.  S.  Collins 
as  no.  8005,  and  preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden.  The  species  is  named  in  honor  of  Rev.  Dr.  A.  B,  Hervey,  author  of 
the  popular  book,  "Sea  Mosses,"  and  successful  investigator  of  the  marine 
flora   of  Bermuda. 

Callithamnion  Herveyi  is  perhaps  most  nearly  related  to  the  European 
C.  HooTceri,  but  manifestly  differs  in  its  smaller  size,  in  its  denser,  more 
cylindric-plumose  or  tetrastichous,  less  distichous  ramification,  in  its  more  hir- 
tulous-tomentulose  main  axes,  in  its  more  slender  and  delicate  ultimate 
ramelli  (terminal  cells  averaging  about  one  half  the  diameter  of  those  of  C. 
HooTceri),  in  its  much  smaller  tetrasporangia  (averaging  about  one  half  the 
diameter  of  those  of  C.  HooTceri),  in  the  frequent  presence  of  monosporangia, 
etc.  The  plants  are  often  much  encrusted  with  diatoms  of  various  kinds,  and 
even  when  virtually  free  from  diatoms,  the  plants  collect  and  hold  quantities 
of  fine  sand,  indicating  the  presence  of  a  remarkable  amount  of  mucus.  The 
cystocarp  has  no  involucre  and  conforms  to  the  Callithamnion  type — not  to 
that  of  Seirospora.  All  of  the  cells  except  the  youngest  appear  to  be  pluri- 
nuclear.     The  species  is  endemic  so  far  as  known. 


CEEAMIACEAE.  629 

Seirospora  purpurea  M.A.  Howe,sp.  dov.  Plants  purple-lake  or  <lahlia- 
carmine,  forming  dense,  more  or  less  felted,  pulvinate  tufts  1-2^  cm.  high,  rami- 
fication repeatedly  decompound,  for  the  most  part  obscurely  qu]n(^uefarious,  the 
ultimate  ramelli  dichotomo-subdistichous  and  often  subfastigiate;  main  axes 
0.15-0.25  mm.  in  diameter  at  base,  rather  sparingly  corticated  for  one  half 
or  more  of  their  length  by  narrow-celled  rhizoids,  and  in  basal  parts  clothed 
in  addition  by  free  sometimes  spirally  entwined  rhizoids,  occasional  cells  of 
the  upper  ramuli  also  sending  out  elongate,  free,  long-celled,  simple  or  spar- 
ingly branched  rhizoids;  largest  uncorticated  cells  of  the  main  axes  40-95/* 
in  diameter,  subcylindric  or  slightly  enlarged  at  the  noiles,  lA-2i  times  as 
long  as  broad,  their  walls  8-20^  thick;  cells  of  the  ultimate  ramelli  mostly  2-4 
times  as  long  as  broad,  the  terminal  obtuse,  6-13  /u.  in  diameter,  hairs  apparently 
wanting;  dioicous;  antheridia  ovoid,  lance-ovoid,  dimidiate-ovoid,  or  ellipsoid, 
occurring  singly  at  the  nodes,  erecto-patent,  often  incurved,  48-65  m  high, 
26-40 /u,  broad;  cystocarps  somewhat  hemispheric,  0.3-0,4  mm.  broad,  composed 
of  free,  erecto-patent,  moniliform,  sporogenous  filaments,  the  ellipsoid  or  ovoid 
carpospores  35-40 /u;  long;  tetrasporangia  scattered,  solitary  at  the  nodes, 
obovoid  or  ellipsoid,  50-65  ijl  in  maximum  diameter,  tetrahedrally  divided. 
(Phye.  Bor.-Am.  2045,  as  Callithamnion  byssoideum  jamaiccnse  Collins.) 

Type  from  a  cave,  Gravelly  Bay,  A.  B.  Hervey  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2045)  in 
the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

Seirospora  purpurea  bears  some  resemblance  in  habit  to  small  dense  con- 
ditions of  Callithamnion  coryrribosum  and  C.  byssoides,  but  is  easily  distin- 
guished by  the  sheathing  of  the  basal  parts  of  the  main  axes  by  free  rhizo'ds 
in  addition  to  the  cortications,  by  the  frequently  rhiziniferous  cells  of  the 
smaller  branches  and  the  consequent  more  or  less  felted  condition  of  the  tufts, 
and  more  especially  by  having  the  cystocarp  of  a  Seirospora,  with  its  free 
sporogenous  filaments,  instead  of  the  solid  cystocarp  of  a  CaUithamniun  with 
its  common  enclosing  wall.  The  European  Seirospora?  GaiUonii  (Crouan) 
De-Toni  is  possibly  a  nearer  relative.  The  Jamaican  CaUithajnnion  byssoi- 
deum jamaicense  Collins  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  443)  is  manifestly  a  different  thing. 
The  cells  of  S.  purpurea  are  apparently  all  uninucleate.     Endemie. 

Antithamnion  cruciatum  (Ag.)  Naeg.  is  a  delicate  rose-colored  or  dingy 
red  plant,  mostly  1-2  inches  high.  Its  main  axes  are  rather  few,  its  secondary 
branches  are  comparatively  short  and  four-ranked,  being  opposite  and  decus- 
sately paired  or  in  whorls  of  four.  It  is  monosiphonous  and  uncorticated 
throughout.  At  the  apices  of  the  main  axes,  the  branches  and  branchlets  are 
very  densely  crowded,  more  or  less  incurved,  more  intensely  colored,  and,  when 
pressed  and  dried,  the  effect  is  often  slightly  suggestive  of  the  terminal  "eye" 
of  a  peacock's  tail-feather.     St.  George's   (Hervey).     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  Sinj.) 

Crouania  attenuata  (Bonnem.)  J.  Ag.  is  a  very  gelatinous,  much 
branched,  filiform,  monosiphonous,  and  uncorticated  plant  1-4  inches  long, 
varying  in  color  from  light  rose  to  dingy  purple.  The  main  branches  are 
irregular  and  they  bear  at  their  nodes  pairs  or  whorls  of  fastigiate,  erecto- 
patent  or  slightly  incurved,  several  times  dichotomous  or  trichotonious  short 
branches,  the  successive  whorls  close-set  and  confluent  in  the  younger  parts, 
often  separate  and  giving  a  beaded  or  moniliform  appearance  in  the  older 
parts.  The  general  habit  of  the  plant  is  very  suggestive  of  certain  species 
of  the  fresh-water  genus  Bairachospermum.     The  younger  main  branches  are 

35 


530  CEEAMIACEAE. 

attenuate  at  the  apex  and  often  also  at  the  base.  The  tetrasporangia  are 
tetrahedrally  divided  and  are  borne  near  the  bases  of  the  whorled  short 
branches.  The  Bermuda  plants  are  larger,  coarser,  and  more  gelatinous  than 
the  European  type  and  the  ultimate  cells  of  the  ramelli  are  more  obtuse,  but 
the  occurrence  of  apparently  intermediate  forms  in  the  West  Indies  makes  it 
doubtful  if  they  may  be  satisfactorily  distinguished  from  the  European 
species.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2048.) 

Spyridia  filamentosa  (Wulf.)  Harv.  is  a  common  plant  growing  attached 
to  rocks  in  shallow  water  in  warm  bays  and  tide-pools,  or  found  floating  and 
unattached,  often  in  loose  tangled  mats.  It  is  commonly  3-6  inches  high, 
with  main  branching  subdichotomous  or  irregularly  lateral,  the  principal  axes 
^-4  line  in  diameter.  As  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus  the  branches  are 
clothed,  sometimes  sparingly,  with  very  delicate  hair-like  ramelli  about  i  a 
line  long,  which  under  a  hand-lens  are  seen  to  be  transversely  zoned,  hyaline 
zones  alternating  with  narrower  colored  ones.  Under  a  compound  microscope, 
the  main  branches  are  found  to  be  corticated,  the  corticating  cells  in  regular 
transverse  zones  in  the  younger  parts;  bands  of  narrower  longer  corticating 
cells  regularly  alternating  with  bands  of  broader  shorter  cells.  This  species 
is  distinguished  from  the  following  by  its  looser  more  straggling  habit  and, 
microscopically,  by  the  fact  that  the  capillary  ramelli  are  merely  acute  or 
apiculate,   without   recurved  hooks.      (Phyc.   Bor.-Am.   1897.) 

Spyridia  complanata  J.  Ag.  grows  on  exposed  rocks  between  the  tide- 
lines  or  near  low-water  mark,  as  at  Hungry  Bay,  Eed  Bay,  and  Spanish  Rock. 
It  is  more  densely  branched,  more  plumose  in  habit,  and  usually  a  smaller 
plant  than  the  preceding,  growing  2-4  inches  high,  with  tufted  compact 
feathery  fronds  mostly  i-A  inch  broad.  The  main  axes  are  slightly  flattened 
and  the  branches  are  predominantly  distichous.  Many  of  the  ramelli,  besides 
having  an  apiculus,  are  provided  with  one  or  more  minute  retrorse  one-celled 
subapical  barbs  or  hooks.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1947.) 

Spyridia  aculeata  (Ag.)  Kiitz.  is  similar  to  S.  complanata,  but  the 
branches  issue  in  all  directions,  showing  little  tendency  to  be  distichous.  How- 
ever, this  character  seems  variable  and  it  is  doubtful  if  these  two  species  can 
be  satisfactorily  distinguished,  at  least  so  far  as  concerns  the  Bermuda  plants. 
The  ends  of  the  main  branches  are  often  enlarged  and  hooked,  circinate,  or 
tendYil-like,  as  in  the  genus  Hypnea,  constituting  the  var.  Tiypneoides  J.  Ag. 
(Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1946.) 

Ceramium  nitens  (Ag.)  J.  Ag.  is  an  attractive  deep  red,  brownish  red, 
or  yellowish  red,  copiously  branched,  thread-like  plant  that  occurs  in  Hamil- 
ton Harbor,  in  the  Inlet  to  Harrington  Sound,  etc.  It  forms  soft  rather 
lubricous  tufts,  mostly  3-5  inches  high.  The  main  branching  is  subdichot- 
omous, wdth  one  or  several  somewhat  zigzag  leading  axes.  The  smaller 
branches  are  lateral,  subdivaricate  or  patent,  and  occasionally  seeund,  and  the 
apices  are  straight.  Under  a  microscope  the  plant  is  seen  to  be  corticated 
throughout  and  more  or  less  nodose,  with  the  transverse  septa  of  the  large- 
celled  monosiphonous  axis  visible  through  the  cortex.  The  Bermuda  specimens 
seen  are  sterile.     (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1949.) 


CERAMIACEAE.  531 

Ceramium  tenuissimum  J.  Ag.  is  a  name  that  may  be  employed,  tem- 
porarily at  least,  in  accordance  with  current  usage,  for  a  variaVde,  perhaps 
aggregate  species  that  occurs  in  Bermuda.  However,  the  proper  application 
of  the  name  (first  used  by  Roth,  as  a  varietal  name)  is  in  doubt,  and,  moreover, 
the  Bermuda  plants  do  not  agree  quite  accurately  with  European  plants  that 
currently  bear  this  name.  As  in  the  following  species. of  the  genus,  the  corti- 
cation  is  confined  to  a  band  at  each  node,  the  colored  corticated  nodes  alter- 
nating and  contrasting  with  the  naked  usually  hyaline  internodes,  giving  a 
transversely  zoned  appearance  to  the  plant  when  viewed  under  a  hand-lens. 
The  filaments  are  very  delicate,  repeatedly  dichotomous,  fastigiate,  mostly  1-2 
inches  high,  aVrV  ^^  ^  ^^^®  ^^  diameter,  the  apices  strongly  forciiiate  or 
nearly  straight  and  erect.  The  mostly  cylindric  internodes  are  2-4  times  as 
long  as  broad,  becoming  shorter  above;  nodal  bands  slightly  protuberant,  2-6 
cells  wide  (high),  their  cells  irregular  in  form,  size,  and  direction,  8-14  cells 
measuring  the  width  of  the  filament.  The  Bermuda  specimens  examined  are 
mostly  sterile,  but  the  tetrasporangia  appear  to  be  erumpent  in  a  single  ex- 
trorse  secund  series  and  are  somewhat  irregularly  divided,  sometimes  resem- 
bling the  so-called  tetrahedral  or  tripartite  mode  and  sometimes  approaching 
the  decussate-paired  arrangement.     (Phyc.  Bor.-x\m.  1898  and  2098.) 

Ceramium  cruciatum  Collins  &  Hervey,  creeps  on  Galaxaura  squaJido  on 
the  South  Shore.  The  erect  or  ascending  parts  are  only  about  a  line  high. 
The  filaments  are  several  times  dichotomous,  and  about  ^^  of  a  line  in  diameter, 
with  forcipate  apices.  The  hyaline  uncorticated  interuodal  cells  are  thick- 
walled,  often  bulging,  scarcely  longer  than  broad,  shorter  than  broad  in  upper 
parts;  nodal  bands  hardly  protuberant  when  sterile,  2-5  cells  wide  (high), 
their  cells  irregular  in  form  and  size,  their  long  axes  mostly  lengthwise  of  the 
filament,  8-16  cells  measuring  its  width.  The  tetrasporangia  immersed,  becom- 
ing erumpent,  subsecund  or  subverticillate,  the  spores  in  decussate  pairs. 

Ceramium  byssoideum  Harv.  (C.  transversale  Collins  &  Hervey)  is  an 
exceedingly  delicate  flocculent  plant,  reaching  a  length  of  1-2  inches.  The 
filaments  are  -VsV  of  a  line  in  diameter,  are  repeatedly  subdichotomous,  the 
branches  somewhat  fastigiate  or  corymbose,  and  the  apices  straight  and  erect 
or  slightly  forcipate.  The  hyaline  uncorticated  internodal  cells  are  cylindric 
below,  and  mostly  2-6  times  as  long  as  broad,  becoming  shorter  above  and 
short-fusiform,  ovoid,  or  obovoid;  nodal  bands  protuberant,  especially  above, 
bitruncate,  3-5  cells  wide  (high),  their  cells  mostly  with  their  longer  axes 
running  transversely  of  the  filament,  2-6  cells  measuring  its  wi.lth.  The 
tetrasporangia  are  subsecund,  protuberant,  and  lightly  corticated  in  ba.-al 
half,  the  spores  irregularly  tetrahedral.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  20^.),  as  Ceramium 
transversale  Collins  &  Hervey.) 

Ceramium  leptozonum  M.  A.  Howe,  pp.  nov.  Plants  dolicato.  Indian 
lake  or  deep  purplish-vinaceous,  cespitosc,  dichotomous,  fastigiate,  li-3  cm. 
high;  main  filaments  40-72  ^  in  diameter,  lightly  corticated  at  nodes  only,  the 
dichotomies  acute,  the  apices  slightly  forcipate  or  suboroct ;  internodal  cells 
cylindric  below  and  U-4  times  as  long  as  broad,  becoming  ovoid  and  shorter 
above,  all  provided  with  conspicuous  fibrillar  chromatophores,  becoming  decol- 


532  CERAMIACEAE. 

orate  below;  nodal  bands  of  corticating  cells  very  narrow,  slightly  protuberant, 
mostly  only  one  cell  wide  (high),  the  cells  with  their  longer  axes  (20-40 /u) 
usually  directed  lengthwise  of  the  filament,  about  four  cells  measuring  the 
diameter  of  the  filament,  irregular  smaller  cells  sometimes  forming  an  imper- 
fect second  (upper)  row;  tetrasporangia  solitary  or  2  or  3  at  a  node,  mostly 
secund  along  the  outer  side  of  the  filament,  occasionally  subverticillate,  50-65  ti 
in  maximum  diameter,  the  primary  wholly  naked,  the  secondary  (formed  by 
regeneration)  subtended  by  2-4  small  sterile  cells  and  thereby  often  much 
exserted  or  substipitate,  the  tetraspores  somewhat  tetrahedrally  disposed. 

Type  from  a  pond  at  "Walsingham,  having  subterranean  communication 
with  the  sea,   (Hoive  99,  in  herb.  N.  Y.  Botanical  Garden). 

Ceramium  leptosonum  is  related  to  C.  hyssoideum  and  the  plants  currently 
known  as  C.  tenuissimum,  but  seems  to  be  amply  distinct  in  having  ordinarily 
only  a  single  row  of  corticating  cells  at  the  nodes,  these  cells  nearly  always 
elongate  in  the  direction  of  the  filament,  and  in  the  naked  primary  tetra- 
sporangia. In  the  narrow  nodal  zones,  the  regenerating  tetrasporangia,  and 
the  rather  persistent  coloring  of  the  protoplasts  of  the  large  internodal  cells, 
the  species  is  slightly  suggestive  of  Ceramothamnion  Codii,  from  which  it  is 
easily  distinguished  by  the  apparently  non-repent  habit,  the  dichotomous 
stouter  and  taller  filaments,  the  usually  single  instead  of  double  row  of  nodal 
cells,  which  are  also  more  elongate,  the  relatively  smaller  naked  primary 
tetrasporangia,  etc.  Ceramium  cruciatum  and  C.  tenuissimum  also  sometimes 
show  persistently  colored  fibrillar  chromatophores  in  the  internodal  cells.  In 
soaked-out  dried  specimens,  the  nodal  cells  often  appear  to  be  more  numerous 
than  they  really  are,  owing  to  the  segregation  of  chromatophores  or  to  the 
purely  optical  cutting  of  these  cells  by  the  nodal  diaphragm.  The  tetraspores 
sometimes  germinate  in  situ,  giving  rise  to  small  proliferations.  The  species 
is  apparently  endemic. 

Ceramothamnion  Codii  Richards,  is  a  small  plant  epiphytic  on  species  of 
Codium  along  the  South  Shore  and  on  Cooper 's  Island.  It  creeps  along  the 
surface  of  the  Codium,  sending  down  rhizoids  among  the  utricles  of  its  host  and 
sending  up  erect  filaments  less  than  a  line  high  and  gV"  sV  o^  ^  li^^  i^  diameter, 
which  are  unbranched  except  in  connection  with  the  formation  of  the  so-called 
polysporangia,  the  apices  remaining  straight  and  erect.  The  uncorticated 
internodal  cells  are  mostly  1^-3  times  as  long  as  broad,  and  show  persistently 
colored  fibrillar  chromatophores,  somewhat  as  in  Ceramium  cruciatum  and  C. 
leptozonum.  The  nodal  bands  of  corticating  cells  are  2  (3)  cells  wide  (high), 
these  cells  with  their  longer  axes  variously  directed,  3  or  4  cells  measuring  the 
width  of  the  filament.  The  tetrasporangia  are  solitary  at  the  nodes,  subsecund, 
broader  at  maturity  than  the  filament,  subtended  in  the  basal  half  by  an 
involucral  cup  of  sterile  cells,  and  regenerating,  the  spores  arranged  in  decus- 
sate pairs.  Antheridia  form  compact,  small-celled,  subglobose,  sometimes  con- 
fluent enlargements  of  the  nodes  of  different  individuals  from  those  that  bear 
the  tetraspores.  Supposed  polysporangia  or  parasporangia,  of  non-sexual 
origin,  irregularly  ovoid,  subglobose  or  ellipsoid,  occur  on  the  erect  filaments, 
usually  in  pairs,  and  subtended  by  three  or  four  short  branches  similar  in  struc- 
ture to  the  filaments.  Ceramothamnion  appears  to  differ  from  Ceramium  in 
scarcely   anything   but   in   the    occurrence    of    alleged   polysporangia    of    non- 


CEKAMIACEAE.  533 

sexual  origin  where  one  would  naturally  expect  cystocarps  of  sexual  origin. 
The  resemblance  of  the  vegetative  characters  of  Ceramoihamnion  to  those  of 
undoubted  species  of  Ceramium,  the  occurrence  of  antheridia,  the  failure  to 
find  proved  procarps  and  cystocarps,  and  the  resemblance  of  the  supposed 
polysporangia  to  the  cystocarps  of  Ceramium,  form  a  combination  of  circum- 
stances that  suggests  the  possibility  that  the  alleged  polysporangia  of  Ceramo- 
thamnion  are  in  reality  cystocarps.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  '^l'>  mid  75.9,9;  21D3,  as 
Ceramium  tenuissimum  pygmaeum.) 

Centroceras  clavulatum  (Ag.)  Mont,  is  the  commone>t  and  perhaps  the 
most  variable  Bermudian  representative  of  the  Ceramiaceae,  growing  on  rocks 
and  on  various  larger  algae  in  shallow  water,  or,  in  surf-beaten  places  between 
the  tide-lines.  Its  capillary  brownish  red  or  dingy  red  dichotomous  fastigiate 
filaments  form  tufts  or  loose  mats  commonly  0.5-4  inches  high.  The  filaments 
are  corticated  throughout  and  may  be  distinguished  from  corticated  species  of 
Ceramium  by  having  the  somewhat  rectangular  cortex  cells  in  regular  longi- 
tudinal rows.  In  the  younger  part?  at  least,  each  node  bears  a  whorl  of  teeth 
or  short  mostly  2-celled  spines,  by  which  character  also  it  is  easily  distinguished 
from  its  Bermudian  relatives.  In  the  length,  shape,  and  abundance  of  these 
spines,  the  plant  varies  greatly  according  to  habitat,  and  distinctions  of  species 
based  on  these  characters  have  been  attempted.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1948,  as 
Ceramium  clavulatum.) 

Family  GRATELOUPIACEAE. 

Halymenia  bermudensis  Collins  &  Howe,  has  a  membranous,  violet-re.l, 
rather  firm  or  slightly  gelatinous,  usually  stipitate  frond  that  is  variable  in 
form,  mostly  suborbicular,  cordate,  or  obovate,  and  2-10  inches  broad,  sub- 
entire  or  sparingly  or  copiously  lobed  or  proliferous,  the  lobes  ovate  or  con- 
formable. Under  a  microscope,  the  medullary  filaments  viewed  through  the 
cortex  are  seen  to  be  interspersed  with  a  few  coarser  filaments,  having  more 
homogeneous  refringent  contents  and  radiating  from  substellate,  ganglion-like 
enlargements.     (Phyc.    Bor.-Am.   2050.)     Apparently   endemic. 

Halymenia  pseudofloresia  Collins  &  Howe,  has  a  membranous  deep  red  or 
violet-red  frond  that  is  gelatinous  in  younger  parts,  becoming  firmer  with  ago, 
suborbicular,  ovate,  cuneate-obovate,  or  commonly  very  irregular  in  general 
outline,  3-10  inches  long,  deeply,  irregularly,  or  subpalmately  lobed,  or  often 
showing  cuneate-based  substipitate  marginal  proliferations,  the  main  expansion 
or  axes  i-3  inches  broad,  the  lobes  or  proliferations  commonly  lanceolate,  ser- 
rate, biserrate,  or  subpinnately  lobulate  or  bilobulate,  the  teeth  mostly  acumi- 
nate-deltoid, the  medulla,  under  a  microscope,  occasionally  showing  a  few  incon- 
spicuous stellate  ganglia.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2099.)     Apparently  on.lemu-. 

Halymenia  echinophysa  Collins  &:  Howe,  has  a  membranous  lilac  or  grayish 
vinaceous  gelatinous  frond  that  is  suborbicular  in  general  outline  an.l  4-7 
inches  wide,  deeplv,  irregularly  or  subpalmately  lobed  or  divided,  the  lobes 
irregularly  obovate  or  suborbicular,  mostly  1-2^  in.  broad,  their  margins 
sinuate-  or  erose-dentate  or  sparingly  sublobulate.     Vnder  a  microscope,  some 


534  GRATELOrPIACEAE. 

of  the  inner  cells  of  the  subcortex  are  seen  to  be  enlarged,  subglobose,  echinate- 
stelliform,  projecting  into  the  medullary  cavity,  and  showing  when  detached 
15-40  rather  rigid  subspinescent  processes.  Known  only  from  a  specimen 
dredged  in  '*31  fathoms,  off  Bermuda"  by  members  of  the  Challenger  Expe- 
dition in  1873.     Apparently  endemic. 

Halymenia  Agardhii  De-Toni,  has,  in  its  Bermuda  forms,  a  soft,  dark  red, 
subterete,  repeatedly  dichotomous,  more  or  less  gelatinous  frqnd  that  is  3-4 
inches  long  (commonly  longer  in  Florida  and  the  West  Indies),  with  segments 
i-i  of  an  inch  broad.  The  only  known  Bermuda  alga  with  which  it  might 
possibly  be  confused  is  a  species  of  N emastoma,  from  which  it  differs  in  its 
darker  red  color,  in  its  more  regular  dichotomy,  in  being  less  lubricous,  and, 
microscopically,  in  its  firmer,  more  pseudoparenchymatous,  less  obviously  fila- 
mentous cortex,  and  the  frequent  anastomoses  or  small  nodal  ganglia  among 
the  medullary  filaments.  The  plant  has  been  found  washed  ashore  on  .South 
Beach  and  growing  attached  to  rocks  near  low-water  mark  at  Gibbet  Island. 

Cryptonemia  crenulata  (J.  Ag.)  J.  Ag.  apparently  occurs  in  Bermuda 
(_on  sand-covered  rocks  in  a  cave.  Gravelly  Bay,  Hervey)  in  a  small  reduced 
form,  and  possibly  better-developed  conditions  are  yet  to  be  found  in  deeper 
water,  where  it  may  be  expected  on  the  bases  of  sea-fans,  dead-men  's-fingers, 
etc.  As  thus  far  found,  it  has  a  sparingly  dichotomous  rose-purple  mem- 
branous frond  1-2  inches  long,  from  a  subterete  stipe.  The  main  divisions  are 
about  K  of  an  inch  wide,  strap-shaped  or  cuneate-ligulate,  often  stipitate,  sub- 
entire,  occasionally  with  small  ovate  or  suborbicular  stipitate  innovations.  In 
normal  forms  of  the  species,  the  segments  are  i-|  inch  broad  and  have  crenu- 
late-denticulate  margins,  the  teeth  often  bifid  or  trifid  or  furnished  with  a 
small  crown  of  secondary  teeth,      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2100.) 

Cryptonemia  luxurians  (Ag.)  J.  Ag.  differs  from  the  foregoing  in  having 
a  caulescent,  costate-alate  frond,  the  costa  vanishing  towards  the  apices.  The 
only  Bermuda  specimen  seen  is  about  4  inches  tall,  several  times  dichotomous, 
the  segments  i-4  inch  broad.  On  rocks  in  shallow  water  at  Red  Bay,  St. 
David's  Island  {Howe  287). 

Family  DUMONTIACEAE. 

Dudresnaya  crassa  M.  A.  Howe,  is  a  flaccid  extremely  lubricous  densely 
ramose  dioicous  plant  that  is  2—6  inches  high  or  long  and  rose-colored  when 
living,  though  commonly  dingy  purple  or  brownish  red  on  drying.  In  the 
pressed  and  dried  condition,  the  branching  appears  to  be  irregularly  2-3-pin- 
nate,  though  the  branches  really  emerge  in  all  directions ;  branches  and  branch- 
lets  are  vermiform,  of  nearly  uniform  diameter  throughout;  the  ultimate 
branchlets  are  obtuse  or  subobtuse  and  mostly  -^-§  of  a  line  in  diameter. 
Under  a  microscope  the  very  soft  gelatinous  cortex  is  seen  to  be  made  up  of 
essentially  free,  4—6  times  dichotomous,  beautifully  fastigiate  cylindrie  fila- 
ments, the  more  peripheral  cells  of  which  are  2-5  times  as  long  as  broad.  In 
the  younger  parts,  the  central  axis,  consisting  of  a  single  row  of  cells,  bearing 
the  crowded  whorls  of  peripheral  filaments  may  be  readily  seen ;  in  the  older 


DUMONTIACEAE.  635 

parts  this  axis  is  clothed  and  obscured  by  numerous  decurrent  rhizoidal  fila- 
ments. In  the  female  plants,  auxiliary-cell  branches  are  numerous,  consisting 
of  5-9  enlarged  subspherical  cells  near  base,  the  special  auxiliary  cell  occupy- 
ing the  middle  of  this  enlarged  portion  and  having  little  more  than  half  the 
diameter  of  the  two  immediately  adjacent  inflated  cells.  In  the  male  plants, 
the  antheridia  form  subglobose  tufts  or  clusters  at  or  near  the  ends  of  the 
peripheral  filaments.  The  usually  numerous  cystocarps  form  granules  ^^t^*  of 
a  line  in  diameter,  easily  visible  under  a  hand-lens.  The  plant  grows  on  rocks 
in  about  ten  feet  of  water  in  Castle  Harbor  and  has  been  found  washed  ashore 
at  Spanish  Point,  Buildings  Bay,  and  Shelly  Bay.  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1000  and 
2196.)     Apparently  endemic. 

Dudresnaya  bermudensls  Setchell,  is  readily  distinguished  from  the  fore- 
going by  its  much  finer  taper-pointed  branchlets  and  more  slender  main  axes, 
these  rarely  more  than  J  of  a  line  in  diameter,  and  by  the  moniliform,  rather 
than  cylindric  peripheral  filaments,  the  outer  cells  subspheric,  or  ovoid  or  ellip- 
soid and  only  slightly  longer  than  broad.  The  cystocarps  are  many-spored 
and  -it-^^  of  a  line  in  diameter.  Cooper's  Island  (Farlow)  and  Building-* 
Bay   (Eervey).      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2195.)     Apparently  endemic. 

Dudresnaya  caribaea  (J.  Ag.)  Setchell,  often  resembles  B.  hermudcnsis 
in  habit,  but  is,  generally  speaking,  a  larger  plant,  4-15  inches  long,  is  more 
obviously  complanate-distichous,  and  its  main  axes  are  often  1-2  lines  broad. 
Microscopically,  it  shows  moniliform  peripheral  filaments,  much  resembling 
those  of  D.  hermudensis,  but  the  specialized  auxiliary  cell  is  enlarged,  sub- 
spheric,  and  terminal  on  the  special  auxiliary-cell  branch,  this  consisting  other- 
wise chiefly  of  discoid  cells,  instead  of  being  intercalary  and  scarcely  distin- 
guishable from  its  neighbors.  The  cystocarps  are  few-spored  and  have  about 
one-half  the  average  diameter  of  those  of  B.  hermudensis.  Found  floating  at 
Cooper's  Island  (Farloiv).     Type  from  the  Tortugas,  Florida. 

Family  NEMASTOMATACEAE. 

Galosiphonia  verticillifera  (J.  Ag.)  Sotchell,  lias  Ucvu  reported  by  Setchell  and 
by  Collins  as  having  been  collected  at  Cooper's  Island  by  Farlow  in  ISsi.  The 
present  writer  has  not  seen  the  Bermuda  plants  that  have  been  given  this  name,  but 
the  single  type  specimen  of  Hrlminthiopsis  rrrticiUifvra  ^.  Ag..  on  which  the  name 
rests,  appears  to  have  the  auxiliary-cell  branches  of  a  DudrcKuaiia  and.  in  fact,  to  be 
distinguishable  by  no  reliable  character  from  DiKlrcsndjia  canhani  (.T.  .\g. )  SotchoU. 
the  type  of  which  also  was  from  the  Tortugas,  off  the  coast  of  southern  P'lorida. 

Platoma  cyclocolpa  (Mont.)  Schmitz  (type  from  the  Canary  T>iandsh  or 
an  apparently  sterile  plant  resembling  it  in  general  habit,  is  of  occasional 
occurrence  in  Bermuda.  Its  soft  gelatinous  flattened  rose-purple  thallus  is  1-') 
inches  broad  and  high,  irregularly  dichotomo-multifid,  or  irregularly  palmatifi<l 
from  a  plane  base  that  is  often  1-2  inches  wide,  the  margins  crcnate-dentate, 
irregularly  lobulate  or  bilobulate,  or  incised-dentate,  the  teeth  mostly  obtuse 
and  often  subterete,  the  plane  faces  occasionally  showing  teeth  or  .«hort  pro- 
liferations. In  narrower  forms,  the  main  segments  are  sometimes  irregularly 
subpinnate  or  bipinnate.  From  the  species  of  TJahimenia,  it  is  readily  dis- 
tinguished by  the  more  obviously  filamentous  r^ortex  and  subcortex  an<l  by  the 
absence  of  anastomoses  and  stelliform  cells.     The  Bermuda  plants  differ  from 


536  XEMASTOMATACEAE. 

Mediterranean  specimens  referred  to  this  species  in  their  bright  red  color  and 
in  their  softer  looser  cortex,  its  constituent  filaments  being  more  readily 
separable. 

Nemastoma  gelatinosum  M.  A.  Howe,  sp.  nov.  Thallus  very  soft,  gelati- 
nous, and  lubricous,  light  purplish-vinaceous,  forming  a  subhemispheric  or 
somewhat  flattened  shrub-like  tuft  6-13  cm,  high,  subterete  or  here  and  there 
complanate,  repeatedly  (5-9  times)  and  in  general  closely  subdichotomous,  the 
branching  mostly  in  one  plane  or  occasionally,  especially  toward  the  apices,  in  all 
directions,  often  crowded-subpalmate,  now  and  then  subpinnately  distichous,  the 
branches  unequal,  mostly  3-6  mm.  in  diameter  or  in  flattened  parts  sometimes 
10  mm.  broad,  slightly  tapering,  obtuse  or  subacute,  occasionally  terminating 
in  a  pair  of  small  subdivaricate  teeth  about  1  mm.  broad;  medullary  filaments 
7-12^4  in  diameter;  cortex  of  5  or  6  times  di(tri)chotomous  submoniliform 
fastigiate  filaments  80-140  /j.  long,  loosely  imbedded  in  mucus  and  easily 
separable,  the  forkings  rather  wide-angled,  the  cells  mostly  obovoid,  those  of 
the  surface  usually  3-9  /jl  X  3-6  fi ;   other  parts  unknown. 

On  rocks  in  about  3  m.  of  water,  in  Castle  Harbor  near  Tucker's  Town 
(type,  Hoice  316,  in  herb.  X.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.).  Also  collected  in  Bermuda  by 
Faxon  (in  herb.  Farlow).  Nemastoma  gelatinosum  may  possibly  include  the 
plants  somewhat  doubtfully  referred  above  to  PJatoma  cyclocolpa,  to  which  it 
bears  much  resemblance  in  structure,  but,  if  so,  the  species  is  remarkably 
protean  in  habit.  N.  gelatinosum  is  a  softer,  more  gelatinous,  usually  lighter- 
colored,  suffrutescent  plant,  with  all  parts  predominantly  subterete,  while  the 
so-called  PJatoma  cyclocolpa  is  a  plane  membranous  plant,  with  a  marginal 
fringe  of  lobules  or  crenations.  In  its  mucosity  and  its  tenuity  when  pressed 
and  dried,  N.  gelatinosum  suggests  the  Mauritian  N.  coliforme  J.  Ag.,  to 
which  it  seems  closely  related,  but  it  manifestly  differs  from  this  in  its  com- 
pact suffrutescent  habit.     Apparently  endemic. 

Family  SQUAMARIACEAE. 

Peyssonnelia  rubra  (Grev.)  J.  Ag.  forms  dark  red  or  pinkish  red,  reni- 
form  or  cuneate-orbicular,  thin  and  rather  fragile,  loosely  attached,  mem- 
branous, often  lobed  crusts  -i-l  inch  broad,  on  the  bases  of  the  larger  algae  and 
Gorgonians  in  deep  water  or  on  rocks  near  low-water  mark  in  littoral  caverns. 
The  ventral  surface  is  whitened  with  lime,  mostly  coating  a  very  short 
tomentum  of  rhizoids.  iSuperposed  imbricated  lobes  are  often  developed.  The 
cells  of  the  upper  surface,  viewed  from  above,  are  polygonal,  in  regular 
radial  lines.     In  a  cave  at  Gravelly  Bay  (Collins). 

Other  species  of  the  genus  and  family  doubtless  occur.  The  Squamari- 
aceae  in  general  have  a  horizontally  expanded  crustaceous  thallus,  often  more 
or  less  calcified.  They  may  usually  be  distinguished  superficially  from  the 
crustaceous  forms  of  the  Corallinaceae  by  the  lighter  calcification,  the  deeper 
red  or  yellowish  color,  the  more  obvious  margins,  and  by  the  absence  of  definite 
cavities  or  conceptacles  in  which  the  reproductive  organs  occur,  such  organs 
being  either  scattered  or  aggregated  in  superficial  sori  or  nemathecia. 

Family  CORALLINACEAE. 

The  members  of  this  family  show  a  great  variety  in  outward  form,  but  the 
known  Bermudian  representatives  of  the   family  agree  in  having  a  strongly 


CORALLIXACEAE.  537 

calcified  thallus — often  so  hard  and  rook-like  as  to  cause  them  to  be  over- 
looked by  the  uninitiated  botanical  collector  as  being  simply  "calcareous  con- 
cretions" or  at  least  as  not  belonging  to  the  plant  kingdom.  For  the  proper 
collection  of  many  of  the  crustaceous  forms,  one  needs  to  be  equipped  with  a 
hammer  and  chisel,  a  fact  that  accounts  in  a  measure  for  the  poor  representa- 
tion of  this  family  of  plants  even  in  most  of  the  larger  herbaria.  In  tho  genera 
Amphiroa  and  Corallina,  the  plant  body  is  erect  and  regularly  jointed;  in  the 
other  Bermudian  genera  it  is  wholly  unjointed  and  may  be  horizontally  ex- 
panded and  crustaceous,  or  lifted  into  dome-like  or  tuberdike  elevations,  or  may 
be  erect,  subterete,  ramose,  and  shrub-like.  In  our  forms  the  reproductive 
bodies  occur  in  special  cavities  or  conceptacles,  appearing  usually  as  dome- 
shaped  or  mammilliform  superficial  elevations  visible  to  the  unaided  eye. 

Lithothamnium  syntrophicum  Fosl.  forms  firmly  attached  crusts  ^-^  of  a 
line  thick  and  an  inch  or  more  in  diameter  on  stones-,  pebbles,  and  various 
calcareous  objects  at  various  depths.  Its  surface  is  commonly  roughened  by 
following  closely  the  inequalities  of  the  substratum  and  it  may  in  addition 
develop  small  irregular  nodules  of  its  own.  A  radio-vertical  section  shows 
minute  cells  in  obvious  vertical  rows,  but  with  little  or  no  suggestion  of  hori- 
zontal stratification.  The  tetrasporangial  conceptacles  are  depressed,  hemi- 
spheric, or  somewhat  irregular,  about  i-i  of  a  line  in  diameter,  and  as  in  other 
members  of  the  genus,  their  roofs  soon  show  numerous  small  ostioles,  suggest- 
ing the  cover  of  a  pepper-box.  The  tetrasporangia  are  zonately  4-divided. 
The  type  of  the  species  was  from  Bermuda,  where  it  was  first  collected  by 
Farlow.     Harrington  Sound    {Howe). 

Lithothamnium  mesomorphum  Fosl.  forms  thin,  fragile,  partially  at- 
tached, irregularly  lobed  and  proliferous  crusts  ^-2  inches  broad,  and  i-^  of  a 
line  thick,  the  lobes  or  proliferations  semiorbicular  or  irregular  ami  loosely 
imbricate.  Easily  distinguished  from  the  foregoing  by  its  partly  detache<l, 
lobed  or  proliferous,  and  imbricate  habit  of  growth.  Type  from  Bermuda 
{Farlow). 

Lithothamnium  incertum  Fosl.  has  a  crustaceous  base  that  adheres  closely 
to  rocks  1-4  ft.  below  the  low-tide  line  in  normally  agitated  water,  but  it  soon 
develops  erect  ramified  anastomosing  usually  flattened  branches,  often  forming 
compact  even-topped,  sometimes  subhemispheric  cushions  1-2  inches  high  anti 
3-6  inches  broad.  The  crowded  terminal  branches  are  occasionally  subterete 
and  |-f  of  a  line  in  diameter,  but  are  more  often  decidedly  flattened  and  one 
line  or  more  broad,  and  the  branching  commonly  shows  a  tendency  to  be  con- 
fined to  the  plane  of  flattening.  The  conceptacles  appear  externally  near  the 
ends  of  the  branches,  especially  the  more  flattened  ones,  as  crowded  depressed- 
hemispheric  elevations  \-\  of  a  line  in  diameter.  A  radio-longitudinal  or 
transverse  section  after  decalcification  shows  a  pseudoparenchymatoua  struc- 
ture, with  the  thin-walled  cells  in  obvious  strata.  The  general  texture  is  rather 
delicate  and  the  gases  liberated  in  the  process  of  decalcification  commonly  tear 
irregular  lacunae  in  the  tissues.  Type  from  Bermuda  {Farlow).  Red  Bay, 
St.  David's  Island  {Howe). 


538  CORALLINACEAE. 

Lithothamnium  Ungeri  Kjellm.  has  been  reported  from  the  Challenger  Bank  by 
H.  B.  Bigelow  (Proc.  Am.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sci.  40:  587.  1905),  but  the  type  of  this 
species  was  from  Norway  and  its  occurrence  in  Bermuda  is  improbable. 

Melobesia  farinosa  Lamour.  forms  thin,  delicate,  whitish,  suborbicular, 
calcareous  crusts  a  line  or  less  broad  (but  often  confluent)  on  various  algae, 
such  as  Padina,  Dictyota,  Sargassum,  etc.  The  crusts  in  sterile  parts  consist 
of  only  a  single  layer  of  cells.  The  minute  hemispheric  conceptacles  are  ^^x~tt 
of  a  line  broad,  are  often  crowded,  and  show  a  single  central  ostiole. 

Melobesia  bermudensis  FosL,  a  species  known  to  the  writer  from  descrip- 
tion only,  is  said  to  form  crusts  of  irregular  outline  and  indefinite  size  on 
limestone.  The  primary  crusts  consist  of  a  single  layer  of  cells  and  are  about 
yL.  of  a  line  thick,  but  often  one  crust  overgrows  another  until  five  or  six  may 
be  superposed,  with  a  thickness  of  y^  of  a  line,  a  habit  not  exhibited  by  M. 
farinosa.     Bermuda    (Farlow)  •    apparently  endemic. 

Lithophyllum  pustulatum  (Lamour.)  Fosl.  is  found  in  situations  similar 
to  those  favored  by  Melobesia  farinosa,  which  it  often  accompanies  and  some- 
what resembles.  It  has,  however,  a  larger,  thicker,  firmer  thallus  and  larger 
conceptacles,  the  thalli  being  1-5  lines  broad  and  the  mammilliform  concep- 
tacles \-^  of  a  line  in  diameter. 

Lithophyllum  bermudense  Fosl.  &  Howe,  forms  crusts  i-1  line  thick  on 
calcareous  pebbles,  showing  occasional  wart-like  excrescences,  most  of  which 
are  caused  by  its  following  the  inequalities  of  the  substratum.  With  occa- 
sional foreign. inclusions  and  its  own  older  strata  it  becomes  4  lines  thick  in 
places.  A  vertical  section  of  decalcified  material  shows  numerous  (usually 
30-40)  layers  of  mostly  ellipsoidal  and  vertically  elongate  cells  (1-6  times  as 
high  as  broad),  which  are  arranged  in  regular  horizontal  strata  as  well  as  in 
vertical  rows.  The  conceptacles  are  little  prominent  and  are  ^— y  of  a  line  in 
diameter.     Type  from  Spanish  Point   (Hoive). 

Goniolithon  decutescens  (Heyd.)  Fosl.  in  litt.  (GJ  spectabile  Fosl.)  is 
a  frutescent  much  branched  plant,  forming  depressed-liemispheric  cushions  2-5 
inches  high  and  5-12  inches  broad,  light  rose-red  in  younger  parts  when  living, 
soon  decolorate  or  chalky  white  after  collection.  Its  branches  are  terete  or 
subterete,  mostly  4-1  line  in  diameter,  crowded,  subfastigiate,  mostly  some- 
what curved,  intertangled  and  much  anastomosed,  especially  in  the  lower  parts. 
Originally,  there  is  a  horizontal  basal  crust  from  which  the  first  erect  or  sub- 
erect  branches  arise  and  by  which  it  is  attached,  but  this  soon  becomes  over- 
grown and  inconspicuous  and  is  often  not  shown  in  specimens  as  ordinarily 
collected.  Plants  or  fragments  of  plants  primarily  attached  may  also  become 
free  and  undergo  further  development  in  an  unattached  condition.  A  thin 
translucent  cuticle  is  often  irregularly  exfoliated,  a  character  that  suggested 
the  first-published  specific  name.  A  radio-longitudinal  section"  of  a  decalcified 
branch  shows  rather  firm-walled  cells  in  erecto-patent  outwardly  curved  rows, 
those  of  the  medullary  region  about  twice  as  long  as  broad  and  in  rather 
obvious  arcuate  strata.  Conceptacles,  which  are  infrequent,  occur  near  the 
tips  of  the  branches,  and  are  hemispheric,  mammiform,  or  conic-mammiform. 


CORALLIXACEAE.  539 

and  about  i  line  broad  and   high.     Type   from   Bermuda    (Farlou).     In   .3-G 
feet  of  water  at  Tucker's  Island   (Howe). 

Goniolithon  intermediHim  Fosl.  (type  from  Bermuda,  IV  ads  worth)  differs 
from  the  foregoing  chiefly  in  its  erect,  nearly  straight  and  fastigiate  upper 
branches.  In  habit  it  is  somewhat  intermediate  between  G.  dccntescens  and 
G.  strictum  Fosl.  (type  from  Florida).  The  G.  decutescens-G.  stricium  group 
is  widely  and  numerously  represented  in  the  West  Indian  region  and  while  the 
plants  show  great  variety  in  form  and  size,  specific  limits,  if  they  exist,  are 
very  difficult  to  define.  Furthermore,  the  plants  of  this  group  sometimes 
make  a  close  approach  to  the  earlier-published  Gonwliihon  frutescens  Fosl. 
from  the  South  Pacific. 

Amphiroa  fragilissima  Lamour.  In  both  Amphiroa  and  Cnrallina,  the 
plant-body  is  more  or  less  regularly  and  distinctly  jointed,  terete  or  flattened, 
and  di-(tri-)chotomously  or  pinnately  branched.  In  Corallina,  the  concep- 
tacles  are  terminal;  in  Amphiroa,  they  are  lateral,  on  the  faces  of  the  seg- 
ments. Amphiroa  fragilissima,  as  currently  interpreted,  has  a  very  fragile, 
terete,  repeatedly  dichotomous  thallus,  forming  loose  or  rather  compact 
cushions  1-3  inches  high  and  sometimes  one  foot  or  more  wide.  The  segments 
are  mostly  y^-^-}  of  a  line  in  diameter  and  are  4-10  times  as  long  as  broad; 
they  often  show  annular,  discoid,  or  genicular  enlargements  at  the  no<les.  The 
branches  sometimes  taper  a  little  towards  the  extremities,  but  the  segments  are 
commonly  of  a  nearly  uniform  diameter  throughout  the  plant.  (Phyc.  Bor.- 
Am.  S198  and  S199).  The  name  of  the  present  species  goes  back  to  Corallina 
fragilissima  L.  (Syst.  Nat.  1:  806.  1758— ed.  10),  which  is  base.l  essentially 
on  a  Jamaican  plant  figured  by  Hans  Sloane  (Hist.  Jam.  pi.  20.  f.  5)— a  plant, 
that,  so  far  as  may  be  judged  from  the  description  and  figure,  might  as  well 
be  a  condition  of  Corallina  ruhens.  Gmelin  (Syst.  Nat.  1:  3840.  1788)  modi- 
fied and  probably  changed  completely  the  Linnaean  conception  of  the  species, 
substituting  another  description  and  figure  of  Sloane 's  for  those  cited  by 
Linnaeus,  and  this  modified  conception  of  the  species  is  the  one  that  has  been 
adopted  by  Lamouroux  and  subsequent  writers.  The  genus  Amphiroa  is 
probably  represented  in  Bermuda  by  two  or  three  species,  but  their  delimita- 
tion and  correct  naming,  as  is  also  true  of  the  species  of  Corallinn,  awaits  a 
more  critical  study  of  their  comparative  anatomy  and  of  the  pertinent  historic 
types. 

Corallina  rubens  L.  is  a  name  in  current  use  for  a  delicate,  jointed, 
dichotomo-fastigiate  plant  that  forms  dense  pale  red  tufts  or  mats  ^-U  inches 
high  on  rocks  or  on  stalks  of  Sargassnm  near  the  low-water  mark.  The  seg- 
ments are  terete  throughout  or  slightly  flattened  under  the  dichotomies,  A-yV 
of  a  line  in  diameter,  mostly  3-5  times  as  long  as  broad,  the  apical  often 
taper-pointed.  The  rather  infrequent  terminal  conceptacles  are  somewhat  flat- 
tened urn-shaped,  the  shoulders  often  produced  into  a  pair  of  horn-like  or 
antenna-like  branches.      (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  2200.) 

CoraUina  pumila  (Lamour.)  Kiitz.  is  a  name  that  has  boon  adopted  by 
Collins  for  a  minute  coralline  that  forms  tufts  a  little  more  than  a  line  high 


540  CORALLINACEAE. 

on  the  fronds  of  Zonaria  sonalis  along  the  South  Shore  (Phyc.  Bor.-Am.  1950). 
Its  filaments  are  only  2  or  3  times  dichotomous  and  5-7  segments  long.  Its 
segments  are  3-4  times  as  long  as  broad  and  have  about  the  same  diameter  as 
those  of  C  ruhens.  The  abundant  conceptacles  vary  in  form  from  turbinate 
and  flattened  urn-shaped  to  fusiform-clavate  and  are  Tu-f  of  a  line  long.  The 
type  of  the  species  grew  on  Turbinaria  in  the  Eed  Sea. 

Sub-class  BACILLARIEAE   (DIATOMEAE). 

This  sharply  defined  group  of  minute  organisms  is  of  uncer- 
tain affinities.  By  some  writers  it  is  included  under  the  class 
Algae ;  by  others,  it  is  excluded.  If  included,  it  is  here  treated 
in  a  rather  unnatural  sequence.  However,  a  few  words  in  regard 
to  the  group  may  be  here  appended. 

The  Diatoms  are  microscopic  one-celled  organisms  that  con- 
tain in  addition  to  chlorophyl  a  brown  pigment  related  to  that 
found  in  the  Phaeophyceae,  though  not  identical  with  it.  The 
enclosing  wall  consists  of  two  separable  nearly  equal  parts,  the 
valves,  one  of  which  fits  closely  inside  the  other.  The  wall  is 
permeated  with  silica,  which  renders  the  valves  almost  imperish- 
able, so  that  the  Diatoms  are  abundantly  preserved  as  fossils. 
In  most  Diatoms  the  wall  is  regularly  and  beautifully  marked 
with  pits,  meshes,  ridges,  and  furrows  of  various  degrees  of 
delicacy.  The  Diatoms  are  very  widely  distributed,  inhabiting 
salt,  fresh,  and  brackish  water,  and  moist  spots  on  the  dry  land. 
They  may  float  free  at  the  surface,  lie  more  or  less  free  at  the 
bottom,  or  may  be  attached  to  the  larger  algae  or  other  aquatic  ob- 
jects. Some  species  are  solitary  in  habit  of  life ;  others  are  associated 
in  colonies,  which  maj^  be  ribbon-like,  thread-like,  or  zigzag,  or 
may  sometimes  form  branching  gelatinous  filaments  imitating 
an  Ectocarpus  or  other  filamentous  brown  algae.  Many  of  the 
free-living  forms  have  the  power  of  slow,  irregular,  spontaneous 
locomotion  when  in  contact  with  a  solid  substratum. 

The  Diatoms  are,  as  remarked,  siliceous  organisms  and  they 
do  not  appear  to  be  particularly  abundant  in  calcareous  seas  like 
that  washing  the  shores  of  Bermuda.  However,  they  seem  to 
have  been  little  collected  and  studied  in  this  region.  So  far  as 
known  to  the  writer,  only  sixteen  species  of  Diatoms  have  been 
attributed  to  Bermuda.  Most  of  these  are  listed  in  the  papers 
cited  in  the  Bibliography  under  O'Meara  and  Castracane.  The 
type  of  Navicula  Janischii  Castr.,  now  considered  a  form  of 
Dictyoneis  marginata  (Lewis)  Cleve,  was  from  Bermuda. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

General  works  and  papers  containing  scattered  references  to  Bermuda 
plants  are  not  included  in  this  bibliography,  nor  are  articles  dealing  with 
single  species  only;  the  latter  are  referred  to  under  the  species  concerned. 

Anonymous.     Gardens  of  Bermuda.     (Gard.  &  For.  4:  254.     1S91.) 

A.nonymous.     Bermuda  in  May.      (Gard.  &  For.  4:  2(52-20:^.     1S91.) 

Anonymous.     Chief  Fruits  grown  in  Bermuda.     (Kew  Bull.   1888:   210, 

217.     1888.) 

List  and  remarks. 
Berkeley,  M.  J,     Enumeration  of  Fungi  collected  during  the  Exi^edition  of 

H.  M.  S.  Challenger  February-August,  1873.      (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14: 

350-354.     1874.     15:48-53.     1876.) 

Includes  23  species  from  Bermuda. 
Britten,  E.  G.     Mosses  of  Bermuda.     (Bull.  Torr.  Club  42 :  71-76.     1915.) 

Enumeration  of  28  species,  Syrrhopodon  floridanu^  and  BhacopUum 
tomentosum  illustrated. 
Britten,   N.   L.     Bermuda   in   September.     (Journ.   N.   Y.   Bot.   Gard.   6: 

153-158,  pis.  29,  30'.     1905.) 

Report  of  botanical  obser^-ations  and  collecting. 
Britten,  N.  L.     Botanical  Exploration  in  Bermuda.      (Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot. 

Gard.  13:  189-194.     1912.) 

Report  on  collections  made,  with  a  list  of  the  endemic  species,  and 

discussion  of  the  origin  of  the  flora. 

Britten,  N,  L.     Gardens  of  Bermuda.      (Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  14:  172- 

176.     1913.) 

Account  of  public  and  private  gardens  with  notes  on  cultivated  phints. 

Britten.    N.    L.     Record    of   Visit   to    Bermuda    in    the    Spring    oi    Vm. 

(Journ.  N.  Y.  Bot.  Gard.  15:  148.     1914.) 
Brown,  Stewardson.     Notes  on  the  Flora  of  the  BcM-nuulas.     ( Proc  Acad. 

Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1909:  486-494.     1910.) 

Remarks  on  habitat  and  records  of  localities  of  many  species;  Vep- 
eromia  septentrionalis  and  Chiococca  hermudiava  described  as  new. 
Brown,  W.  R.     Bermuda's  Little  Trees.      (American  F..restry  21 :  1S(>-197. 

Illustrated.     1915.) 


542  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Castracane,  Francesco.  Report  on  the  Diatomaceae  collected  by  H.  M.  S. 
Challenger  during  the  years  1873-1876.  (Rep.  Voy.  Challenger  2\ 
1886.) 

Collins,  F.  S.,  and  Howe,  M.  A.     Notes  on  Species  of  Halymenia.     (Bull. 
Torr.  Club  43:  169-182.     1916.) 
Three  Bermuda  species  described  as  new. 

Collins,  F.  S.,  and  Hervey,  A.  B.     The  Algae  of  Bermuda.     (Proc.  Amer. 
Acad.  Arts  &  Sci.  53:  1-195,  pis.  1-6.     1917.) 
Annotated  list  of  the  known  species. 

Coulter,  S.  M.     Swamps  of  the  Bermudas.     (Ann.  Rep.  Mo.  Bot.  Gard. 
15:  62-64.     1904.) 
Description  of  swamp  and  marsh  vegetation. 

Crombie,  J.  M.  The  Lichens  of  the  Challenger  Expedition  with  a  Revision 
of  those  enumerated  by  Dr.  J.  Stirton.  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  16:  211- 
231.     1877.) 

Includes  a  list  of  28  species  from  Bermuda,  several  described  as  new ; 
one  added  in  a  supplementary  paper  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  20:  83.     1883.) 

Dickie,  George.  [Marine  Algae  of  Bermuda.]  (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14: 
313-316.     1874.) 

Determinations  of  44  species  collected  by  Mr.  H.  N.  Moseley,  of  the 
Challenger  Expedition. 

Dickie,  George.     Supplemental  Notes  on  Algae  collected  by  H.  N.  Mose- 
ley, M.A.,  of  H.  M.  S.   Challenger  from  various  localities.     (Journ. 
Linn.    Soc.   15:   486-489.     1877.) 
Record  of  12  species  from  Bermuda. 

Evans,  A.  W.     The  Hepaticae  of  Bermuda.     (Bull.  Torr.  Club  33:  129- 
134.     1906.) 
Enumeration  of  23  species. 

Foslie,  M.  New  Melobesieae.  (K.  Vidensk.  Selsk.  Skr.  1900^:  1-24. 
1901.) 

Five  species  and  one  variety  of  coralline  algae  from  Bermuda  are 
described  as  new. 

Gilbert,  B.  D.     Revision  of  the  Bermuda  Ferns.     (Bull.  Torr.  Club  25: 
593-604.     1898.) 
Notes  upon  25  species  and  varieties. 

Grisebach,  A.  H.  R.     Flora  of  the  British  West  Indies.     (8vo,  pp.  789. 
London  1859-1864.) 
Contains  records  of  17  species  from  Bermuda. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  543 

Harshberger,  J.  W.     Algal  Stalactites  in  P,eniiuda.     (Torreva  14:  19;3- 
197.     1914,) 

Identifications  of  four  species  of  blue-green  algae  found  on  stalactites 
in  Devil's  Hole. 

Harshberger,    J.    W.     The    Plant   Formations   of   the    Bennuda    Islands. 
(Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phila.  1905 :  695-700.) 
The  first  ecological  study  of  the  flora. 

Hemsley,  W.  B.     Bermuda  Plants  in  the  Sloane  Collection.     (Joum.  Bot. 

21:  257-261,  pi.  239.     1883.) 

Notes  on  a  few  specimens  collected  by  J.  Dickenson  in  1699,  i)re- 
served  in  the  Sloane  Herbarium  at  the  British  Museum  of  Natural 
History. 

Hemsley,  W.  B.     Report  on  the  Botany  of  the  Bermudas.     (Rep.  Voyage 
Challenger  1^ :  1-135,  pis.  1-13.     1884.     See  also  Introduction,  same 
work,  48,  49.) 
A  general  description  of  the  islands  and  of  their  vegetation,  with  lists 

of  335  species  of  flowering  plants  and  ferns,  14  mosses,  45  lichens.  24 

fungi  and  132  algae. 

Hemsley,  W.  B.     The  Bermudas.     (Gard.  Chron.  53:  367,  368;  431,  432. 
1883.) 
An  account  of  the  cultivated  and  wild  plants. 

Hemsley,  W.  B.     The  Botany  of  the  Challenger  Expedition.     (Nature  27: 

462-463.     1883.) 
Hemsley,   W.   B.     Two   New  Benuudan   Plants.     (Journ.   Bot.   21:    104. 

105.     1883.) 

Erigeron  Darrcllianus  and  Stat  ice  Lcfroyi. 

Hinson,  H.  J.     Catalogue  of  Plants  growing  in  Bermuda,  both  wild  and 
cultivated,  collected  from  a  List  in  the  Public  Librar>'  compiled  by 
Sir  John  H.  Lefroy  and  other  sources.      (Beniuida  Pocket  Almanack 
1878:  113-126;  1879:  114-127;  1880:  145-158;  1881:  132-145.) 
Lists  of  about  560  species. 

Howe,  M.  A.     Botanizing  in  Bermuda.      (Plant   Woi-ld   4:    101-104.  pis. 
4,  5.     1901.) 

Howe,  M.  A.     Notes  on  American  Hepaticae.      (Bull.  Torr.  Clnl)  29:  2S1- 
289.     1902.) 
Includes  three  species  from  Bennuda. 

Howe,  M.  A.     Observations  on  the  Algal  Genera  Aciculnnn  and  Acetabu- 
lum.    (Bull.  Torr.  Club  28:   321-334.     1901.) 
Two  species  from  Bermuda  are  described  and  iUust rated. 


644  BIBLIOGRAPHY. 

Hunter,  Robert.     Bermudan  Ferns.     (Journ.  Bot.  15:  367.     1877.) 
Ten  species  are  enumerated. 

Jones,  J.  M.     The  Naturalist  in  Bermuda.     (Small  8  vo,  pp.  xii  +  200. 
London  1859.) 
The  chapter  on  botany  (pp.  131-143)  mentions  about  75  species. 

Jones,  J.  M.     On  the  Vegetation  of  the  Bermudas.     (Proc.  &  Trans.  Nova 
Scotian  Inst.  Nat.  Sci.  3:  237-280.     1873.) 

Brief  description  of  the  islands  with  a  list  of  about  461  species, 
many  determined  only  generically. 

Jones,  J.  M.     The  Visitor's  Guide  to  Bermuda.     (12  mo,  pp.  xii  -f  9-156. 
London  and  New  York   [1876].) 
Botany  pp.  147-152. 

Kemp,  A.   F.     Notes  on  the  Bermudas  and  their  Natural  History,  with 
special  reference  to  their  Marine  Algae.     ( Can.  Nat.  &  Geol.  2 :  145- 
156.     1857.) 
Catalogues  about  70  species  of  seaweeds. 

Kemp,  J.  F.     Notes  on  the  Winter  Flora  of  Bermuda.     (Bull.  Torr.  Club 
12:  45-48.     1885.) 

Description  of  geological  and  climatological  features,  and  a  list  of  62 
species  collected. 

Kriimmel,   Otto.     Vier  Tage  auf  Bermudas.     (Plankton  Expedition   der 
Humboldt-Stiftung  1^:  80-104.     1892.) 
Contains  a  chapter  on  the  vegetation. 

Lane,  A.  W.      [Manuscript  List  of  Bermuda  Plants,  1845.] 

This  manuscript,  listing  127  species,  mentioned  by  Lefroy  (Bull.  U.  S. 
Nat.  Mus.  25:  45)  as  in  the  Public  Library,  Hamilton,  was  not  to  be 
found  there  in  September  1912,  as  I  was  then  told  by  Mr.  Frith,  Libra- 
rian.   Mr.  Hemsley  used  a  copy,  sent  to  Kew. 

Lefroy,  J.  H.     First  List  of  the  principal  Fruit  or  Flowering  Trees,  Shrubs 
and  Plants  growing  in  the  Bermudas.     (Folio,  privately  printed  1872.) 
Made  for  Governor  Lefroy  by  the  late  Mr.   Perot  in  1871.     Copy 
annotated  by  Lefroy,  seen  in  Public  Library,  Hamilton  in  1912. 

Lefroy,  J.  H.     List  of  Plants  grown  in  Bermuda.     (Folio,  pp.  16,  printed 
1873.) 
Alphabetical  list  with  notes  of  localities. 

Lefroy,  J.  H.     The  Botany  of  Bermuda.     (Bull.  U.  S.  Nat.  Mus.  25:  33- 
141.     1884.) 
List  of  about  780  species,  with  annotations. 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  546 

Massee,  George.     Fungi  Exotiei.     (Kew  Bull.  1898:  VXl  134.) 

Four  species  enumerated  from  Bermuda. 
Michaux,   F.  A.     Notice  sur  les  Isles  Bermudes  et    i)arliculi('rempnl   sur 
risle    Saint    Georges.      (Ann.    Mus.    Hist.    Nat.    Paris    8:    ;}:)G-:Uv4. 
1806.) 

A  record  of  observations  made  while  a  prisoner,  with  special  refer- 
ence to  Juniperus  hermudiana. 
Millspaugh,    C.    F.     Plantae    Utowanae.     Plants    collected    in    Bemiuda, 
Porto  Rico,  St.  Thomas,  Culebras,  Santo  Domingo,  Jamaica,  Cuba, 
The  Caymans,  Cozumel,  Yucatan  and  The  Alacran  Shoals,  Dec.  1S9S 
to  Mar.  1899.     (Field  Mus.  Bot.  Ser.  2:  1-110.     1900.) 
Records  of  about  140  Bermuda  species. 
Mitten,  William.     The  Musci  and  Hepaticae  collected  by  li.  N.  Moseley, 
M.A.,  Naturalist  to  H.   M.    S.   Challenger.      (Journ.   T.inn.    Soc.   15: 
59-73.     1876.) 

Six  mosses  and  five  hepatics  listed. 
Moore,   A.  H.     A  List  of  Plants  collected   in  Bermuda   in   1905.     (8vo, 
pp.  22,  pis.  1-3.     Cambridge,  Massachusetts,  1906. ) 
Introductory    note    and    enumeration   of   221    species    of    native    and 
naturalized  plants,  including  descriptions  of  Bynchospora  domwuccnsis 
and  Elaeodendron  Laneanum. 
.  Moseley,   H.   N.     Notes  on   the   Vegetation   of  Bermuda.     (Journ.   Linn. 
Soc'  14-  317-321.     1874.     See  also  Journ.  Bot.  11:  350.     1873.) 
A    general    account    of    the    vegetation.     [See    Hardwicke's    Science 
Gossip  10:  44.     1874.] 
Moseley,  H.  N.     On  the  Marine  Algae  of  St.  Thomas  and  the  Bermuda?, 
and  on  HalopJiila  Baillonis  Asch.      (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  311-31/. 
1874.) 
O'Meara,  E.     Notes  on  Bermuda  Diatoms.      (Quart.  Journ.  Micr.  Sci.  IT. 

14:  316.     1894.  ,      ,,  a     n        . 

Enumerates   12   species   dredged   in    31   fathoms   on    the   "Southwest 

Bank  "  by  the  Challenger  Expedition. 

Petiver,  James.     Musei  Petiveriani.     (Sm.  8vo,  pp.  93  +  [iii]-     I^ondon 

1695-1703.)  ,       ,     .    * 

In  "  Centuria  Octava,"  p.  80,  records  receiving  Bemuula  plants  fron. 
John  Dickenson,  probably  the  earliest  reference  to  Bermuda  Botany. 
Reade,   0.   A.     Additions  to   Catalogue  of  P^-^s  giwii..   in   Bennuda. 
(Bermuda  Pocket  Almanack  1880:  177-180;  1881:   140-149.) 
List  of  167  species,  additional  to  Dr.  Hinson's  list  in  the  same  volume. 


546  BIBLIOGEAPHY. 

Reade,   0.  A.     Plants  of  the  Bermudas  or  Somers'  Islands.      (8vo.  pp. 

112  -f  vii.     Hamilton,  Bermuda,  1885.) 

The  only  descriptive  flora  of  Bermuda  heretofore  published,  including 
about  150  species  of  native  and  naturalized  plants,  with  notes  on  those 
in  cultivation.  The  first  cover-page  bears  the  date  1885;  the  title-page 
1883. 

Rein,  J.  J.  Ueber  die  Vegetations  Verhaltnisse  der  Bermudas  Inseln. 
(Ber.  Senckenb.  Nat.  Gesell.  Frankfurt  am  Main  1872-1873:  131- 
153.     1873.) 

A  descriptive  account  of  the  islands,  with  lists  of  128  species  of 
flowering  plants  and  of  109  species  of  marine  algae. 

Riddle,  L.  W.     The  Lichens  of  Bermuda.     (Bull.   Torr.   Club  43:   145- 
160.     1916.) 
Enumerates  about  80  species,  7  described  as  new. 

Rugg,  H.  G.  Random  Notes  on  Bermuda  Ferns.  (Am.  Fern  Journ.  2: 
16-18.     1912.) 

Seaver,   F.   J.     Bermuda  Fungi.     (Mem.  N.  Y.  Bot.   Gard.   6:   501-51]. 
1916.) 
Enumeration,  with  habitats,  of  about  120  species,  4  described  as  new. 

Small,  H.  B.     Vegetation  in  the  Bermudas.     (Ottawa  Nat.  12:  101-104, 
109-114,  153-157.     1898.) 
Remarks  upon  trees,  flowering  shrubs,  plants  and  flowers. 

Small,  H.  B.     The  Botany  of  Bermuda.     (Bermuda  Colonist  36:  Feb.  13, 
16,  20,  23,  27,  Mar.  2,  6,  9,  1901.     Reprinted,  somewhat  modified,  as 
Botany  of  Bermuda,  12mo,  pp.  56.     1901.) 
Introduction,  and  popular  accounts  of  wild  and  cultivated  plants. 

Small,  H.  B.     Botany  of  the  Bermudas.     (Small  8vo,  pp.  85,  Hamilton, 
1913. 
A  revision  and  rearrangement  of  his  previous  work. 

Small,   H.  B.,   and  Bushell,   J.   J.     [Plants  of  Bermuda.]     In  Bushell's 
Handbook  of  Bermuda,  8vo,  Bermuda  1899,  pp.  60-69. 
Notes  on   conspicuous  species. 

Stirton,  James.     Enumeration  of  the  Lichens  collected  by  H.  N.  Moseley, 
naturalist   to   H.   M.    S.   Challenger,   in   the   Islands  of  the   Atlantic 
Ocean.     (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  14:  336-375.     1874.) 
Includes  25  species  from  Bermuda. 

Stirton,  James.  Remarks  on  Mr.  Crombie's  Paper  on  the  Challenger 
Lichens.     (Journ.  Linn.  Soc.  17:  154,  155.     1878.) 


BIBLIOGRAPHY.  547 

Verrill,  A.  E.     The  Bermuda  Islands.     (8vo,  pp.  x  +  548.     New  Haven, 
1902.) 
Contains  much  botanical  information. 

Verrill,  A.  E.     The  Bermuda  Islands:  their  Scenery,  Physioirraphy,  Nat- 
ural History  and  Geology;  with  Sketches  of  their  early  History  and 
the  Changes  due  to  Man.     (Proc.  Conn.  Acad.  Arts  &  Sci.  11^:  1- 
956.     1901-2.) 
Contains  much  botanical  information. 

PRINCIPAL  BOTANICAL  COLLECTIONS  MADE  IN 
BERMUDA. 

1.  Dickenson,  J.     The  oldest  botanical  specimens  collected  in  Bermuda 

are  those  of  John  Dickenson,  obtained  about  1699,  and  preser\'ed 
in  the  Sloane  collection  in  the  herbarium  of  the  British  Museum  of 
Natural  History,  representing  12  species. 

2.  Lane,  A.  W.     A  collection  of  somewhat  over  100  species  was  made 

by  Lane  prior  to  1845,  and  is  preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the 
Royal  Gardens  at  Kew. 

3.  Holton,    I.    F.     Holton,   who   collected   extensively   in    Colombia   and 

elsewhere  in  tropical  America,  touched  at  Benuuda  in  1S54  and  col- 
lected some  botanical  specimens,  which  are  preserved  in  the  Torrey 
Herbarium  of  Columbia  University  and  in  the  Kew  Herbarium. 

4.  Kemp,  A.  F.     As  a  student  of  algae,  Kemp  visited  Bennuda  in  1856 

and  made  considerable  collections,  which  are  preserved  in  his  pri- 
vate herbarium,  which  is  still  in  the  possession  of  his  family. 

5.  Jones,  J.  M.     As  an  all  around  naturalist,  Jones  made  zoological  col- 

lections in  Bermuda  prior  to  1859,  and  subsequently  established  a 
museum  for  these  and  his  other  collections  at  Halifax.  Although 
an  author  of  three  somewhat  extensive  papers  on  the  Botany.  I  have 
not  been  able  to  ascertain  if  his  collections  are  ]>reserved.  They  are 
not  now  in  the  Provincial  Museum  of  Halifax.  It  is  jiossible  tlint 
he  made  no  botanical  collections. 

6.  Rein,  J.  J.    Rein  was  a  tutor  of  the  son  of  Governor  Ord  in  Bornuida 

during  at  least  parts  of  the  period  between  1861  and  1863.  at  which 
time  he  made  a  considerable  collection,  both  of  land  plants  and  of 
algae;  the  specimens  of  land  plants  collected  by  him  are  presen-ed 
in  the  University  of  Goettingen  and  a  set  of  duplicates  at  the 
Berlin  Botanical  Museum.  His  collections  of  algae  are  presen'ed 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  Senckenberg  Society  at  Frankfurt.  Ger- 
many, and  there  is  a  set  of  them  in  the  Dublin  Botanical  Garden 
and  some  in  the  Berlin  Botanical  IMuseum. 


548  COLLECTIONS. 

7.  Moseley,  H.  N.     Serving  as  naturalist  of  the  Challenger  Expedition, 

1872-1876,  Moseley  collected  extensively  in  Bermuda  in  1873;  his 
specimens  are  to  be  found  in  the  Kew  Herbarium  and  in  the  her- 
barium of  the  British  Museum  of  Natural  History. 

8.  Lefroy,  J.  H.     During  the  period  between  1871  and  1877,  Lefroy  was 

Governor  of  Bermuda;  he  made  large  botanical  collections,  most  of 
which  are  jDreserved  in  the  Kew  Herbarium,  and  there  are  some  of 
his  specimens  in  the  Gray  Herbarium  of  Harvard  University. 

9.  Reade,  0.  A.     Reade  was  pharmacist  at  the  Naval  Hospital  about  the 

year  1880,  and  made  botanical  collections;  a  few  of  his  specimens 
are  to  be  found  in  the  Kew  Herbarium  and  a  few  of  his  ferns  are 
in  the  Underwood  Fern  Herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden ;  presumably  his  collections  were  extensive,  as  his  "  Plants 
of  Bermuda,"  published  in  1883,  is  hitherto  the  only  descriptive 
flora  of  the  islands  printed;  I  have  been  unable  to  ascertain  if  his 
own  herbarium  still  exists. 

10.  Farlow,    W.    G-.     Extensive   collections,   mostly   of   cryptogams,   were 

made  in  Bermuda  by  Farlow  in  the  years  1880  and  1881,  and  these 
are  preserved  in  the  Crj^ptogamic  Herbarium  of  Harvard  Univer- 
sity, and  some  duplicates  are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden. 

11.  Kemp,  J.  F.     Especially  interested  in  geology,  Kemp  visited  Bermuda 

in  1885,  and  made  a  botanical  collection  of  50  species,  preserved  in 
the  herbarium  of  Columbia  University. 

12.  Gilbert,   B.   D.     A   diligent   student   of  ferns,   Gilbert   collected  these 

plants  particularly  in  Bermuda,  in  the  year  1898;  a  set  of  them  is 
preserved  in  the  Underwood  Fern  Herbarium  of  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden,  and  others  in  the  United  States  National  Museum 
and  in  the  Gray  Herbarium. 

13.  Millspaugh,  C.  F.     Accompanying  a  West  Indian  voyage  of  the  yacht 

"Utowana,"  in  the  winter  of  1898-99,  Millspaugh  touched  at  Ber- 
muda and  made  a  botanical  collection,  which  is  preserved  in  the 
herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History;  a  few  dupli- 
cates are  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

14.  Richards,  H.  M.     In  the  winter  of  1898  Richards  made  collections  of 

algae  and  other  plants,  preserved  at  Barnard  College,  and  at  other 
institutions. 

15.  Small,  H.  B.     A  resident  of  Bermuda  for  many  years,  and  author  of 

several  documents  on  its  flora,  Small  informed  me  in  1913  that  he 


COLLECTIONS.  549 

made  a  collection  of  several  hundred  specimens  prior  to  1900,  which 
was  sent  to  England. 

16.  Howe,   M.   A.     For  the   special   purpose   of  collecting;   and   sludyinp: 

algae,  How^e  visited  Bermuda  in  the -summer  of  1900;  he  obtained 
rich  collections  of  these  plants  and  also  many  land  cryptogams;  a 
complete  series  is  preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the  Xew  York 
Botanical  Garden  and  some  duplicates  'have  been  sent  to  students 
at  other  institutions. 

17.  Moore,  A.  H.     Moore  visited  Bermuda  in  the  summer  of  1905,  and 

collected  specimens  of  several  hundred  species,  which  were  added  to 
his  own  herbarium ;  there  is  a  partial  set  in  the  Gray  Herbarium ;  a 
few  duplicates  were  sent  to  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

18.  Brown,  S.,  and  Britton,  N.  L.     Through  cooperation  of  the  Academy 

of  Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia  and  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden,  aided  by  officials  of  the  Bermuda  Agricultural  Station,  col- 
lection and  study  of  the  Bermuda  flora  were  taken  up  in  1905,  and 
continued  at  intervals  up  to  1913.  Mrs.  Britton  was  a  member  of 
the  expedition  of  1905  and  of  one  in  the  summer  of  1912.  Brown 
made  collections  alone  during  the  winter  of  1908  and  in  the  spring 
of  1909.  During  a  second  trip  made  in  1912,  F.  J.  Seaver  was  a 
member  and  made  extensive  collections  of  fungi;  during  the  trip  of 
1913,  Peter  Bisset,  of  the  United  States  Department  of  Agriculture, 
aided  in  the  field  work.  The  collections  made  have  been  divided 
between  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden  and  the  Academy  of 
Natural  Sciences  of  Philadelphia;  partial  duplicate  sets  have  been 
sent  to  the  United  States  National  Museum,  to  the  Bermuda  Agri- 
cultural Station,  to  the  Gray  Herbarium  of  Harvard  University,  to 
the  Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  to  the  Royal  Gardens  at  Kew,  and 
to  the  herbarium  of  the  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History  and  a  few 
specimens  to  other  institutions. 

19.  Marble,  Delia  W.     In  1909,  Miss  Marble  made  collections  from  March 

to  May,  and  her  specimens  of  So  species  are  presented  in  the  her- 
barium of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden;  a  few  duplicates  have 
been  sent  to  other  institutions. 

20.  Harris,   T.  J.     During  1905  and  subsequent  years,  while  sending  as 

Superintendent  of  the  Agricultural  Station,  Han'is  collected  many 
botanical  specimens,  which  form  a  part  of  the  herbarium  of  the 
Station,  and  duplicates  w^re  sent  to  the  New  York  Botanical 
Garden. 


550  COLLECTIONS. 

21.  Flynn,  Nellie  F.     Mrs.  Flynn,  Treasurer  of  the  Vermont  Botanical 

Club,  made  a  collection  of  botanical  specimens  in  the  spring  of 
1910,  which  is  part  of  her  private  herbarium;  a  partial  set  of 
duplicates  is  preserved  in  the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botan- 
ical Garden. 

22.  Dodge,  B.  0.     For  mycological  studies,  Dodge  visited  Bermuda  in  the 

summer  of  1911,  accompanied  by  his  wife ;  they  obtained  specimens 
of  about  40  species  of  fungi,  which  are  preserved  in  the  herbaria  of 
Columbia  University  and  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden. 

23.  Stevens,  Miss  M.     The  herbarium  of  the  Bermuda  Agricultural  Sta- 

tion contains  a  collection  of  plants  made  by  Miss  M.  Stevens  in  the 
spring  of  1913. 

24.  Collins,  F.  S.,  and  Hervey,  A.  B.     During  recent  years,  both  Collins 

and  Hervey  have  spent  much  time  in  collecting  and  studying  Ber- 
muda plants,  more  especially  the  algae,  complete  collections  of  which 
are  preserved  in  their  herbaria,  and  there  is  a  nearly  complete  set  in 
the  herbarium  of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden;  the  land  plants 
collected  by  Collins  are  preserved  at  the  Gray  Herbarium  of  Har- 
vard University,  with  a  nearly  complete  set  at  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden. 

25.  Wortley,   E.   J.     During  recent  years,   while   serving  as   Director  of 

Agriculture,  Wortley  has  collected  botanical  specimens,  preserved 
in  the  herbarium  of  the  Agricultural  Station  and  at  the  New  York 
Botanical  Garden. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


Acaulescent.  With  stem  subterra- 
nean, or  nearly  so. 

Accumbent.  Cotyledons  with  mar- 
gins  folded   against   the  hypocotyl. 

Achene.  A  dry  one-seeded  indehis- 
cent  fruit  with  the  pericarp  tightly 
fitting  around  the  seed. 

Acicular.     Needle-shaped. 

Acuminate.  Gradually  tapering  to 
the   apex. 

Acute.     Sharp-pointed. 

Adnate.  An  organ  adhering  to  a 
contiguous  differing  one;  an  anther 
attached  longitudinally  to  the  end 
of  the  filament. 

Adventive.  Not  indigenous,  but  ap- 
parently   becoming   naturalized. 

Albumen.     See  Endosperm<. 

Alliaceous.  Onion-like,  in  aspect  or 
odor. 

Alopecuroid.      Eesembling    a    foxtail. 

Alternate.  Not  opposite;  with  a 
single  leaf  at  each  node. 

Alveolate.  Like  honeycomb;  closely 
pitted. 

Ament.  A  spike  of  imperfect  flow- 
ers subtended  by  scarious  bracts, 
as  in  the  willows. 

Amphibious.  At  times  inhabiting 
the  water. 

Amphitropous.  Term  applied  to  the 
partly   inverted   ovule. 

Amplexicaul.  Clasping  the  stem,  or 
other   axis. 

Anastomosing.  Connecting  so  as  to 
form   a   well-defined   network. 

Anatropous.  Applied  to  an  inverted 
ovule  with  the  micropyle  very  near 
the  hilum. 

Androgynous.  Flower-clusters  having 
staminate   and   pistillate   flowers. 

Angiospermous.  Pertaining  to  the 
Angiospermae ;  bearing  seeds  within 
a    pericarp.. 

Annulate.  Ring-shaped  or  showing 
rings. 

Anther.  The  part  of  the  stamen 
which  contains  the  pollen. 

Antherid  (Antheridium).  The  male 
organ  of  reproduction  in  Pterido- 
phyta,  Bryophyta  and  certain 
Fungi  and  Algae. 


Anthesis.     Period  of  flowering. 

Apetaloiis.     Without   a   corolla. 

Apical.  At  the  top,  or  referring  to 
the  top. 

Apiculate.  With  a  minute  pointed 
tip. 

Aplanospore.  A  non-motile  and  non- 
sexual cell,  formed  endogenously 
or  by  rejuvenescence  and  set  free 
for   propagation. 

Apothecium  (Apothecia).  The  disk- 
shaped  organ  bearing  spore-sacs  in 
some  lichens. 

Appressed.  Lying  against  another 
organ. 

Arborescent.  Tree-like,  in  size  or 
shape. 

Archegone.  The  female  reproduc- 
tive organ  in  Pteridophyta  and 
Bryophyta. 

Areolate.     Reticulated. 

Areolation.  The  system  of  meshes 
in  a  network  of  veins. 

Areole.  A  mesh  in  a  network  of 
veins. 

Aril.  A  fleshy  organ  growing  about 
the  hilum. 

Arillate.     Provided   with   an   aril. 

Aristate.  Tipped  by  an  awn  or 
bristle. 

Aristulate.      Diminutive    of    aristate. 

Ascending.  Growing  obliquely  up- 
ward, or  upcurved. 

Ascus  (Asci).  A  sac  containing 
spores. 

Asexual.     Without   sex. 

Assurgent.     See   Ascending. 

Auricled  (Auriculate) .  With  basal, 
ear-like  lobes. 

Auxiliary  cell.  A  specialized  cell,  in 
certain  Red  Algae,  in  which  a  fer- 
tilized egg  or  one  of  its  descendant 
nuclei  finds  lodgment  and  develops 
into   a   cystocarp. 

Awn.     A  slender  bristle-like  organ. 

Axil.  The  point  on  a  stem  immedi- 
ately above  the  base  of  a  leaf. 

Axile.     In  the  axis  of  an  organ. 

Axillary.  Borne  at,  or  pertaining  to, 
an  axil. 

Baccate.     Berry-like. 


552 


GLOSSAEY  OF  SPECIAL  TEEMS. 


Barhellate.  Furnislied  with  minute 
barbs. 

Basifixed.     Attached  by  the  base. 

Berry.  A  fruit  with  pericarp  wholly 
pulpy. 

Bilabiate.     With  two  lips. 

Bipinnate.     Twice  pinnate. 

Bipinnatifid.     Twice    pinnatifid. 

Blade.  The  flat  expanded  part  of  a 
leaf  or  a  petal. 

Bract.  A  leaf,  usually  small,  sub- 
tending a  flower  or  flower-cluster, 
or  a  sporange. 

Bracteate.     With  bracts. 

Bracteolate.     Having  bractlets. 

Bractlet.  A  secondary  bract,  borne 
on  a  pedicel,  or  immediately  be- 
neath a  flower;  sometimes  applied 
to  minute  bracts. 

Bulb:  A  bud  with  fleshy  scales,  usu- 
ally subterranean. 

Bulhlet.  A  small  bulb,  especially 
those  borne  on  leaves,  or  in  their 
axils. 

Bulbous.  Similar  to  a  bulb;  bearing 
bulbs. 

Caducous.  Falling  away  very  soon 
after    development. 

Caespitose.     Growing  in  tufts. 

Calcified.  Coated  or  permeated  with 
lime. 

Callosity.  A  small,  hard  protuber- 
ance. 

Callus.  An  extension  of  the  inner 
scale  of  a  grass  spikelet;  a  pro- 
tuberance. 

Calyx.  The  outer  of  two  series  of 
floral  leaves. 

Campanulate.     Bell-shaped. 

Campylotropous.  Term  applied  to 
the  curved  ovule. 

Cancellate.  Eeticulated,  with  the 
meshes   sunken. 

Canescent.  With  gray  or  hoary  fine 
pubescence. 

Canaliculate.  Channelled ;  longitu- 
dinally grooved. 

Capitate.  Arranged  in  a  head ;  knob- 
like. 

Capsular.  Pertaining  to  or  like  a 
capsule. 

Capsule.  A  dry  fruit  of  two  carpels 
or  more,  usually  dehiscent  by 
valves  or  teeth. 

Carinate.  Keeled ;  with  a  longitudinal 
ridge. 


Carpel.  The  modified  leaf  forming 
the  ovary,  or  a  part  of  a  compound 
ovary. 

Caruncle.  An  appendage  to  a  seed 
at  the  hilum. 

Carunculate.     With   a   caruncle. 

Caryopsis.  The  grain;  fruit  of 
grasses,  with  a  thin  pericarp  ad- 
herent to  the  seed. 

Caudate.  With  a  slender  tail-like  ap- 
pendage. 

Caudex.  The  persistent  base  of  peren- 
nial herbs,  usually  only  the  part 
above   ground. 

Caudicle.  Stalk  of  a  pollen-mass  in 
the  Orchid  and  Milkweed  families. 

CauJine.     Pertaining  to  the  stem. 

Cell.  A  cavity,  of  an  anther  or  ovary; 
a  microscopic  protoplasmic  unit. 

Cespitose.     (See  Caespitose.) 

Chaff.     Thin  dry  scales. 

CJialasa.     The  base  of  the  ovule. 

Chartaceous.      Papery   in   texture. 

Chlorophyll.  Green  coloring  matter 
of  plants. 

Chlorophyllous.  Containing  chloro- 
phyll. 

Chromatophore.  A  specialized  color- 
bearing  protoplasmic  body. 

Ciliate.    Provided  with  marginal  hairs. 

Ciliolate.     Minutely  ciliate. 

Cilium.     A  hair. 

Cinereous.     Ashy ;    ashy-colored. 

Circinnate.  €oiled  downward  from 
the  apex. 

Circumscissile.  Transversely  dehis- 
cent, the  top  falling  away  as  a  lid. 

Clavate.     Club-shaped. 

Cleistogamous.  Flowers  which  do  not 
open,  but  are  pollinated  from  their 
own  anthers. 

Cleft.  Cut  about  halfway  to  the  mid- 
vein. 

Clinandrium.  Cavity  between  the  an- 
ther-sacs in  orchids. 

Cochleate.     Like  a  snail  shell. 

Coma.  Tuft  of  hairs  at  the  ends  of 
some  seeds. 

Commissure.  The  contiguous  sur- 
faces of  two  carpels. 

Conceptacle.  A  cavity  containing  re- 
productive cells  and  opening  out- 
wards. 

Conduplicate.     Folded  lengthwise. 

Confluent.     Blended  together. 

Connate.  Similar  organs  more  or  less 
united. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


663 


Connective.  The  end  of  the  filament, 
between  the   anther-sacs. 

Connivent.     Converging. 

Convolute.  Rolled  around  or  rolled  up 
longitudinally. 

CoraUoid.     Resembling   coral. 

Cordate.     Heart-shaped. 

Coriaceous.     Leathery   in    texture. 

Corm.  A  swollen,  fleshy  base  of  a 
stem. 

Corolla.  The  inner  of  two  series  of 
floral  leaves. 

Corona;  Crown.  An  appendage  of 
the  corolla;  a  crown-like  margin  at 
the  top  of  an  organ. 

Coroniform.     Crown-like. 

Cortex.  The  bark,  rind,  or  super- 
ficial layer  of  tissue. 

Cortical.     Pertaining  to  the  cortex. 

Corymb.  A  convex  or  flat-topped 
flower-cluster  of  the  racemose  type, 
with  pedicels  of  rays  arising  from 
different  points  on  the  axis. 

Corymbose.  Borne  in  corymbs;  cor- 
ymb-like. 

Costate.     Ribbed. 

Cotyledon.  A  rudimentary  leaf  of 
the  embryo. 

Crenate.  Scalloped;  with  rounded 
teeth. 

Crenulate.    Diminutive  of  crenate. 

Crustaceous.  Crustose.  Hard  and 
brittle;  crust-like. 

Cryptostoma.  A  small  superficial  pit, 
bearing  hairs  or  paraphyses,  in  cer- 
tain Algae. 

Cucullate.  Hooded,  or  resembling  a 
hood. 

Culm.  The  stem  of  grasses  and 
sedges. 

Cuneate.     Wedge-shaped. 

Cusp.     A  sharp  stiff  point. 

Cuspidate.  iSharp-pointed ;  ending  in 
a  cusp. 

Cyme.  A  convex  or  flat  flower-clus- 
ter of  the  determinate  type,  the 
central  flowers  first  unfolding. 

Cymose.     Arranged  in  cymes;    cyme- 
like. 
Cystocarp.    A  multicellular  spore-bear- 
ing body   of   sexual   origin,   in   the 
Red  Algae. 
Deciduous.     Falling  away  at  the  close 

of  the  growing  period. 
Decompound.      More    than    once    di- 
vided. 


Decumbent.  Stems  or  branches  in  an 
inclined  position,  but  the  end  as- 
cending. 

Dccurrent.  Applied  to  the  prolonga- 
tion of  an  organ,  or  part  of  an  or- 
gan running  along  the  sides  of  an- 
other. 

Decussate.  In  alternating  pairs, 
crossing  at  right  angles. 

Defiexed.  Turned  abruptly  down- 
ward. 

Dehiscence.  The  opening  of  an  ovary, 
anther-sac  or  sporange  to  emit  the 
contents. 

Dehiscent.  Opening  to  emit  the  con- 
tents. 

Deltoid.  Broadly  triangular,  like  the 
Greek  letter  delta. 

Dentate.  Toothed,  especially  with 
outwardly  projecting  teeth. 

Denticulate.     Diminutive   of   dentate. 

Depauperate.     Impoverished,  small. 

Depressed.     Vertically   flattened. 

Dextrorse.  Spirally  ascending  to  the 
right. 

Diadelphous.  Stamens  united  into 
two  sets. 

Diandrous.     Having  two  stamens. 

Dichotomous.  Forking  regularly  into 
two  nearly  equal  branches  or  seg- 
ments. 

Dicotyledonous.  With  two  cotyle 
dons. 

Didymous.  Twin-like;  of  two  nearly 
equal  segments. 

Diffuse.     Loosely  spreading. 

Digitate.  Diverging,  like  the  fingers 
spread. 

Dimorphous.     Of  two  forms. 

Dioecious.  Bearing  staminate  flowers 
or  antherids  on  one  plant,  and  pis- 
tillate flowers  or  arehegones  on  an- 
other of  the  same  species. 

Dio icons.     (See  Dioecious.) 

Discoid.  Heads  of  Compositae  com- 
posed only  of  tubular  flowers;  ray- 
less;   like  a  disk. 

Disl:  An  enlargement  or  prolonga- 
tion of  the  receptacle  of  a  flower 
around  the  base  of  the  pistil;  the 
head  of  tubular  flowers  in  Com- 
positae. 

Dissected.  Divided  into  many  seg- 
ments or  lobes. 

Dissepiment.  A  partition-wall  of  an 
ovary  or  fruit. 


554 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


Distal.      Pertaining   to    the    outer    or 
apical  part  or  part  away  from  point 
of  attachment. 
Distichous.     Arranged  in  two  rows. 
Distinct.    Separate  from  each  other; 

evident. 
Divaricate.       Diverging     at     a     wide 

angle. 
Divided.     Cleft  to  the  base  or  to  the 

mid-nerve. 
Dorsal.     On  the  back,  pertaining   to 

the  back. 
Drupaceous.     Drupe-like. 
Drupe.     A  simple  fruit,  usually  inde- 
hiscent,    with    fleshy    exocarp    and 
bony  endocarp. 
Drupelet.     Diminutive  of  drupe. 
Echinate.     Prickly. 
Ellipsoid.      A   solid   body,   elliptic   in 

section. 
Elliptic.     "With  the  outline  of  an  el- 
lipse ;    oval. 
Emarginate.     Notched  at  the  apex. 
Embryo.     A  rudimentary  plant  in  the 

seed. 

Emhryo-sac.     The  macrospore  of  the 

flowering   plants,    contained   in   the 

ovule. 

Endemic.     Growing      naturally      only 

within   a   definite   geograpTiic   area. 

Endocarp.      The    inner    layer    of    the 

pericarp. 
Endogenous.       Forming     neW     tissue 

within. 
Endosperm.     The  substance  surround- 
ing the  embryo  of  a  seed ;  albumen. 
Ensiform.     Shaped  like  a  broadsword. 
Entire.     Without   divisions,  lobes,   or 

teeth. 
Ephemeral.      Continuing    for    only    a 

day  or  less. 
Epigynous.      Adnate   to    or  borne   on 

the  upper  part  of  the  ovary. 
Epiphytic.     Growing  on  other  plants, 

but  not  parasitic. 
Equitant.    Folded  around  each  other; 

straddling. 
Erose.      Irregularly    margined,    as    if 

gnawed. 
Evanescent.     Early  disappearing. 
Evergreen.       Bearing     green     leaves 

throughout  the  year. 
Excurrent.    With  a  tip  projecting  be- 
yond the  main   part  of  the   organ. 
Exfoliating.     Peeling  off  in  layers. 
Exocarp.    The  outer  layer  of  the  peri- 
carp. 


Exogenous.     Forming  new  tissue  out- 
side the  older. 
Exserted.     Prolonged   past    surround- 
ing organs. 

Exstipidate.      Without   stipules. 

Extrorse.     Facing  upward. 

Falcate.    Scythe-shaped. 

Farinaceous.  Starchy,  or  containing 
starch. 

Fascicle.     A  dense  cluster. 

Fascicled.     Borne  in  dense  clusters, 

Fastigiate.  Stems  or  branches  which 
are  nearly  erect  and  close  together. 

Fenestrate.  With  window-like  mark- 
ings. 

Fertile.  Bearing  spores,  or  bearing 
seed. 

Fertilisation.  The  mingling  of  the 
contents  of  a  male  and  female  cell. 

Ferruginous.     Color  of  iron-rust. 

Fetid.     Ill-smelling. 

FibriUose.  With  fibres  or  fibre-like 
organs. 

Filament.  The  stalk  of  an  anther,  the 
two  forming  the  stamen;  any 
thread-like  structure. 

Filamentous.  Composed  of  thread- 
like structures;   thread-like. 

Filiform.     Thread-like. 

Fimbriate.     With  fringed  edges. 

Fimbrillate.     Minutely  fringed. 

Fistular.     Hollow  and   cylindric. 

Flabellate.  Fan-shaped,  or  arranged 
like  the  sticks  of  a  fan. 

Flaccid.    Lax;  weak. 

Flexuous.  Alternately  bent  in  differ- 
ent directions. 

Floccose.  With  loose  tufts  of  wool- 
like hairs. 

Foliaceous.     Similar  to  leaves. 

Foliolate.     With  separate  leaflets. 

Foliose.     Leaf-like. 

Follicle.  A  simple  fruit  dehiscent 
along  one  suture. 

Follicular.     Similar  to  a  follicle. 

Forcipate.  Forking  and  connivent, 
like  a  pair  of  forceps. 

Foveate.  Foveolate.  More  or  less 
pitted. 

Free.  Separate  from  other  organs; 
not  adnate. 

Frond.     The  leaves  of  ferns. 

Frutescent.  Fruticose.  More  or  less 
shrub-like. 

Fugacious.  Falling  soon  after  devel- 
opment. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


566 


Fugitive.     Plants  not  native,  but  oc- 
curring   here    and    there,     without 
direct  evidence  of  becoming  estab- 
lished. 
Funiculus.     The  stalk  of  an  ovule  or 

seed. 
Fuscous.     Dusky,  grayish  brown. 
Fusiform.     Spindle-shaped. 
Galea.    A  hood-like  part  of  a  perianth 

or  corolla. 
Galeate.    With  a  galea. 
Gametangium.     A  gamete-bearing  or- 
gan. 
Gamete.      A    unisexual    protoplasmic 

body,  commonly  microscopic. 
Gameiophyte.     The  sexual  generation 

of  plants. 
Gamopetalous.     "With  petals  more   or 

less  united. 
Gemma.     A  bud-like  propagative   or- 
gan. 
Gibbous.     Enlarged  or  swollen  on  one 

side. 
Glabrate.     Nearly  without  hairs. 
Glabrous.     Devoid  of  hairs. 
Gladiate.     Like  a  sword-blade. 
Gland.     A  secreting  cell,  or  group  of 

cells. 
Glandular.      With    glands,    or    gland- 
like. 
Glaucous.     Covered  with  a  fine  bluish 

or   white   bloom;    bluish-hoary. 
Globose.    Spherical  or  nearly  so. 
Glomerate.     In  a  compact  cluster. 
Glomerule.     A  dense  capitate  cyme. 
Glumaceous.     Resembling  glumes. 
Glume.    The  scaly  bracts  of  the  spike- 
lets  of  grasses  and  sedges. 
Granulose.     Composed  of  grains. 
Gregarious.      Growing    in    groups    or 

colonies. 
Gynobase.    A  prolongation  or  enlarge- 
ment of  the   receptacle   supporting 
the  ovary. 
Habit.     General  aspect. 
Habitat.     A  plant 's  natural  place  of 

growth. 
Hastate.     Halberd-shaped;  like  sagit- 
tate;  but   with  the  basal  lobes   di- 
verging. 
Haustoria.     The  specialized  roots  of 

parasites. 
Head.     A  dense  round  cluster  of  ses- 
sile or  nearly  sessile  flowers. 
Herbaceous.    Leaf-like  in  texture  and 
color,  pertaining  to  an  herb. 


Heterocyst.     An   enlarged,   commonly 
inert,   often   yellowish   cell,   in    cer- 
tain  filamentous    Algae. 
Hilum.     The  scar  or  area  of  attach- 
ment of  a  seed  or  ovule. 
Hirsute.      With    rather    coarse    stiff 

hairs. 
Hispid.     With  bristly  stiff  hairs. 
Hispiduloiis.     Diminutive  of  hispid. 
Hyaline.     Thin  and  translucent. 
Hypocotyl.     The  rudimentary  stem  of 

the  embryo;   also  terme«l  radicle. 
Hypogynium.     Organ  supporting  the 

ovary  in  some  seilges. 
Hypogynous.     Borne   at   the   base   of 

the  ovary,  or  below. 
Imbricated.     Overlapping. 
Imperfect.     Elowers  with   either  sta- 
mens or  pistils,  not  with  both. 
Incised.     Cut  into  sharp  lobes. 
Included.    Not  projecting  beyond  sur- 
rounding parts. 
Incumbent.     With    the    back    against 

the  hypocotyl. 
Indehiscent.     Not  opening. 
Indusium.     The  membrane  covering  a 

sorus. 
Inequilateral.     Unequal-sided. 
Inferior.    Relating  4o  an  organ  which 
arises  or  is  situated  below  another. 
Inflexed.     Abruptly  bent  inward. 
Inflorescence.     The  flowering  part  of 
plants;    its   mode    of   arrangement. 
Integument.      A    coat    or    protecting 

layer. 
Internode.      Portion    of    a    stem    or 
branch      between      two      successive 
nodes. 
Introrse.     Facing  inward. 
Involucel.     A  secondary  involucre. 
Involucrate.      With    an    involucre,    or 

like  one. 
Involucre.      A    whorl    of    bracts    sub- 
tending  a   flower   or   flower-clu«ter. 
Involute.     Rolled   inwardly. 
Irregular.     A  flower  in  which  one  or 
more    of    the    organs    of    the    same 
series  are  unlike  the  others. 
Isidiose.    Lichenological  term  for  wart- 
like  excrescences. 
Labiate.     Provided  with  a  lip-like  or- 
gan;   belonging   to   the   family  La- 
biatac. 
Laciniate.     Cut   into   narrow  lobes  or 

segments. 
Lacunose.      Showing    perforations    or 
depressions. 


656 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


Lamina.  The  blade  of  a  leaf,  a  leaf- 
like expansion,  or  a  layer. 

Lanceolate.  Considerably  longer  than 
broad,  tapering  upward  from  the 
middle   or  below;    lance-shaped. 

Latex.  The  milky  sap  of  certain 
plants. 

Leaflet.  One  of  the  divisions  of  a 
compound  leaf. 

Legume.  A  simple  dry  fruit  dehis- 
cent along  both  sutures. 

Lenticular.     Lens-shaped. 

Ligulate.  Provided  with  or  resem- 
bling a  ligule. 

Ligule.  A  strap-shaped  organ,  as  the 
rays  in  Compositae. 

Limb.  The  expanded  part  of  a  petal, 
sepal,  or  gamopetalous  corolla. 

Linear.  Elongated  and  narrow  with 
sides  nearly  parallel. 

Lineolate.    With  fine  or  obscure  lines. 

Lobed.     Divided  to  about  the  middle. 

Lohule.     A  small  lobe. 

Lament.  A  jointed  legume,  usually 
constricted  between  the  seeds. 

Loculicidal.  Applied  to  capsules  which 
split  longitudinally. 

Lodicules.  Minute  hyaline  scales  sub- 
tending the  flower  in  grasses. 

Lunate.      Crescent-shaped. 

Lyrate.  Pinnatifid,  with  the  terminal 
lobe  or  segment  considerably  larger 
than  the  others. 

Macrosporange.  Sporange  containing 
macrospores. 

Macrospore.  The  larger  of  two  kinds 
of  spores  borne  by  a  plant,  usually 
giving  rise  to  a  female  prothallium. 

Mammillate.  Having  breast-shaped  or 
teat-like  processes. 

Morcescent.  Withering  but  remain- 
ing attached. 

Medulla.  The  pith,  the  axillary  or 
middle  tissue. 

Medullary.  Pertaining  to  the  pith  or 
medulla. 

Mericarp.  One  of  the  carpels  of  the 
Umbelliferae. 

Mesocarp.  The  middle  layer  of  a 
pericarp. 

Micropyle.  Orifice  of  the  ovule,  and 
corresponding  point  on  the  seed. 

Microsporange.  Sporange  containing 
microspores. 

Microspore.  The  smaller  of  two  kinds 
of  spores  borne  by  a  plant,  usually 
giving  rise  to  a  male  prothallium; 
pollen-grain. 


Midvein  (Midrib).  The  central  vein 
or  rib  of  a  leaf  or  other  organ. 

MonadelpJious.  Stamens  united  by 
their  filaments. 

Moniliform.     Like  a  string  of  beads. 

Monoecious.  Bearing  stamens  and 
pistils  on  the  same  plant,  but  in 
different  flowers. 

Monoicous.      (See   Monoecious.) 

Monosiphonous.  Of  a  single  series 
of  cells,  end  to  end. 

Monstrous.     Unusual  or  deformed. 

Mucronate.  With  a  short  sharp  ab- 
rupt tip. 

Mucronulate.  Diminutive  of  mucro- 
nate. 

Muricate.  Roughened  with  short  hard 
processes. 

Muriform.     Like  bricks  in  a  wall. 

Muticous.     Pointless,  or  blunt. 

Mycelium.  The  vegetative  part  of  a 
fungus. 

Nalced.  Lacking  organs  or  parts 
which  are  normally  present  in  re- 
lated species  or  genera. 

Naturalised.  Plants  not  indigenous 
to  the  region,  but  so  firmly  estab- 
lished as  to  have  become  part  of 
the  flora. 

Nectary.     A  sugar-secreting  organ. 

Nematliecium.  A  wart-like  elevation, 
in  certain  Algae,  containing  tetra- 
spores   or   other   reproductive    cells. 

Nitent.     Shining,  polished,  glistening. 

Node.  The  junction  of  two  inter- 
nodes  of  a  stem  or  branch,  often 
hard  or  swollen,  at  which  a  leaf  or 
leaves  are  usually  borne. 

Nodose.  Similar  to  nodes  or  joints; 
knotty. 

Nodulose.     Diminutive   of  nodose. 

Nut.  An  indehiscent  one-seeded  fruit 
with  a  hard  or  bony  pericarp. 

Nutlet.     Diminutive  of  nut. 

Obcordate.     Inversely  heart-shaped. 

Oblanceolate.      Inverse   of   lanceolate. 

Oblong.  Longer  than  broad,  with  the 
sides  nearly  parallel,  or  somewhat 
curving. 

Obovate.     Inversely  ovate. 

Gbovoid.     Inversely  ovoid. 

Obsolete.  Not  evident;  gone,  rudi- 
mentary, or  vestigial. 

Obtuse.     Blunt,  or  rounded. 

Ochreae.  The  sheathing  united  stip- 
ules of  Polygonaceae. 

Ochreolae.  The  ochreae  subtending 
flowers  in  the  Polygonaceae. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


557 


Ochroleucous.     Yellowish  white. 
Olivaceous.     Olive-green. 
Oosphere.     The  cell  of  the  archegone 
which    is    fertilized    by    spermato- 
zoids. 
Operculate.     With  an  operculum. 
Operculum.     A  lid. 
Orbicular.     Appro>dmately  circular  in 

outline. 
Orthotropous.      Term    applied    to    the 
straight  ovule,  having  the  hilum  at 
one  end  and  the   micropyle   at  the 
other. 
Ostiole.     A  little  orifice. 
Ovary.     The  ovule-bearing  part  of  the 

pistil. 
Ovate.     In  outline  like  a  longitudinal 

section  of  a  hen 's  egg. 
Ovoid.     Shaped  like  a  hen 's  egg. 
Ovule.     The  macrosporange  of  flower- 
ing  plants,   becoming   the    seed   on 
maturing. 
Palate.       The     projection     from     the 
lower    lip    of    two-lipped    personate 
corollas. 
Palet.     A   bract-like   organ   enclosing 
or  subtending  the  flower  in  grasses. 
Palmate.       Diverging     radiately    like 

the  fingers. 
Panicle.      A    compound    flower-cluster 
of  the  racemose  type,  or  cluster  of 
sporanges. 
Paniculate.     Borne  in  panicles  or  re- 
sembling a  panicle. 
Papilionaceous.     Term  applied  to  the 
irregular  flower  of  the  Pea  Family. 
Papillose.      With    minute    blunt    pro- 
jections. 
Pappus.      The    bris-tles,    awns,    teeth, 
etc.,  surmounting  the  achene  in  the 
'Chicory  and  Thistle  Families. 
Parasitic.     Growing  upon  other  plants 

and  absorbing  their  juices. 
Parietal.     Borne  along  the  wall  of  the 

ovary,  or  pertaining  to  it. 
Parted.     Deeply  cleft. 
Patent.     Spreading,  open. 
Pectinate.     Comb-like. 
Pedicel.     The  stalk  of  a  flower  in  a 

flower-cluster,   or   of   a   sporange. 
Peduncle.     Stalk    of    a   flower,    or    a 

flower-cluster,  or  a  sporocarp. 
Pedunculate.  With  a  peduncle. 
Peltate.     Shield-shaped;   a  flat  organ 

with  a  stalk  on  its  lower  surface. 
Penicillate.     With  a  tuft  of  hairs  or 
hair-like  branches. 


Perfect.     Flowers   with  both  stamens 

and   pistils. 
Perfoliate.      Leaves    so    clasping    the 

stem  as  to  appear  as  if  pierced  by  it. 
Perianth.     The  modified  floral  leaves 

(sepals  or  petals),  regarded   collec- 
tively. 
Pericarp.     The   wall   of  the   fruit,  or 

seed-vessel. 
Pericentral.     Surrounding  the  central 

axis. 
Perigynium.       The    utricle    enclosing 

the   ovary   or   achene   in    the   genus 

Carex. 
Perigynoiis.     Borne   on   the   perianth, 

around  the  ovary. 
Peripheral.     Pertaining  to  the  i)eri])li- 

ery. 
Perithecium    (Pcrithecia).     An  organ 

containing    spore-sacs. 
Persistent.       Organs     remaining     at- 
tached to  tho^e  bearing  them  after 

the  growing  period. 
Petal.     One  of  the  leaves'  of  the  co- 
rolla. 
Petaloid.      Similar    to    petals ;    petal- 
like. 
Petiolate.     With  a  petiole. 
Petiolule.     The  stalk  of  a  leaflet. 
Petiole.     The  stalk  of  the  leaf. 
Phyllode.       A     bladeless     petiole     or 

rachis. 
Pilose.     With  long  soft  hairs. 
Pinna.     A  primary  division  of  a  pin- 

nately   compound   leaf. 
Pinnate.     Leaves  divided  into  leaflets 

or  segments  along  a  common  axis. 
Pinnatifid.      Pinnately    cleft    to    the 

middle  or  bej'ond, 
Pinnide.     A  division  of  a  pinna. 
Pistil.     The  central  organ  of  a  flower 

containing       the        macrosjioranges 

(ovules). 
Pistillate.     With  pistils;   and  usually 

employed    in    the   sense   of   without 

stamens. 
Placenta.      An    ovule-bearing   surface. 
Plicate.      Folded    into    plaits,    like    a 

fan. 
Plumose.       Resembling    a     plume     or 

feather. 
Plumule.      The    rudimentary    terminal 

bud  of  the  embryo. 
Plurilocular.      Having   many    colls    or 

compartments. 
Podetium    (Podctia).      Stalk-like    or- 
gans in  certain  lichens. 


558 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


Pollen.  Pollen-grain.  See  Micro- 
spore. 

Pollinia.  The  pollen-masses  of  the 
Orchid  and  Milkweed   Families. 

Polygamous.  Bearing  both  perfect 
and  imperfect  flowers. 

Polypetalous.      With   separate   petals. 

Polysiphonous.  Consisting  of  bundles 
of  parallel  cells. 

Polysporangium.  A  sporangium  con- 
taining many  spores. 

Pome.  The  fleshy  fruit  of  the  Apple 
Family, 

Procarp.  The  female  reproductive 
organ  of  the  Red  Algae. 

Procumbent.  Trailing  or  lying  on 
the  ground. 

Proliferous.     Producing  ofi'shoots. 

Prophylla.     Bractlets. 

Prothallium.  The  sexual  generation 
of  Pteridophyta. 

Proximal.  Pertaining  to  the  inner  or 
basal  part,  or  the  part  near  the 
point  of  attachment. 

Pseudoparenchyma.  A  compact  tis- 
sue, in  Fungi  and  Algae,  formed 
by  closely  interlaced  or  united  fila- 
ments. 

Puherulent.     With  very  short  hairs. 

Pubescent.     With  hairs. 

Punctate.  With  translucent  dots  or 
pits. 

Pungent.     With  a  sharp  stiff  tip. 

Pyriform.     Pear-shaped. 

Eaceme.  An  elongated  determinate 
flower-cluster  with  each  flower  pedi- 
celled. 

Bacemose.  In  racemes,  or  resembling 
a  raceme. 

Eachilla.     The  axis  of  the  spikelet  in 


Bachis.  The  axis  of  a  compound  leaf, 
or  of  a  spike  or  raceme. 

Badiant.  With  the  marginal  flowers 
enlarged   and   ray-like. 

Eadiate.  With  ray-flowers;  radiat- 
ing. 

Eadicle.  The  rudimentary  stem  of 
the  embryo;  hypocotyl. 

Badicular.  Pertaining  to  the  radicle 
or  hypocotyl. 

Eamulose.  Having  many  small 
branches. 

Eamulus.  A  little  branch  or  a 
branchlet  of  the  ultimate  order. 

Eaphe  (EJiapJie).  The  ridge  connect- 
ing the  hilum  and  chalaza  of  an 
anatropous  or  amphitropous  ovule; 


the  ridge  on  the  sporocarp  of  Mar- 
silea. 

Bay.  One  of  the  peduncles  or 
branches  of  an  umbel;  the  flat 
marginal  flowers  in  Compositae. 

Beceptacle.  The  end  of  the  flower 
stalk,  bearing  the  floral  organs;  or, 
in  Compositae,  bearing  the  flowers; 
also,  in  some  ferns,  an  axis  bearing 
sporanges. 

Eecurved.     Curved  backward. 

Beflexed.      Bent    backward    abruptly. 

Begular.  Having  the  members  of 
each  part  alike  in  size  and  shape. 

Beniform.      Kidney-shaped. 

Bepand.  With  a  somewhat  wavy  mar- 
gin. 

Beticulate.     Arranged  as   a   network. 

Betrorse.  Turned  backward  or  down- 
ward. 

Betuse.  With  a  shallow  notch  at  the 
end. 

Bevolute.     Rolled  backward. 

Bhachis.    See  Bachis. 

BMzoid.  A  root-like  filament  in  the 
lower  plants. 

Bhisome.     See  Bootstocl\ 

BootstocJc.  A  subterranean  stem,  or 
part  of  one. 

Bingent.  The  gaping  mouth  of  a 
two-lipped  corolla. 

Bostellum.  Beak  of  the  style  in  Or- 
chids. 

Bostrate.     With  a  beak. 

Bosulate.     Like  a  rosette. 

Botate.  With  a  flat  round  corolla- 
limb. 

Bugose.     Wrinkled. 

Buncinate.  Sharply  pinnatifid,  or  in- 
cised, the  lobes  or  segments  turned 
backward. 

Sac.  A  pouch,  especially  the  cavities 
of  anthers. 

Saccate.    With  a  pouch  or  sac. 

Sagittate.  Like  an  arrow-head,  with 
the  lobes  turned  downward. 

Samara.  A  simple  indehiscent  winged 
fruit. 

Saprophyte.  A  plant  which  grows  on 
dead  organic  matter. 

Scahrous.     Rough. 

Scale.  A  minute,  rudimentary  or  ves- 
tigial leaf. 

Scape.  A  leafless  or  nearly  leafless 
stem  or  peduncle,  arising  from  a 
subterranean  part  of  a  plant,  bear- 
ing a  flower  or  flower-cluster. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


559 


Scapose.  Having  scapes,  or  resem- 
bling a  scape. 

Scarious.  Thin,  dry,  and  translucent, 
not  green. 

Scorpioid.  Coiled  up  in  the  bud,  or 
in  the  beginning  of  growth,  un- 
rolling in  expanding. 

Secund.  Borne  along  one  side  of  an 
axis. 

Segment.  A  division  of  a  leaf  or 
fruit. 

Sepal.     One  of  the  leaves  of  a  calyx. 

Septate.     Provided  with  partitions. 

Septicidal.  A  capsule  which  splits 
longitudinally  into  and  through  its 
dissepiments. 

Serrate.  With  teeth  projecting  for- 
ward. 

Serrulate.  Diminutive  of  serrate;  ser- 
rate with  small  teeth. 

Sessile.     Without  a  stalk. 

Setaceous.     Bristle-like. 

Setose.     Bristly. 

Silicle.  A  silique  much  longer  than 
wide. 

Silique.  An  elongated  two-valved 
capsular  fruit,  with  two  parietal 
placentae,  usually  dehiscent. 

Sinuate.  With  strongly  wavy  mar- 
gins. 

Sinuous.  In  form  like  the  path  of  a 
snake. 

Sinus.  The  space  between  the  lobes 
of  a  leaf. 

Siphon.  One  of  the  usually  elongate 
cells  occurring  in  bundles  and  form- 
ing the  thallus  or  its  axis  in  cer- 
tain Red  Algae. 

Soralium  (Soralia).  Powder-like  pus- 
tules in  lichens. 

Soredium  (Soredia).  In  lichens, 
small  clusters  of  algal  and  fungal 
cells. 

Sorus  (Sori).  A  group  or  cluster  of 
sporanges;  a  heap  of  spores;  a  cir- 
cumscribed superficial  bed  or  ma- 
trix, including  reproductive  cells. 

Spadiceous.  Like  or  pertaining  to  a 
spadix. 

Spadix.     A  fleshy  spike  of  flowers. 

Spathaceous.     Resembling  a  spathe. 

SpatJie.  A  bract,  usually  more  or  less 
concave,  subtending  a  spadix. 

Spatulate.  Shaped  like  a  spatula; 
spoon-shaped. 

Spermatozoids.  Cells  developed  in  the 
antherid,  for  the  fertilization  of  the 
oosphere. 


Spicate.  Arranged  in  a  spike;  like  a 
spike. 

Spike.  An  elongated  flower-cluster  or 
cluster  of  sporanges,  with  sessile  or 
nearly  sessile  flowers  or  sporanges, 

Spikelet.  Diminutive  of  spike;  espe- 
cially applied  to  flower-clusters  of 
grasses  and  sedges, 

Spinose.  With  spines,  or  similar  to 
spines. 

Spimile.     A  small  sharp  projection. 

Spinulose.  With  small  sharp  proc- 
esses or  spines. 

Sporange{ium).  A  sac  containing 
spores. 

Spore.     An  asexual  propagative  cell. 

Sporocarp.  Organ  containing  spo- 
ranges or  sori ;  a  few-  or  many- 
celled  spore-bearing  body  of  sex- 
ual origin. 

Sporogenous.  Generating  or  bearing 
spores. 

Sporophi/te.  The  asexual  generation 
of  plants. 

Spreading.  Diverging  nearly  at  right 
angles;   nearly  prostrate. 

Spur.  A  hollow  projection  from  a 
floral  organ. 

Squarrose.  With  spreading  or  pro- 
jecting parts. 

Stamen.  The  organ  of  a  flower  which 
bears  the  macrospores  (pollen- 
grains). 

Stami)wdium.  A  sterile  stamen,  or 
other  organ  in  the  position  of  a 
stamen. 

Standard.  The  upper,  usually  broad, 
petal  of  a  papilionaceous  corolla. 

Stellate.     Star-like. 

Sterigmata.  The  projections  from 
twigs,  bearing  the  leaves,  in  some 
genera  of  Pinaceae. 

Sterile.  Without  spores,  or  without 
seed. 

Stichidium.  A  specialized  branch 
bearing  tetrasj^orangia,  in  the  Red 
Algae. 

Stigma.  The  summit  or  side  of  the 
pistil  to  which  pollon-grains  become 
attached. 

Stipe.     The  stalk  of  an  organ. 

Stipitatc.     Provided  with  a  stipe. 

Stipules.  Appendages  to  the  base  of 
a  petiole,  often  adnate  to  it. 

Stipidate.     With  stipules. 

Stolon.  A  basal  branch  rooting  at 
the  nodes. 


660 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


Stoloniferous.  Producing  or  bearing 
stolons. 

Stoma  (Stomata).  The  transpiring 
orifices  in  the  epidermis  of  plants. 

Strict.     Straight  and  erect. 

Strigose.  With  appressed  or  ascend- 
ing stiff  hairs. 

Stroma. 

StropJiiole.  An  appendage  to  a  seed 
at  the  hilum. 

Stropliiolate.     With  a  strophiole. 

Style.     The  narrow  top  of  the  ovary. 

Stylopodium.  The  expanded  base  of 
a  style. 

Subacute.     Somewhat  acute. 

Subcordate.     Somewhat  heart-shaped. 

Subcoriaceous.  Approaching  leathery 
in  texture. 

Subfalcate.     Somewhat  scythe-shaped. 

Subligneous.  Somewhat  woody  in  tex- 
ture. 

Subsessile.     Nearly  sessile. 

Substratum.  The  substance  on  which 
a  plant  grows. 

Subterete.     Nearly  terete. 

Subulate.     Awl-shaped. 

Subversatile.  Partly  or  imperfectly 
versatile. 

Succulent.     Soft  and   juicy. 

Suffrutescent.  Almost  or  somewhat 
shrubby. 

Sulcate.     Grooved  longitudinally. 

Superior.  Applied  to  the  ovary  when 
free  from  the  calyx;  or  to  a  calyx 
adnate  to  an  ovary. 

Suture.  A  line  of  splitting  or  open- 
ing. 

Symmetrical.  Applied  to  a  flower 
with  its  parts  of  equal  numbers. 

Syncarp.  A  fleshy  multiple  or  aggre- 
gate fruit. 

Tendril.  A  slender  coiling  attachment 
organ. 

Terete.  Circular  in  cross  section; 
cylindric. 

Ternate.  Divided  into  three  seg- 
ments, or  arranged  in  threes. 

Tetradynamous.  With  four  long  sta- 
mens  and  two   shorter  ones. 

T etrasporangium.  A  sporangium  con- 
taining four  spores. 

Tetraspore.  A  spore  formed  by  the 
division  of  the  mother-cell  into  four 
parts. 

Tetrastichous.  Arranged  in  four 
ranks. 

Thalline.     Pertaining  to  a  thallus. 


Thallus.  A  plant  body,  usually  flat, 
showing  no  differentiation  into 
stem,  leaves,  and  true  roots. 

Thyrsoid.     Like  a  thyrsus. 

Thyrsus.     A  compact  panicle. 

Tomentose.     Covered  with  tomentum. 

Tomentulose.  Diminutive  of  tomen- 
tose. 

Tomentum.  Dense  matted  wool-like 
hairs. 

Torsion.     Twisting  of  an  organ. 

Tortuous.     Twisted  or  bent. 

Tracheae.  The  canals  or  ducts  in 
woody  tissue. 

Tracheids.     Wood-cells. 

Triandrous.     With  three  stamens. 

Tricarpous.  Composed  of  three  car- 
pels. 

Trichogyne.  The  special  receptive  or- 
gan of  a  procarp. 

Trimorphous.  Flowers  with  stamens 
of  three  different  lengths  or  kinds; 
in  three  forms. 

Triquetrous.  Three-sided,  the  sides 
channeled. 

Truncate.  Terminated  by  a  nearly 
straight  edge  or  surface. 

Tuber.  A  thick  short  underground 
branch  or  part  of  a  branch. 

Tubercle.  The  persistent  base  of  the 
style  in  some  Cyperaceae;  a  small 
tuber. 

Tuberculate.  With  rounded  projec- 
tions. 

Turbinate.     Top-shaped. 

Uliginous.     Inhabiting  mud. 

UmJjel.  A  determinate,  usually  eon- 
vex  flower-cluster,  with  all  the 
pedicels  arising  from  the  same 
point. 

Umbellate.  Borne  in  umbels;  resem- 
bling an  umbel. 

Umbellet.     A   secondary  umbel. 

Umbelloid.     Similar  to  an  umbel. 

Uncinate.  Hooked,  or  in  form  like  a 
hook. 

Undulate.     With  wavy  margins. 

Unilocular.  Having  one  cell  or  com- 
partment. 

Urceolate.     Urn-shaped. 

Utricle.  A  bladder-like  organ;  a  one- 
seeded  fruit  with  a  loose  pericarp; 
the  sac-like  end  of  one  of  the  cor- 
tex-forming filaments  of  certain 
Algae. 

Valvate.  Meeting  by  the  margins  in 
the  bud,  not  overlapping;  dehis- 
cent by  valves. 


GLOSSARY  OF  SPECIAL  TERMS. 


561 


Vascular.     Relating  to   ducts   or  ves- 
sels. 
Vein.     One    of   the   branches    of   the 

woody   portion    of   leaves    or   other 

organs. 
Veinlet.     A  branch  of  a  vein. 
Velum.     A  fold  of  the  inner  side  of 

the  leaf -base  in  Isoetes. 
Velutinous.     Velvety;  with  dense  fine 

pubescence. 
Venation.     The  arrangement  of  veins. 
Ventral.     Pertaining  to  the  lower  or 

inner    side. 
Vernation.    The  arrangement  of  leaves 

in  the  bud. 
Verrucose.     AVarty  or  wart-like. 
Versatile.     An  anther  attached  at  or 

near  its  middle  to  the  filament. 


Verticil.    See  Whorl. 

Verticillate.  With  three  or  more 
leaves  or  branches  at  a  node ; 
whorled. 

Vesicle.  A  small  bladder-like  struc- 
ture. 

Vestigial.  In  the  nature  of  a  vestige 
or  remnant. 

Villous.  With  long  soft  hairs,  not 
matted  together. 

Virgate.      Wand-like. 

Wliorl.  A  group  of  three  similar  or- 
gans or  more,  radiating  from  a 
node;  Verticil. 

Whorled.     See    Verticillate. 

Winged.  With  a  thin  expansion  or 
expansions. 


INDEX. 


Phyla,  Classes,  Sub-classes,  Orders  and  Families  in  Small  Capitals. 
Specific  names  and  English  names  in  roman. 
Synonyms  in  italia. 
Genera  in  heavy  face. 


Aaron's    Beard,    255 
Abelia    serrata,    373 
Abelmoschus  esculentus,  240 
Aberia    caffra,    248 
Abumon    africanum,    72 
Abutilcn,    232 

Abutilon,  233 

Aviccnnae,   233 

Garden„   233 

pnlchellum,    241 

striatum,     233 
Acacia  arabica,   170 

dealbata,.    170 

Farnesiana,    170  ' 

macracautha,     170 

North   American,    18$ 

paniculata,   169 
Acalypha,    208 

hispida,    208 

tricolor,    208 

Wilkesiana,   209 

ACANTHACEAE.      354 

Acanthocereus    pentagonus, 

257 
Acanthophoraspicifera,i520 
Acanthus    Family,    354 
Acer    Negnndo.    227 

palmatnm,    227 
Acetdhrilaria  creniilata,  499 
Acetabulum  crenulatum,  499 
Achillea,    403 

Millefolium.    403 
Achimenes   picta,  354 
Achras  mammosa,  285 
Achyranthes,    120 

amabilis,    121 

Beautiful,   121 

Bettzickiana,    121 

Knotweed,    121 

maritima,    121 

polygonoides,    121 
Acicularia    Schrenckii,    499 
Acroctiaetium  crassipes.lpll 

infestans,    511 
Acrocomia   aculeata,   57 
Acrostichum,    416 

aurcum.    416 

excelsum,    416 

lomarioides,   416 

Thchipteris,   425 
Acuan,    169 

virgatum,    169 
Adenocarpus      commutatus, 
187 

ielonnensis,  187 
Adiantum,    419 

bellum,    420 

Canillus-Veneris,    420 

cuneotum,    420 

fragile,  420 

hexagonum,  418 


tcnerum,  420 
Aechmaea    polystachya,    66 

Violet,   66 
Aegira,  505 
Aeschynomene,    190 
Aes cuius  Hippocastanum, 

227 
Agapanthus  umhellatus,  72 
Agaricales,  488 
Agaricus  alphitophorus,  488 

belictus,  488 
Agave   americana,   80 

atrovirens,    81 

barbadensis,   80 

chloracantha,   81 

cienfuegosana,    81 

decipiens,   81 

ferox,  81 

fourcroydes,    80 

Franzosinii,    81 

Karatto,   81 

Lecheguilla,    81' 

Legrelliana,    81 

longipes,   81 

lophantha,   81 

mexicana,   81 

missionum,   81 

Morrisii,   81 

neglecta,   81 

obducta,   81 

Scolymus,    81 

sisalana,   80 

sobolifera,    81 

striata.    81 

tubulata.    81 

Underwoodii.   81 

YercVCruz,    81 

victoria-reginae,    81 

Wercklei,    81 

Wightiana.   81 

xylonacantha,  81 
Ageratum    convzoides,    406 

Garden,   406 

Houstonianum.    406 

mexlcanum,   406 

Wild,   406 
Agrostemma  Coelirosa,  134 
Ailanthus    glandulosa,    204 
AiLANTHUs  Family,   204 
Air    Potato,    83 

AlZOACEAE,   124 

Akee.    226 
Albizzia,    173 

Lebbeck.    170 
Albugo    Candida.    483 
Alcea  rofiva,   240 
Alder,    Button,    260 
Aletris  gnineensis,  72 

hiiafinthoides,   72 
Aleurites  moluccana,  219 

iriloha,   219 

562 


Alexanders,    277 
Alfalfa,   178 
Algae,   489 
Algarroba,    170 
Allamanda  Hendersoni,  294 

Schottii,    294 
Alligator   Pear     141 
Allium   Cepa,   71 

fragrans,    70 
Allspice.  263 
Almond,    168 

Bitter,   168 

Demarara,    260 

West   Indian,    260 
Aloe,    70 

lingua.   71 

soccotrina,    71 

Vvaria,   72 

vera,    71 

vulgaris,  71 
Aloes,  71 

Bitter,   71 

Common,  71 
Alopecurus  pratensis.   26 
Aloysia   citriodora,   312 
Alpinia  nutans,  87 

speciosa,  87 
Alsixaceae,  127 
Alsine,    128 

Baldwinii,  128 

media,  128 

prostrata,  128 
Alstroemeria  inodora,   82 

nemorosa,   82 
Alternanthera  amaMlis,  121 

Beach,   121 

maritima,  121 
Althaea    officinalis,    237    ' 

rosea,    240 

Shrubby,   238 
Alyssum    maritimum,    148 

saxatile,    155 

Sweet,   148 
Amaranth  ACEAE,    119 
Amaranth    Family.    119 
Amaranth,    Spiny,    120 
Amaranthus,    119 

cnudatus,  120 

clilorostachys.    120 

gangeticus.   120 

h.vbridus,   120 

melancholicus.    120 

retroflexus,   120 

spinosus.    l20 
Amaryllidaceae.    76 
Amaryllis  Belladonna,  82 

equestris,  81 

lutea,  82 

sarniensis,  82 
Amaryllis  Family^  76 
Amazon    Lily,    82 


INDEX. 


5G3 


Amblystegium,    446 

variuru,   447 
Ambrosia,    384 

arte  III  isiacfoUa,    385 

elatior,    385 

}n'tcroij]i;/Uu,  385 
Ambrosiaceak,   383 
American    Ivy,    22{> 
Ammi,    277 

majus,   277 
Ammiaceae^   271 
AmmialeSj  270 
Amomis  caryophyllata,   263 
Anipelopsis   q uin q u efoUa. 
229 

triciispidata,  230 

Veitchii.   230 
Amphiroa  fragilissima,  539 
Amygdalaceae,  167 
Amygdalus    communis,    168 

persica,  168 
Akacaediaceae,  220 
Anacardium  occidentale,  222 
Anadyomene    stellata,     495 
Anagallis,    282 

arvensis,   282 
Anamomis   fragrans,   263 
Ananas   Ananas,    66 

sativaj  66 
Anchistea,  420 

virginica,    421 
AndracJine   trifoUata,   220 
Andropogon,    10 

insi'.htris,  18 

Schoenanthus,    10 

virginicus,    10 

Anemone    japonica,    140       1 

Anemopaegma      carrerense, 

353  I 

Anethum    Foeniculuni,    276 

gi-aveolens,    276 
Angelica   Archangelica,   279 
Axgiospermae,    2 
Anistoclius  cupreolata,  353 
Annatto,   248 
AxxATTO  Family,  248 
Anxoxaceae^   136 
Annona   Cherimolia.    137 

muricata,    136 

reticulata,    137 

squamosa,   137 
Anopteris,   418 

hexagona,    418 
Anthemis,    403 

Cotula.    404 
Anthoceros,    469 

Black-spored,  469 

laevis,    469 

punctatus,    469 

Yellow-spored,    469 
Axthocerotaceae,    469 
Axthocerotales,   468 
Antholyza  aethiopica,  85 
Anthracothecium  tetrasper- 

mum,  472 
Anthriscus  Anthriscus,  279 

rulgaris,   279 
Anthurium   Veitchii,   60 
Anthyllis    Barba-.Tovis.    1S9 
Antigonum  leptopus,   114 
Antirrhinum  CymhaJaria, 
345 

FAatinc,  345 

Lhuirin,  350 

majus.    350 
Antithamnion  cruciatum, 

529 
Apetalae,   91 


Apium,  275 

Ammi,    279 

(j)\ii(ol(  ns,    278 

ieptophyllum,     279 

peregrinum,    275 

Petroselinura,   275 
Apocyxaceae,     292 
Apple,   166 

Custard,    137,    250 

Kei,   248 

Love,  338 

Malay,   264 

Mamniee,    246 

of   Peru,   333 

Pine,    66 

Pork-fat,   168 

Rose,   264 

Seven-year,    362 

Star,   285 

Thorn,    340 
Apple   Family,    166 
Apricot,    168 
Apricots,   252 
Aquilegia   vulgaris.    140 
Arabis    alpina,    155 
Araceae,    59 
Arachis    hypogaea,    187 
A  rales,    59 
Aralia   Guilfoylei,   271 

papi/rifcni,  271 

Variegated.    271 
Araliaceae.   271 
Araucaria   Bidwillii,   412 

exselsa,   412 
Arbor-vitae,   Asiatic,   411 
Archichlamideae,   91 
Arctotis,   Blue,  407 

stoechadifolia,    407 
Arcyria,  482 
Ardisia  acuminata,  284 

hioitiUs.   284 

fiolanacni.    284 
Arduina  grandiflora.  295 
Areca  alha,  58 

Catechu,   58 
Arecaceae.  56 
Arecales,  55 
Arenaria,   130 

alsinoidcs,  131 

lanuginosa,   130 

leptoclados,    130 

rubra,   131 

serpyilifolia.   130 
Argemone,    143 

mexicana,    144 
Argvreia   hractrata,  303 

Elegant,  303 

Roxburghii.    303 

speciosa.   303 
Argyrolobium.    190 
Arisaema    triphylhim.  60 
Aristolochia  argontina,  108 

elegans.    lo8 

trilobata,    108 
Arlstolociiiackae,    108 
Aristolocmiales.    107 
Arjun.   260 

Armoracia    Armoracia,    155 
Arnotto,    248 
Aroma.  170 
Arrowroot.  88 

Two-colored.  88 
Arrowroot  Family.  87 
Artabotrvs  odoratissima, 

137 
Artemisia    capillifoUa.    3S7 
tcmd folia,  387 


Arthonia    conferta.    473 

poiymorpliu.    473 

rubella.    473 
Artiio.\l\(kae,    473 
Arthothcliuui         speclublle. 

473 
Artichoke.    Globe,    4()8 

Jt^rusalem.    401 
Artillery    Plant,    1(»4 
Art<K-ariMis    inclsa,    1U2 

int«'grifolla,   lo2 

Lakoocha,    102 
.4 rum    hirolor,   iU) 

i Htuh ntum,    60 

Hdijitttn  folium,   GO 

•frf/uinar,    «;<) 

trijtiiiillum,  60 
Ari.m   Family.  50 
Arundinaria    tecta,   40 
Arundo,    29 

Donax,   29 

tictn,   40 

ASCLEPIADACEAE,     295 

Asclepias,    296 

curassavica.    296 

Linari:i.   296 

nivea,    296 

phifnoctirpa,  297 
Ascobolus  immersus.   486 

stercorarius,    486 
Ascocyclus   orbicularis.   504 
A.SCOMYCKTES.     4n3.     4H4 
Ascophanus       iiermudensls. 
485 

granuliformis.  4S6 
Ascoi»hyllum   nodosum,   5oG 
Ascyrum,   245 

Cru.r-ait(lrcat  ,    245 

hniirriroidtH.    245 

linifolium.    245 

macrosepaluin.    245 
Ash.    European.    290 

West  Indian.  172 
Asparagus.  73 

africanu.-^.    73 

natalensis.    73 

nfricinalis,   73 

pluniosus.    73 

Sprengeri,    73 
Aspidistra    lurlda.    73 
Aspidium   aruUatum,  424 

caitcii.sc,  424 

curiaiu  um,    424 

ixaltatum,    420 

moJIr,   425 

jtat)  us.  425 

Ttirluptrris,  425 
Asplenium.    4  21 

riiutarium.    423 

en  iiuhitum,    423 

<]entatum.    422 

Franconis.    423 

heteroclirtnim.    422 

I.atfuuiduutn,    423 

Mild»>i.    423 

monteverdenso.    4  23 

mutiiiiui.   422 

muriophuUum .    423 

riiiznithidlum,   423 

Trirhomatitx,    422 
Aster,    391 

anuuiin.    392 

Blue    Wood.    392 

cordifolius.    .392 

fa  lea  t us.    393 

laevls.    392 

Scale  leaved.   391 

Smooth.    392 


564 


INDEX. 


squamatus,    391 

trifoUum,   391 

TripoHum,    391 
Asterina  pelliculosa,  485 
Astrocaryum,   57 
Atamasco   Lily,    79 

Pink,    79 

White,    78 

Yellow,  79 
Atamosco,    78 

Atamasco,   79 

bifolia,   79 

Eggersiana,    79 

rosea,    79 

tubispatha,   78 
Atriplex,    116 

arenai-ia,   117 

cristata.  117 

hortensis,    117 

Sea-beach,    117 
Atropa    physalodes,    333 

AURICL'LARIALES,    488 

Avena,   28 

fatua,   28 

sativa,   29 
Avicennia,   319 

nitida.   320 
Avocaclo   Pear,    141 
Avrainvillea         longicaulis, 
501 

nigricans,    501 
Azalea,   281 

Baccharis,    388 

glomerulitlora,    388 

haUnii folia,    388 

hctrrotihiiUa,  388 
Bacidia    fuscorubella,    475 
Bacillarieae,   540 
Bacteria,    480 
Balloon-vine,    226 

Large-flowered,    226 

Small-fruited,    226 
Balm,   331 

Calamint.  328 
Balsam,   Garden,    194 

of  Peru,  188 

of   Tolu,    188 

Red,    194 
Balsamixaceae,   193 
Balsamocarpon  brevifolium, 

190 
Bamboo,   Chinese.   41 

Low  Pole,  41 
Bambos  glaucescens,  41 

vulgaris.    41 
Banana,  Chinese  Dwarf,  88 

Plantain,    89 

Red,    89 

Yellow,    89 
Banana    Family,    88 
Bangia    compacta,    510 

fuscopurpurea,    510 
Bangiaceae.    510 
Banyan,    102 
Barbadoes   Gooseberry,  257 

Grape-tree.    113 

Lily,    81 

Pride,   174 
Barberry,    European,    140 

Thunberg's.  140 
Barberry   Family.    140 
Barhula  agraria,  440 
Bark,    260 
Barleria    lupulina,    356 

Yellow,    356 
Barlev.   40 

Little,  39 


Barnyard  Grass,  20 
Basella    cordifolia,    119 

Red,  119 

rubra,    119 
Basellaceae^    118 
Basidiomycetes,    486 
Basil,    331 
Basket  Flower,  407 
Bastard   Cedar,    242 
Batatas    eduUs,   301 
Batophora   Oerstedi,   499 
Bauhinia  monandra,  175 

parviflora,    175 

racemosa,    175 

Vahlii,   175 

Yellow,    175 
Bay   Bean,    185 

Bull,    136 

Grape,   113 

Hops,   185 

Rum,    263 

Sweet,    141 

Tree,    263 
Bayberry   Family,  95 
Beaked-rush,    53 
Bean,   Bay,    185 

Black,    185 

Broad,    187 

Caper,    199 

Castor,    210 

French,    183 

Hyacinth,    185 

Jumbie.   169 

Kidney,   183 

Lima,    183 

Portuguese,    187 

Sacred,  135 

Six-week.    183 

Wild   Bermuda,    183 

Windsor.    187 
Beard-grass,   27 

Perennial.   28 

Short-awned.    28 
Beard-tongue,   350 
Bear's-foot.    398 
Beaumontia  grandiflora,295 
Bedstraw,    Bermuda,    368 

Hairy,   368 
Bee-balm,    331 
Beech    Family,    97 
Beefwood.    93 
Beefwood    Family,    93 
Beet,  118 

Beggar-ticks.   White,   402 
Begonia,    254 

Cow-parsnip.  254 

Elm-leaved,   254 

Fire-king,    254 

fuchsioides,    254 

goegoensis.    254 

heracleifolia.    254 

hydrocotylifolia,   254 

Jamaica,   254 

minor,    254 

Rex,   254 
Begoniaceae,   253 
Begonia  Family,  253 
Begoniales,    253 
Belladonna   Lily,   82 
Benthamia    fragifera,    280 
Berberidaceae,   140 
Berberis   Thunbergi,    140 

vulgaris,    140 
Berbine,    310 
Bergamot  Lime,  202 

Mint,  330 
Bermuda    Blue-eyed    Grass, 
84 


Buttercup,    196 

Cedar,   410 

-grass,   36 

Iris,  84 

Juniper,     410 

Snowberry,    362 
Bermudiana.   84 
Berrya  Ammonilla,    231 
Beta   vulgaris,    118 
Betel    Nut,    58 
Biatora  fuscorubescens,  475 
Bidens,   401 

Icucantha.  402 

pilosa,  402 
Bignonia   buccinatoria,   353 

capensis,  351 

capreolata,   353 

Caracas,  353 

ignea,  353 

teucoxylon,  352 

longissima.  353 

obliqua,    353 

radicans,    353 

Red,    353 

serratifolia,    352 

stans,  352 

tomentosa,   351 

venusta,  353 

BiGNONIACEAE,     351 

Bilimbia     Brittoniana,     475 
sphaeroidea.   475 

Bindweed,    Black,    112 

Biota  orient  alls,  411 

Bird-of-Paradise  Flower.  89 

Birthwort.   108 

BiRTHWORT  Family,  108 

Bischofia   javanica,   220 
trifoliata,    220 

Bishop"s-weed.   277 

Bitter   Orange,   201 

Bitterwood,  204 

Bixa  Orellana.  248 

BlXACEAE,    248 

Black  Bindweed,  112 

Ebony,   170 

Mangrove.    320 

Walnut,    97 

Willow.    157 
Bladder    Senna,    187 
Blastenia    floridana,    478 
BJechniim    rirginiciim,    421 
Blighia   sapida.    226 
Blights,    479 
Blitum      maritimum,      116, 

117 
Blodgettia    Borneti,    497 
Blollv,    362 
Blood-flower,    296 
Blowball,  380 
Blue-bottle.    407 

Lily,    72 

Sailors,    379 
Blue-eved  Grass,   Bermuda, 

"84 
Blue-grass.  Kentucky,  32 
Boehmeria,    105 

cylindrica.    105 
Boerhaavea,    1 23 

diffusa,   124 

erecta.   124 
Bolboxalis,  196 

cernua.     196 

BOMEACACEAE,    241 

Cciha,  241 
prutandrut)}.    241 

BOMBAX    FAillLY.    241 

Bontia    daphnoides.    357 
Boodlea  struveoides,  496 


INDEX. 


.565 


Borage,  308 

Borage   Family.  .  306 

BORAGINACEAE.     306 

Boi-ago   officinalis,   308 
Borreria,    364 

liievis,    365 
Borrichia,    300 

arborescens,    400 

frutescens,    400 
Boston  Ivy,  230 
Bostrychia  calamtstrata, 
523 

Ma;:ei,  523 

Montagnei,   523 

Sertularia,    523 

tenella,   523 
Bottle    Brush,    264 
Bougainvillea   glabra,    124 

Purple,    124 

Red,    124 

spectabilis,    124 
Bourbon    Palm,    57 
Boussingaultia,    118 

baselloides,   110 
Bowstring    Hemp,    African 


Cevlon,    72 
Box,    222 

Briar,  361 
Box-tree,  Red,  264 
Brachycladia    marginata, 

513 
Bracken,   Southern,  419 
Bradburya,   187 

virginiana,    190 
Braise,    Long-leaved,   418 
Bramble,    European,    165 
Bramia,    347 

:\Ionniera,   348 
Brassica,    150 

campestris,   151 
integrifolia,    151 
nigra,    150 
oleracea,   151 
ginajiistrum.  151 
Beassicaceae-,  145 
Breadfruit,   102 
Breynia  nivosa,   220 
Bridal    Wreath,    119 
Brier-bush,    173 
Briza,   31 

maxima,  31 
Bromeliaceae,  65 
Bromus,    34 

unioloides,  35 
Broom,    225 

Spanish,    188  , 

Brownea  grandiceps,  175 
Brugmansia,    339 
arborea,    339 
Candida.   339 
suaveolens.    339 
Brunfelsia    americana,    342 
fallax.  343 
Long-flowered,    343 
Bryaceae,   442 
Bryales,   432 
Brvonv,    Wild.    377 
Bryophyllum,   159 
caJf/ciiuim,    159 
pinnatum.   159 
Bryophyta.    1.    430 
Bryopsidaceae,    499 
Bryopsis  Harveyana,  499 
hypnoides.  499 
pennata.  500 
Brvothamnion       SeaforthlL 
522 


Bryum,    442  I 

capillare,  443  | 

Criigeri,  443 
dichotomum,  443 
(jlaticinii,  434 
Hair-like,  443 
Bryum  Family,  442 
Buckthorn    Family,    228 
Buckwheat.    112 
Buckwheat    Family,     108 
Buddleia,    291 

americana,   291 
madagascariensis,    291 
Nccmda,   291 
Bucllia  canescens,   478 
myriocarpa,    478 
parasema,   478 
Buelliaceae,   478 
Bull  Bay,  136 
Grass,   27 
Bulrush,    American    Great, 
48 
Olney's,  47 
P.unya-bunya,   412 
liuphthahnum    arborescens, 
400 
fnitescens,   400 
Bur  chervil,    279 
-grass,    23,    24 
-vervain.    313 
Burr    Bush.    231 

Apetalous,   231 
Bursa,   154 

Bursa-pastoris,    154 
Buttercup.  Bermuda,  196 
Creeping.  138 
Meadow.    138 
Tall.    138 
Butterfly    Weed,    296 
Button    Alder,    260 
Button-weed.    365 
Buttonwood,    260 


Cabbage,   151 
Palm.    57 
CacaJia  aiirantiaca.  408 

sonchifolia,  397 
Cactaceae.   254 

Cactus,   Crab,   257 
DiUriiii,   255 
qrandiporux,    256 
Melocactus.    257 
Opuntia.  255 
Pereskia,  257 

Cactus  Family.  254 

Caesalpinia   Crista,   173 
Plata.    174 
Gilliesii,    174 
pulcherrima,   174 

Caesalpixaceae,  171 

Cajan,    182 

Ca.ian,  182 

Cajanu's   indicus,   182 

Cakile,    152 

arqualifi,  153 
lancpolata.    153 
maritima.   153 

Calabash.    353 
Black.   353 

Calabrian   Soapwort.   1^^4 

Caladium  bicolor.  60 

Calamint.    328 

Calendula   officinalis,  408 

Calla   arthinpica.   60 
Lilv.    60 

Callicarpa,    319 

americana,    319 
fcrniilinca,    319 


Callistemon  hinceoiatus,  204 
Caiiithamnion     huHHoid*  urn, 
529 

cordatum,    527 

corymbosum,  527 

llnlliar,  527 

Il.iv.-yi.   528 

Honhrri,    528 
Callitris    roliusta.    411 

vornicosa.    411 
Calociirpum  mammosum,  2^:i 
Caloglossa     Lci.rlpurli.    .".18 
Calonectriji    granulosa.    4.H5 

T'mbcllifcrarum.   485 
Calonvcti<n  .iculpatum,  3o2 
Calophyllum,    IMO 

C.ilaba.    246 
CALOI'LACACEAE.    47S 

Calosiphonia     verticil!  if  era, 

535 
Calothrlx    scopulorum,    493 
Calpurnia   a  urea,    1K9 
Golden.    189 
hiHiofiiinr,    189 
Caltrop  Family,  199 
Calvmpi-r.\ce.\e.    436 
Calvmpkkes     Family.    436 
Calypogeia,   460 
Cleft.    4n(t 
fissa.    460 
Camel ina   sativa.    155 
Camellia    j.Mponica,    244 
Camomile.   Dog's,  4o4 

Fetid.    4i»4 
Campanulales.   376 
Camphor,    141 
Camphora  Camphora,   141 
Campylopus,   433 

l)prmudianus.    433 
Canary-grass.  25 
Canavali,    1  s5 
linoata.    185 
ohfusiifoUa.    185 
Candelabra    Plant.    157 
Candlel)errv-myrtle,    96 
Candlestick  Tree,  219 
Candytuft.    155 

I'urple    Annual,    155 
White   Annual,   155 
Cane.    Dumb,   60 
Grass.    17 
Shot.    86 
Small.    40 
Sugar.   40 
Cankpr-root.   283 
Canna,  86 

cofcinea.    86 
edulls.   .S6 
glauca,    86 
Indica,    86 
Yellow.    86 
Cannace.\e,    86 
Canna  Family.  86 
Cape  G()osel>prry.  335 
.Tpssamine.    370 
-wppd.   312 
C.\pi:r   Family,    156 

CAPl'AltlOACK.VK.     156 

Capparis    Cynophallophora. 

jaiiiairrvKiH^jrii 
toruiosa.    157 
Capraria.   348 

bitlora.   165.  34S 

CAPRiroLIACEAR.      3.1 

Caprifolium     itafirunu    •< ' - 
ncinprrrircns,     372 


666 


IXDEX. 


Capriola,  36 

Dactylon,   36 
CapscnaBursa-pcistoriSil54 
Capsicum,   338 

annuum,    339 

baccatum,  338 

frutescens,    339 
Caracas    Willow,   95 
Caraguata    lingulata,    66 
Carara,    147 

didyma,   147 
Cardinal-flower,    377 
Cardiospermum,    225 

grandiflorum,    226 

Halicacabum,     226 

microcarpum,    226 
Cardoon.   408 
Caeduaceae^  385 
Carex,   54 

albolutescens,  55 

bermudiana,   55 

praealta,  55 

pulicaris,  54 

Walteriana,    55 
Carica,    250 

Papaya,    250 
Caeicaceae,   250 
Caricature  Plant,  355 
Carludovica  palmata,   59 
Caraation,  133 
Carob-tree,    173 
Carolinea  princeps,  241 
Caepet-weed   Family,    124 
Carrera  Vine,  353 
Carrion-flower,    297 
Carrot,    279 
Caeeot  Family.  271 
Carthamus  laevis,  408 

tinctorius,    408 
Caeyophyllaceae.   132 
Caryota    urens,    57 
Casasia,    361 

clusiifolia.  362 
Cashew-nut,   222 
Cassava,    212 
Cassena,    222 
Cassia,  171 

alata,   172 

bacillaris,   172 

-bark,   141 

bicapsularis,    172 

Climbing,    172 

corymbosa,    173 

Fistula,    172 

florida,  173 

glauca,  172 

grandis.    173 

Great,  173 

ligustrina,   171 

Many-flowered,   173 

occidentalis,    172 

siamea.    173 

Winged,  172 
Casta  gnea        mediterranean 
505 

zosterae,   505 
Castalia  zanzibarensis,   135 
Castor-bean,    210 

-oil  Plant,  210 
Casuarina  Cunninghamiana, 
93 
equisetifolia,  93 
quadrivalvis,  93 
Casuaeinales,   93 
Catalpn    longissima,    353 
Catanella  Opuntia,   514 


Catchflv,   English,   132 

Maritime  Bladder,  133 

Mght-flowering,    133   ^ 

Nocturnal,    133 

Small-flowered,    132 
Catharanthus   roseus,   293 
Catmint,   331 
Catnip,  328,   331 
Catopodium    loUaccum,    34 
Cat's-claw,  170 
Cat-tail  Grass,   25 

Narrow-leaved,  4 
Cattleya,    91 
Caucalis  AntJiriscus,   274 

nodosa,  274 
Caudoxalis    Bowieana,    198 
Caulerpa   arhuscula,  525 

crassifolia,    500 

cupressoides,  500 

prolifera,    500 

pusilla,    500 

racemosa,  500,  517 

sertularioides,    500 

verticillata,  500 
Cave-fern,  Bermuda,  426 
Ceanothus,   228 
Cecropia  peltata,  102 
Cedar.  Bastard,  242 

Bermuda,    410 

of    Lebanon,    410,    411 

Port  Orford,  411 

Spanish.    205 

White,    352 
Cedrela   odorata,   205 
Cedrus   libani,  411 
Ceiba    pentandra,    241 
Celasteaceae,  223 
Celeri,    278 

graveolens,   278 
Celery,    278 
Celosia    argentea,    121 

cristata,    121 
Celtis,    98 

Lamarckiana,  99 

mississippiensis,    99 

occidentalis,  99 

Smallii.  99 
Cenchrus,    23 

echinatus,    24 

tribuloides,    23 
Centaurea    americana,    407 

Cyanus,  407 

gymnocarpa,   407 

nioschata,  407 

Velvety,    407 
Centaurium,    292 

pulchellum.    292 
Centaurv,    Branching,   292 
Centella,    273 

asiatica.   273 

repanda.   273 
Centipede  Plant,   114 
Centranthus,    374 

macrosiphon,  374 

ruber,    375 
Centroceras  clavulatum,  532 
Centroseiva  rirginiana,  190 
Century  Plant.  81 

Barbadoes,   81 
Cephalanthtis     occidentalis, 

260 
Cephalocereus  Brooksianus, 
257 

leucocephalus,    257 
Cephalozia,    458 

connivens,   458 
Cephaloziella,    458 

bvssacea,  459 


Ceeamiaceae,  525 
Ceramium   byssoideum,  531 
clavulatum,  533 

cruciatum,    531 

leptozonum,   531 
nitens,   530 
tenuissimum,   531,   532 

trans icrsale,  531 
Ceramothamnion  Codii,  531 
Cerastium,    129 

viscosum,    129 

vulgatum.    129 
Ceratonia   siliqua,   173 
Ceeatophyllaceae,    135 
Ceratophyllum.   135 

demersum,  135 
Cerbera,  293 

Thevetia,    294 
Cercis   Siliquastrum.   174 
Cerefolium  Cerefolium,  279 
Cereus   compressus,  256 

lepidotus,  257 

triangularis,   256 

tricostatus,    256 

undatus,    256 
C  est  rum.  Night-blooming, 
342 

nocturnum,  342 

Parqui,    342 
Ceylon  Lily,  81 
Chaerophi/llu  m     sativu  ni, 

279 
Chaetangiaceae,    512 
Chaetochloa,    22 

geniculata,    23 

magna,    22 

verticillata,    22 

viridis,  22 
Chaetomium,    486 
Chaetomorpha    brachygona, 
498 

crassa,   498 

Linum,    498 

minima,    498 
Chain-fern,  Virginia,  421 
Chair-maker's   Rush,  48 
Chalcaa  exotica,  202 
Chamaecyparis  Lawsoniana, 

411 
Chamaerops   glabra,   56 

humilis,  58 

Palmetto,    56 
Chamaesyce,   212 

Blodgettii,  213 

buxifolia.    213 

hirta,   216 

hvpericifolia,    214 

hyssopifolia,   215 

maculata,   216 

Preslii,    214 

prostrata.   215 
Champia   parvula,   517 
Changeable  Rose.  238 
Chantransia       corymbifera, 
511 

Thuretii,  511 
Chara   foliosa,   504 

g limn  opus,  504 

zei/lanica.   504 
Characeab.  504 
Charlock,    151 

Jointed.    153 

White,   153 
Charhvoodia    australis,    75 
Chaste-tree,    320 
1  Cheiranthus  Cheiri,  155 
I  incanus,    149 

I  maritimus,   155 


INDEX. 


50: 


Wild, 


Che>'Opodiaceab,  114 
Chenopodiales,  _^114 
Chenopodium,    115 
a  11)11111,   115 
ambvosioides,    H^ 
unthelminticum,  116 
miirale,   116 
Cherimoya,  137 
Cherry,      American 
168 
Balloon,    334 
Cow.    334 

Cut-leaved  Ground,  d^4 
French     190 
Hairy    Ground,    666 
Horse,   333 
Smooth  Ground,  334 
Stinging,   199 
Surinam,   262 
Tomato,    338 
West  Indian,  199 
Chervil,  Bur,   279 
Garden,    279 
Chess,   Southern,   3o 
Chicken-grass,   63  _ 
Chickweed,    Baldwins,    li» 
Common,   128 
Mouse-ear,    129 
Chickweed  Family,  127 
Chicory,   379 
Chicory   Family,   378 
Chillies.    339 
China  Tree,   205 
Chinese   Rose,    238 
Chiococca,   362 

alba,^  363  ^^     ^^^ 

ber^diana.    362,    541 
rae^iiosa.    363 
Chiodecton  Montagnei,  474 
Chiodectonaceae,  474 
Chloris,  36 

vetraea,  37         .       .^o 
Chlorophora   tinctona,    lOJ. 
Chlorophyceae,    494 
Chlorophytum   elatum,   72 
Chloroxylon       Chloroxylon, 
202 
Snietcnia,  202 
Chocho,    376 
Chocolate  Family,   241 
Chondria   curvilineata,   519 

polyrhiza.    520 
Choripetalae,    91 
Christmas  Bush,    172 
Christophine,   376 
Chroococcaceae,   492 
Chroococcus    turgidus,    49^ 
Chroothece  cryptarum,  4J2 

Rlchteriana,   492 
Chrysalidocarpus  lutescens, 

57 
Chrysanthemum,  404 
anethifolium,    406 
Annual,   406 
carinatum,   406 
coronarium.    406 
frutescens,    406 
Garden,   406 
Keeled,    406 
Leucanthemum,   405 
ma'ximum,    406 
morifolium,    406 
Parthenium,    405 
Chrvsobalanus    Icaco,    168 
Chrysophyllum   Cainito,285 


Chrysymenia  pyrifurmis. 
517 
uvaria,  516 
Ciciiorlvceae,    378 
Cichorium,    379 

Intybus,  379 
Cineraria   maritima,   396 
Cinnamomum    Camphora, 
141 
Cassia,    141 
Cinnamon   Fern,   415 
Cinquefoil.    164 
Cissus,    228 

discolor,    229 
Mottled,    229  , 

sicyoides,    229 
West   Indian,   229 
Cistaceae,   244  j 

Cistus   laurifolius,   244 

monspeliensis,    244         ] 
salvifolius,  244 
Citharexylum,  316 

quadraiKjularc,    316 
spinosum,   316 
Citron,    202 
Citrullus    Citrullus,    377 

vulgaris,   377  ' 

Citrus,  201  I 

Aurantium,  202 
Myaradia,  201 
decumana,    202 
Lima,    202 
Limetta,   202 
Limonum,    201 
Medica,    201,    202 
nobilis,    202 
raccmosus,  202 
vulgaris.    201 
Cladium    jamnivcnse,    54 
Mariscus,  54 
occidcntalis,   54 
Cladonia    fimbriata,    475 
mitrula,    475 
pityrea,  475     ^ 
rangiformis,   4»5 
Cladoniaceae,  475 
Cladophora   catenifera,  497 
corallicola,   497 
crispula,   497 
crvstallina.    497 
fracta,    497 
fuliginosa.  496 
Howei.    497 
utriculosa,  497 

CLADOPH GRACE AE,    496 

Cladophoropsis    membrana- 

cea,    496.   497 
Cladosiphon.    505 

mediterraneus,   oOo 
Clathrus,    488 
Clausena   excavata,   202 
Cleaver-wort.    367 
Cleavers,  307 
Clematis  Flammula,   16\) 

Jackmani,    139 

iaponica.    139 

Sweet.    139 
Cleome,    1  .">(> 

syuandra.    I"*)! 

)nutiiphilU(i,^  150 

l)iir<i<tnx,    157 

spi'fiosa.    157 

si)iin)sa,    157 

visr.)s:i.     ir,7 
Clerodendron,    'MS 

(iciih  <itiint,    317 

Bush..  318 

capitatum,   318 


fallnx,    318 
iragraus,    ;il8 
glalu-uiu,   318 
Odorous,    :il8 
Scarl.-t.   318 
SiiilioiuinthuH,    320 
Thonipsona.'.    318 
Climbing   Lily.   72 
Clinopodium,    ;{28 

Calamiulha.    32h.    331 
Clitoria   hrtitiilinini)*,   187 

Tt'rnatea.    187 
Clove    I'ink.    133 
Clover,   Alsatian,    180 
Alsike.    18i» 
r.laekseed    Hop.    177 
Dutch,    181 
llunevsuckle,    181 
Meadow.     180 
rurple.    180 
Red,    ISO 
White.    181 
Clusiackae,    246 
CLisiA   Family.    246 
Clypcola    maritima,    148 
Cobaea    scandens,    304 
Cocaine  Tree,   195 
Coccolobis,  113 

diversifolia,  113 
I  plaiyvlada,    114 

uvifera.    113 
1  Coccothrinax    argentea,    58 
Cochineel    ("actus.   256 
Corhlcaria  officinalix,  153 
Cocklebur,    384 
Cockroach    Berry,    336 

I'oison.   337 
Cockspur   Grass,    20 
Coconut.    57 
Cocos  nucifera,  57 
Codariocalyx    gyrans,    188 
Codiaeum    variegatuni.    210 
Codiuni    decortlcatum.    5o3 
clu)i [latum.   5o;i 
intertextum.    5o3 
isthnuicladuni.    50.3 
tonientosum.   5o3 
Coelarthrum  Albertisli,  517 
I  Coffea,   364 

arablca.    364 
Coffee.  364 

Senna.    172 
Wild.   363 
Coleus,    331 

Kcutcllarioidrn.   200 
Coliseum    Ivy.    345 
Collema    b.-rmudanuir..    4i«> 
tlacoiduni,    476 
uigrt'scens.    47<» 
thanin«>des.   476 

COLLKMAfEAE.      470 

Colocasia    rsculentn.    6<> 
Cololejeunea.    462 

iiiinutissima.   4r.:i 
Colpoiiu-nia    siniios.i.   .'>04 
t'olubrina    aslatica.   22.S 
(N)lunibino.     Kuropean.     140 
("ohiti'a    arboresi-ens,    18« 
Commelina.    r.2 

aiiraria.  f.:i 

fdmmutii.'*,    «>2,    o.T 

elegans.    6.3 

longicaulls.   63 

II udi flora.  63 

ririiittica .     63 
COMMEl.INACKAR.    62  _ 

Coinhium     ohifrrrn"       i"* 
1  Conifers,  4oO 


568 


INDEX. 


CONIOCAEPALES,    473 

Conocarpus,    259 
erecta,    260 
procumhens,  260 
racemosus,   260 

Conocephalus  violaceus, 

103 

Convallaria  majalis.   73 

COKVALLAEIACEAE,  73 
CONVOLVULACEAE,  298 

Convolvulus  aculeatus,  302 

aciiminatus,    300 

Batatas,   301 

corymhosus,   303 

dissectus,    302 

edulis,   301 

grandiflorus,    302 

jamaiccnsis,  303 

Nil,  299 

sayittaefolius,    301 

Seaside,   300 

speciosus,   303 
Conyza  amUgua,  394 

odorata,    389 

purpurascens.   389 

rivularis,  394 
Cookia  punctata,   202 
Coontie,    413 
Coral   Bush,    211 

Plant,   114,   211 
Corallina,    114 

fragilissima,    539 

pumila,   539 

rubens.   539 

COEALLIXACEAE,    536 

Corallita,   114 
Coral-tree,  188 

Cockspur,     188 

Velvety,    188 
Cord   Moss.   441 
Cordia,   Scarlet,  309 

Sehestena.  309 

CORDIACEAE,     501 

Cordyceps  militaris,   485 
Cordylecladia       irregularis. 

516 
Cordyline   australis,    75 

New    Zealand,    75 

Purple.    75 

terminalis,    75 
Coreopsis    grandiflora,    406 

lanceolata,   407 

tinctoria,    406 
Coriander,    279 
Coriandrum    sativum,    279 
Corkwood,    241 
Corn-flag,   85 

-flower,  407 

Indian,    40 

Salad,   374 

CORXACEAE,    280 

Cornucopia.    339 
Cornus   stricta,   280 
Correa  alba,  203 

White,    203 
Cortaderia    argentea,    41 
Cosmos  bipinnatus,  408 

Pink,   408 

sulphureus,  408 

White,   408 

Yellow,  408 
Cotoneaster    frigida,    166 

Himalavan,   166  ' 

microphylla,    166 

pyracantha.    166 

Small-leaved.    166  ! 

Cotton.    240  1 

Cotyledon  pinnatum,  159     I 


Cow-cane,   29 
-pea,    184 
Crab   Cactus,  257 
Crab-grass,    24,   37 
Common,  19 
Narrow,    19 
Slender,  20 
Crane's-bill,    Carolina,    191 

Small-flowered,    191 
Crape   Jasmine,    294 

Myrtle,   258 
Crassina    elegans,    407 
Ckassulaceae,    91,    159 
Crataegus,   166 
Creeper,    Rangoon,    260 

Virginia,   229 
Crepis,   380 

japonica,  380 
lyruta,    380 
Crescentia  cucurUtina,  353 
Cujete,    353 
pinnata,  353 
Crinum    africanum,    72 
amabile,   81 
asiaticum,   81 
cruentum,  81 
giganteum.   81 
zeylanicum,    81 
Crossotolejeunea,    466 
bermudiana,   466 
Cross-vine.   353 
Crotalaria,     176 
retusa,   177 
Croton,   207 

Beach,   207 
discolor,    208 
tnaritimus,   207 
monanthogvnus,  208 
punctatus,   207 
seMferum,  220 
Single-fruited,    208 
variegatus,   219 
Yellowish.   208 
Crotons,    Garden.    208,    219 
Crouania   attenuata.   529 
Crowfoot   Family.   137 
Crowfoot,       Small-flowered. 
.139 

Spiny-fruited,   139 
Crown-of-thorns,     219 
Cryptomeria    japonica,    411 
Cryptonemia  crenulata,  534 

luxurians,   534 
Cryptostegia        grandiflora, 

297 
Cucumber,    377 
Root,   71 
Star,    377 
Cucumis    Melo,    377 

sativug,    377 
Cucurbita    Citrullus,   377 
Lagenaria,    376 
maxima,    376 
Melopepo,   376 
moschata,   376 
Pepo,    376 
Cucuebitaceae,    376 
Cudweed,   390 
Cup    Fungi,    484 
Cupania   fulva,    227 
paniculata,    227 
Cuphea  micropetala,  258 
Cupressus  macrocarpa.  411 

sempervirens.    411 
Curculigo  recurvata.  82 
Curly  Palm.  58 
Custard   Apple,    137,   250 


Custaed-applb         Family 

136 
Cyaxophyceae,   491     . 
Cyanotis  discolor,  64 
Cycadaceae,    413 
Cycadales,  412 
Cycad   Family,   413 
Cycas    revoluta,    413 
Cyclaxthaceae,   59 
Cyclaxthales,   59 
Cyclaxthus  Family,  59 
Cyclocarpales,    474 
Cyclodictyon,     443 
Pale,   444 
varians,    444 
Cydonia  Cydonia,  166 

vulgaris,    166 
Cymbalaria,  345 

Cymbalaria,    345 
Cymodoeea,  7.  489 

manatorum,  7 
CymodoceaceaEj  6 
Cynara  cardunculus,  408 

Scolymus,   408 
Cynodon   Dactylon,   36 
Cynomirus   indicus,   37 

virgatus,   38 
Cyperus,    42 

alternifolius,  46 

Baldainii,  44 

brunneus.  45 

Coast,   45 

esculentus,    46 

flavescens,   43 

ftexuosits,  44 

Oatesii,  43 

globulosus,    44 

hydra,  45 

ligularis,  44 

Michauxianus,  44 

NuttallU,   43 

odoratus,  44 

paniculatus,   43 

Papyrus,   46 

rotundus,    45 

speciosus,    44 

Yellow.    43 
Cypeeacbae.  41 
Cypheliaceae^  473 
Cypress,   Monterey,   411 

Oriental,  411 

vine.    303 
Cyrtanthera    rosea.    357 
Cyrtanthus  Mackenii,  82 
Cytisus  albus.  187 

Cajan,  182 

canariensis,    187 

Laburnum,    187 

White,    187 

Dactylis  patens,   35 
DaflPodil,   Sea,   77 
Dahlia  rosea.  407 

variabilis,   407 
Daisy,   Ox-eye.   405 

Large-flowered.    406 

Shasta.    406 

White.   405 
Dalbergia  Sissoo,   189 
Dandelion,   380 
Darnel,    Awned,   39 
Dasya  Arhuscula,  525 

Collinsiana,  524 

corymbifera,   524 

elcfians,   525 

pedicellata.  522.  525 

ramosissima.  525 

rigidula,    525 


INDEX. 


5G9 


spinuligera,    525 
Dasycladaceae.  498 
Dasycladus  clavacformia, 
498 

vermicularis,    408 
Dasyscyplia   earoleuca,   486 
Date   Palm,   57 

-plum,   286 
Datura,   339 

(irhorea,  339 

fastuosa,    341 

Garden,    341 

Metel,    340 

Stramonium,   340 

suaveolcns,   339 

Tatula,   340 
Daucus   Carota,   279 
Day-flower,   Creeping,   63 

Larger,   63 
Day  Lily,  72 
Dead-Nettie.    Red,    323 
Delesseriaceae,  517 
Delonix  regia,  174 
Delphinium    Ajacis,    140 

Consolida,   140 
Demarara   Almond,   260 
Dendrobium,   91 
Dendropogon    usneoides,   65 
Desmanthus    virgatus,    169 
Desmazeria,    34 

Darnel,    34 

loliacea,    34 
Desmodium  gyrans,  188 

virgatum,   169 
Detarium    senegalense,    175 
Deutsia   Lemoinei,   161 

Rough,    161 

scahra,   161 
Devil  Grass,  36 
Dewberry,  Southern,  165 
Dianthus    barbatus,    134 

Caryophyllus,    133 
Diatomae,  540 
Dichondra,  304 

carolinensis,    304 

repens,  304 
Dichondra  Family,   304 
Dichondraceae,    304 
Dichotomosiphon      pusillus, 

503 
Dichromena,   49 

colorata,  49 

leucocephala.   49 

Narrow-leaved,    49 

DiCOTYLEDONES,    91 

Dicranaceae_,   433 
DicRAxiiM  Family,  433 
Dictyoncis  Janischii,  540 
Dictyopteris  clelicatula,  509 

Jnstii,  509 
Dictyosperma    album,    58 

"rubrum,   58 

White,    58 
Dictvosphaeria        favulosa, 

495 
Dictyota    Bartayresii,   509 

Brongniartii,  510 

ciliata,    509 

ciliolata,  509 

crenulata,  509 

crispata,   509 

dentata.    510 

dichotoma,    509 

linearis,    510 

Mertensii,    510 

pordalis,  509 

suhdentata,  510 

zonata,  507 


DiCTYOTACEAE,    507  I 

Didiscus    coeruleus,    279       I 
Dieffenbachia    seguinae,    60 
Digenea  simplex,  520 
Digitaria,   18 

longiffora,   20 

murginata,    19 

setigcra,   19 
Dillweed,    276 
Dilophus  guineensis,   510 
Dimerosporium   melioloides, 

485 
Dimocurpus   Litchi,  226 
Dioon    edule,    413 

spinulosum,  413 
Dioscorea,    83 

bulbifera.   83 

lutea,  83 

sativa,    83 
Dioscoeeaceae,  83 
Diosma   vulgaris,   203 
Diospyros,    285 

discolor,  286 

Kaki,   286 

Lotus,     286 

Mabola,   286 

virginiana,  286 
Diplazium,    423 

Laffanianum,    423 
Diplotaxis,   152 

muralis,   152 
Dipsacaceae,    375 
Dipterosiphonia  rigens,  521 
Discomycetes,    484 
Ditch-grass,   5 
Ditchweed,   135 
Divi-divi,    174 
Dock,  Bitter,  110 

Bloody,    109 

Broad-leaved,    110 

Curled,  109 

Fiddle,  110 
Dodonaea,    225 

angiistifolia,  225 

Burnunmiana.  225 

jamaicensis,    225 

riscosa,   225 
Dodonaeaceae,    224 
Dodonaea   Family,   224 
Dogbane  Family,   292 
Dog-bush,  388 

-fennel,    387 
Dog's-tooth  Grass,  36 
Dogwood,    225 
Dogwood    Family.    280 
Dolicholus  praecatorius,  189 
Dolichos,    184 

0(1710  valin.  185 

Lablab,  185 

linratus,   185 

1  uf  coins .  184 

rrpcufi,  184 

rose  us,    184 

sinensis,  184 

sphaerospermus,  185 
Spotted.    189 
Doryanthes  Palmeri.  82 
Dracaena   Lindeni,   75 

New  Zealand.  75 

Purple.    75 

terminalis,    75 
Dracaenaceae.  74 
Dracaena   Family,   74 
Dryopteris.    424 

aculcdto.  424 

ampin,  426 

asplenioides.   426 

bermudiana,   426 


cuprnaia,    424 

mollis.   425 

nrjrmalls,     425 

snelunciU',    lli6 

Tholypterls,  425 

rilliiHd,    41i6 
Duchesnea,    lO:', 

indica.    104 
Dick  WEED    Family.   61 
Duckweed.    Valdivla.    61 
Dudrt'snava       b»Tm  miens  is. 
535 

caribaoa.  535 

crassa,  511,  534 
Dumb   Cane.   60 

Dl.MONTIACEAE,    534 

Dumortiera,  451 

hirsuta,  452 
Duranta,   316 

(ffctn,   317 

I'lumirri,    317 

repens.    317 
Dusty   Miller.   396 
Dutchman's-pipe.        Argon- 
tine.   KtS 

Elegant,    108 

Lobed-leaved.    108 
Dyckia  altissima.  66 

Tall,    66 
Dypsis  madagascarensls,  59 

Earthnut.   187 
Earthstar.    487 
Earth-tc.ngue,  484,  486 
Easter    Lily,    72 
Ebenaceae,   285 
Ebenales.  284 
Ebonv.    Black.    170 
Ebony    Family.    285 
Echeveria     gibl)ifl<)rM.     lOo 

metallica.    160 

sanguinea,   160 
Echinocactus       peruviantis, 

257 
ii,chinocereus  enneacanthus. 

257 
Echinochloa,   20 

colonuni.    21 

Crus-galli,    2o 
Eclipta.    399 

alha,    399 

erecta,    399 
Ectocarpaceae.   504 
E  c  t  o  c  a  r  p  u  s  confervoides. 
504 

Mltchellae.    504 

siliculosTia.    504 
Eddoe-Coco,  60 
Eel-grass,   6 
Egg-plant.  337 

EllRETIACEAK.    308 

Ehretia    Family.   3(t8 

EuhoruUx    (•/•(/.s.si/<c.s'.    «;.". 

Elaeodendron,  223 

attenuaHnii.    224 
Laneanum.    223 
xnlocitypftm .  223 

Elder."  West    Indian.    371 

Eleocharis,    5<t 

l>ermudiana.    52 
capital  a.    51 
cellulosa.    51 
rqiiisi  toidrs,   50 
intorstlncta,   50 
nirlonorarpii,  51 
praticola.   51 
rostellata.  52 

Elephant's  Ears.   60 


570 


INDEX. 


Eleusine,    37 

indica,   37 

mucronata.  38 
El:m  Family,  98 
Elymus,    40 

arenarius,  40 

virginicus,    40 
Emilia,  396 

arrow-leaved,   397 

Purple,    397 

sagittata,    397 

sonchifolia.   397 
Enallagma   latifolia,   353 

EXCOELIACEAE,    504 

English    Walnut,   97 
Entada,   170 
Enteromorpha  flexuosa,  494 

intestinalis,    494 

minima.  494 

plumosa.   494 
Epiphyllum,    Broad,    25G 

latifrons,    256 

truncatum,   257 
Equisetum     hogotense,    429 

pahistre,   50 
Eragrostis,    30 

ciliaris,    31 

Fringed,    31 

major,  30 

megastachya,   30 

Strong-scented,    30 
Eranthemum   album,   356 

Andersoni,  356 

Blue,    356 

reticulatum,    356 

White,    356 

Yellow-veined,    356 
Erica,    281 
Ericaceae,  281 
Ekicales,  281 
Erigeron,    392 

annuus,   392 

honariensis,  394 

canadrnse,    394 

Darrellianus,   393,    543 

jamaiccnsis,   393 

Hnifolinm,  394 

philadelphicus.   393 

pusiUiim,    395 

quercifolinm,,   393 

tenuis,  393 
Eriobotrya  japonica,  166 
Eriodendron    anfractuosum, 

241 
Ernodesmis  verticellata,  495 
Erysimum,    149 

officinale.   150 
Erythraea  ptilcJicUa,  292 

texensis,   292 
Erythrina   arborea,   188 

caffra,   189 

Corallodendron.    188 

Crista-galli,  188 

herhacea,    188 

indica.    189 

speciosa.   189 

velutina.   188 
Erythrotrichia   carnea.    510 
Erythroxylon  Coca,   195 
Erytheoxylaceae.    195 
Eschscholtzia       calif  ornica, 

144 
Eucalyptus  coriacea,  264 

globulus.   264 

King.    264 

polyanthemos,  264 

resinifera.    264 

robusta.    264 


rostrata,    264 

saligna.    264 
Eucharis    umazonica,    82 

grandiflora,   82 
Eucheuma  Gelidium,   515 

isiforme,    515 
Eucladium,    439 

verticillatum,    439 
Eudesme,    505 
Eugenia,  261 

axillaris,   261 

hrasiliensis,    262 

floribunda,  262 

Jamholana,  264 

Jamhos,    264 

malacensis ,    264 

Michelii,    262 

monticola,  261 

Vgni,  262 

uniflora,    262 
Euonymiis    japonicus,   224 
Euosmolejeunea,    465 

clausa,   466 
Eupatorium,    386 

adenophorum,  387 

capillifolium,    387 

conyzoides,  388 

foeniculaceum,   387 

glandulosum,  387 

macrophyllum,    388 

odoratum,    388 

riparium,    387 

Small  White,  387 
Euphorbia  hermudiana,  213 

Blodgettii,    213 

hu.rifolki,    213 

Candelabrum.,  219 

cyathophora,    218 

fulgens,   219 

heterophylla,  217 

Mrta,  216 

hyp erici folia,   214 

hyssopifolia,  215 

lactea,   219 

macuJata,   216 

Nivulia,   219 

Peplus,   217 

piluHfera,   216 

Preslii,   214 

prostrota,   215 

pitlcherrima,  218 

lithymaloides,    218 

EUPHORBIACEAE,    205 

Euphoria  Longana,   226 
Eustachys,  36 

petraea,  37 
Evening     Primrose,      La- 
marck's. 268 

Seaside,    267 

Sinuate-leaved,    268 
Evening-Primrose       Fam- 
ily, 266 
Evergreen    Thorn,    166 
Everlasting,   408 
Evolvulus    alsinoides,    345 
Excaecaria   bicolor,   220 

Crimson-leaved,    220 

Fabaceae,  91,  175 

Fagaceae,  97 

Fagales,  97 

Fagopyrum,  111 

cscnJcntum,  112 
Fagopyrum,  112 
tataricum,    111 

Falkenbergia     Hillebrandii, 
522 


False  Flax,  155 

Garlic,    70 
Fatsia  papyrifera,  271 
Featherfew,  405 
Fennel,    276 

French,  387 
Fern,  Cave,  426 

Chain,   421 

Cinnamon,  415 

Devonshire  Marsh,  424 

Giant,  416 

Laffan's,   423 

Maiden-hair.   420 

Parsley,  423 

Royal,   415 

Shield,    425,   426 

Sword,   427 

Ten-day,   424 

Venus-hair,   420 
Fern-Allies,   413 
Ferns,   413 
Ferraria  Pavonia,  85 
Ferula  glauca,   279 
Fcstttca  fiUformis,  38 

phleoides,  30 

rigida,  33 
Feverfew,  405 
Ficus,   101 

aurata.  102 

aurea,    102 

benghalensis,  102 

Carica,   101 

elastica,   102 

lentiginosa,   102 

lyrata,    102 

padifolia,    102 

pumila,    102 
Fiddle-flower.    218 

-wood.   316 
Field-Madder,    369 
Fig,   Creeping.   102 

Edible.   101 

Golden,  102 

India  Rubber,  102 

Lyrate-leaved,    102 

Narrow-leaved,    102 

Wild,   102 
FiGWORT  Family,  343 
Filicales.  414 
Fimbristylis,  48 

acuminata,   48 

castanea,    49 

spadicea,  49 
Fimetaria  fimicola.   486 
Fimetariales,   486 
Firmiana    platanifolia,    243 
Fissidens,    435 

Garberi,    436 

minutulus.    435 

Small,   435 

taxifolius.   435 

Yew-leaved,  435 
Fissidens  Family,  434 

FiSSIDENTACEAE,     434 

Fittonia  argvroneura,  357 
White-veined.    357 

Flacourtia    prunifolia,     248 
Ramontchi,   248 

Flacourtia  Family,  248 

Flacot'rtiaceae.   248 

Flamboyant.   174 

Flannel-leaf.   344 

Flax.   195 

False.  155 
Flowering,    195 
New  Zealand.  72 

Flax  Family,   194 


INDEX. 


571 


Fleabane,   394 

Daisy,    392 

Darren's,    393 

Philadelphia,   393 

Salt   Marsh,    389 

Shrubby,    389 
Fleur-de-lis,   85 
Floppers,   159 
Florida   Moss,   65 
Fluellin,  Sharp-pointed,  345 
Foeniculum,    276 

dulce,  276 

Foeniculum,   276 

vulgare,  276 
Forest    Swamp    Oak,    93 
Forestiera,    288 

poriilosa,    289 

segregata,    289 

West    Indian,    289 
Forget-me-not,    308 
Forsythia,  290 
Four-o'clocli,    123 
FODE-o'cLOCK  Family,   122 
Fox-tail    Grass,    22 

Green,  22 

Meadow,   26 

Perennial,    23 
Fragaria    indica,    164 

virginiana,  164 
Frangipanni,    294 
Praxinus   excelsior,   290 
Freesea,    85 

refracta,    85 
French    Cherry,    199 

Mulberry,    319 

Oak,  353 

Trumpet-flower,    294 
FRoa's-BiT  Family,   7 
Frullania,   467 

pcnnst/lvanica,   467 

Spreading,    468 

squarrosa,    468 
FUCACEAE,    506 
Fuchsia,    269 
Fucus  Foitei,  518 

zonalis,   507 
Fumaria,    145 

(lensiflora,    145 

muralis,    145 

officinalis,   145 

FUMARIACEAE,     91,      144 

Fumitory  Family,   144 
Fumitory,  Wall,   145 
Funaria,    441 

flavicans,   442 

hygrometrica,   441 

Pale-green,   442 
Fdnariaceae.  441 
FuxARiA  Family,  441 
Fungi.  479 
Furcraea,   79 

cubensis,   80 

gigantca,  80 

macrophylla,  80 
Fustic,  102 

Gaillardia   pulchella,   407 

Showy,    407 
Galaxaura        flagelliformis, 
513 

marginata.    513 

obtusata,  513 

occidentalis,  513 

rngosa,  512 

squalida,  513 

subverticillata,  512 
Galba,  246  I 


Galinsoga,    402 

parviflora,  402 
Galium,   367 

Aparine,    367 

urvcnsi.s,  369 

bemiudcnse,  368 

hi>iltid>iUnn ,  368 

hyi)i)turi)ium,   368 

pilosum,  368 

rubruin,   368 

tmifiorum,  368 
Gamopetalae,  280 
Garcinia    Livingstone!,    247 

Xanthochymus,    246 
Gardenia    Fortunei,    370 

florida,  370 

jasminoides,    370 

nltida.   370 
Garget,   122 

Garlic,   Large  False,  70 
Gasteria   decipiens,   72 

maculata,   72 

Spotted,    72 

Tufted,    72 
Gastonia   cutispongia,   271 
Gazania   splendens,   408 
Geaster  saccatus,  487 
GelidiaceaEj   513 
Gelidiopsis    rigida,    514 
Gelidium   caerulescens,   514 

crinale,    514 

pusillum,  514 

rigidum,   514 
Genip,  226 

Gcnipa  clusiifolia,  362 
Genista  alha,   187 

Garden,    187 

hispanica,   187 

Spanish,  187 
Gentiana   nana,  292 

imlchella.   292 
GextianaceaEj    291 
Gextiaxales.    286 
Gentian  Family,  291 
Geoglossum    nigritum,    486 
Geramaceae,  190 
Geraxiales,  190 
Geranium,   191 

Capitate    Garden.    192 

capitatum,    192 

carolinianum,    191 

dissectiim,   191 

Ivy-leaved,  192 

pusillum,   191 

Rose,  192 

Strawberry,   161 

tcrchinthinaci  um .    192 
Geranium  Family.  190 
Geranium.   Strawberry.   161 
Gerbera  Jamesoni,  408 
Gesneriaceae.    354 
Gesxeria   Family.   354 
Geum   radiatum,   165 
Giant    Fern.   416 

Lily,  81 
Gigartina  acicularis,  514 
Gigartixaceae,    514 
Gilliflower.    149 
Ginger,  87 
Ginger   Family,   87 
Ginkgo  biloba,   413 

GiNKGOALES,    413 

Ginseng  Family,  271 
Gladiolus,    85 

refract  us.   85 
Glasswort.    Woody,    118 
Oiecoina  hedcracea,  323 


Gledltsia   aquatica,    174 

motioHprnna,    174 

triacanthus,    174 
Gloeotht'ce  rupeslris,  492 
Gloniopsis    lineoiatum,    486 
Gloriosa    simplex,    72 

superba,    72 
Gli/cinc    ijranatoriii,     1H9 
Glycosmis   citrifolia,   202 

pentaphylla,    202 
Glyphis   tlratricosa,   474 
Gnaphalium,    39<» 

lut(  Odibuin ,  390 

I)urpureum,   390 
Goal-weed,    165,   348 
Godefs  weed.    312 
Golden  Bells,  290 

-chain.   187 

Fig.    102 

-rod,    391 

-tuft,    155 
Golden-fruited    Palm,    57 
Goldfussia    colorata,    357 
Gomphocarpus,    2W 

Large-fruited,    297 

physocarpus,   297 
GongonicepsPumilionls,  486 
Goniolithdn   decutescens, 
538 

frutescens,    539 

intermedium,    539 

sprctabih^  538 
Goodeniaceae.    377 
GooDENiA  Family.  377 
Gooseberry.  Barbadoes,  257 

Cape,   335 

Garden,    162 

Otaheite,   22(i 

GOOS  E  BE  RR Y     F A  M I LY .     161 

Goosefoot.    115.    116 

GoosEFOoT   Family,    114 

Goosegrass,   367 

Gorse.   188 

Gossvpium   herbaoeum.   24m 

Gourd.   376 

GoiRD   Family.   376 

Governor's    Plum.    248 

Gracillaria  crassissima.  516 

dichdtonio    -    fiahellnta, 
516 

ferox.   515 

horizontalis.     516 

mamraillaris.    515 
Granadilla.   253 
Grape.    Bay.    113 

Concord.    230 

European,   230 

-fruit.    202 

Sea,    113 
Grape   Family.   228 
Grape-tree,    Barb.Mdoes.    113 
C.rai'iiii)A(^kae,    473 
Ghai'iiidai.es.   473 
Graphis    Afzelli,    474 

Llneola.    474 

Pavcmlana.    474 

scripta.    474 

striatuln.    474 
Graptophvllum        hortrnse, 
355 

plctum,    355 

versicoliir.   355 
Grass.  Barnvard.  20 

Beard.    UK   27.   28 

Bermuda.    36 

Bull.    27 

Bur.    23.    24 
Canary,    25 


572 


II^DEX. 


Cane,  17 

Cat-tail,    25 

Chicken,    63 

Cockspur,   20 

Crab.   19,  20,  24,  37 

Devil's,   36 

Ditch,    5 

Dog's-tooth,    36 

Eel,  6 

Fox-tail,  22,  23,  26 

Guinea,   17 

Hard,    33 

Hell,  36 

Herd,   26 

Johnson.   11 

Joint,    14 

June,    32 

Kentucky  Blue,   32 

Lemon,   10 

Manatee,  7 

Meadow,   32 

Nut,  45,  46 

Pampas,  41 

Para,   16 

Penny,   148 

Poultry,  63 

Quaking.  16,  31 

Ray.  39 

Running.  36 

Rush,  26 

Salt,    35 

Saw,   54 

Scutch,  36 

Silky,   18 

Spear,   32 

Switch,   17 

Terrell,  40 

Turtle,    8 

Water.  16 

West   Indian,  37 

Wire.   37 

Witch,    16 

Wood,  21 

Yard.    37 
Grass  Family.  8 
Grass-wrack,  6 
Geateloupiaceae,  532 
Grafiola  Monniera,  348 
Grevillea   robusta.   107 
Griffithsia   Bornetiana,   526 

globulifera,    526 

Schousboei.   527 

tenuis.   527 
Grossularia    reclinata.    162 
Grossulariaceae.   161 
Ground  Cherry,  Cut-leaved, 
334 

Hairy,   333 

Smooth.   334 
Groundsel.  396 
Grugru  Palm.  57 
Guaiacum    officinale,   199 
Guango,    170 
Guava,  262 

-berry.   262 

Mountain.    263 

Purple,    263 
Guazuma    Guazuma,    242 
Guernsey    Lily,    81 
Guilandina,   173 

Bonducella,  173 

Crista.   173 
Guinea    Grass,    17 
Gum,   Australian  Blue,  264 

Australian  White,  264 

Narrow-leaved,  264 

Red  Australian,  264 


Swamp  Mahogany, 

264 
Gumbo,   240 
Guzmania,    Capitate,   65 

lingulata,  65 
Gyalectaceae,  474 
Gyalecta  Farlowi,   475 
Gymnospeemae,   409 
Gymnosporangium      bermu- 

dianum,   487 
Oymnothamnion       Mpinna- 

tum,  525 
Gijnandropsis     pentaphylla, 

156 
Gynerium  argenteum,  41 
Gynura  aurantiaca,  408 
Gypsophila    elegans,    134 

Tall,  134 
Gyrostomum       scyphulifer- 

um,   474 
Gyroweisia,   439 
Barbula,    439 
Black-fruited,  439 

Hackberry,    Small's,    99 

Southern,    99 
Haematomma  puniceum,  477 
Haematoxylon      campechia- 

num,   175 
Hairy-cap  Family,  444 
Hairy   Cup.   486 
Hakea    oleifera,    107 

Olive-leaved,  107 
Halimeda   Monile.   502 

Opuntia,   502 

simulans,  502 

tridens,   502 

Tuna,    502 
HaUseris  delicatula,   509 

Justii,   509 
Haloragidaceae,   270 
Halymenia  Agardhii.  534 

bermtidensis.  533 

echinophysa,   533 

pseudofloresia.    533 
Hamelia  erecta,   370 

patens.  370 

Scarlet.    370 
Hapalosiphon        intricatus, 

493 
Haplocladium,  445 

microphyllum,  445  j 

Small-leaved,    445 
Haplospora   Vidov-ichU,  506  | 
Hardenbergia  Comptoniana,  i 
189  I 

Hard  Grass,  33 
Hare's  Lettuce.  381 
Harrisia   eriophora.   257 

gracilis.   257 

portoricensis,    257 
Hartmannia,    268 

rosea.   269 

speciosa,   269 
Hawksbeard.  Japanese,  380 
Heal-all,   322 

-soon.   368 
Heart's   ease,    249 
Heath,  347 
Heath  Family,  281 
Hedera  Helix,  271 

quinqucfoUa,    229 
Hedge-hyssop,  348 

mustard,    150 

-parsley,    274 
Hedychium   coronarium,   87 

elatum,  87 

Gardnerianum,   87 


speciosum,  87 

White,  87 

Yellow,    87 
Hedysarum  Onohrychis,  189 
Helianthus,   400 

annuus,  401 

debilis.  401 

tuberosus,   401 
Helichrysum  bracteatum, 

408 
Helicoma   larvula,   489 
Helictercs   apetala,  242 
Heliotropium,   306 

curassavicum,  307 

Garden.    307 

gnapliaJodes,  308 

peruvianum,    307 

Seaside,    307 
Hell-grass,    36 
Helminthiopsis      verticillif- 

era,  535 
Helminthocladia      Calvado- 
sii,   511 

purpurea,    511 
Helminthosporium      Raven- 

elii,  488 
Helosciadium,   278 

Ammi.    279 

leptophyllum,   279 
Helvellales^  486 
Hemerocallis  fulva,  72 
Hemitrichia.  482 
Hemp,    African    Bowstring, 

Ceylon    Bowstring,    72 
Henbit.  323 
Hennequin,   80 
HepaticaEj  448 
Herb  Mercury,  209 

-of-the-Cross.  310 

Sherard,  369 
Herd-grass,    26 
Hermesias   grandiceps,   175 
Herpestis   Monniera,   348 
Herposiphonia  secunda,  521 

tenella,  521 
Heterosiphonia    Wurdeman- 

ni,   524,   525 
Heterospora  Vidovichii,,  506 
Hibiscus,    238 

Arnottianus,    238 

Bancroftianns,   238 

Cooperi,  238 

diversifolius.  239 

esculent'us,   240 

grandiflorus,  238 

Hawaaian,  238 

Large-flowered,   238 

mutabilis.  238 

popnlneus,  240 

Prickly,   239 

Rosa-sinensis.  238 

spinifex,   237 

spiralis,   238 

syriacus,  238 

tiliaceits,  239 

virginicus,  237 
Hicoria  Pecan,  97 
Hippeastrum    puniceum,   81 
Hirneola    coffeicola,    488 
Hoffmania,   370 
Hog   Plum,   222 

-weed,   124,   385 
Holcus,   10 

halepensis,  11 

Sorghum,    11 


INDEX. 


Holly,   22f 

English,    222 

European,   222 
Holly   FAMrLv,  222 
Hollyhock,    240 
Honey-flower,   227 

HOXEY-FLOWER    FAMILY,  227 

Honeysuckle,  Chinese,  372 

Ply,   372 

Italian,   372 

Japanese,  372 

Trumpet,    372 
Honeysuckle  Family,  371 
HooKERiA   Family,   443 
Hookeria   vayians,  444 

HOOKERIACEAE.    443 

Hooperia  Baileyana,  517 
Hordeum,    39 

pusillum,   39  i 

sativum,  40 

vulgare,  39 
Horehound,  331 
Horn  of  Plenty,  339 
Hornwort,    135 
HoRxwoRT   Family,    135 
Horsechestnut.    227 
Horseradish,   155 
Horseradish-tree,   158 


HORSERADISH-TREE  FAM- 

ILY.   158 
Horsetail  Tree,  93 
Horseweed.   394 
Hairy.   394 
Smooth,   395 
Hottentot's   Bread,    126 
House-leek,    160 
Howea   Belmoreana,   58 
Hoya    carnosa,   297 
Humboldt's    Willow,   95 
Hunnemannia         fumariae- 

folia.    144 
Hura    crepitans,    219 
Hutchinsio    oltscura,   521 
Hyacinth,   72 
Bean.   184 
Water,    65.    135 
Hyacinthus    orientalis.    72 
Hydrangea     hortensis,     161 
Hydrangea  Family,   161 
Hydrangeaceae,   161 
Hydrocera,    194 
Hydrocharitaceae,  7 
Hydrocharitales,  7 
Hydroclathrus   sphacelatus 

505 
Hydrocoleum  comoides,    492 
Hydrocotyle,    272 
asiatica,  273 
repanda,   273 
umbellata,    273 
verticillata,  273 
Hydrophyllaceae,   305 
Hylocereus,    256 

undatus.    256 
Hymenaea     Courbaril,     175 
Hymenocallis,  77 
carihara,   78 
declinata.    78 
littoralis.   77,   78 
prdolis,  78 
Hymenostylium,   440 
curvirostre,  440 
Hypericaceae,  244 
Hypericales.   243 
Hypericum  perforatum,  245 
Hyphomycetes,  489 
Hypnaceae,    446 

38 


Hypnea   musciformis,    516 
spinella,  516 

Ilypnum   mlvunn,  447 
nilcvophyUum,  445 
minutulum,  446 

Hypxum  Family,  446 

Hypocrea   patella,   485 

Hypocreaceae,  4.85 

Hypocreales,    485 

Hypoxylon,   486 

Hysteriales.  486 

Hysterographium     praelon- 
gum,   486 


Iberis   amara,    155 
umbellata,   155 
violacea,    155 
Ibidium,  90- 

xyridifolium,  90 
Icacorea   guianensis,   284 
humilig,    284 
solanacea,  284 
Ice    Plant,    126 
Ifafa   Lily,   82 
Ilex,    222 

Aquifolium,  222 
Cussine,   222 
vomitoria,   222 
ILICACEAE,    91.    222 
Impatiens  Balsamina,   194 
hortensis,    194 
Sultani,   194 
India  Rubber  Fig,   102 
Indian  Corn,  40 
Lotus,    135 
Mallow,    233 
Shot,   86 
Indigo,   Wild,   182 
Indigofera,    3  81 
-1»(7,    182 
suffruticosa,  182 
tinctoria.    181,    182 
Inga   Inga,   170 

vera,   170 
Tnk-berry,    251,    378 
lonoxalis,    196 

intermedia,    197 
Martiana,  197 
Ipecac,   Wild,   296 
Ipomoea,    298 

acuminata,  300 
Batatas.    301 
Bona-nox,   302 
cathartica,    300 
coccmra,  303 
dissecta,  302 
Jicderacca,    299 
Ilorsfalliae,  302 
jamaiccnsls,   299 
Learii,    302 
Nil,    299 
Pes-caprae,   300 
purpurea,    299 
QunmoeJit.   303 
sagittnta,    301 
saf/lttifoHa.  301 
siiti folia.    303 
siiiuata,    302 
triloba.    302 
villosa.   299 
Iresine   Herbstii,    121 
Iridaceae,   83 
Iris.   Bermuda,   84 
germanica,  85 
violacea.  85 
virgin ica.  85 
Iris  Family.   83 
Ironwood,   South  Sea.  93 


2i 


Iron -wort.    322 
Imhaemum  «rcund<jtut.. 
Isnardia,    266 

p.ihistris,    i:66 

rcpfiis*.    267 
Isol.itiia   'ry(l:i.-;i.   ;;.-,  j 
Isopterygium.    4  17 

<il"ssy.    4  47 

iiiic.ius,    -447 
Ivy,   American.   22'.) 

Boston,  -j-.'jd 

<'olis(Mnii.  ;{45 

Europt-au,    271 

(Jerijian.    ;{;m; 

Itali.in.    :i:»6 

•Fapiin..s.-.   L'.'jo 

Kcuilworih,  345 
Ixia,    .S5 
Ixora   acuminata.   370 

ambijyujie.   370 

cocciuf;i.    369 

Du/fii.    .-{70 

jaVanica,    370 

macrothvrsa.  370 

Red.  369 

Jacaranda.   354 
Jackfruit.    ini' 
.rack-in-tbe-Pulpit.    60 
Jacobinia    a  urea,   356 
magnifica.    .3.16 
I'ink.   356 
Yellow.    356 
Jacob's  Coat,  2o9 
Jacquemontia     jamaicensis. 

303 
Jamaica    Vervain,    313 

Weed.    3it5 
Jambos    Jambos.    264 
malacensis.   264 
./amlxma    ruli/arix,    264 
Jamestown    Weed.   34<i 
Japanese     Ivy.     23<> 
Jasmine   Araiti.Mn,    2.S8 
Crape.  294 
Hairy   White.   288 
Italian    Yellow.    2SS 
Poet's.   2S8 
Primrose,  28S 
Royal.    288 
Sinipi. 'leaved.    287 
Jasminum,   287 

((ilophjillutii,  288 
frutii-nuH.  288 
!ira<'Hr,    2S7 
grandinorum.    288 
humlle.  2S,S 
officinale.    2S8 
nrimullnum.  288 
Samba c.   2.ss 
siniplb-ifolium.    287 
undulatnm.    2SS 
Jatropha,    210 
Curc.'is.     21 1 
(Jouty  stalked,    211 
hastata.    211 
Manihot,   212 
uioiucriiiiii,    219 
multmda,    211 
paiuluniefniln.    211 
podagrb-M.    211 
Rose  llowered.   211 
Java    Iluin.    264 
.Terusaleni    Artichoke.   401 
Jewel-weep    Family.     103 
Jlmson    Wee«l,   34i> 
.Johnson    (trass.    11 
Joint-grass.  14 


674 


INDEX. 


Jonquil,   77 
Jove's    Beard,    189 
Jubula,  467 

pennsylvanica,   467 
Judas   Tree,    174 

JUGLAKDACEAEj  97 
JUGLANDALES.  96 

Juglans   nigra,   97 

regia,  97 
Jumbie  Bean,   169 

JUXCACEAE^     66 

Juncus,   67 

acutus,   67 

aristulatus,   69 

bufonius,   68 

maritimus,    68 

tenuis,  68 
June-grass,  32 
Jungermannia  hyssacea,4:59 

connivens,  458 

LyellU,   456 

minutissima,  463 

multiflda,  455 

nematodes,  461 

prostata,  459 

JUNGEEMANXIACEAE,     456 

JUXGERMAXXIALES3  453 

JUNGERMAXNIA  FAMILY, 

456 
Jungle  Rice,  21 
Juniper,  Bermuda,  410 
Juniperus,   409 

barbadensis,   410 

bermudiana,  410,  544 

lucayana    410 
Justicia,    354 

alha,  356 

carnea,   356 

lucid  a.   356 

nervosa,   356 

Red,  355 

secunda,  355 

Kainfal.  220 
Kalanchoe,    160 

Afzeliana,  160 

brasiliensis,  160 

crenata,  160 
Kale,   151 

Kantia  Trichomanis,  460 
Karschia    lignyota,    486 
Kei   Apple,    248 
Kenilworth    Ivy,    345 
Kentia  Belmoreana.  58 
Kentucky   Blue-grass,   32 
Kickxia,    345 

Elatine.   345 
Kigelia  pinnata,  353 
Kniphofia   aloides,  72 

Uvaria,  72 
Koeleria,   29 

phleoides,   30 

Timothv.   30 
Koellia   mutica,   331 
Koelreuteria  paniculata,  227 
Koniga,    148 

maritima,    148 
Kosteletzkya,    237 

virginica.    237 
Kraunhla  frutescens,  188 
Kyllinga,    46 

brevifolia,  47 

monocephala,  47 

Short-leaved,   47 

Lace  Plant,  104 
Lachnea  pulcherrima,  486 
theleboloides,   486 


Ladies-tresses,   90 
Lady-of-tbe-Night,    342 
Lagerstroemia    indica,    258 
Layuncularia  racenwsa,  260 
Lakootcha,   102 
Lamarck's  Trema,  99 
Lamb's  Quarters,  115 
Lamiaceae.    321 
Lamium,    323 

amplexicaule,   323 

purpureum,    323 
Lampvosperma    Planchonis, 

484 
Languas   speciosa.   87 
Lantana,   314 

aculeata,   315 

Camara,  314 

crocea,  314 

involucrata,    315 

nivea,    315 

odorata,  315 

poJyacantha,  315 

Sellowiana,  315 

Trailing,    315 

Weeping,  315 

White,   315 
Larkspur,    Field,    140 

Garden,    140 
Lasiobolus  equinus,  486 
Lathyrus    latifolius,    187 

odoratus,    187 

LAL'RACEAE,     140 

Laurel  Family,  140 
Laurel,   Martinique,  202 
Laurel-cherry,    167 
Laurencia    cervicornis,   519 

Chauvini,  518 

Corallopsis,  519 

gemmifera,  519 

glomerata,  518 

impUcata,   518 

intricata,  518 

mexicana,   519 

microcladia,   518 

obtusa,    518 

papulosa,  519 

perforata,  519 

Poitei,   518 

tuberculosa,    519 

Laurestinus.  373 
Laurocerasus,  167 

caroliniana,  167 

myrtifolia,    167 

occidentalis,   167 
Laurus  camphora,   141 

nobilis,  141 
Lavatera,    Herbaceous,    240 

trimestris,    240 
Lavender,    Sea,   283,   308 

White,   331 
Lavendula  spica,  331 
Leaf-cup,    398 
Lecanora  bermudensis,  477 

cinereocamea,    477 

pallida,  477 

subfusca,  477 

varia,    477 
Lecaxoraceae,   477 
Lecidiaceae.  475 
Lee   chee,   226 
Lejeunea,  464 

claiisa,  466 
I         glaucescens,  464 

Jooriana,    463 

minutiloba,   464 

phyllohola,   465 


Lemaireocereus  griscus,  257 

Hystrix,  257 
Lemna,   61 

cyclostasa,    61 

minor,    61 

trisulca,  61,  62,  428 

valdiviana,   61 
Lemxaceae,   61 
Lemon,    201 

Grass,    10 

Squash,    246 

Water.    252,   253 
Leonotis,  324 

nepetaefolia,  324 

Tall,    324 
Leontodon,    379 

Taraxacum,    380 
Leonurus,    323 

Cnrdiaca,    324 

sibirica,    324 
Lepidium,    146 

apetalum,   146 

didymum,    147 

ruderale,   147 

sativum,    147 

virginicum,    146 
Leptilon,   394 

canadense,    394 

linifolium,    394 

pusillum,    395 
Leptochloa,   38 

filiformis,    38 

Northern,    38 
Leptocolea,   463 

Jooriana,  463 
Leptogium         marginellum, 
476 

tenuissimum,    476 

tremelloides,  476 
Leptotrema      trypaneoides, 

474 
LesTcea  adnata,  448 

varia,    447 
Leskea  Family,  445 
Leskeaceae,    445 
Lettuce,  383 

Hare's.    381 

Sea.   494 
Leucaena,    168 

glauca,    169 
Leucobryaceae,  434 
Leucobryum,    434 

glaucum,   434 
Leucodendron      argenteum, 

107 
Leucojum    aestivum,   82 
Liagora    ceranoides.    512 

Cheyneana,  512 

elongata,  512 

farinosa.    512 

valida,  511 
Libidibia    coriaria,    174 
Lichexes,   470 
Lichens,    470 
Licuala  grandis,  59 
Life    Plant,    159 
Lignum   Yitae,   199 
Ligustrum    coriaceum,    290 

Ibota,  290 

ovalifolium,  290 

vulgare,  290 
Lilac,   290 
Liliaceae,   69 
Liliales,  66 
Lilium   candidum,   71 

chaleedonicum,   71 

Harrisii,    71 

Henryi,    71 


im)Ex. 


otb 


speciosum,    71 
Lily  Amazon,  82 

Atamasco,  78,  79 

Barbadoes,    81 

Belladonna,    82 

Blue,   72 

Calla,  60 

Ceylon,   81 

Chalcedonian,    71 

Climbing,  72 

Day,    72 

Easter,   71 

Fairy  Isle,  71 

Giant,   81 

Guernsey,   81 

Henry's,  71 

-of-the-Valley,  73 

Saint  John's,  81 

Showy,    71 

Spider.   78 

Tall    White,    71 

White   Japanese,   71 
Lily  Family,  69 
Lily-of-the-Valley     Fam- 
ily, 73 
Lime,   202 

Bergamot,    202 
Limonia    crenuUita,    202 

pentaphyUa,    202 

trifoUa,  202 
Limonium,   283 

australe,   283 

carolinianum,   283 

Lefrovi.  283 

Yellow  Chinese,   283 
Linaceae,  194 
Linaria   Cymholaria,  345 

Elatina,  345 

Linaria,  350 

vulgaris,  350 
Linden   Family,   230 
Linseed,  195 
Linum,    194 

grandiflorum,    195 

usitatissimum,     195 
Lion's-ear,  324 

-tail,    324 
Lippia,    311 

citriodora,    312 

micromera.    312 

nodiflora,  312 

reptons,  312 

triphylla.    312 
Liriodendron  Tulipifera,  136 
Litchi    Litchi.    226 
Lithophyllum     bermudense, 
538 

pustulosum,   538 
Lithospermum  d i  s  t  i  c h  u  m, 

308 
Lithotharanion    incertum, 
537 

mesomorphum,   537 

svntrophicum,  537 

Ungeri,    538 
Little  Barley.  39 

Li'S'ERWOETS,     448 

Livistona    chinensis.    57 
Hoogendorfii.    59 
mauriiiana,  57 

Lobelia.   Beach.   378 
cardinalis.   377 
Erinus,   377 
Plumieri.  378 
Small  Blue.  377 

Lobeliaceae.   377 

Lobelia  Family,  377 


Locust,    Honey.    174 

Swamp,    174 

Sweet,    174 

-tree,    188 

West    Indian.    175 
Loganberry,    165 
Logan  I A  Family,  290 
Logamaceae,   290 
Logwood,   175 
Lolium,   38 

multiflorum,   39 

perenne,  38 
Lombardy   Poplar,   95 
Loraentaria    uncinata,    517 
Lonchocarpus     viol  ace  us. 

188 
Longan,   226 
Long-moss.   65 
Lonicera,   372 

Caprifolium,   372 

japonica,    372 

sempervirens.   372 

Xylosteum,   372 
Loosestrife    Family,    258 
Lophosiphonia       hermuden- 
sis,  521 

obscura,    521 

Sacchorhiza,   521 

subadunca,   521 
Lophospermum    erubescens, 

347 
Lopseed,    358 
LOPSEED  Family,  357 
Loquat,   166 
Lotus.   Cape  Verde,   189 

Indian,    135 

jacobaeus,    189 
Love-apple,  338 

-in-a-Mist.    140 

-lies-Bleeding,   120 
Lucky-nut,    294 
Lucuina   multiflora,   285 
Ludirif/ia   natans,  267 

palustris,    266 

rcpcns,  267 
Lunularia,   451 

cruciata.   451 
Lychnis  Coeli-rosa.  134 
Lycium  chinense,   342 

halimifoiium,    342 

ruJgnrv.  342 
Lycogala    epidendrum,    482  j 
Lycoperpales,    488 
Lycopersicon,    337 

esculent  urn.  338 

Lycopersicon,    338 
Lycopodiales.  428 
Lycopodium    nudum,   429 
Lyngbya    confervoldes,    4921 

lutea,   492 

majuscula,  492 

semiplena.  492 
Lythraceae,  258 

Mabolo,   286 

Madura  aurantiaca,   102 

xantJioxylum,   102 
Macrocatalpa       longlsslma. 

353 
Macrosporium    Solanl.   489 
Madagascar  Plum.  248  i 

Mapper  Family.   36(t  ' 

Madder.   Field.   369  ; 

Madeira-vine,    119  | 

Madeira-vine  Family,  118 
Magnolia    fusrata.  136  i 

grandiflora.     136  I 

Magnoliaceae.    136  I 


Magnolia.  Family,   136 
"Mahoe,    136.    Ii39 

S«'asld»'.    240 
Mahogany,    205 

Hroa"d-l»'!iv(Ml,    2o5 
Maii<u;any    Family,    204 
Mald«'nhalr-F«rn,   420 

Trie.    413 
Maize,  40 
Malaceae,  106 
Malanga.    60 
Malay   Apple.   264 
Malcombla   marltima.   155 
Mallotonia,    3o7 

gnaphalodfs,    308 
Mallow.          Bristly-fruited, 
234 

False.    235 

High.  235 

Indian.    233 

Low,    li35 

Small-flowfred    234 
Mallow    Family.   IJI'.L' 
Malplghia    punlcifolla,    190 

setosa,    199 

urens,    199 
Malpighiaceae.   199 
Malpighia   Family,   199 
Malus   Mnius.    166 
Malva,    234 

carol iniana,  234 

curotnandt  liana,   235 

parviflora.   234 

pusilla,  234 

rotundifr»lla.   235 

svlvt^strls,    235 
Malvaceae.  232 
Malvai.es.  2.30 
Malvastrum.    235 

(unt  ricaniim,  235 

cororaandt'llanum.    23.''» 

tricuspidatum.    235 
Malvaviscus  mollis.  240 

Velvety.   240 
Mamlllaria   nivosa,   257 
Mamniea   americann.   246 
Mammee    Apple,    246 

-Sapota.     2S5 
Mammoth   Tree.   412 
Manatpe-gr:iss.  7 
Manatee-(;kass    Family,   fi 
Mandarin   Orange.   2o2 
Manglfora    Indica,   221 
Mango.  221 
Mangrove.    265 

Black.    32«i 
Man<;r<>vk   Family.   265 
Manihot.    211 

Mnnlhot.   212 

utilissima,  212 
Maple,    Ash-leaved.    227 

Ja|i.inese.  227 
Maranta.   SS 

aruudlnacea.    88 

blcolor.    88 
Marantaceae.   87 
Marasmlus    bormudensls. 
488 

praedernrrens.    488 

Saba  11.    488 
Marchantia.   4. 'J 

cruciiitii.    \Tt\ 

Ik  mixphcrica,    450 

hirsuta,  452 

pnlvniorphn,    4.'i3 
^L\RoiiANTiA    Family.    449 

MAROHANTIArEAE.     449 

Marciiantiales.  449 


576 


INDEX. 


Marguerite,   406 

Glaucous,  406 
Marilaunidium,   305 

jamaicense,  305 
Mariscus,   53 

jamaicensis,  54 
Maritime   Ruppia,   5 
Marrubium   vulgare,    331 
Marsdenia  floribunda;  297 
Marsh   Parsley,   279 

Pennj'wort,  273 

Purslane,    266.    267 

Rosemary,   283 

Samphire,   118 
Martinique   Laurel,   202 
Martinezia       caryotaefolia, 
58 

corollina,  59 
Marvel  of  Peru,  123 
Mastic    bully,    285 
Match-me-if-you-can,   209 
Matrimony-vine,    342 
Mat-rush,   48 
Matthiola,    149 

incana,  149 
Maurandya,   346 

antirrhiniflora,    346 

Barclayana,    347 

erubescens,   347 

Red,  347 

scandens,    346 

semperftorens ,    346 

sempervircns.  346 
May-weed,   276,   277,   404 
Meadovs'-Beauty      Family^ 

258 
Meadow-grass,   32 

-sweet.    165 
Medeola   virginica,    71 
Medic.    Black,    177 

Hop.    177 

Spotted,    178 

Toothed.    178 
Medicago,  177 

arabica,   178 

denticulata.    178 

hispida,    178 

lupulina,   177 

macxdata,    178 

mnricata,   178 

sativa,  178 
Medinella  magnifica,   258 

Red,   258 
Melampodium    perfoliatum, 

407 
Melanotheca  aggregate,  472 

cruenta.  472 
Melastomaceae,   258 
Melia,   204 

Azedarach,    205 
Meliaceae,  204 
Meliaxthaceae.   227 
Melianthus    major,    227 
Melicocca  bijuga,  226 
MeliJot,      Smaller      Yellow, 
179 

White,     179 
Melilotus,    178 

alba,   179 

indica,   179 

ofpcinalis,   179 

parviflora,  179 
Meliola  circinans,   485 

Cookeana,   485 
Melissa   Colamintho,  328 

officinalis.    331 
Melobesia  bermudensis,  538 

farinosa,   538 


Melochia,  Fragrant,    243 

odorata.  243 
Melon.    377 

Musk,    377 

Water,   377 
Mentha,  328 

aquatica,  330 

arvensis,   330 

citrata,  330 

piperita,  329 

rotundifolia,   330 

spicata,  329 

rtridis,  329 
Mercurialis,    209 

annua,   209 
Mercury.  Herb,  209 
Mermaid  Weed,   270 
Mesembryanthemum      crys- 

tallinum,   126 
Mesogloiaceae,  505 
2Iespih(S    japonica,   166 
Mesquite.    170 
Metzgeria,   455 

conjugata,   455 
Metzgeeiaceae,  453 
Metzgeeia   Family,   453 
Mexican  Tea,  116 
Michelia  fuscata,   136 

Velvety,    136 
Microcoleus  chtlionoplastes, 

492 
Microphiale  lutea,  474 
Microstigma,   149 

incana,    149 
Mignonette,   157 

White   Cut-leaved,   157 
Mignonette    Family,    157 
Mildews.   479 
Milfoil,   403 
MiUnm    digitatum,    19 

paniceum,   20 
Milkweed,   Ranstead,  296 

White,   296 
Milkweed   Family^   295 
Miltonia,   91 
Mimosa  arabica,  170 

glauca,  169 

Inga,  170 

juliflora,  170 

Lehheck,   170 

pudica,    170 

Saman,  170 

Unguis-cati,  170 

virgata,    170 

Wild.    169 

Yellow.    170 
Mimosaceae,   168 
Mimosa  Family,  168 
Mimulus  luteus.  350 
Mint,   Bergamot,   330 

Corn,    330 

Field,    330 

Mountain.    331 

Round-leaved,    330 
Mint  Family,   321 
Mirahilis,   123 

dichotoma.    123 

Jalapa,  123 

longiflora,    123 
Mnium    flssttm,    460 
Mock    Orange,    162 
Mockery,   209 
Modiola,    233 

caroliniana.  234 

multiflda,  234 
Monkev-flower.   354 

Yellow,    350 
Monocotyledoxes,  2 


Monostroma,    494 
Monstera   deliciosa,   61 
Montbrietia,   85 
Montia  fontana,  127 
Moon-plant,  339 

MOEACEAE.    100 

Morinda  Roioc,  369 
Moringa   Moringa,   158 
pterijgosperma,    158 

MOBIXGACEAE,    158 

Morning-glory.     Arrow- 
leaved.  301 
Blue,    299 
Horsfairs,  302 
Lear's,   302 
Purple,    300 
Seaside,   300 
Small   Red,   303 
Villous,   299 
White   Corvmbose,   303 
Yellow,    303 

MOENING-GLOBY  FAMILY. 

298 

Morus,    100 

alba,    100 

multicaulis,  101 

nigra,    101 

rubra.  100 
Moss,    Cord,   441 

Florida,    65 

Long,    65 

Peat.   432 

Spanish,    65 

Verbena,   311 

White.   434 
Mosses,  430 
Motherwort.    324 

Siberian,   324 
Moulds.   479 
Mountain   Mint,   331 
Mucor.   483 
MrcoEALES^  483 
Muehlenbeckia       complexa, 
114 

platvclada,    114 

Twining.    114 
Mulberry,    Black,    101 

Chinese,  101 

French.    319 

Red.   100 

Sea.   260 

White.    100 
MrLBEEEY  Family.   100 
Mullen,    Great,   344 

Twiggy.    344 
Murraya  exotica,  202 
Murrayella    periclados,    523 
Musa    Cavendishii,    88 

paradisiaca,   89 

rubra.  89 

sapientum,    89 
MrsACEAE.   88 
Mrsci,  430 
Muslirooms,    479 
Mussaenda    frondosa,    370 

Leafy.    370 
Mustard.    Black,    150 

Hedge.   150 

Wild.    151 
MusTAED   Family,   145 
Miiagrum  sativum,  155 
My  gin  da   Rh  acorn  a,  224 
My'opoeaceae,  357 
Mvosotis   palustris,   308 
Myrica,   96 

cerifera,  96 

punctata,   96 

segregata,   289 


INDEX. 


57: 


JMtricaceae,  95 
Myricales,  05 
Myriocladia,    505 
Myrospcrm  um     peruiferum, 
188 

toluifcnim,   188 
Myrsixaceae,  283 
Myrsixe  Family,   283 
Myrstiphyllum     I i  <j  u  s  t  ri~ 

folium,   364 
Myrtaceae.    261 
Myrtales,   257 
Myrtle,   263 

Candleberry,    96 

Crape.    258 

Prickly,  317 

Sweet,   263 

Wax,   96 
Myrtle  Family,  261 
Myrtus  acris,  263 

axillaris,   261 

caryophiiUata,  263 

communis,    263 

fragrans,   264 

Pimrnta.  263 
Myxomycetes,    482 

Naccaria  corymbosa,  513 
Naiadales,  4 
Noma   jamaicensis,    305 
Napoleon's  Plume,  175 
Narcissus,   76 

Jonquilla,    77 

Tazetta,  76 
'Nasturtium  Armoracia,  155 

offlcinale,  155 
Nasturtium.  Garden,  193 
Nasturtium    Family,    193 
Natal   Plum,   295 
Navicula  Janischii,   540 
Neckweed,    350 
Nectarine.    168 
Nectria  Lantanae.  485 

sanguinea,    485 
Nectriaceae.   485 
Nelumbo    Nelumbo,    135 

nucifera.   135 
Nemalionaceae,   511 
Nemastoma    coliforme,    536 

gelatinosum.   536 
Nemastomataceae,   535 
Nemophila.   Blue.   306 

Insignis,   306 

maculata,    306 

White.   306 
Neomeris  annulata,  499 
Neowashingtonia       filifera, 

58 
Nepeta  Cataria,  331 
Nephelinm  Litchi.  226 

Longana,    226 
Nephrodium    hermudianum, 
426 

molle,  425 

patens,  425 

tetrayonum .  426 

rillosum,    426 
Nephrolepis,    426 

exaltata.   427 
Nerine  flexuosa,  82 

Pink.   82 

pulcheUa.   82 

sarniensis,   82 
Nerium,   203 

coronarium.  294 

Oleander,   293 
Nettle.  Dead.   323 

False,    105 


Great.    104 

Thin-leaved,    104 
Nettle   Family,    ](»3 
Neurocarpus  delicatuius, 
5<t9 

Justil,    509 
New  Zealand   Flax,   72 

Spinach.     12(5 
Xirundra    phi/salodcs,    333 
Nickers.    Grey,    173 
Nicotiana,   341 

acuminata.    342 

glauca.    342 

Tabacura.    341 
Nigella    dainascena.    140 
Night-hlooraing  Cereus.  256 
Nightshadf.   Black,    336 

Garden.    336 
Nigredo  Medlcaginls.  488 

proeminens,  488 
Niruri.    206 
Nitophyllura  ocellatum,  517 

Wilkinsnniae,    517 
Nonesuch.    1  77 
Nopalea   cochinellifera,   256 
Nostoc  commune.  493 
Nostocaceae,    403 
Nothoscordum,  70 

bivalve.   70 

fragrans.    70 

pulchellum.    70 
Noyau  Vine.  302 
Nut-grass,   45 

Yellow,   46 
Nyctaginaceae.   122 
Nyctocereus  serpentinus, 

257 
Ni/mphaea   coerulea,   135 

dent  at  a,  135 

Nelumbo,   135 

zanziharensis,   135 
Nymph aeaceae,  01,    134 

Oak,    English.   f>7 

Forest   Swamp.  03 

French.    353 

Silk,    107 

White,  08 
Oats.   29 

Wild.    28 
Ochroma  Lagopus.  241 
Ocimum    basil icum.   331 
O  don  ton  em  a  cuspidatum. 
3.^0 

White.    356 
Odontoschisma,   450 

pros tra turn.  450 
Oenothera    biennis.    268 

humifusa,    267 

iacinidin,    268 

Lamarckiana.    268 

longlflora.    268 

rosea.   269 

specioxa,    260 
Okra,    24(» 
Olea,    280 

europaea.    289 
Oleaceae.   287 
Oleander.    203 
Olive.    280 
Olive  Family,  287 
Olive-wood    Bark.    223  | 

Omphalaria    cnl>ana.   476       1 

llngulata.    476 
Onaoraceae,  266 
Oncosperma      fasdculntum. 
59 


Onion.    71 

S.-a.  73 

Wild.  70 
onf.hrychis    Kutlvn.    189 
Opcgraplia  atra.  473 

Bimpl.mdl.    47:{ 

<'lH'vallI.-rl.   473 

oi)lilt..s,    473 

vuigata.    473 
OpprriiJlna    dlxHrrta,   3<»2 

tulMM-osa.    ."{113 
Oplismenus,    21 

Hurriiiinnl.    21 

liirtclliis.    Ill 

iindnlatlf..lliis.     21 
Opuntia,    2.".5.    25«; 

cMndfl.ihr.M.    L'.'iO 

(■<i(  hit\>  liifi  ni     256 

Diibnii,    255 

Ficus  indlf-a.     2.jr> 

ipucdtrU-h.'i.   255 

pes-<«rvl.     255 

tomentosa.    255 

Tuna,    25.5 

nilfjaris,    255 
Opuntiai.r.s,  254 
Orache.    (Jardcn,    117 
Orange.  Bitter.  2mi 

Manila rin.   2m2 

Mock.    162 

Osage.    102 

Sweet.    20L' 
Orbaea   niarulona,  207 
Orchid  Family.  SO 
Orchidaceae.  89 
Orchidales,  80 
Oreodaphne.    141 
Oreodoxa  oleraern,  57 

ret/ia,  57 
Origanum    Marjornna.    331 
Ornlthogaiura  latlfollum.  72 
oiii'iNE  Family.  150 
Os.-ige    Orange.    1<»2 
nsciliatorla    amphihin.    402 

O.SClLLATolilAfEAE.     402 

Osmanthus  Aqtiifolium ,  200 

Holly.    20<t 
Osmunda,  414 

cinnaniomea,   415 

regalls.    415 
Os>rtNDArEAE.   414 
Otahelte    GoosclxTrv.    220 

Walnut.    210 

OxAI.IDArEAK.    01,    105 

Oxalis    AertoMclla.    198 

Hoirieana.   198 

crniiia,   106 

iiirniruliita,    108 

nHUnii.   1!>S 

intrriiudiii,     107 

Miirtinna .    107 

mierophuUa,    lO.S 

ripens,    lOS 

strict  a,    lOS 

vinJaeia.   107 
Ox-eve  Daisy.  4«t5 

Salt    Marsh.    400 

Sea.    400 
Oyster  plant.   64.  383 

Pachirn    aquatira,   241 
Padina    pa  von  la.    508 

sanct.Mr  <  rurls.    508 

rarieijntn.  508 
Padus    vlrglnlana,    168 

;<7o 
Pallcouren  domlnpensls.  370 


578 


INDEX. 


Pallavicinia,    456 

Lyellii,    456 
Palm,  Bourbon,  57 

Cabbage,   57 

Curly,   58 

Date,   57 

Golden-fruited,    57 

Grugru,    57 

Royal,   57 

Sago,    413 

Silver    Thatch,    58 

Toddy,   57 

Weeping,   58 

Wine,  57 
Palm  Family,  56 
Palma  Christi,  210 
Palmetto,   Bermuda,    56 
Pampas    Grass,    41 
Panama-hat    Plant,    59 
Panax  olttusiinh,  271 
Pancratium,    77 

declinatum,  78 

expansum,   78 

littorale,    78 

maritimum,    77 

ovatum,  78 
Paxdanaceae.  4 
Pandaxales,  3 
Pandanus  muricatus,   4 

utilis,    4 

Veitchii,  4 
Pandorea   jasminoides,   353 
Panicum,    15 

aqnaticum,   18 

barbinode,  16 

hrevifoHumj   16 

capillare,    16 

colonum,  21 

Criis-daUi,    20 

Dactiilon,   36 

dichotomiflorum,    17 

oenicuhitum.  23 

'hirfeJUnn,  21 

horizontale,    19 

lineare,  19 

maximum,   17 

molle,   16 

Oplismcnns,   21 

palmifolium,    17 

Palm-leaved,  17 

paspaloides,    16 

prolifcrum,  17 

sangiiinalc,   19 

virgatum,    17 
Pansy.    249 
Papaver,    142 

dubium,   143 

Rhoeas,    143 

somniferum,    142 
Papaveraceae,    142 
Papaverales,  141 
Papaw,   250 
Papaw  Family,  250 
Papyrus,   46 
Para  Grass,  16 
Parasol  Tree,  Chinese,  243 
Parietaria,    106 

alha,    106 

(Jehilis,  106 

floridana,    106 

microphylla,   104 

oflBcinalis,    106 

pennsylvanica,     106 
Pariti,   239 

tiliaceum,    136,    239 
Parkinsonia    aculeata,    174 


Parmelia    latissima,    478 

perlata,    478 

tinctorum,  478 
Paemeliaceae,  477 
Parsley,    275 

Beaked,    279 

Marsh,   279 

Wild,    275 
Parsley    Fern,    423 
Parsnip,   279 
Parsonsia  micropetala,  258 

Small-petaled,    258 
Parthenium,   398 

Hysterophorus,    398 
Parthenocissus,    229 

quinquefolia,     74,     229 

tricuspidata,  229 
Paspalum,    11 

Broad-scaled,  13 

caespitosum,   12 

Chapmani,  13 

ciliatifolium,   12 

conjugatum,    14 

dilatatum,    13 

dlstichum,    14 

filiforme.  12,  15 

Jongiflorum,   20 

propinquum,    12 

Sheathed,    15 

Slender,    12 

Two-spiked,  14 

vaginatum,  15 
Passiflora,   251 

ciliata,   252 

coerulea.   252 

edulis,   253 

incarnata,  252 

laurifolia,    252 

maliformis.  253 

minima,    251 

pectinata,   252 

princeps,   253 

quadrangularis.    253 

stipulata,    253 

suberosa,  251 
Passifloraceae,   251 
Passiflorales,    249 
Passion-flower,  252,  253 

Pectinate.   252 

Small.  251 
Passiox-flower      Family, 

251 
Passion-vine,   252 
Pastinaca   sativa,    279 
Patellaria  atrata,   486 
Paulownia    imperialis,    351 

tomentosa,    350 
Pavia,    227 
Pavonia,    236 

spinifex,    237 
Pea,   187 

Black-eyed,    185 

Blue.  187 

Butterflv.     190 

Cow,    184 

Everlasting,   187 

Pigeon,    182 

Purple,     187 

Sweet,    187 
Pea  Family,  175 
Peach,    168 
Peanut,   187 
Pear,    166 

Alligator,    141 

Avocado,    141 
Pearl  wort,     130 
Peat-moss.    Cuspidate,    432 

Magellan,  432 


Peat-moss   Family,  431 
Pebble-vetch,    186 
Pecan,    97 
Pedilanthus,    218 

latifolius,    218 

tithymaloides,    219 
Pelargonium,  192 

capitatum,    192 

exstipulatum,   192 

graveolens,    192 

inquinans,    192 

peltatum,    192 

terebinthinaceum,     192 

zonale,  102 
Pellitory   Red,    106 

White.   106 
Penicillus  capitatus,   501 

pyriformis,    501 
Pennisetum       macrostachy- 
um,    41 

Purple,  41 

Ruppellii,   41 
Penny-grass,    Field,    148 
Pentas  carnea,  370 

lanceolata,    370 
Pentstemon    hirsutus,    350 

piihcscens,  350 
Peperomia,   94 

arifolia.  94 

crassicaxiliSy  94 

magnoliaefoUa,  94 

ohtusifolia,  94 

Peltate,   94 

septentrionalis,  94, 

541 
Pepper,   Bird,  338 

Guinea,    339 

Spanish,    221,    339 

Wild,   94 
Pepper  Family.  93 
Pepper-grass,    Garden,    147 

Wild.   146 
Peppermint,   329 
Pepper-tree,   221 
Pereskia  aculeata,  257 

BJeo,   257 

Bush,    257 

grandifolia,   257 

Pereskia,    257 
Pereskiopsis,    256 
Perisporales,  485 
Periwinkle,  Red,  293 
Peroxosporales^   483 
Persea   gratissima,    141 

Persea,    141 
Persicaria,    111 

punctata.  111 
Persimmon,    286 

Chinese,  286 

Lotus,    286 
Pertusaria  leioplaca.  477 

lutescens,    477 

multipuncta.  477 

pustulata,   477 

tuberculifera,    477 
Pertusaeiaceae,  477 
Pestallozzia  Guepini,  489 
Petraea    arborea,    320 

Tree,   320 

volubilis,   320 
Petroselinum  hortense,  275 

peregriniim,   275 

sativum,  275 
Petrosiphon  adhaerens,  495 
Petty    Spurge.    217 
Petunia  axillaris.  343 

niictaginiflora ,    343 

phoenicea,  343 


INDEX. 


579 


violacea.  343 

Violet,    343 

White,  343 
Peyssonnelia    rubra,   536 
Phacidiales,  486 
Phaeographis    lobata,    474 
Phaeophyceae,  504 
Phalaris,   25 

canariensis.    25 
Phallales,   488 
Pharhitis    cathortica,    301 

(leulbata,  209 

Nil,    299 

purpurea,   301 

triJohd,    299 
Phaseolus,    183 

lignosus,    183 

lunatus,    183 

multiflorus,   183 

polystachyus,    183 

semierectus^  183 

sphaerospermus,  185 

vulgaris,    183 
Philadelphus        coronarius, 

161 
Ptiilodendron        giganteum, 
61 

lacerum,    61 
Phleum,    25 

pratense,   26 
Phlomis  nepetaefoUa,  324 
Phlox,  Annual  Garden,  305 

Drummondii.    305 

paniculata,   305 

Perennial   Garden,   305 
Phlox   Family,    304 
Phoenix    dactylifera,    57 

rupicola,    57 
Phoma    musarum,    489 
Phormium   tenax,    72 
Phryma,   358 

Leptostachya.    358 
Pheymaceae,    357 
Phycomycetes,  483 
Phvlica  odorata.   228 
Phyllanthus,   206 

Emblica,   207 

Niruri,   206 

nivosns,   220 
Phiillocactus  latifrons,  256 
PJiyJlosticta   Opuntiae,   489 
Physalis,   333 

angulata,  334 

harhodenftis,   333 

eduUs,   335 

lanceolata,    335 

LinMana,    334 

ohscura,  334 

peruviana,    335 

pubescens,   333 

turbinata.   334 
Physalodes,  332 

physalodes,  333 
Physarum,    482 
Physcia    alba,    478 

crispa,   478 

integrata,    479 

stellaris,    478 
Physciaceab,   478 
Physic-nut,    221 
Phytolacca,   122 

araericana,  122 

deccDidra,    122 
Phytolaccaceae,   121 
Piaropus,   64 

crassipes.  65 
Picea,   412 
Pickerel-weed  Family^  64 


Picridium    vuUjurc,   382 

Pigeon-berry,   317 
Pea.   182 

Pig-weed,   115 
Rough,   120 
Slender,    12(> 

Pilea,   104 

grandlfolia.    I(i5 
Large-leaved,    l(t5 
niicrophylla,    104 
nummulariaefolia,    105 
Round-leaved,     H)5 
scrpiiUi  folia,    104 

Pilobolus    crystallinus,    483 

Pimenta,    263 
iuris.    263 
o/}i<inalis,  263 
I'imenta,   263 
vul(/(tris,    263 

Pimento,  263 

Pimpernel,  Red,  282 
Scarlet,   282 

Pimpinella    Anisum,    275 
Idtcrifiora,    279 

Pixaceae,  409 

PiNALES,     409 

Pinanga   Kiihlii.  58 
Pine,    Aleppo.    411 

Black,   411 

.Jerusalem.    411 

Long-leaf,    411 

Norfolk  Island,  411 

Pond.   411 

White,    411 
Pine  Apple,   66 
Pine-Apple   Family,   65 
Pine   Family.   409 
Pink    Family,    132 
Pinus    halepensis.    411 

palustris,   411 

serotina,    411 

Strobus,    411 
Piperaceae,  93 
Pipe RALES,    93 
Pisonia  fraffrans,  1  24 
Pisum    sativum.    187 
Pitcher-plant.   158 
Pithecolobium    Soman,    170 

T^nguis-cati.    170 
Pithya   Oupressi.   485 
Pittosporaceae.    162 
Pittosporum  coriaceum,  162 

erioloma.    162 

tenuifolium,    162 

Thin-leaved.    162 

Tobira.    162 

undulatum.    162 

Woolly.    162 
PiTTOSPORTM   Family.   162 
Plagianthus.   Pretty,   240 

pulchellus.    240 
Plagiochila,    457 

Smallii.   457 
Plane.  American.  163 

London.    163 

Oriental.    163 

I'LANE-TKEE    FAMILY.    163 
I'l-ANTACINACEAE,    358 
T'l.ANTACINALES.    358 

Plantago,    358 

lanceolata.  359 

ma  lor.    359 

Rugelii,    360 

virginica,    360 
Plantain.    Common.    359 

Banana.  89 

Dwarf,    360 

Greater,  359 


Plantain    Family,  358 
Platanaceak,  163 
I'iataniis    acerlfolla.    163 

occid.-ntalls.    163 

oricntalls,     163 
I'latoma    cyclocnlpa,    r>35 
I'lcoinclo    fragPiins.    75 
I'itMir.'ige    limis<>da.    4m; 
IMeurotopsis       niduUformlH. 

4s,s 
Pluchea,    3ss 

caviplunata,    3H9 

odorata.    3H9 

purpurascenH.    380 
Plum.    16S 

(Jovernor's,   248 

Hog.    222 

Java,    264 

Madagascar.    248 

Natal.    295 

Spani.sh.  221 

Tiimarind,    1m2 
Plum    Family.   167 
Plimhacinaceae.    282 
Plumb.ago.   Bluf.  2s;5 

caiM>nsis.    2S3 

cocrinca ,   2s3 

Red.    283 

rosea.    2X3 

Scarlet.   2.s3 
Pn'MBAfjo  Family.   282 
Plumlera   alba.   294 

rul»ra.    294.    370 
Poa,   31 

annua.   32 

ciliiiriK,  31 

lalia<((i,  34 

iiu  i/astarlitia,   30 

nemoralis.    33 

pratensis.     32 

ricjida.  33 

unioloidt'H,  35 

Wood.   33 

POACEAE,   8 
POAI.ES.     8 

Podocarpua    corlaceus,    412 

Leather  v.    412 

Makoyi."  412 
PGinclan.i    iiirimia.    174 

pulcherrima.     174 

rt(iia.     174 

Royal.    174 
Poinsettia.    217 

Annujil.    218 

cvathophor.-i.   218 

(Jarden.   21 s 

heterii|»hyl!a.   217 
Poison    Ivv.    221 

Oak.  "221 
Poke.    122 
PoKHWEEP  Family.    121 

I'oLKMOMArKAE.     304 
POLEMOMAI.ES!.     297 

Pollanthes   tuberosa.   82 
Polyascias,   Cut  leaved.   271 
obtusa.    271 

POLYOALArEAK,  91 
PoLVCONACEAE.   108 

Poli/fjuuuni     arrr.     111 
Con  ml  r  til  IIS.    112 
cuspidal  uii\,    114 
Faiiopurum,    112 
platiiphullum,   114 
putirtafuni .    Ill 
urifrra.    113 

POLYOONALES.    108 

Polymnla.    397 

Fvedalla.    .398 


580 


INDEX. 


Polyothrix    corymbosa,    493 
Polypodium,    417 

adiantifonne,  424 

eJasticum,  417 

exaltatiim,  427 

pectinatum,  417 

Plumula,   417 

speluncac,  426 
Polypody,  Plume,  417 
Polypogon,  27 

littoi-alis,   28 

monspeliensis,    27 
Polyslphonia  cofUicoJa,.  521 

ferulacea.    520 

foetidissima,  520 

havanensis,    520 

macrocarpa,  520 

opaca,    521 
Polystichum,    424 

aculeatum.    424 

adiantiforme.    424 
Pomegranate,    259 
Pomegranate  Family,  258 
Pomelo,   202 
PoxDWEED  Family,,  5 
Pontederia  azurea,  65 

crassipes,  65 

POXTEDEKIACEAE,    64 

Poor   Man's   Weather-glass, 

282 
Poplar,    Lombardy,   95 

White,  95 
Poppy.    California,    144 

Corn,    143 

Field.    143 

Garden.   142 

Giant  Yellow,   144 

Mexican,    144 

Opium,   142 

Pricklv.    144 

Red.    143 

Smooth-fruited,    143 
Poppy   Family,   142 
Populus  alba.  95 

italica.  95 
Porina  nucula.  472 

phaca,  472 

tetracerae.    472 
Pork-fat  Apple,  168 
Poronia   Oedipus.  486 
Porphyra  atropurpurea,  510 

leucosticta,  510 
Portulaca,   126 

oleracea.    127 

pilosa.    127 

Small   Purple.  127 
Portulacaceae.    126 
Potato.    337 

Air,    83 

Sweet.    301 
Potato-bush,    Blue.    337 
Potato-vine.    Jasmine,    337 

Seaforth's.  337 

Wendland's,  337 
Potato  Family,  332 
Potentilla,    164 

reptans.    164 
Pot    Marigold,    408 

POTTIACEAE,    437 

Potfia  ctirvirostris.  440 
POTTIA  Family.  437 
Poultry-grass.  63 
Prenanthes  japonica,  380 
Prickly-bur,    340 

Myrtle,   317 

Pear.    255 

Sage,   315 

Sedge,  54 


Pride   of  India.    205 

-of-the-Mountain,    202 
Primrose,    Rosy,    269 

Showy.    269 
Primrose   Family,  281 
Primula  sinensis,  282 
Primulaceae.   281 
Primulales,  281 
Pritchardia  pacifica,   59 

Thurstoni,    59 
Priva,    312 

ecJiinata,  313 

lappulacea,   313 
Privet,    290 

California,    290 

Ibota,    290 

Senna,   171 

Thick-leaved,  290 
Procris  violacea,  103 
Propolis  faginea,  486 
Proserpinaca,   270 

palustris,    270 
Prosopis  juliflora,   170 
Protea  argentea..  107 
Proteaceae,    107 
Proteales,  107 
Prunella,   322 

vulgaris.    322 
Prunus   armeniaca,    168 

domestica,  168 

occidewtalis,   167 

sphaerocarpa,  167 
Psidium,   262 

amplexicaule,     263 

Cattleyanum,  263 

cordatum,   263 

Guajava,   262 

pomiferum,  262 

PSILOTACEAE,    428 

Psilotum,    428 

nudum,  429 

triquetrnm,    429 
Psilotum  Family,  428 
Psoralea,  Chilean.  189 

glandulosa.    189 
Psorotricha  bermudana,  476 
Psychotria,   363 

domingensis,  370 

ligustrifolia,   363 

vndata.  364 
Pteridiiim  candatum,  419 
Pteridophyta,  1,  413 
Pteris,  419 

aqiiilina,  419 

caudata.   419 

heterophyUa,  418 

longifoUa^  418 
Ptilothamnion    bipinnatum, 
525 

lucifugum,   526 
Ptychosperma     elegans,    58 
Puccinia  Cladii.  488 

Dichondrae,    488 

Lantanae.   488 

Polygoni,    488 

purpurea.    488 
Pudding  Pipe   Tree,   172 
Puffballs.    479 
Pumpkin.    376 
Punica,    259 

Granatum.    259 
Punicaceae,  258 
Purple  Wreath,  320 
Purslane,  127 

Marsh.   266 

Sea.   125 
Purslane  Family,   126 
Pussley,  127 


Pycnanihcmum       muticum, 

331 
Pycnodoria,   417 

longifolia,  418 
Pyrenocarpales.  471 
Pyrenomycetes,  484 
Pyrexopsidaceae.  476 
Pyrenula  aurantinca,  472 

brachysperma,    472 

leucoplaca,   472 

mamillana.   472 

nitida.   472 
Pyrenulaceae,  472 
Pyrgillus    cubanus,    473 
Pyronema   omphalodes,   485 
Pyrostegia    ignea,    352 
Pyrus    communis,    166 

Mains,   166 
Pyxine    picta,    477,    479 

Quaking  Grass.  16,  31 
Quamoclit  coccinea.  303 

Quamoclit,    303 

rvlgaris,   303 
Quassia   amara,    204 
Queen-of-the-Night.    256 

of   Shrubs,    258 
Quercus   alba,   98 

nigra,  98 

Robur,  97 
Quince.   166 
Quisqualis  indica.   260 

Rachicallis    rupestris,    369 
Radiciila  Nasturtium-aquat- 

icum,  155 
Radish.    Garden,    154 

Wild.    153 
Radula,   461 

pallens,    462 
Ragweed,    385 
Ragweed  Family,  383 
Raimannia,    267.    268 

humifusa.    267 

laciniata.    268 
Rain-tree,   170 
Ramalina    complanata,    478 
Raxales.  134 
Randia,    361 

aculeata,    361.    369 

latifolia,   361 
Rangoon  Creeper.  260 
Raxunculaceae,  137 
Ranunculus,  137 

acris,   138 

muricatus,    139 

parviflorus.   139 

repens,   138 
Raphanus,   153 

lavccolafus,  153 

Raphanistrum,    153 

sativus,  154 
Raphiolepis,    Entire-leaved. 
166 

integerrima,   166 
Raspberry.   European,   165 

Garden,    165 

Yellow.    165 
Rattle-box,    177 
Ravenala    madagascarensis, 

89 
Ray-grass.  Awned.  39 
Reboulia,    450 

hemispherica.   450 
Rectolejeunea,    464 

phyllobola.    465 
Red-hot  Poker.  72 
Red-wood,    412 


INDEX. 


581 


Reichardia,    382 

pici-oides,  382 
Rcnculmio    occidentalism   87 
Reseda  alba,  157 

odorata,  157 
Resedaceae,    157 
Rhacodiscus  lucidus,   356 
Rhacoma,    224 

Crossopetalum,    224 

RHACOriLACEAE,     444 

Rhacopilum,   444 

tomentosum,    444,    541 
Rhamnaceae^  228 
Rhamnales^  227 
Rhapis   flabelliformis,   57 
Rheum    Rhaponticum.   114 
Rhizoclonium  crassipelitum, 
498 

hieroglvphicum,   498 

Hookeri,  498 

Kerneri,    498 

tortuosum,    498 
Rhizophora,   265 

Mangle,    265 
Rhizophoraceae,   265 
RhodocJiorton       memlwana- 

cciim,  511 
Rhododendron,   281 
Rhodomelaceae,    518 
Rhodophyceab,  510 
Rhodophyllaceae,   514 
Rhodym  en  ia      mammillaris, 

515 
Rhodymeniaceae,  516 
Rhoeo   discolor,    64 
Rhopadostylis  Baueri,  58 
Rhubarb,   114 
Rhus   Blodgettii,   221 

incisa,  221 

.iuglandifolia,     221 

radicans,    221 

Toxicodendron,    221 
Ribes  Grossularia,  162 

ruhrum,  162 

vulgare,  162 
Rib-grass,   359 
Ribwort,   359 
Riccardia,   454 

Broad,   454 

Cleft.    455 

latifrons,  454 

multifida,    455 
Rice,   Jungle,   21 

Wild.   24 
Rice-paper   Tree,    271 
Rirhardia    afrlc<ina,   60 
Ricinus,   210 

communis,    210 
Rinodina   insperata.    478 
Rivea   corumhosa.   303 
Rivina   hu'milis,    122 
Rivularia    polyotis.    493 
Rivulariaceae,   493 
Robinia   dubia,    188 

Pseudacacia,    188 
Rocket,    Sand.    152 

Southern    Sea,    153 
Rock-cress,    Alpine,    155 
Rock-rose    Family.,  244 
Rockweed.    506 
Rollinia  Sieberi,  137 
Rondeletia    odorata,    370 

Scarlet,   370 
Rosa   bracteata,   165 

laevigata,    165 
Rosa  de  Monte,  175 
rosaceae,  163 
Rosales,   158 


Rose,   165 

-apple,   264 

rhangoable,    238 

Chinese,    238 

-of-IIeaven,    134 

-of-Shar(m.    238 
Rose   Family,   163 
Rosellinia    subiculata,    486 
Rosemary.  327 

Marsh.    283 
Rosenvingea    intricata,    5<i5 
Rosmarinus,    327 

officinalis,    327 
Rouge   I'lant,   122 
Roving   Sailor,   346 

Larger,  346 
Royal    Fern,    415 

Palm,   57 
Royal    Fern    Family,    414 
Roystonea    oleracea,   57 

regia,   57 
Rttbiaceae,  360 
RmiALES.   360 
Rubus  ellipticus.  165 

fruticosus,  165 

Idaeus,   165 

trivia  lis,   165 
Rue,    Garden.    202 
Rue   Family,  200 
Rumex,    109 

Acetosella,  110 

crispus.    109 

obtusifolius.    110 

pulcher.   110 

sanguineus,   109 
Rtmning   Grass,   36 
Ruppia,  5 

maritima,    5 
Ruprechtia   corylifolia,   113 

Ilazel-leaved,    113 
Rush   Chair-maker's.   48 

Large  Grass-leaved,  69 

Large  Marsh,  67 

Mat,  48 

Sea,   68 

Slender,    68 

Toad,    68 

White-headed,  49 
Rush  Family.  66 
Rush-grass,   26 
Russellia,   347 

equisetiformis,    347 

juncca,  347 
Rusts,  487,   488 
Ruta   graveolens,   202 
Rutaceae,    200 
Rye,    Virginia    Wild,   40 
Rynchospora,  52 

aurea.  52 

distans,    53 

doiniii  Kcen.sis,   53 

forida,  53 

fused.  53 

purn.   49 

stelln'ta.  49 

stipitata.    53 

Sabal,  56 

Adansonii.  56 
Blackburnianum,    56 
glabra,    56 
Moeini,  56 
Palmetto.   56.   57  ^ 
uiiihraeuJiftrd .     56 
Sahina  herwiidiana.  410 
Saccharum    officinarum,    40 
Sacciolepis   striata,    IS 
Saccobolus  Kerveml,  486 


Sacred   Roan.   135 
Salllower,   4(»H 
Saffrfm.    Falsf.    408 
Sage.  (Jardi-n,   327 

Pricklv.   31.- 

Sc:iri«-l,    32*; 

Small    Whit*'.   326 
Sage-bush.   (•(»ninujn.   315 

Knglish.    314 

Pink.   315 

R.'d.  314 
Sagina,   l3o 

aiiitaUi,    130 

prdcninlicns.    130 
Sjigo   Palm.   413 
S;iinfoin.    1S9 
St.    Jcthn's    Bread,    173 

-wort.    245 
St.    .Ion.\'s-w(jitT    Family, 
244 

SALIfACEAE.     95 

Samcalks.   95 
Salicornia,    117 

europaea.   117 

fniticnsii ,  118 

perennis.    118 
Salix  babylonica.   95 

chilensis,   95 

Humholdtiana,    95 
Salpiglossis  sinuata,   343 
Salsify,    383 
Salt   Grass,  35 
Salvia,  325 

coccinea,    326 

ianthina.   327 

Large    P.lue.    327 

Large  I'urpb'.  327 

occidentalis.    326 

officinalis.   327 

patens.    327 

l)urpurea.  327 

Scarlet.    326 

serotina.    326 

splendens.   326 

teuiUn.  326 

Velv.-tv    Purple.    327 
Salvinia,    427 

Olferslana.    428 
Salvimaceae.  427 
Salviniales.   427 
Salvinia   Family.  427 
Sambucus.   371 

intermedia,    371 

uhira.   371 
Samphire,    Marsh.    118 
Sanche/la    n.. bills.    355 
Sandalwood.    1<>7 
Sand    Rocket.    152 

Spurrv.    131 
Sandbox-tree.    219 
S.mdwort.    130 
Sanseviera   guinocnsis.   72 

zeyl.inloa.    72 
Santalalks.  Hi7 
Santalum   album.   107 
Santa    Maria.    246.    .39S 
Sai'im>a»kak.  225 
Saimnpalks.   220 
Sapindus    longifolius.    226 

Kaponai-in,    226 
Sapodllla.    2S5 
SAi'oniLi.A    Family.    2S4 
Saponaria    ralai)rica.    134 
Sapota    Achrjis.    2S5 

SAr<»T.V('EAE.     2S4 

Sargassum   harriferum ,  506 
Flllpendula.  5o7 
fluitans,  507 


582 


INDEX. 


foliosissimum,  506 

lendigerum.  507 

.linifolium,  507 

aatans,    506 

vulgare,    506 
Sarracenia  purpui'ea,  158 
Sarbacexiales,  158 
Sarsaparilla,  74 
Satin-wood,  200,  202 
Satureia    montana.    331 
Savory,    Winter.    331 
Saw-gVass.   54 
Saxifraga  sarmentosa,    161 
Saxifragaceae,    161 
Saxifrage    Family,    161 
Scabiosa,    375 

atropurpurea,   375 

maritima,   375 

nitens,    375 
Scabious,   Azorean,    375 

Sweet,  375.  392 
Scaevola,  378 

LoheUa,    378 

Plumieri,    378 
Scandix  CerefoUum,   279 
Scarlet  Plume,  219 

Runner,    183 
Schinus  molle,  221 
Schizonotus       Lindleyanus, 

165 
Schoemis    coloratus,   49 

distans,  53 
Scilla   maritima,   73 
Scirpus,  47 

americanus,    48 

capitatus,  51 

castaneus,  49 

interstinctus,  50 

lacustris,  48 

meUmocarpus ,  51 

Olneyi,   47 

paliistris,  50 

plantagineus y  50 

validus,  48 
SCITAMIXALES3  86 
Siclerochloa  rigida,  33 
Sclerophyton    elegans,    473 

474 
Scleropoa,    33 

rigida,   33 
Sclerotium  Semen,  489 
Scolte,   122 
Scolosanthus      Sagraeanus, 

361 
Scorzonera  picroides,  382 
ScREW-piNE  Family,  4 

SCROPHULARIACEAE,      343 

Scurvy  Grass.  153 
Scutch-grass,   36 
Scutellaria       purpurascens, 

331 
Scytonema  junipericola,  493 

myochrous,   493 

ocellatum,   493 

SCYTOXEMATACEAE,    493 

Scvtosiphon        Lomentaria, 

505 
Sea  Dafifodir.  77 

Grape.    113 

Lavender,    283.    308 

Lettuce,    494 

Mulberry,    260 

Onion,    73 

Purslane,    125 

Squills,    73 
Seaforthia  elegans,  58 
Sea-shore   Rushgrass,    26 
Sebesten    Sebestena,   309 
Sedge,   Bermuda,   55 


Greenish-white,    55 

Prickly,   54 
Sedge  Family,   41 
Sedum  acre,   160 

mexicanum,  160 

sarmentosum,  160 
Seirospora    Gaillonii.    529 

purpurea,    529 
Sekika    sarmentosa,    161 
Selaginellaceae,  429 
Selaginella,   429 

viticulosum,   429 
Selenicereus       grandiflorus, 

256 
Selenipedilum,  91 
Self-heal.    322 
Sematophyllaceae,   448 
Sematophyllum,    448 

adnatum,  448 
Sempervivum,    160 
SetieMera    didyma,    147 
Senecio,   395 

Cineraria,    396 

mikanioides.    396 

vulgaris,   396 
Senna,    Bladder,    187 

Coffee,   172 

Privet,  171 
Sexna  Family,  171 
Sensitive  Plant.   170 
Septoria   oleandrina,   489 
Sequoia    sempervirens,    412 

Washingtoniana,  412 
Sesuvium,    125 

Portulacastrum,  125 
Setaria.    22 

glaaca,   23 

verticillata,  22 

viridiSj,  22 
Seven-year  Apple,   362 
Shag,    4 

Shasta    Daisy.    406 
Shell-flower,   87 

-plant,   87 
Shepherd's   Purse,   154 
Sherardia,   368 

arvensis,    369 
Shield-fern,    Bermuda,    426 

Marsh.  425 
Shoeblack  Plant,  238 
Shrubby  Althaea,  238 
Sicyos  angulatus,  377 

edulis,  376 
Sida,    235 

AhutiloJi.    233 

antillensls,   236 

carpinifolia,    236 

glomerata,    235 

Hornbeam-leaved,     236 

pulchella.  241 

Rhombic-leaved,   236 

rhombifolia.    236 

spinosa,  236 
Sideritis,  321 

romana,  322 
Sideroxylon    foetidissimum, 
285 

mastichodendron,    285 
Silene,   132 

anglica,    132 

gallica,  132 

maritima,  133 

noctiflora,   133 

nocturaa,    133 
Silk-cotton   Tree.   241 
Silk  Oak,   107 
Silky    Grass,    18" 
Silver  Thatch  Palm.  58 

Tree,   107 


Wattle,  170 
Simaroubaceae,  204 
Sinapis,   151 

arvensis,   151 
nigra,    150 
Siphonanthus    indica,    320 
Siphonocladus    rigidus,    495 

tropicus,  495 
Sisal.  80 

Wild,   80 
Sis  on  Am  mi,  279 
Sisymbrium        Nasturtium- 
aquaticum,    155 
officinale,  150 
Sisyrinchium,  84 

Bermudiana,  84 
iridoides,  84 
Skullcap,  West  Indian,  331 
Slime-Moulds,  482 
Slipper-flower,    219 

-plant,   218 
Small   Cane,  40 
Small's    Hackberry,    99 
Smartweed.  Water,   111 
Smilaceae,   74 
Smilax,   74 

aspera,    74 
Bona-nox,    74 
officinalis,    74 
sagittaefolia,   74 
Smilax  Family,  74 
Smuts,  487,  488 
Smyrnium,   276 

Olusatrum,   276 
Snapdragon,   350 
Yellow,    350 
Snap-weed.  194 
Snowberrv.    Bermuda,    362 
Snow-bush,   220 
Snowflake,    Summer.   82 
Snuff-plant,   291 
Soapberry,    226 
Soapberry  Family^  225 
Solaxaceae,    332 
Solanum,    335 

aculeatissimum,    336 
Bushy   White,   336 
.iasminoides,    337 
Lycopersicnm.    338 
Melongena.   337 
nigrum,   336 
nodiflorum,  336 
ovigerum,  337 
Rantonnettii.    337 
robustum,    337 
Seaforthianum,    337 
torvum,    336 
tuberosum,  337 
Wendlandii,  337 
Solidago,  390 

meocicana,  391 
sempervirens,    391 
rirgata.  391 
Sonchus,    381.    382 
asper,    381 
oleraceus,    381 
Sophora,    176 

chinensis.  176 
Coast,    176 
tomentosa,    176 
Sorghum   halepense,   11 
saecharatum,   11 
vulgare,   11 
Sorrel,  Field.  110 

Sheep.   110 
Sour-sop.    136.    197 
South    Sea   Ironwood,   93 

Tea,   222 
Southern   Chess,   35 


INDEX. 


583 


Hackberry.  99 
Sowbane,  116 
Sow  Thistle,  Annual,  381 

Spiny,    381 
Spanish   Bayonet,    75 
Broom,   188 
Cedar,    205 
Moss,    65 
Pepper,   221 
Plum.  221 
Spartina,   35 

cynosuroides,   35 
juncco;    35 
patens,  35 
Spartium   junceum,    188 
Spathelia  simples,  202 
Spathodea  campanulata,  353 
Spatoglossum  Schroederi, 

507 
Spear-grass,   Low,  32 
Spearmint.   329 
Speedwell.  Corn.  349 
Field,    349 
Garden,  349 
Purslane,    350 
Wall,   349 
Spergulastrum         lanugino- 

sum,  131 
Spermacoce,    365 
Hairy,   366 
Icieris^  365 
Slender,    365 
tenuior,     365 
tetraquetra,   366 
Spermatophyta,  1,  2 
Spermoth amnion  gorgo- 
neum,  526 
macromeres.   526 
Sphacelaria  tribuloides,  504 
Sphacelariaceae.    504 
Sphaeriales,  486 
Sphaerococcaceae,    515 
Sphaerococcus     Corollopsis, 

519 
Sphaeropsidales,  489 
Sphaerostilbe  flammea,  485 
Sphagnaceae,    431 
Sphagxales,   431 
Sphagnum,  431 

cuspidatum.   432 
magellanicum,    432 
medium,  432 
Spider  Lily.   78 

Long,    78 
Spider-flower,  Small,  156 

Viscid.  156 
Spiderwort.    Blue,    64 
Spiderwort  Family,  62 
Spike-rush,    Beaked,    52 
Bermuda,   52 
Capitate,    51 
Knotted,   50 
Meadow.  51 
Rough-stemmed,  51 
Spinach.  New  Zealand,  126 
Spindle-tree,   Japanese,   224 
Spiraea    cantoniensis,    165 
Chinese.  165 
Plum-leaved,    165 
prunifolia,    165 
Reeves^iana,  165 
salicifolia.    165 
Spironthefi    hrevilahris,    90 

tortilu9,  90 
Spleenwort.  Long.   422 

Toothed.   422 
Sponia   LamorcMana,  99 
Spondias  httea,   222 
Mombin,  222 


purpurea.    221 
Wild,  149 
Sporobolus,   26 

aniiuntuH,  27 
Berteroanus,   27 
rhmoutus.  27 
huJicus,  27 
Uttoralis,  26 
puruans,  26 
virginicus,    26 
Sporochnaceae,  505 
Sporochnus    Bolleanus,    505 
Spororomia   minima,   484 
Spruce,    244,    412 
Spurge,   Blodgett's,   213 
Blotched.  216 
Coast,    213 
Hairy,  216 

Hypericum-leaved,    214 
Hyssop-leaved,   215 
Large,    214 
Large  Tubercled,  219 
Petty,    217 
Prostrate.   215 
Spotted,    216 
Upright    Spotted.     214 
Various-leaved.    217 
Spurge  Family,  205 
Spurred  Butterfly  Pea,  190 
Spur-wort,  369 
Spyridia  aculeata,  530 
complanata,     530 
filamentosa,    530 
Squamariaceae,  536 
Squash,   376 

Crookneck.  376 
Squills.   Sea,   73 
Stachys,    325 

arvensis,    325 
Stachytarpheta      jamaicen- 

sis,  313 
Staff-Tree  Family,  223 
Stapelia   maculosa,   297 
Star-Apple,    285 

-of-Bethlehem,  72 
-of-the-Earth,    147 
Tlilstle.   407 
Starwort,  131 
8tatice  austraic^  283 
cnrolininna,  283 
Fortunci,    283 
Lvfroiii,    283,    543 
SteUaria    ncmorum,    131 

prostrata,   128 
Stemonitis,   482 
Steunctifi   annua,  392 
Stenotaphrum.    24 

omnicanum,  24 
dimUUatuw .   24 
(jUihrnm,  24 
secundatum.   24 
Stephnnotis  floribund:i.  29 
Sterculia    apetala.    242 
carthcuinrnsis.   242 
platanifolia,   243 
Stercttliaceae.   241 
Steriphoma  elliptlcn,  157 
Sternbergia   lutea,   82 
Stickweed,   131 
Stictis   graminum,   486 

radiata.  486 
Stigonemataceae.    j!''^^^, 
Stilbocrea  hypocreoldes  48. 
^tniinaia    schifcra,    2 JO 
Stinging   Cherry.    199 
Stinking-weed.    34(^ 
Stinkweed.    209 
Stock.  Variegated,  lo5 
Stokesia  cyanea,  408 


laevis.   408 
Ston«M-rop,    M«»ssv.    16<» 

Y«'li(.w  MfXlcun,   1G<J 
St()i)i».r.   White,  261 
Straumniuin,    340 
PurF)le,    :i4(i 
Strawljerrv,    Iiullan,    164 
Yellow,    ir,4 
Virginia.    164 
Strawberry    (icranhim,    161 
Strelltzia  'angusta,  H9 
Large.   89 
reglnae,   89 
Strobilanthes  coloratus,  356 
isophyllus.    357 
Narrow-leaved.     357 
rur|)le.  356 
Struve.a  rainosa.  495 
St!fn«ipofJium    lohatum,    5'i7 
Succory.    Wild.    379 
Sugar  Apple.   136 
Cane.   40 
Plum.  374 
Sumac.    Cut-leaved.    221 
Walnut-leaved.    221 
St'Mac   Family.  220 
Summer    Snowflake,    82 
Sunflower,    401 

Low.    401 
Suriana,   203 

maritima.    203 
StRiANA  Family.  203 
Sirianaceae.  203 
Surinam  Cherry.  262 
Sweet  Bay.   141 

Marjoram.    331 
Orange.   202 
Pea.  187 
Potato,    301 
Sultan.    4n7 
William.  134 
Swietenia   chlamxylnn ,  2<>2 
macrophylla.    205 
Mahagoril.    205 
Switch    (Jrass.    17 
Sword-fern.    427 
Sword-flower.    188 
Cape.    189 
Elegant.   189 
IndiMn.    189 
Synndenhun   (;rantii.   219 
I  Syntherisma,   18 
I  digitatii.    19 

lonpiflora.    20 
marijiniita,    19 
s.-ingnlnnlis.    19 
Syring.i,    Cardt-n.    1»>1 

vulgaris.  290 
Syrrhopodon,   436 
I  florWlnnus.    43  <.    541 

Syzyglum  jambolanum.  '_<>4 
I 

Tabebuia,    352 

hurn.ruln.    352 
l)alllda.    352 
pcnInvhuUii.   352 
serratlfolla.  352 

!  Showy.    352 

1  Taberuaoinontana  cltrlfolla. 
29  L   370 
roronaria.    294 
Cumlnclan.M.    295 

i  Small-flowered.    294 

1  Tacsonlii.    253 
Taonloma    perpuslllum.   .>ix 

'  Tail-flower.   Veitch's.  60 

i  Tallow-tree.    Chinese.    219 

I  Tamaricaceae,  243 


584 


INDEX. 


Tamarind,    174 

Plum,    102 
Tamarindus    indica,    174 
Tamarisk,    244 
Tamarix,   243 

gallica,    244 
Tamarix  Family,  243 
Tanacetum   vulgare,  407 
Tansy,  407 

Wild,   385 
Taraxacum  Dens-leonis,  380 

officinale,  380 
Tare,  186 
Tassel  Plant,  203 
Taxaceae,  412 
Tea,  Mexican,  116 
Tea  Family,  244 
Teak,   320 

T"EASEL  Family,  375 
Tecoma  capensis,  351 

jasminoidcs,   353 

■pentaphylla,  352 

racUcans,    353 

stans,    352 
Tecomaria,    351 

capensis,    351 
Tectona  grandis,  320 
Telanthera        Bettzickiana, 

121 
Telaranea,    460 

nematodes,  461 
Telegraph-plant,  188 
Terminalia    Arjuna,    260 

Catappa.    260 
Termixaliaceae,  259 
Terrell-grass.   40 
Tetragonia,   125 

expansa,  126 
Tetrapanax    papyrifer,    271 
Thalassia,   7,  489 

testudinum,  8 
ThallophytAj    1,    470 
Tkeaceae.  244 
Thecotheus    Pelletieri,    486 
Thelidium         bermudanum, 
472 

Farlowi.   471 
Thelotremaceae,   474 
Theohroma    Guazuma,    243 
Thespesia,    239 

populnea,   240 
TJievetia  nereifolia,    294 
Thistle.    Queen,    144 

Stinging.   144 
Thistle  Family,  385 
Thlaspi,    147 

arvense,    148 

Biirsa-pastoris,    154 
Thorn-apple,   340 
Thorn,    Evergreen,"  166 

-trees,    166 
Thoroughwort,    Bushy,    388 

Large-leaved,   388 
Three-square,   48 
Thrvallis  glauca,   199 

Pale.    199 
Thuidium,   445 

minutulum;   446 
Thuja    orientalis,    411 
Thunbergia  alata,   355 

Bush,   355 

erecta.    355 

fragrans.   355 

grandiflora,   355 

Large-flowered,    355 

Laurel-leaved.    355 

laurifolia.   355 

White,  355 


Winged,   355 
Thyme,    331 
Thymus    vulgaris,    331 
Thyrsacanthus     cuspidatus, 

356 
Tickseed,    Garden,    406 

Lance-leaved,     407 

Large-flowered,    406 
Tiger-flower,   85 
Tigridia  Pavonia,  85 
Tiliaceae,  230 
Tillandsia   fasciculata,    66 

polystachya,    66 

tisncoides.  65 
Tilopteridaceae.    506 
Timothy,    26 

Koeleria,    30 
Tiniaria,    112 

Convolvulus,    112 
Tissa,    131 

marina,   131 
Tithonia    rotundifolia,    406 

tagetipora,  406 
Toadflax,    350 

Sharp-pointed,    345 
Tobacco,   341 

Sharp-leaved,    342 

Tree.    342 
Tobira,    162 
Toddy   Palm,   57 
Toluifera    Balsamum,    188 

peruifera,    188 
Tomato.    338 

Cherry,   338 
Tommy   Atkins,   408 
Tordylium  Anthriscus,   274 

nodosum,.  274 
Torilis,    274 

Anthriscus,    274 

nodosa.    274 
Torrubia    fragrans,    124 
Tortula,    440 

agraria,   440 

Common,    440 
Tournefortia     gnaphalodes. 
308 

Laurel-leaved,  308 

laurifolia,   308 
Tous-les-Mois,    86 
Toxicodendron,    221 

radicans.   221 
Toxylon   pomiferum.    102 
Trachelospermum    divarica- 
turn,   295 

ja-sininoides,   295 
Tracliymene    coendea,    279 
Tradescantia    discolor,    64 

Virginiana.   64 
Tragopogon    picroides,    383 

porrifolius.    383 
Tranzschelia  punctata,  48b 
Travellers'    Tree.    89 
Tree  of  Heaven,  204 
Trema,   99 

Lamarckiana,   99 
Triadica    sebifera,    219 
Trichachne  insularis,,  18 
Trichogloea  Herveyi,  511 
Trichoglossum        hirsutum, 

486 
Trichostomum,    438 

bermudianum,    438 

.iamaicense,    438 
Trifolium,    179 

hybridum,    180 
MeUlotus   indica,   179 

pratense,  180 

repens,     181 

Trincomali   Wood,    231 


Triphasia    Aurantiola,    202 

trifolia,    202 
Triticum  vulgare,  41 
Tritoma  Uvaria,  72 
Tritonia  crocosmaeflora,  85 
Triumfetta.    230 

althaeoides,    231 

Lappula,    231 

semitriloba,  231 
Tropaeolaceae,  193 
Tropaeolum,    193 

majus,   193 
Trumpet-creeper,   353 
Trumpet-creeper    Family, 

351 
Trumpet-flower,   352 

Cape,    351 

Comely,   352 

French,    294 

White,    294 
Trumpet-tree,    102 
Trypetheliaceae,  472 
Tuberose,    82 
Tulip-tree,    136,   239 
Turbina,    302 

corymbosa,  303 
Turbinaria    trialata,   506 

tricostata,    506 

turbinata,    506 
Turkey-berry,    319 
Turk's   Cap,   257 
Turnera,    247 

ulmifolia.     247 

TURXERACEAE,    247 

TuRXERA  Family,  247 
Turnip,  151 
Turtle  Grass,  8 
Typha,   3 

angustifolia,    4 

domingensis,  4 
Typhaceae,  3 
Tyromyces  graminicola,488 

Udotea   conglutinata,   501 

Flabellum,    501 
Ulex  europaeus,  188 
Ulmaceae,  98 
Ulva   Lactuca,   494 
Ulvaceae.    494 
Umbrella    Sedge,   46 
Uredixales.  488 
Urginea  maritima,  73 
Urospermum,    382 

picroides,   383 
TJrtica,    103 

chamaednoides,   104 

cvUndrica,    105 

dioica.   104 

membranacea.    104 

nummulariaefoUa,    105 

ureus.    103 
Urticaceae.    103 
Urticales,  98 
T'sxeaceae.  478 
Usteria  antirrhinifiora',  346 

scandeiis,  346 
L'stilagixales,    488 
Ustilago  Zeae.  488 
Uvaria  odoratissima,  137 

Vachellia    Farnesiana,    170 
Vaillantia,    366 

hispida,    366 

muralis,   367 
Valeriana  rnhra,  375 
Valeriaxaceae,  373 
Valeriaxales,  373 
Valeriax  Family,  373 
Valerianella,   373 


INDEX. 


585 


Locusta,    374 

olitoria,    374 
Valerianodes,    313 

jamaicensis,  313 
Valonia    macrophysa,    494 

utricularis,  495 

ventricosa,  404 
Valomaceae,  494 
Valota,    18 

insularis,    18 
Vanda,  91 

Vangueria    edulis.    370 
Varnish-tree,    227 
Vauciieriaceae,    503 
VeitQh's  Tail-flower,  60 
Velvet  Leaf,   233 

Plant,    408 
Venus-hair   Fern,  420 
Verbascum,    343 

Thapsus,    344 

virgatum.    344 
Verbena,   309 

bonariensis.    311 

chamaedrifolia,    311 

erinoides.    311 

Garden,    311 

jamaicensis,   313 

lappulacea,  313 

Lemon,    312 

mtoralis,    310 

Moss,    311 

multifida,   311 

nodiffora,  312 

officinalis,  310 

rigida.   311 

scabra,    310 

Stifif,   311 

triphiiUa,  312 

iirfirifolia,   310 

renosa.   31 1 
Verbexaceae.   309 
Verbesina,    399 

alba.    399 
Vereia   crenata,   160 
Veronica,   349 

agrestis.    349 

arvensis.   349 

peregrina.    350 

salicifolia.   350 

Willow-leaved,    350 
Verrucaria     rupestris,     471 
Verrucariaceae.  471 
Vervain  Bur.  313 

European,   310 

Jamaica,   313 

Rough,    310 

South    American.    310 
Vervain  Fa^iily,  309 
Vetch.    Common,    186 

Hairv.    187 

Pebble,   186 

Smaller.   Common.    186 
Viburnum    Tinus,    373 
Vicia,   18« 

angustifolia.    186 

Faba.   187 

sativa.   186 

villosa,  187 
Vigna,    183 

liitcnla,   184 

repens.    183.    184 

sinensis.    184 

Yellow.  184 
Vinca  rosea,  293 
Viola,    249 

odorata.    249 

tricolor.  249 
ViOLACE-VE.     248 

Violet.   English.  249 


Sweet,   249 
Violet   Family,   248 
Virfjilia   uurea,    189 
Virginia   Beard-grass,    10 

Creeper,    229 

Wild    Rye,    40 
Vismia   guianensis,    245 
VlTACEAE,    228 
Vitex    Agnus-castus,   320 
Vitis   Lal)rusca,    230 

vinifera,    230 
Volkameria,    317 

aculeata,  317 

Wall-flower.    155 
Walnut,  Black,  97 

English,    97 

Otaheite,    219 
Walnl't   Family,  97 
Waltheria,    242 

americana,    242 
Wampee,   202 
Wandering   Jew.    64 
Wart-cress,   Lesser.    147 
Washingtonia  fiUfera,  58 
Water-cress,    155 

Grass.    16 

Hyacinth,    65.    135 

Lemon,   252,    253 

Lily,    135 

Melon,   377 

Smartweed,   111 
Water- LEAF   Family.   305 
Water    Lily    Family,    134 
Water     Milfoil     Family, 

270 
Wattle,    Silver,    170 
Wax-mvrtle.   96 

-plant.   297 
Weather-glass,   Poor  Man's, 
282 

Shepherd's,    282 
Wedelia   perfoliata,  407 
Weeping    Palm.   58 

Willow,   95 
"Weisia,   437 

Bright-green.    438 

viridula.   438 
West    Indian    Almond.    2CC 

Ash,   172 

Cherry,    199 

Grass.    37 
Wheat.    41 
White  Cedar,   352 

Goosefoot,    115 

Moss.   434 

Poplar.    95 

Stopper.  261 

-weed,    405 
White   Mangrove  Family. 

259 
White "moss   Family,  434 
Wild   Coffee.   363 

Fig.    102 

Ipecac.   296 

Oni(m.   70 

Pe|)i)er.   94 

Rico.    24.    292 

Sisal.    80 
Willow,   lilack.   157 

Caracas.   95 

Humboldt's.    95 

Weeping.    95 
Willow  Fa^iily.  95 
Wine   Palm.    57 
Wire-grass.   37 

-weed.    236 
Wistaria   frutcscens.    188 

North   American,    188 


Witch   Grass,   16 

Wood  Grass.  21 

Wood-sorrt'l,  Cuban  I'urple, 
•      197 

Martius'  PurpU*.  197 
Nodding  Vfllow,   lltO 
Fprighl    Yellow,    19M 
Yellow         Procumbent, 
19S 

WOOD-SOKREL     FAMILY.     195 

Woodvardia   viruinira,   421 
Wormsei'd.    116 
Wormwood,    Roman,    385 
Woundwort.    Corn,    325 

Field,   325 
Wrangelia    penicillatn,    51."? 
Wreath.    Puri)le,    320 
Wrightiella    Blodgettll.    522 

Tumanowiczi.    522 
Wurdemannia   setacea,    515 

Xanthium,   384 

erhiiiaUim,   384 

longirostre.   384 
Xanthosoma  saglttaefoUum. 
60 

viol.iceum.   60 
Xanthoxalis,    197 

corniculata.    198 

stricta.    198 
Xeratithemum     bractratum. 

408 
Xylaria   filiformls,  486 
Xyridales,  62 

Yam.  83 

Yam   Family.  83 
Yard-grass,     37 
Yarrow.    403 
Yaupon,     222 
Yautia.  60 
Yellow-wood.    200 
Yew   Family.  412 
Ylang-ylang.    137 
Yucca,   75 

aloifolia,  75 

gloriosa,  75 

serrulata.   75 

Zamia  floridana.  413 

ZAXNirilKLLIArEAE.    5 

Zantedeschia,    6<> 

aethiopica.    60 
Zanthoxylum,   200 

arnwnticuni .   200 

rinra-herruHs,    200 

flavum.    200 
Zea    iaponica.   41 

Slavs.  40 
Zebrina,    63 

pendula.   «'.4 
Zephurtiuihix,  78 

Idfnlia.   79 

Efliirrsinvn.    79 

rnsrn,    79 
Zingiber  officinnlc,  87 

Zinsiber.   87 

ZlNdlTlFRArKAE.    87 

Zinnia   liipans.  408 

(farcb^n.   407 
Zizania    acpi.-itica.    24 
Zonarla   Inhntn.  .507.  508 

varlegata.    508 

zonalls.   507 
Zostera,   6.   8.   489 

marina.   6 

ZoSTKRArFAE.    6 

Zvgocacttis  truncntns. 
Zyoophyi.lacfaf.  199 
Zvgophvllum   foetldum.  190 


257 


Library 


^ 


d 


